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(1)Early. and. Period. Edo. in the -Edo. Education. Toward. Critical Attitudes. II-. Education,. Meiji. 1988. SHIGA. Kazukiyo. no. doubt. before.. Why. There as. is. never. policy. learning. as. and. values. from. in practice, Instead. between education. expectation. the. sources,. R.P. and This. that. Dore,. type. of. pp.. come. in. 1965,. p.. and both. 283-303, the. wide-spread. or H6j6 S6un. by. lmagawa. a. teachers. Edo-period. Tokugawa. especially From. schools･ to. understand. truth,. daimy62'and. The. way･ to. rise. criticism,. teachers. ordinary. formalistic. gave. attracted. the. that. criticism. in two. gap. little-explored. private. works. of. Japan,. University. Press,. California. of. Berkeley. 276. an. articles S6un's. `H6j6. Carl. Buddhism,. the weaknesses. the in. texts. of this. some. learned. :. from. material. N伽onica. 2951316,. especially. now. Education. Monumenta pp.. It is to. Bud-. of newly. attempt. progressed,. understand. by. performance. acquire `conser-. values.. period to. and. an. as. to. than. more. foundi喝Of. the. regarded. of the. of leading. we. Lo§ Angeles,. Edo. the. knowledge. and. testaments. intellectuals,. be. was. expectation. in Shint6. led to. period. Neo-Confucianism,. of. people's. period,. free. left students It. Edo. the. be that the Bakufu's. may. teachings. interest. can. reasons. strongly･. by. of attempting. ineffective.. was. education. of transmitting. as. their. transmitted. of. roused. Edo. way. a. of the. of the. education. just. not. and. attention.. merely. 2). Edo. One. most. renewd. in the. of view,. However, more. passions. movement. point. them. choice. Neo-Confucianism,. in Shingaku. truth. to. the. The. Shint6.. dhism. 1). in the丘eld. suggested. vatism'1'tbat. the. this so?. appealed. in. institutions月.ourished. educational. was. of non-interference. such. this. that. earlier on. `The. period lmagawa. Twenty10ne. Steenstrup･. None. admonitions, period of the Edo. codes. of conduct.. recently. Letter', Articles',. The as. has. testaments. of. these. were. as. 3, Autumn two. in the. materials. educational. 28, No･ 29, No･. vol･. in任uence. attention. 3, Autumn. attracted vol･. influential. early. Edo as. See 1973, 1974, works,. period was the Imagawa.

(2) 142. ATTITUDES. (1) CRITICAI, AND. family. society,. the. was. importance. important. most. the. PRECEPTS. the. when The. samurai. the. ruled,. for the long-term. reasons. Shunj6. Takahashi. two-fold.. entirely. dependent. group. father a. in his book. says. Nihon. strong. Tokugawa. the. on. late. the. after the. on. e庁ect. Ancestors. descendants.. the. life is. in this. is the. This. why between idea. This. period.. re-. reason. relationship. Heian. the. on. family. present. graces.. and. depends. all. the. and. became五rm. tight. flnanCe. estate,. their. rule. became. family's. ancestors'good. family. the. son. and. book. the. on. called. a. hereditary. a. spiritually. particularly. in his. is. sho-en. always. develops,. system. sh6en. A. the. had. samurai.3) focuses. which. period,. on. samurai. education,. says:. The. however,. relationship in the. Social. left. tbougbts. or. in his society kind. and. of moral. these. are. far. to. the. force. notices. 3). Takahashi. 4). Dore,. by. individual. daimy6. the. materials. system. testaments. the. Shunj6, in. latter. Nihon Tokugawa. do. yet. and. so. were. Kyo-ikushi,. Japan,. of. families. these. not. prominent. as. precepts tO. rely. the. upon. constitutes. a. or. rules. The. their. family. values. and. these. personalities.. daimy6,. the. of. admonitions,. strong. with. family. of values not. In. bond. a. was. of. most. precepts,. belonglng. people. which. the. influential. These. ancestors. transmitted. were. this transmission was. in. family. more. individuals‥... relationships. the. They. obligation.. century.4). in. daimy6. and. between. not. of these. appeared. The. in guiding. that. Education. which. of loyalty. between. sixteenth. affected.. precepts,. in. habits. were. who. forged. late. followers.. and. d'etre. raison. of those. education. Family. the. his heirs. to. that. families,. incorporated. educational say. betveen. alliance. w.ere. opinions. kin. members,. bonds. of the. customs. testaments. by bounds. and. wars. families. samurai. together. case. every. nearly. held. was. system. were･,. and. periods in society.. element. are. sho-en.. spect. when. FAMILY. :. Then. also. IN. in the. especially. of the family. Kyo-ikushi. Dore. EXPRESSED. TESTAMENTS. In Japanese. too. SHIGA. Kazukiyo. to. the. more. people had. testaments. some. daimy6.. In this. sense,. system･. It is not. golng. education. itself in times. developed. on,. di庁er. from. meant. to. Ky6iku. Kenkyl-Llkai,. p.. 10.. glVe. legal. political Tokyo,. codes,. regulations to. guidance 1940.. p.. 112.. society.

(3) Critical. family.. outside. the. society. differ. Ieyasu. It is quite. from. those. of both Study. hard. An. horsemanship. But to. his his. a. not. glVe. Hidetada,. military. arts,. precepts. and. defence of kind to. help. look. days. for. the. Those Gunshoruljii, has. when. taking. which. are. materials. taken. into. this section. be by. him. has. Confucian that 5). been. scholar,7). of Owari Kodama. k6 for. they. Should. we. precepts. in. used in. book. that were. out,. and. in any. case,. family. the. content. ni yoru. Nihon. no. this book･. section,. only. materials. Ayumi,. of family. set. Kyo-iku. Bunko precept. fact, to. referring･ The. Kyo-iku. is Nl'hon from. in. lS,. (No. 18).. precept. book. only. taken. this family. real author. those. of. The. on･. were. Nl'hon. interest. Zoku. revisions. this. expression. Gunshorul]虎,. The丘nal. :. reasons. the. since. in. so. and. chosen･. collected. following. left. into. of. posture. families. as. such. this section. a. testaments･. and. made. and. In. it is of. innuential. records. influence･. the. are. Therefore. the. Family. told. of. on. the. is often. truth. strong. so. and. places. family. a. than. descendants,. expression. rules. various. Kakun',. the. in. together. ancestor's. the. are. admonitions,. learning. (ed.), Shiry6. on. the. had. given. 7 below･). ltem. society,. have. been. important. (See. closed. ìnner'society･. various. or. a. education. in. recorded. Muneharu's K6ta. to. materials. `Shirakawa. entitled. of his. materials. education. about. so. family. Bunko,. All. and. when. have. to. less. lS. for. vishes. must. while. precepts,. those. collected. and. of commanding only. is supposed. boast.. In. and. recorded. Naikaku. Kakunhen.6). Bunko,. cepts. are. materials. or. codes. attitudes. family. their. left. in mind.. war. and. Archery. be adopted. bear. the. on. practice. learnlng. to. person. testaments. members. people's. to. which. hopes･. or. society. tow･ards. through. which. Louter･. against. a. counsel. legal. urged. archery. acquired･. The. men.. that. oplnlOn. causes. these. rules,. political. he. including arts. be. must. are. of Life',. the. experience. Therefore. uno琉ciaily. short,. real. Tokugawa. training?5). concrete. are. outside. provision. arts,. literary. always. must. Conduct. the. learning. on. his. upon. to. expresses. since so. Peace. Ourselves on. Both. to military. towards example,. Brst. the. the. puts. right･. For. military. of evil weapons. use. recourse.. `Teaching. son. based. last. are. the. essential. the. the. and. 143. arts:. military. principle. on. are. or. soldiers. old. arts. military. arts. In. Period. expressed. family･. the. in 1615･ the. Edo. the. attitudes. within. and. literary. horsemanship. tbe. arts. the. that. natural. Shohatto. literary. the. in. Education. expressed. Buke. the. established. study. Toward. Attitudes. Yoshikawa. was. not. supposed. to. Kyas6,. a. Mur°. learning. material. pre-. resembles. presented. here. K6bunkan,. Tokyo,. D5bunkan,. Toky6,. 1955,p.78.. 6). D6bunkan 1910.. 7). For. henshakyoku Kakunhen. details,. see. is the ibid.,. (ed.), Nihon first volume p..16,. Kyo-iku of. the. bibliographical. Bunko, set. under introduction･. Kakunhen, the. above. name..

(4) 144. Kazukiyo. is su琉cient the. to丘nd. criticism. 1ng,. Shifted. a. needs.. section. starts. This differences. most. authors. oplnlOn. that. Edo. the. as. well are. so. a. period. in. speak-. generally ln. meeting. demonstrate. to. order. and. iJiLb. its suitability. about. in. trend. clear. we11撃known. trend,. the. doubts. to. education. before. as. attitudes,. of the. It is my. on. well. views,. the. in attitude.. Admonition The. of lmagawa. to. to. add. Ignorance Way. the he. says. of the. …the clear. Way. books. that. if. item. itemlSlng. the. whole. he thinks. what. explaining. of. says:. in. results. lack. a. in. success. of. arts.9). Of the. second. learning,. no. of his. part. Classics. Five. the. have. we. one. other. learnlng丘nally. of. and. the. Theむst. military. Four. brie且y. one. parts,. and. items.. beginnlng. the. at. parts,. these. in the. (1412).. into two. tVenty-three. ln. is important. Ry5shun. is divided. admonition. his test血ony. Then. day.8). reliance. family. or. social. in their. from. social. because. education,. in且uential. were. 1.. of. significant. S日IGA. and. We. admonition:. Cannot. books. war. other. the. govern. it. make. couutry. pro-. perly….10). 2.. Family. Rule. The. learn. poetry.. word. can. Kaibara was. precept. 9). who. Nihon. for purposes Kyo-iku Bunko,. 10). skill in the Arts Ibid., pp. 138-9.. ll). Ibid.,. p. 217.. nllre'.. 12). Ibid.,. p.217.. is Ignorant One. a. of. or. 15thC.).. says:. some. written. material. you. with. always】. and. it secretly.‥.ll). read. :. is the as. rules. time,. must. tell everything. Ekiken. famous. book. spare. says. person. one. a. have. you. number丘fteen A. 8). have. should. wben. and. (late 14th-early. of his twenty. twelfth. You. S6un. H6j6. of. only. Of the have. one. teacher.. He. Steenstrup's. But. this. translation. in. one's. Onemust. really low. Even. speech.. only. one. oneself.12). exceptional. of comparison. Kakunhen, p.. lS. of poetry. modesty. about. Confucian. War'.. way. He 137.. in the has also. was. Carl. translation is too. list who. been. Steenstrup free. literal in the. not. a. in regard. chosen. chosen. is too. was. in. He samurai. to his family. Ⅰ. study, previous `your `Bud6'as translated the. according. to. interpretation. the. context.. of. Lfutokoro.

(5) critical. and. In order 3.. Family. second. Do. The. learning. think,. not. You. 4.. The. must. Tokitaka. must. learning. howto. judge. right. the. one. The. art. of poetry. of Maeda. item. are. samurai. tbose Ibid.,. who. p. 218.. `beki'.. 14). Ibid.,. p.229.. 15) 16) 17). Ibid.,. p. 229.. Ibid.,. p.. 187.. Ibid.,. p.. 193.. is. one. who are. I prefer. regard are. good my. will. A. person. to. understanding It is inferior. him･. to. of the. warn. young,. learning. without. without. listen. barks. While. approach. of. lS. essential:. teaches. all art. all. ln. everything. contains. and. arts. teach. only. nature･17). (1599).. says:. will. to. one. :. sentence. eSSential････. speaks. person. dog. the. of poetry. Toshiie. of the. a. of poetry. art. art. ninth. learn,. not. does. is useful.16). the. Will. lS. nigbt･. no. because. that. art.. If. this. with. writing. every. wrong,. this. that. says. and. and. It is said. Written. does. about. but. (1544-62). beginning. wrong.. and. personrand. It is important. 13). or. barking,. dog･s. item. day. every. right. sixth. The. of. study. another. 5.. precepts. judge. a. Precepts. his family. cannot. to. The. Family. of all, study. one. but. learns. one. poetry‥..15). study. wrote. First. that. thinks. one. careful. alw･ays if. says. says:. :. Tokitaka. Tako. if. and. be. say:. Confucius. of. is lgnOrant,. says. eleventh. Analects. ten. number. 14). dangerous.. the. 145. Period. of learnlng…･13). Admonition,. The. Analects. one. Edo. (1558).. Family. learnlng･. neglect. in the. friends. Shingen. of the. volume. not. friends,丘nd. good. of Takeda. Admonition. In the. and. have. to. Education. :. says. seventeen. number. Toward. Attitudes. good. not. the military. only. in both. in knowledge translation. to. learnlng and. Steenstrup. and. promote in. as. arts. essential･. in military them. relation. to. arts,. select. if they. even. the. If there. use. of. the. are. word.

(6) 146. Kazukiyo. 18). new-comers.. 6.. Family. Rule. In his. Kat6. of. seven. learlng, arts. military. tbings. also. Tokugawa The. last part Most. And. taka,. In the nine. he. of sage,. Gotei'.. benefit. of the. way. of. of Tokugawa. annex. items. become. after. glancing. the. to. These. on.. 1596-1614).. the. of. way. speaking,. forgets. w.arrior.. and. his. of his knowledge. books.. Look. illusions. his. ruined. vain. at. Generally. the. take. boastful. had. and. vainglory. of. weakness. so. and. rules..... becomes. vocation. arrogant. His. you. of Life (late Keich6,. family. instantly. even. became. who. `Sank6. family. if he. as. since. Oucbi. at. he. were. if he. Yoshiof the. one. did. social as. have. not. the. warrior.20). leyasu's. teachings,. fourth. the. item. of. twenty. the. says:. Ieyasu. says. tends. and. of the The丘fth. will. bring. will. lover. womanish.19). the family. obey. samurai. his family. be. the. on a. says:. must a. really. books not. artistic re丘nement,. Conduct. the. item. you. for. and. things. something. on. twelfth. way. loses. kind. a. taste. Read Do. dutiful.. and. these. since. into. you. importantly,. status.. song,. bard.. very. Study loyal. be. Teachings. of the. who. is. or. change. it is thesafer He. must. elegance,. leyasu's. says:. always. and. for. regard. (1600?). item. you. linked-verse. poetry,. 7.. Kiyomasa the丘nal. rules,. Regarding. and. SHIGA. to. says:. Ieyasu. says. discipline properly.22) Ibid.,. 21) 22). Ibid.,. p.313.. Ibid.,. p.313.. p. 244.. Ibid.,. p.251.. Ibid.,. p. 277.. one. that. a. of poetry. and. law.. man. and. The. his. neglects. own. samurai arts,. military. family aplng. tradition the. way. his family.21). leads. who. arts,. ignores. who. will destroy. the military. and. 18) 19) 20). the arts. nobles,. item. 1ng. that. agaln. and. people on. govern. leader. must. know. must. the use. base men. how. of two who. to unite. ideas, know. learn-. military their. jobs.

(7) Critical. 8.. Kuroda. Nagamasa's. Will. of his will. once. has. one. of Filial Duty. priest) from important. if you. 9.. of its. time. and. well,. then. call D6un. 1･17. be. to. that. good. either. learning. your bad. or. do. have. become. will. you. most. to. you. a. of. The. not. When. Book. name. him･. careful. tenderly.. The. and. (the. from. ill of people,. be. can. is. thinking. speak. Classics. lecture. a. country. wise,. to. Five. learnlng,. the. wisdom. The. for. ask. applying. feel yourself. Will. so. read. famous lS. useless to. according. the. (1625).. his will items. one. them. govern. Period. use.23). wrote. Confucius's. Tbink. to. Books,. read. while. Edo. says:. Four. Everything･. Takatora's. following. to. your. way. twenty. were. use. harmful.. Takatora. time. and. and. T6d6. can. but. books. many. and. thing,. excessively. The. in the. (1622)I. Uemonza. to. learned. Education. Testament. and. last item. The. Toward. Attitudes. for. in the. his. always. well. Azuma-kagami. of. no. item,. eighth. kami. Takatsugu.. There behaviour. COrreCt. stress3-ng. :. says. Confucius's. legal. and. The. will.. principles,. Daigaku. son,. As. way.. :'codesare. the. ones. for. books,. Japanese are. which. the. learning. worth. about.24) 10.. Last. Do主 Toshikatsu's The. item. third. of the. Toshitaka,. kami) military. If. a. person. who. is supposed. business.. reason,. and. dinate. personnel,. wisdom. and. come. to. ll.. Ii Naotaka's. 23) 24) 25). Ibid.,. p.372.. Ibid.,. p.399.. Ibid.,. p.388.. a. You. will bring. other deep. Last. You. wrong･. and fidelity people. have lack. a. be. to. must to. and. leader also. should. not. he. himself. relaxes. spare. time that. understand. such into. turn. w.ill delSpise you. like the. understanding Will. his. to. Testament. vanity.. (1659?).. the. neglect. and. night,. doing. while. See. Cannot. by. subor-. justice,politeness,. You. should. be. fortunate. It w.ill sages'by. love. and. benevolence,. as. study. (Omino. son. day. Ignorance. oモ1oyalty,丘1ial piety. all virtues,. will. that. mean. a. to. forwarded. were. to. understood. of learnlng:. o銃cial. naturall. be. arts. goes. everything. (1628).. lnjunctions, which. should the. or. arts. lnjunctions. your. know. if you. learn皿g.25). that can.

(8) 148. Kazukiyo. Naotaka item. says. a. of. matter. military. arts.. learnlng,. this. family. and Itakura. testament. short. comment. to his. if you. Naozumi.. son,. The. tenth. is like entering. i. am. not to. fare. are. and. in. absorbed the. renouncing. and. world,. badly.26). Shigemichi･. son,. starts. The. begins. testament. bave. it well. does. write. with. Even. efEective･. The. Seven of their. standing Scholars. And. education. livlng,. SO. do. only. study lower. there. are. I have. If you. read. plety. that. and丘1ial. of must. so. who. bad. learn. matured.. Five to. come. an. the. You. under-. carefully.. for their. not. for. can. Classics. reader. well-spoken,. (of scholars) are. The. the. choose. a. be. you. characters,. to. as. be. to. cannot. administration. Books,. war),. people. is supposed. Chinese. Four. many. Since. who. his. to become. class. many. The. you. plety. person. know. not. art. But. a. then. as. (on the. essence･. the. if. and. books. such. nowadays. loyalty. and五1ial. learnlng,. Books. die.. will. it down.. written. much. loyalty. already any. read. so. and. :. thoughyou. someone. have. safety.27). about. have. not. this illness. and. will have. first item. to. taught. you. and. It is needless. leader. to. it, you. the. from. recover. on. pass. observe. Shigenori. of. his. to. able. live in peace. can. and. priesthood. aside. the. and. (1673?).. to. sent. the. surely. Testament. arts. military. of learnlng. ignorant. :. this and. make. put. be. not. should. traditionwi1l. something. you. one. But. was. I think. Then. course,. Shigenori's. Tbis the. of his last will. :. As. 12.. items. thirteen. wrote. SHIGA. own. convenience. have. to. know. this wel128) 13.. Family In the. Precepts sixth. Archery. Also,. in. 26). Ibid". p.416.. 27) 28). Ibid.,. p.410.. Ibid.,. p.410.. 29). Ibid.,. p.424.. the. of. of Nait6 twenty. Yoshiyasu. three. and圭一orsemanship,. twelfth. item. he. says:. items,. as. (1677). Yoshiyasu. well. as. refers learnlng,. to. must. learning. brie且y:. be studied. hard.29).

(9) Critical. Conduct. 14.. Kaibara. If l have. do. and. by. it,. the. should. teach. he. in the to. refers Making. `You. should. his attitude. us. study. learnlng,. to. compose. in. if. Family. and. p. 430.. 32 ). Ibid.,. p. 432.. 33 ). Ibid. p. 432.. 34 ). Ibid.,. p. 456.. nothing. Thus. Tokushin. avoidance item. of his teaching. will. be. he. and. he must. of. wbicb. pride,. no. of. gradually. `You. if. use. become. on. Family. for. Rule. of family. literary. be. widely. arts. is the. should. free. himself. from. his small. The. literary. arts. a. change. says:. duty. Never. yourself. LIf. referring. one. (1699).. precepts. says,. your. Therefore,. Japan.. of. sage. will'.. p. 424.. pro丘ted. talent.33). and. practise. cannot. Ibid.,. has. fourth. way. no. items. eight. in the. the. has. one. Precepts. he. Ibid.,. thillgS. the. So. only.. is not. deed,. 3 1). these. about. by him.. taught. the. things,. art. poetry. of the. 3O ). for pride,. cause. arts.32､. Aproverb. item,. he. and In. many. one. fort.. depending. learning,. was. and. learnlng. with. poetry. daily. heaven's. proud. no. :. of his forty. reason. be. not. of his. mind.. literary. Chinese. fourth. this is. poetry:. Hayato's. seventh. arts.30). military. precepts,. talent,. Do. me.. sage. a. Of. says. Accomplishment. The. family. artistic. boasts. with. pro丘cient. learned. The. and. 149. people.81). man. is busy. samurai. becomes. Sakai. a. learner's. infants',. not. if. necesslty. the. tO. Other. living. was. in. easily. 15.. Period. (1686).. this title tells. and. all glVen. that. both. occurs. he. title to his. wisdom. desplSe. not. if be. even. emphasised. Then. Edo. of learnlng. way. Precepts. Although. were. continues. A. Family. followlng. learning,. these. since. he. the. in the. :. says. Then. Education. in. (Ekiken). Confucius'.. of. Tow･ard. members. the. gave. teaching. heFalso. family. Tokushin. Tokushin the. Attitudes. wise. of. it for. use man. does. thoughts their. faces. Sutdy. everybody.. do. not. and. com-. material any not. will. from. good. good follow. to. bad,. will.84) tO. love. songs,. says. that. one. who. wishes. to. be brave.

(10) 150. Kazukiyo. snould. 16.. be. not. Shimazu. Tsunataka's. Instructions Brst. item. by. away. carried. in. them.35). instructions. seven. items. the. country,. SHIGA. (1702).. were. his second. tO. glVen. Matahachir6.. son,. The. says:. Protecting. the. cultivating. knowledge. The. literary. without arts. a. people,. a. two. the. or. cart,. these. all. of the arts. way. aS. Neither. country to. military. like the two them. of. and. accomplish. the. as. Well. are. arts. military. bird.. a. Of. learnlng,. of. the. and. wlngS. district, administering the impossible are matters. a. ruling. wheels be. should. of. lack-. 1ng･急6). Tsunataka. also. arts. in the. explanatory. 17.. Family. Precepts. Masakatsu his family. my. obey items. of family says. The. way. a. a. these. been. not. the. and. military. item37). seventh. in twenty丘ve. I reached. I■have. and. the. after. learning. (1714).. precepts. with. until. youth. follows. both. items.. At. the. end. of. words: eighty. Therefore. troubled･. I have. of age,. years. you. these. obeyed. should. strictly. these.38). item. eleventh. closed. hard. study. Masakatsu. his family he. to. son. which. of Wada. precepts,. precepts. These. part. wrote. From. his. admonishes. learnlng. about of sages. person. good-matured. If you. model.. is. be. Masakatsu's. philosophy. for. incompetents. like you. to. seem. precepts. life.. of. The. :. high. too. among. do. ordinary then. so,. Japanese you. naturally. take. and will. me.. and that. become. Find for. person. clean. and. honest.39). 18∴. Owari. (Tokugawa). The丘fth. item. So-called good. and. 35). Ibid.,. 36) 37). Ibid.,. 38). Ibid.,. p.478.. 39). Ibid.,. p-476.. Ibid.,. p.457. p.443. 444-5.. pp.. Muneharu's. of Muneharu's learnlngむstly our. mind. broad. Family precepts,. aims by. to. Precepts which make. listening. (1731). twenty. contains our. to,. heart and. honest,. looking. items,. one. at,. our. says. behaviour. the sages'and. :.

(11) Critical. men's. wise the. of. other. destroylng. I do. not. is bad. have. not. of. nature. not. to. the. and lose. once. speaking. ill of. persons,. who. bad. better. was. person. if he. could. not. understand. as. all,. One. gets. be. this should Muneharu. before. he. his de丘nition. The the. of. Tbere. is. arts. others ten. truly. Yoshinobu family. items. nineteenth. loves. only. loyalty. 40) 41). Ibid.,. pp.. Ibid.,. p.488.. 42). Ibid.,. p.496.. sense. he. talks. therefore. person. careful that. say. his. with. full if he. even. scholar. great. has. and. a. heart. good if. that,. so. be. as. has. one. Especially,. said.. no. after. I suppose. of mercy.. and. for. Notes. of Sh6gun are. of. talent. wise.. Seven. forty. two. The. his. Or. to. that. be. in. the. included. in. knowledge. scanty. scorn. and or. eight. The. seventeenth,. lS. laugh. and. at. people. out. his. children. of. eighteenth. item:. and丘1ial. novels,. gave. and. seventeenth loyalty. the. (1749).. words. items.. of. amateurs.41). Admonition. Wrltlng. learning. a. half-trained. are. Yoshimune's. poetry. in general. arts. supposed. only. is to actualise. piety,. be. may. his Family. learning.. composlng. the. about. with. thinking. to. they. rule. that:. mentions. be. and丘1ial. 482-3.. a. to. of learnlng. aim. not. himself. refer. a. necessarily. needs. poetry,. capable. There. be. should. man. precepts.. The. This. a. note. his father. true. being. coduct,. served. well. it is not. all good-for-nothing. took. learns. himself. Yoshinobu's. our. of this,. could. think. will. on. of. better. had. is the. what. about. way. learnlng.40). no. He. 1､herefore,. Because. person. person. of poetry. art. while. are. Shibuya. to. reaect. man. leader. a. only. arts.. no. who. a. But. is. the. and. the we. sentence.. nothing.. refers. item.. if. who. person. well. a. this. slngle. behaviour.. good. a. a. 1t is good. course,. if. that,. honest,. was. is bad.. think. that. say. rather. heart.. true. and. said. and. but. of others,. natural. sage. learnlng,. and. a. l would. of teaching. way. that. ask. our. but. of learnlng. heart. well. these. the. or. this kind. old. Of. 19.. Such. facile talkers,. become. becomlng. put. who. people. everything,. and. others.. is bad,. learnlng. say. learnlng. fourteenth. with. nature. many. and. about. 151. Period. are. aside. quibbling. their. Edo. there. behaviour. and and. acquaintance. in the. learnlng.. had. Though. ideas. cunnlng. no. Education. However,. heart. of the. people,. have. Toward. saylngS.. golden. example. full. Attitudes. and. Wasteful.42). piety. neglects. If his. someone sense. of.

(12) 152. The. Kazukiyo. item. eighteenth By. learnlng,. But. there. The. people are. item. nineteenth There. are. dislike. for. fault. the. they. Sakai. They. themselves do. who. are,. to. so. know. not. and. polite.. feeling. themselves,. `1earned. speak,. humble. be. and. proud. fools'.43). :. people. life, and. lazy. weary. Family. of thirteen. So. as. of. Precepts. items. made. true. life, naturally. having by. proud. the. oppose. of loyalty. duties. of their. fourth. they. and. and. are. who. be hermits,. to. pretend. who. of arrogance. Tadazumi's. The. fools. material. are. know. should. some. many. discharge. 20.. :. learnln'g.. after. SHIGA. learnlng. of. reason. they. contempt. is As. nature.. be. will. and This. in the. remiss. plety.44). and丘1ial. (1755). arts. emphasises.military. and. brie且y. refers. to. learnlng:. far. the. them.. It is. military. arts.. arts,. you. The. eleventh. as. to. able. that. not. you. concerned, all. any. choose. you. school. strictly. train. retainers to. recommend. should. any. speci丘c. wish. you. exercise in the. themselves. and. of the. school train. yourself. is important.45) writing. and. strategy. should. be. in the. taught. same. above.46). item love. To. i do. Learning,. [Annex.] way. As. That. strictly.. important. also. are. are. arts. military. such for. suitable. to. refers. traditional as. things samural,. SO. the that. arts. :. samisen, samurai. kouta must. and. jo-ruri. strictly stay. are. away. not. quite. from. these. things.47) 21.. Ise. Teij6's. In the. introduction. and三skillthe No. Admonition. unessential matter. 43) 44). Ibid.,. p.496.. Ibid.,. p.496.. 45). Ibid.,. p.502.. 46). Ibid.,. p. 502.. 47). Ibid.,. p.503.. how. (1763). Teij6's Admonition,. to. he writes. that. virtue. is the essential. :. one. excels. in accomplishments,. one. cannot. live. in. the.

(13) Critical. if. world Thus. 22.. Teij6. and. skill, but. mean. virtues. in the. literary. mean. not. learnlng. of. of. and. his Retainers. to. Period. 153. heart.48). one's. do. Edo. arts. and. military. training.49). military. (1806).. says:. both. retainers,. learnlng. is. higher. a. not. I have. tbere. arts. Admonition. item. But. military. the. in. virtue. :. the. Tadayuki's. All. the. Education. learning. about. Learnlng. The丘rst. Toward. disturbs. one. explains. Sakai. Attitudes. heard. are. some. one,. but. recently,. among. special that. lower,. and. people. have. who. have. must. that. become. beings. learnlng,. are. who. people. than. those. learners.. The. worse. this. of human. way. natural. those. And. learnlng.. are. who. not. learnlng.. I believe 丘rstly,. that. becomes. one. borrows. the. desplSeS. 1ng. well. in. lS. plays. merely. is inferior. deeds,. the. bodies. and. faithful. essentials. learning,. of. hearts,. have. loyalty. and別ial. brothers,. to. and in the. have. to. way. be. mercy. he. is. the. of. body.. He. is useless,. he. and. as. of learn-. learnlng.. called,. examines our. heart. any. so. wrong. your. comrades. have. memorises. his way. and,. to. good. and piety. for to. sincere towards. Generally the. understand and. the. and. of oneself. bad. discipline your. of. lord. relatives,. ratainers,. our. of. all. our. and to. be. these. of learnlng.50). :. In order years,. among. love. to. purpose. not. Its tralnlng. To. minds.. do. who. purpose. and. right. the丘rst. CONCLUSION. people. no. his. on. effects. lives to. because. are,. oneself,. books,. various. But,. reasons. asserts. is proud. off and treats. scholar.. good. knowledge,. and. show one. a. no. books,. livlng.. father,. your. like. are. the. now,. of human. way. are. there. those. to. sage. looks. and. talent. Secondly,. with. to. speaking. of the. on. evil effects. one's. of. people.. error,. two. proud. words. Other. literature. has. learning. I would. to. observe like to. 48) 49). Ibid.,. p. 503.. Ibid.,. p. 504.. 50). Ibid.,. pp.. 529-30.. more. make. clearly a. summary. the. change. of opinions. list of each. person's. on. learnlng. admonitions･. over. the.

(14) 154. Kazukiyo. SIIIGA. Approximate Dates 1412 1500?. Opinions. Imagawa. H6j6. Ry6sbun. No. learnlng,. no. government.. Learn. S6un. 1558. Takeda. 1572?. Tako. Shingen Tokitaka. Do. not. Tosbiie. Kat6. Kiyomasa. 1610?. Tokugawa. leyasu. the arts. arts.. military. important. than. Learnlng arts. to boast.. person. Nagamasa. the. and less. lS. essential.. judgement.. moral. military arts are essential. in learIllng and good even if new-comers.. those. Learnlng. are. writing nO. learning. Study. military Kuroda. learnlng.. learnlng,. military 1600?. learnlng,. No. possible. friends.. and. Not only Promote. refer. Victory.. neglect. Learnlng No. Maeda. nO. whenever educated. Have. 1599. which learning. to. the. Causes. a. Applicatio.n is important･ of learning Learnlng if needed for self lS useless pride.. T6d6. Takatora. Think. Confucius's history and. of. Japanese Do主 Toshikatsu. Relaxation causes. Ii Naotaka. of military. in learnlng the world. Absorption renounclng. Itakura. Shigenori. Learnlng. Kaibara. Yoshiyasu. Ekiken. lS. and. Vanity･. like destroy. will. for administranecessary the scholar carefully. for m.any who sell 1earnlng. lS. Select. tion. There their Nait6. pr甲aredness. family.. your. 1673?. codes.. chang.e Into of virtues tlme for learnlng. spare. Also. 1659?. Read. way. legal. are convenlenCe. Archery,. horse. learnlng,. must. Persons be. riding, as be studied. have. who. proud. living.. Of. hard.. learnlng. themselves. of. as. well. or. must. not. desplSe. others.. 1699. Sakai. Shimazu Wada. Hayato. Tsunataka Masakatsu. To. is the. duty. are arts to your. the literary arts practise Literary of everybody. or bad according either good will. Learnlng. and. the. military. Study. are. arts. both. important.. The. learning is not of the sages for us. Find a good person Japanese for a model. ordinary. bard.. them. necessary. from 1731. 0Ⅵrari. Munebaru. Sincerity learning･ truly,. 1749. 20. 1755. Sbibuya. Sakai. Yoshinobu. Tadazumi. The. is much. If has. and. aim virtues.. important. more can. think. mercy,. that. one. lS of learn皿g learnlng When. learning. lS. Strict. tralnlng. ln. very taught. lmpOrtant. in the. same. yell, lS. than reason. enough.. tO realize leads to pride,. Wasteful.. is the military arts be Learnlng Should way..

(15) Critical. Attitudes. Toward. in. Education. Edo. the. Approximate. Opinions. Dates. I would deemed. importa叫. period･51). people. military. both. Opinions. Some. This. group. learning,. namely. courages. them. for 51). be an. There. is. Kyo-iku military. This. exceptional time･. idea. the. as. that But. of the in those. second. a. 52). phenomenon. Only. four. to. train. other. preferred. the. that. learnlng,. aS. harmful. to. im-. tⅥ). world. an. tempts. or. the. be. to. pretend to. learning. that. teachings mystery. days･. long. time. of. The. sell their. that learnlng･. have was. been. regarded. made. analysis. number. do. who. as. a. 14, Kaibara. to. for. is. fight rare. money. 22.. omitted.. so,. at. a. reach. is. Kyo-iku. person. Even. in to. learning. Nihon. different. his testament. Ekiken. like. not. The. in the Nihon recorded learning both and the study be absorbed in learnlng. He. introduction by. en-. (1357?). those who it is people ordinary Thus his oplnlOn Of. for. of. others,. knowledge. tO. necessary. bibliographical. may. it. not. of. hermits. men-. effects. 7, 8, ll, 12, 18, 19 and. numbers. lS. undesirable. the. learn-. and. 9, which. perhaps. the. held. arts. contemptuous. and. them. The丘rst. military. 20, and. into. summarized. groups.. emphasizes. and. be. can. is. remarkable. For the following. the. op-. pre-Edo. bad. potentially. both. boastful. includes. group. to. 10, 13, 16 and. people. life,. this testament for. the. heirs. means. daimy652). of. emphasizing. The. the. Confucian. criticises. us. seen. belong. numbers. it makes. in actual. comprehension. tells. This. be. an. in. arose.. one. and. an Ashikaga exception. Takauji's testament Bunko, Kakunhen, that samurai recommends but be arts, also suggests that they should not. emphasizes He. political. of learnlng･. part. period,. renounce. life･. easy. alld. to. showed. to. criticism. arts,. testaments. of the. that to. more. the. was. believed. This. attention. and. the. On. favourably･､. involved. draw. descendants. period,. arts. military. overwhelming. military. content,. people.. lnCludes. learning. tioned. Edo. was. to. way. retainers Ordinary. of. was. accomplishment.. have. critical. the pre-Edo. as. attitude. 1ng･. and. learning. about. groups･. same. their. arts. military. Which. natural. balance. between. than. here.. prosperous,. that. of the. human. more. the. the. as. we. period,. were. itemised. are. for. balance. important. more. the. about. us. The. Well. learnlng. in. section. three. in. practised. portant. aS. became. All otbets. arts･. actually. of learning. learnlng. said. tells. Ewriter's'mind･. Edo. the. above. themselves. this list also. that. towards. for. listed. Tadayuki. 1earnlng. learning. when. True learning lies in the AIl being. of the humall have must this learning. learning is harmful.. are virtues accomplishments.. indispensable,. attitude As. Sakai. the. times,. refer. The. effects. even. timistic. that. in. the. and. which. Ise Teij6. add. important. In pre-Edo. to. to. 155. learning. to. like. learnlng,. Period. a. battle. true quite. Bunko different. this testament.

(16) Kazukiyo. 156. to improve. third seeks tion. is all,. of virtues. is good. don't. the. sages･. know. a. This. in the it. though. Edo. in the. political system to. moral. the. success. ideas. that. criticism. Edo. much. the. gap. ideals. kura. Meiji. of the. members. TOWARD. forms. time. of Edo. Ishikawa AIso. educational. p.. Ken,. 137.. were. of the ideas. expressed. Kinsel'Shomin. Edo. the. yet. In by. who. criticized help. not. of. in. them a. unsuitability,. the. and. by. inherited. was. education. of. the fact. expectations. ideas. the. for. prosperity. the. early-Edo. The. lwa-. of. Century. this. Kyo-ikushi,. be. to. intellectuals. who. Tea. a. the. end. considered. l try. section. three. must. Shuppansha,. were. Tokyo,. in. time. when 18th. of the the. as. examine. 18th. the. confusion. was. from. education. be. to. period. period. Edo. 丘1led with. were. period. stable.. 19th. people. w-e. basis. moral overlook. problems. strong. that. not. institutions) is considered. contrast,. not. the. PERIOD. of stadility and. with. new. ideas. (1833-1877).. EDO. period. a. of. INTELIJECTUALS. THE. of In. were. beginning. aims. educational. 53). the. days. K6in. the. particularly. appeared. the. operative･. that. it did. as. Edo. Despite. scholars. should The. even. educational. the. between. with. THREE. contrast. ideology.. education to. (in. latter. life and. Century. the. speaking,. The. of. Kido. IN. We. performance,. days. creation. noted. and. had. education. and. EI)UCATION. of ideas. Century.63). and. be. performance. Dissatisfaction. OF. Historically in the丘eld. actual. ATTITUDES. (2) CRITICAL. its. the. Will be argued,. 1t. inauential. some. of rethinking. critics. 22･. politically. until. imitate. to. Of those. not. It should. thongh. even. Of learnlng･. viewpoint･. Edo. government. (1825-1883). Tomomi. political. the. and. task. actualiza-. Order. that. learnlng. were. Meiji period.. with. and. necesslty. these. pragmatic. Thus. life.. of education.. results. actual. a. shows. of. problems. between. into the. carried. 18, 19, 21. ideas. Ⅰ･ Moreover,. dissatis丘ed. were. education. solve. was. the. order.. links. study,. ln. the. with. the. new. criticisms. necessary. generalization. criticisms. made. the. not. educational. period. of. in the previous. educational. of. Meiji. in these. element. presented. their. critics,. the. deny. to. them. transformation. no. was. essential. these. to. satis丘ed. not. for. lS. :. be good-matured. is enough. parents. 9, 15, 17,. points. were. period. pf. 1earnlng. numbers. evidence. impossible. was. highstanding There. the. our. ideas. just to. is important,. serve. and. sentence,. includes. group. is what. love. to. the followlng. by stresslng. behaviour. our. simple. In conclusion, people. learnlng. mere. particular. enouれin. we. on. SHIGA. what not. 1947,. harvest kind. regarded. pp･. of as. 315-22･.

(17) Critical. that. at. educators terakoya. or. mentioned. Ans6's of his. one. Lighting. man. Ki. no. that they. did. 157. Period. teach. not. be compared. can. Edo. at. hank6,. the. famous. his. ofBcial. with. g6gaku, educators. the. Fire. complex. work.. He. his. descendants. his and. Ama. tional. experiences,. literary. mo. Ki. starts. at. the. no. which,. by. by. with. his. diary. a. and. linked. are. Shiba. Tabu. no. mo. of his. o氏ce. book. reference. by Ac-. generally･55). dealing. childhood,. Oritaku no. in society. Fisher-. a. report. a. as. used. people. time,. same. Ama. Ans5's. be. to. Hakuseki's. He. career･. Notesof. (The. Arai. a. read. be. to. Ki. Brushwood).. workfirstly. to. no. autobiography,. secondly. Tabu. no. inspired. with. an. of. nature. expected. tually,. Fire. a. Takumo. no. Seaweed). with. linked. closely. Ama. works,. Lighting. on. were. publications. principal. a. (Notes. Kl･ has. (1738-?).. Ans6. Moriyama wrote. of them. none. in the. sense. Education. previously.. Moriyama. (a). In the. time.54). shijuku,. Toward. Attitudes. ideas. to. his educa-. with. his. on. son's. education. Ans6's based. his ideas. took. who. sh6gun's and. sadanobu. Ans6. 54). to. by. invited. was. I selected. Sadanobu. Nihon. Nihon. of his. himself. were. not. came. from. those also. who. writes. to. remote were. that. that. the. within. Ans6's. with In. a. 2, vol.. period. year. `Metsuke'. to. small. by. group. Bakufu. the. Ro-j房,. a. was. an. was. which. opinions II, Nihon. when. next. where. times. opinions. the. later. Sadanobu. their. expressed Taise才, Part. while. cipline. o氏ce inside the. people,. ibid., pp.. 74115.. Ibid.,. pp.. 708-9.. he. then. un-. in education Zuihitsu Taisei. on. ideas. educational. had. be. 2,. followed. them. while ignorant. to. and. this. to. were. corrected. head. aS. avoided. he. Taisei. Henshnbu an. with. writing. aim･. his o缶ce. his associates in the write. w.as workillg Wakadoshiyori,. department. in Nihon Zuishitsu recorded He ll, p･ 695･ vol. started. came. who. places! too. Ki,. no. part. those. standard. of the. within. the. mo. Taisei,. motives,. wrote. up. Tabu. no. Zuihitsu. explanation. Ans6. Ama. Ans6,. Moriyama. (ed.),. 57). they. comes. which. of the. district. twelve. privately. Zuihitsu. Raja (members. into. While. write. developed.. most. 56). talk. because. intellectuals. these. in the works collected Kank6kai, Tokyo, 1929,. 55). to. force.. forelgn. a. of. Kant6. to. Sada-. gashira'and taken. was. Matsudaira. talk.. a. behaviour chance. for. pleased. was. the. of. the. the. have. to. had. among was. Ans5. coastline. landing. the. prevent. o氏cial. his. and. business. `Kachi. of. In 1792. the. he. Sadanobu. position. ofBcer) in 1791.. ofBcial,. his house. to. the. investigate. to to. planned. Ans6. honest. (Raja Hitt6). of Elders) in 1787.57'. promoted. (superintendent. to. position. (in 1789) invited. was. an. improvements. leading. the. Council. later. Ans6. opinions. and. While. values.56) on. and. diligent. apparently. humanistic. upon. nobu,. was. nature. and. rewritten these. returned correct. of the. emphasized direct the. forms. ofhcial. presenting. since. they. inadequate. enforcement. of strict force. Ans6. 70112･. pp･ wayリibid･, Fire and Robbery. use. which. sometimes forms to. department,. of upon. oBicial. dis-. ordinary.

(18) 158. Kazukiyo. usual. opportunlty. nature,. his. for. in 1798.. Bakufu.. was. thirty. when. writing. of his important. they. natural. were. Ans6's. own. taught. was. characters. Japanese his. study. like. tone. were. which. he. could. hardly. to. study. the. the. and. two. her. important. things. pedagoglCal. viewpolnt.. Brst. but. veloplng. than ally. even. with and. This. from. the. Ans6. continued. 58). Ibid.,. 59). On. p.. viewpoint to. learned an. be. his. take. an. interest. books. if he. made. him. days.60). by. only. terms. books to. so. had. in. He. began. all about be. sixteen,. learned. once. his. concentrated. his mother. descriptions mind. tell from. to. a. had. the the. been. de-. higher. of child-psychology,. us. at. memorization. his ability. a. that. much. thank. suddenly. of. Japanese. forgot. Childhood. learnlng,. understanding in. These ln. spoke. became he. which. and. books. he. also. told him. she. moonlight. he. when. he. Ans6. him. that. Sbisho. But. on. He. six.. these. impressed. other. without. overlooked. of Vygotzky's. stage. especi-. theory. in education. in his adult. years.. 737. Ans6. described. Sadanobu. on putting plain clothes and shoes for an Ibid., investigation Another p. 738. example trip of the of Sadacoastline. a serious is that he took interest in Western frank natural character nobu's and as as as was described in ibid., p. 738. well the promotion studies of Confucianism,. this point,. Kant6. 60). these. interval. brought not. should. classic. by when. studied. and. read. in the. learnlng. had. he proceeded. classics. in his younger. was. history.. simply. But. him. he. evenlng,. absorbed. comprehend. Chinese. Ans5. so. years.. surprised. him. about. unconsciously. before.. and. he. readthem was. The. even. advice. be. ten. in. books. Chinese. those. discovery. in teaching. efforts. stage,. read. This. but. 丘ve. or. all of. could. them.. upon. mind for. classics. he. lamp. or. the. impressed. Kobun古文.. Then. these. tⅥrelve and. four. read. By. and. chant.. in. fifty one).. was. When. heroes that. saying. in. bureaucrat. a. plans. five. was. engagement. deeply. Way. mornlng. famous. about. a. for. more. even. light at. could. every. altogether. much. himself.. his mother.■. priest's. arts. be. that. like. add. Ki. years. was. good. followlng. in `Kana'and. to. wait. by. classics. written. Ans6. not. Sadanobu. he. when. that. in the. stories. Buddhist. a. as. Santaishi三体詩and. military. Chinese. found. and. working. Sadanobu. samurai. mother. Chinese. the. of. sing-song books. tales. one. accepted. reading. his. twenty. unhappy. no. mo. Matsudaira. and. started. show. class. started. and. With. fairy. Ans6's. which. Sh6gaku小学,. playlng. of. Tabu. no. be. to. did. and. ro-jii Ama. of. met. will. lower. education. 四書, Goky6五経, enjoyed. five and. work. from. of. Ans5's. appreciated seemed. in 1793. the. (Ans6. Ans6. plans.. Ans6. part. attitude59). offered. position wrltlng. a. was. Bakufu. Sadanobu's. the. that Sadanobu. tells us. political. of acquaintance. the. he. for. stopped. period. in. work. ofBcial. from. and. period. this. and. years. work. The. ideas. and. reslgned. his literary. to. This. metsuke･S8). sincerity. Sadanobu. after. a. SHIGA. Ibid.,. pp.. 69516..

(19) Critical. ･･.･I offered who wished Shibano. personally,. Ans6. 経･. the. wished. to. school. man. his. friends64). as. a. Ans5. He. student･. been had ･‥Nakano that he liked learnlng. for to. in learning. engage. that. the. humanity,. learnlng?. be. understand to. not. his. the. not. school,. though. Later. 61). Shibano. Ans5, his. allow. not. l asked. Hikosuke. Hayashi. Razan. 62). Ibid.,. p.. 720.. 63). Ibid.,. p.. 698.. 64) 65). Zbid.,. p.. 699.. Ibid.,. p.. 699.. son. in. school. travelling. ln. learnlng. true as. a. without. in the. Edo. regular. critical. Moritoshi is also. historically. scbolars. All as. family.. had. to. ask. difncult. was. I myself. them. the. way. of. his intention. was. How. studied?. scholar. of knowledge. did decide. me. made. Any. in. because. master. doubts. student.. pursuit. it. his. that. decided. for. had. I heard. SO. comprehend. these a. school Sasuke's. enter. thought. What. Nakano. Ans6. Sasuke's. of his hereditary. learnlng. that. is. who. and. should. life.. While. Ⅶ･ell.65). master. to. according. stop. should. he. and. Ans6. learning. he. working. 丘nd. service. his. with. as. w-as. teachings? to. at. teacher. good. Which. to. son. Goky6五. a. Torii. last. 丘1ial piety.. the. sage's son. my. learned. serve. would. the. he. is to. the. was. played. and. his. Passage:. the. of. stage,. sent. learnlng. of. permission. family. while. and. leave. What. send. deeply. up. Torii. the. freely. to. permission. of. grown. loyalty. he. Brst. informed. followlng. vassal. that. much. of learning. aim. justice,. asking. he. SO. leave. to. permission. think. Thus,. hereditary. a. son. he. visit Nakano. to. in the. reason. (selBsh) thoughts had. own. his. lectures‥..62). the. for. lec-. the. Shisho四書and. type. the. that. us. at. looked. rank,. I asked. crowded. Then. someone. after,. social. so. gave. on.63). then. began. notgive. the. gave. long. then. son. did. Ans6. teaching. was. Ans5's. so. of. people and. reading. away.. Not. and. Moritoshi. son. to丘nish. nearby. Sasuke. but. his. 159. books. came. Rongo論語and. find any･. son.. himself. taught. passed. not. Confucian. the. on. Period. distinction. without. Hikosuke. himself. Edo. in the. his disciples‥‥. send. time. soon. Nakano. give. his. to. living. could. called. scholar. with. old. but. son. lectures. to. to. Educatioll. all people,. in Daigaku大学,. Confucianist. But. for his a. him. old. to. come. time. instructing an. to. From. More. Toward. house. my. Hikosuke61). ture･. to. Attitudes. called. w.hat as. Confucian. in 1630,. be. Should. he. student,. School. social. still permitted. learnlng. was. Shibano. to. him. to. visit. :. comment. he. related. Ritsuzan, of. the. time.. at the who. Bakufu. was. one. which. of the was. He. answered. three. famous. established. by.

(20) 160. Kazukiyo. he. that Dear. being. was. me,. l thought. as. for-nothing a. even. This a. not. goal. may. Ans6's lS. 1ng. be. is isolated. which. view. be. might. deeply. that. strong. for. came. to. me. see. doctor. had. have. read. were. practically. read. so. that. l do. The. the. not. to. but. one. was. book. deeply. could. talk. not an. about. this conversation by. encouraged. unknown. who. medical. doctor. or. à. me,. home.. returned. He. l did. not. this.. me. hard.. studied impressed. me,. The. LI myself. continued,. until i realized that. introduced. conversation he. senseitold. l have. that. say. did. and. he told. books....'. after. Ritsuzan. he. known. while. young. And. same.. dare. I. since. of. thought. Ans6. Sh虎and. in his a. privately. :. too',. after. kinds. many. but. people,. doctor. of learn-. Ans5. himself.. reassured. many. `Yesterday,. volumes….'. many. and learnlng. he. when whom. for. writes. titles and. books. many. books,. many. so. read. means. the contents. Ritsuzan,. was. has. talked.. book. of. a. idealistic. reaction. in Ochibo. Ans6. day.. and. kinds. various. which. lS. or. of. Confucianism. recorded. he. use. maybe. Ans6. me. talk every. and. and. with. death. told. the. of Ans6's. son. learnlng.. sensei. M6gy屯,. laughed.67). of moralistic. Shibano. in sympathy.. towards. come. his. dealing. of leyasu's. Ritsuzan. M6gy缶. on. learnlng. that. emphasize. scholar. teacher. attitude. I. good-. Yorimasa,. twitter. school. So. of it?. ordinary,. entitled. lectures. pragmatist. description. Confucian. Ritsuzan. n6. receiving. criticism. Should. followlng. time. moved. Ritsuzan's. social. a. Of. drama. Kangakuin. use. an. it.. life.. of conversation. the. at. episode. as. learnlng. true. the. topic. a. offer. taken. famous. the. viewpolnt. from. in the. evident. visited. the. in. is the. what. of the. learning. was. and. is in fact. teacher. near. days. spent. sing,. from. criticism. his. `Sparrows. Having. sparrows. `M6gy屯'豪求. of. In the chanting. sentence,. songs'.66). study. before,. teacher.. is. there. offered. SEIGA. all books. that force. myself. I then. told. I have. not. which. was. to. him. r･ead. so. Ochibo. Sh屯,....68) Ans6 be. himself. do. with. 66). to. seemed. The the. held.. be. The. knowledge meaning prlmer'.. Okamoto. is. Yasutaka's. 67) 68). 6, ibid., p.. Ibl'd., p. 699. Ibid., pp. 6991700.. boeks. of. to. the. conversation. be. read. is. not. same. that. attitudes. but. essential. what. to. important.. more. is the. proverb was. Naniwae, had. 407.. find in Ritsuzan's. number. of this old But why. that the Kangakuin vol.. to. able. another. Lsparrow' recorded name. same. used? in Nihon called. `The. as. Suzume. The. sparrows answer. Zuihitsu Dera. for Taise2,. (Sparrow. near. a. that. was. part. school sing found in. Temple).. 2,. vol. Naniwae,. ll,.

(21) Critical. Ans5. criticised He. super丘cial.. Toward. Attitudes. samurai. Education. and. children. in the. Edo. because. youths. days. lazy. spent. into. aimlessly,. the. as. Only. been. to. life. social. indistin-. samurai. bad. youths. change. their and. off to. study. learning. one. point. of view. is from. scenes. of. had. or. youths. busily. go. way. who. unwillingly. and. those. see. inter-. disgusting.69). another,. Ans5. case,. particular. To. from. either ordinary. wear. plain. arts.. but,. as. playlng. simple. military. estlng,. a. to yesterday. up. clothes. In. Was. writes:. guishable. the. learnlng. their. Sadanobu's Matsudaira strict statements, .‥after was looking quickly... play-boy youths reformed. and. 161. Period. to. objected. He. learning･. superficial. wrote. one. of. student: became. we. ...as. far, to be. Chinese. The periences. Sadanobu. tsudaira. The. lgaku. students. at. matters terms. about. Bakufu. of. Those. Sh6heik6,. Ans6. ideas,. Ans6. plan.. When. I. and. ordered. China the out. the. people 69). Ibid.,. p.. 706.. 70). Ibid.,. p.. 699.. us. the. Sbusbi. of thought. Sadanobu. spoke. as. examination. of. Sadanobu. left. Historically, See. of its. is known. Matsudaira. tO. gaku朱. principles. ofBcial. Important. At. of Ma-. guidance. schools the. Kansei. the. students･. the. manage･. Metsuke,. to. set. to. children. from. samurai. rank.. lowest exercise…. in. as. appointed. apply. very. hank6. ex-. in. especially Ans6. What. thought. writes:. was. to. is extremely. of. consolidate. on. Ans6's. with. promoted. school･. to. with. acquainted. reform. under. effects. Bakufu. get. for. and. other. had. disappointment. my. Ki'starts the. with. to. over. Tadahide 1t. no. examinations. in order. o氏cial. Nakagawa. and. educational. the. the. mo. economic丘elds,. steps. to. Only. its government. reform. Shushigaku. of. Kin･･. no. the. to. to. with. to. was. idea.70). vulgar. deals. and. house. thoughhis. But. Were. Taku. no. organization. promotion. `Kansei. Àma. concern. tried. a. was. which. in political and. the. 子学inside life.. Bakufu. the. of learnlng. aims. Bakufu's. to his house,. of Shisho四書.. of learnlng. criticisms. especially. this time,. the. of the. volume. and. period,. that. characters,. second. I went. `sodoku'reading. teach. believed. friends,. good. authority. the. out. I have in. the. system. of. examination. 6gobant6. many. Bakufu. He. rank. and. to. the. Nakagawa. asked. times. to. discussed with. learning. me. about. of. learnlng. clever. and detailed. Confucianists･. in. aS. of. children me. to. things. carry. with. Decisions.

(22) 162. Kazukiyo. the. about. examination. Daigaku. were:. Shibano. Hikosuke. Student. on.. observed,. the. of. in. any. in. studied. their. For. this. a. tO. 1ng. With. the. show. to. our. praise. were. not. society. acclaim and. should. be. learning marks. military. learnlng. the the. person. people. in the are. glVen. ow_. changed. the. and. used. oveトelaborate. Bakufu. the. it. me. I pointed. have. a. gap. between. are. well. praise. is honest. and. a. great. if the popular. even. Diplomas whose. nature. examination. whom person. in. regarded. of. that. and. nature. those. rules. person. popular. au.thorities. to. who. if the. even. the. and. we. when. examination. tO. resolved. time. It will be. (in general). Therefore,. be. not. answers.. each. use. his. their. examination. our. be praised.. scholastical not. and. naturally. deal-. in. a. for. diligent. o氏cials. for persons. praised. arts to. could. and. low. that,. candidate. military. among. arts. a. we. be. marks.. whentheyshowed. praise. years. they. into. have. who. many. and. high. get. would. low. strict and. no. of. without. Those. more. seriously. if. as. be. and. them. strict,. books. low. for I told. society.. it would. heart,. state. ended.. year. time. who. glVen. results. of the. every. and. for. experience. always. authorities. But. that. by. the. so. them. higher. me.. them. and. learn,. to. j6ruri. true. some. speakfluently. examination. to make. to. do not. are. business. rules. out. answers. of the. actual. them. is sincere. are. the. their. their. by. ardor. explana-. usually. there. nature. they. hide. repeat. text.. attempt. aside. examination,. But,. acquired. disputes. endless. to. the. at. to. memorized. who. good. youthful. putting. and. the will. speak,. their. reason,. send. used. they. knowledge. examination to. lectures. so,. having. whose. discussion. 1ng. those. words. way,. practical. own. the丘nal. Especially. teacher's. teacher's. When. put. or. glVe. of the. came. they. fifty days. that time.. books,. o氏cials.. or. not. by. spirits. I have. as. correctness. explanation. by which. examiners'assessment.. many. read. fearless. with. were. students'nature. did. driven. were. who. the. the. they. and. far. as. to. take. not. the correct. men. forty. good. the. in the. marks. for. But,. so. and. Books. of the. attention. did. of Bakufu),. Yoshisuke. explanation. account. with. livers. Ot6. scholars.. they. Examiners. schools. and. paid. `borrowed'wisdom. a. change,. only. and. young. during. memorize. and. life into. fast. texts. samisen. Kiyosuke. of these. answered. many. with. of the. and. daily. were. who. examinations. and. time,. students. of that,. some. tions. that. at. unless. Because or. teachers. Confucianists.. Confucian. the. of. reading. Confucian. answers. marks. the. in front. behaviour. and. in. school. the. at. (Head. (Ritsuzan), Okada. ability. examined. the. Kami. left to the. were. results. no. SHIGA. in the. help. people. person. has. diligent, to. he. encourage. might. in the丘eld is bad,. studied. even. get. of the if the.

(23) Critical. skill has. person's tary. arts. be. depends ing. student's. free. to. may. well. looked. through. the. low. we. lose the. amination will they. look. the. their. disadvantages. time. Wakadoshiyori). from. the. After. so….. successful we. that. the. ful', said. Yabe. no. received informed bad. deeds. Two. were. in. regarded think. there. way,. Okada. fucian. Even. are. quite. so,. is any. elucidate. to. a. praise. living. loosely,. that is not. few. list. had. be. to. Suruga. care-. Kami). no. Okada. days. lower. Yoshir6. later. l. was some. committed My. rank.. of Okada. nephew. And. sage's. as. Yoshir6 teaching. and. to. Confucianists popular. examination. participated. acqulre,. In the. fast-liver.. have. result,. A. to. of. ideas. on. right.. there. the. as. a. do. to. names. welトknown. later. that. at. di氏cult. list of. a. we. and. And,. reduced. in making. was. who. do. been. learning. bene丘t. also. virtues. metsuke,. was. and. and. Yoshir6. what. was. a. ln. abilities in. prizes.. recommend,. understandable,. society,. was. might. had. was. who. receive. absolutely. examiners). Kami. did. who. lately. agaln. things. andgiven. under. students. and he. us. if. authorities. praise. it may. that. youth. (Hotta,. deeds. be praised. Yoshir6. (who he. Okada,. that. good. (Hotta) privately. but. prlZe. cxaminations. no. Hikokur6. he told Masaatsu. and. were. Confuciants. the. appeatance,. ex-. result丘nally. and. sent. to. the. will. Confucianists. those. lawless. Masaatsu. examine. than. unwillingly. things. to. and of all. worse. and. study. Kami. no. negatively. of Okada. name. who. these. again. responded. who. how. matter. and. of their. time. students. found. `No. again. has. All. Settsu. told. sole viewpoint he. praised. o氏cials.. recent. I have. But. being. be. ignore. by. rank. and丘rst. will. and. had. behaviour. bad. fearless. the. more,. of learnlng. comrades. of. This. obtains. if he. highest. disappolnted. greatly people.. Much. praise. contemptuous. strict rules. learnlng.. of the. con丘dence. more. at. will be. his daily. learn-. and as. the. at. he. defeat. or. samurais'. answered. to. diploma,. a. successful. is assessed. and. in contrast. people. without. become. heart. sage's. oplnlOn,. having. give. equally. victory of. is very. someone. examination,. judgement,. people's. will. If. not. would. g弓tS. assessment. mili-. developed. not. Àctual. as. the. of. he. and. person. success,. 163. master. were. nature. Confucianist's. of the. Confucianist's. the. or. imperfect.. day. the. on. praise. be. The. thougha. even. A. chance'.. upon. Period. cautiously. skill and. failure. chose. Edo. level.. master's. Moreover,. standard.. cannot. in the. his students'nature. if the. to some. Education. the. reached. observes. diploma. a. Toward. Attitudes. an. teach improve. in society･ rules. Kiyosuke,. strict.. in. orlglnally? ourselves. not. well. I do. not. By. the. (one of the ConHayashi. examiner.. succeeded. are. the. examinatio,n.. Their day. Daigaku. by. aim. is to. day,. feeレ.

(24) 164. Kazukiyo. 1ng. day. each. in the. successful. he. naturally However, both gotten. looked. sical. of the. powerful. and. with. indifference. the. of. makes from. called. already. and. the. patient. by. recovered. who and. heaven,. had. for-. be. to. compared the. about a. who. it is out. that. pby-. Sick. person. then. says. his. of. They. treatment.. that. the. are. die and. world.. head,. if they. glVeS. who. and. his. =ayashi, as. youth. Therefore. in the. is ignorant. body. the !. people. attitudes. times. old. human. which. was. it had. with. Kiyosuke. expression. actual. medicine life. patient's but. doctor. by. criticised. make. for praise. and. matter. Their. medical. nature. the. on. him. recommend. rank. is the matter. everything?. the. and. lower. glVen. what. it is to. thislight, whatnonsense. examination. was. of them. to. In. new･. S日IGA. the. control,. the. are. a. as. same. this doctor.71) When have Edo. Ans5's. considering. to. 1n. section･. The. learnlng. compared. to. recognise. society. pleasant to. his. govern. nature. society. who. family. property. in the. society. that. and. and. daily. scholars. in solving. of. Ibid.,. 72). See. 73) 74). Ibid.,. p.. 729.. Ibid.,. p.. 699.. pp.. This. find. that. well. `having What ways. work. the. Tabu. mo. Ki,. pp.. see. problems, deeply. was. phase. in recelVlng of it?'74). use. the. 702-4.. sage's. did and. Ans6 ideals. learning. in. matters. from. lS. and. life of the learning. connect not. popular. M6gy正which. on. thought. of. education. actual. lectures. in Edo. work. not. by. affected. family. towards in the. rooted. in society,. Ans5･s. inheritance. of governmental. Confucianists. days. to. the. on. people as. related. be. regarded. many. such. it should. of adopting. no. to. un-. wanted. Ans5,. and. not. the. simply. formed. his attitude. spent. is. been had. did. side of society.. influenced. 727-9. no. family. observation,. `not. he. di鮎rent. a. situation him. were. have. where. who. and. society. up. out. family.. own. may. their. course,. Ans6's. to. Sing,. 71). Ama. This. because,. to. Bakufu. his. With. took. pointed. ruler. the people's. learning. adoption･72). life and. was. and. of the. education. daimy6. while. from. problems. help. convinced. Sparrows. beginnlng. in the. was,. standpoint. Ans5. Daimy6. of education.. the. post. daimy6･. in society'73) even. and. According. people･ with. education. needed. of the. learnlng. educational. his. of. from. peacefully,. at. towards. attitudes the. country. locked. contrary,. goal. ultimate. is that. of education,. goal. on. the. in the. treated. opinions. We. of. o氏cer. were. who. Ans6's. testaments. learnlng,. and. low-ranking. a. class,. about. the. as. considered. of learning. results. thing. education. aS. daimy6. in the daimy6. those. the. as. in the. people. remarkable. he. which. his oplnlOnS. expressed. tO. COntraSt. previous. in general･. Ans6. that. mention. Bakufu,. towards. critical attitude. that. society,. the. duty. seeking. of op-.

(25) Critical. to. portunities. for. but. people. Moriyama of the. scholars fucian. took. teachers. did. and. It may. take. have. been. favourable. system'.. However, leader,. ability. general. Ans6,. face. he. in fact,. was,. forerunner. which. of. the. to. unite. aimed. ThoughAns5 the. education, can. be. period. 75). seen. as. received. See. page. of. a. ruler. aim. of. the a. of. moralistic. 154リNo.. Of. and. he. of. said. 5, Written. Will. of. based. on. a. are. examination. and. to. and Code,. and that to. preference to. this,. learning. ln. real. seriously.. On. viewpoint,. but. in say. good. indicates. contrast. learnlng. able. are. knowledge. glVeむst. moralistic. and. we. individual. considered. (Education. his. that be. could. with. union. view-. considered in 1872),. promulgated. needs. uniting. was. fact their. Maeda. life. social. really. the in. education. be. for. who. in. that,. followers'. the. In. oplnlOnS. their. precept. to. consciousness,. to. Imagine. Of education. view,. social. of. outcome. him. education. Gakusei. what. natural. be. easily. good. family. should. to. importance. attached content. This. pragmatic. education. who. meaning. point. the. are. common. or. samurai. are. a. as. not. had. criteria. character-formation.. meanlng. upon. a. life.. would. criticisms. can. as. time. èxamination. who. itself adopted. lead. would. seemed. this. it. that. Bakufu,. in assessing. This. new-comers'.75). viewpoint.. based. those. select. of the. from. society. Ìf there. said. are. the. understood. Bakufu. Edo. examination,. but. Con-. in daily. the. we. that at. in, the. direct. of peo-. thought. answer. of. pursuit. of Confucian. interest. no. Edo. the. arts,. standpoint. Theref∝e,. society･. a. opposing. saw. adopt. precepts. understanding. it, his. of. actually. point. an. we. the. behaviour. and. Edo. of the. probably. individual. than. rather. took. society,. if they. even. his. numbers. formation. he. of the. of the examination. that. military. characteristic. with. the. and. rule. the. as. whole. opinion. seen,. strong. show. examination,. would. family. them. a. l血ited. actual. bureaucrat. a. perso-n. by. they. have. `sophistication'of. the. people. some. promote. as. promotlng. the. nature. as. precepts,. even. learning. e侃cient. of. on. the correctness. and. ordinary. are. in both. the. an. reasons. and. of Ans6's. centre. for. not. in And6's. we. students's. on,. opposed. as. towards. As. Ans6,. that. The. system. was. is observed. to. the. opinions he. This. re･alized the efBciency. assessment.. 165. In the. based. not. tended. attention. into account. knowledge,. and. Period. of society. view,. Was. examiners･. daimy6s'family. daimy6. once. it.. as. paid. assessment. against. from. charge. but. In the. in his. Itself, but. expected. express. sense･. learnlng. view. only. not. political. on. Edo. all.. resulting. who. his conception. was. then,. of learnlng. ple's character. in the. judge them.. to. not. Education,. Ans5's. values. Education. and. education. of education.. object of. and. Toward. happy,. people. learning. on. views. make. Attitudes. on. that. the Ans5. childhood.. Toseiie.. with. moralistic and. learning. and. side.. This. in. others. Moreover,. the. that. educa-.

(26) 166. Kazukiyo. based. tional. method. result. in its influencing Ans5. believed. words. or. stand. the. and. was. To. samurai. many. their. society. 1ng. up. ters,. and. words. Mencius. and. society,. who. so. authority,. sider. tO. Was. should. not. words. and. be. not. Should. Or. the. middle. of. samurai Hikosuke Hikosuke's. duty. be. and. did. not. make. the. same. he. his. his. servlng. kind. The be of. a. lives. as. reason. explained. op皿ion. by on. fact. them. of youth, of otbers',. of Confucius, in. Ans6 to. Edo. recognized to. society. con-. true. Therefore, be. people by. assessed. learnlng. lS. true. person. or. not.. true. a. learnlng. by. understanding,. life.. full-time. a. he. man. felt good the. individual. type. like. because. was. the. In other. that. new. easy. fact,. recognized. Should. a. Sasuke,. Ans6. said. caused. Moritoshi,. master,. be. devotion. person's. son,. that. thought. wall. learnlng. Whether. whether. may. but. learning?. Ans5's. social. an. in. by. con-. and. Ans5,. people as. to ln. education-. for. teachings. of youth. of learnlng. learnlng,. by. while. type. According. judged. Ans6. of. beauty. and. attitude. contemptuous. the. of. of charac-. boastful. this. and. study. this n占w. people.. responsibility.. (Ritsuzan) words. their. that. in. grow:. Ans6's on. be. tO. viewpoint. goodness. values. of the. school.. work,. the. values.. the. by. the. study. and. Can. 1t. are. for money. inspired. `boastful. to. refer. all possi-. who. the. daimy6. natural. called. from. of. Ans6. his. result. youths. people. beginnlng. qulte. that. be actualized. materials.. makes. people. not to. daimy6s'criticisms. by. Was. did. to. from. teaching･. out. from. that. sense. haviour. Sasuke's. and. Sure. derived. of learnlng,. also. truth,. Was. assessed. reason. Nakano. to. aCtualize. be. was. Therefore,. its. changlng. learnlng. it. and. their knowledge. sell. in learnlng. understood 1t. to. the. fact. the. Lchallenge. was. which. `1earnlng. view. awakened. on.. with. words. stage.. children. the. pointed. of. point. expected. for. subjectlVlty Of. However,. be. not. evils. participation. intellectually. was. moral. the. content. he. under-. reaching. deplored. a. that. at. intellectual. aS. them. or. be called. stop. of. but. to. letters,. before. He. letters,. of. In order. phrases. stage,. theevils. out. point. glVen. the. not. possibility.. was. did. ･be compared that said of them. from. subjective. should. 1ng. it was丘t. He. were. seen. words,. who. not. of individuality. budding. a. or. of others….tempts. life.∫ But,. as. educational. Can. group. temptuous. them. the. phrases. learnlng. second. and. day.. and. could. study. study. be avoided.. could. which. the. not. content.. half-way. this. made. up.. througha. pass. to. to. refer. whether. by. day. towards the. not. or. have. could. grown Was. letters. and. at. stopped. to. of. characteristics,. which did. stage. psychologlCally,. of learned. have. We. which,. were. of learning. goal. superficial. youths. bilities'and. the. at. they. actualization. the. Ans6,. psychological. Ans6. the. by recitation. after. the丘nal. stop. to. was,. even. learnlng,. of. phrases.. them. but. content. final goal. upon. that. phrases,. learnlng. SHIGA. that. This. student. of. in. the. abandoned. will towards. that. learn-. reslgned. who. Ans6 he. his. Shibano. could血d held. the. in. himself,.

(27) Critical. We. are. to. able truly. studied. be. would. or. a. the. and. This. just. ant,. Thus, Ans5. lives,. while. felt that. and. content. or. tion. devotion. to. learnlng. that. say. Arai Hakuga. He. for his. reached. to. many. There. he. for. advice. he. He. be. by. was. seventy. its supplement;. 古言時言,. and. its second. others.76). While. Light. in the. Yami. work no. introduction, 76). Nihon. in. social. ruler. and. far. the. as. in. the. society. were. they. were. the. cultiva-. learning,. he. the. of. According. to. as. of it. thought. neither. people.. their. But,. society.. that. in. people. the. of. that. was. the. of. actualized. recognltlOn. from. Akebono which Zuihitsu. that. in the Kant6. Kanazawa. as. of. value. these. polntS,. `Waka'and ham,. His. and. literary. Dark) the. Of. polnt. consists explains part. of the 2,. of. view. two. aim vol.. in. Gy虎ba. of ll, p.. work,. his old. The. this work,. age. classics.. 14. on. Ikkagen古 Kogen. Jigon. Ref. Shaku. Mon牛馬問and Yami. in 1789. Akebono. no. is. the. most. ideas.. educational. volumes.. part;. After. year. Seigi古易精義;. scholarly. wrote. next. Koeki. its second. Koeki. mostrfamous he. were:. Jizai聖学自在;. Seigaku. which. works and. Koekitsii古易通,. his. there. famous. Japanese the. then. and so. his disciples.. studied. died. area. became. He. Sugano. under. Japan). became. and. came. Koekidan古易断,. not. (Eastern. of divination.. many. eight.. Confucianism. studied. composing. part;. TaisQi,. He. theories. 令釈; Nihonkokumeikai日本国名解;. interesting. is import-. daimy6. view. actualized. of. of criticisms.. limitation.. places. loved. and. (Morning. daimy6,. of young. studied. 易一家言,. many. as. perfection. Edo.. people. invited. was. 1792.. be. them. followed. is what. standpoint. to. for. then,. and. of. be. Should. showed. Ans5's. Shitaya,. middle-age,. In 1791,. the. point. and. way. Ans5. in. travelled. exact. for. Ans6. limited. say. (1915-1792).. Ky6to.. to. the. could. enough group. man. on.. between. the. were. same. so. and. from. closed. psychology. was. born. was. Kenzan.. May. this. Hakuga. the. order.. of the. a. Which. As. ethical nor. ltSelf. may. (b). the. in. in. character.. behaviour. learning. practised. thought. is all,. of learnlng. content. of learnlng. Ans5. of moral. we. be. the third. a. sometimes. we. of Ans5,. attitude. our. and. good. reads.. if. and. ideals,. education,. from. education. criticized. values. concerned,. and. the. daimy6. it should. thought. be. learning. be. one. which. slowly. this should. difference. of the. nature. speak Ans6's. enough',. 167. doing,. Was. develop. This. of virtues is good. Period. of books. would. we. on. criticisms. àctualization. understood. general. went. of daimy6's. basic. the. if. be satisfied.. would. Edo. learning. he. moralistic,. be good-matured. to. that. thought. was. in the. the numbers. on. Therefore,. behaviour. said. Education. knowledge,. true. talker.. line. group. Ans5. that. of learning. same. Toward. dependent. not. acquired. poor. aim. the. lS. say. if people's. that,. on. learnlng. that. namely. Attitudes. first volume followed. 5, introductory. notes･. begins by. three. with notes. an. for.

(28) 168. Kazukiyo. The. reading.. Brst. note. Generally. reads:. all, this person. a. The. reading,. One's. cunning. those. just. In the. another. adopt. the. come. to. rely. to. simply. the. All. Thus. in. our. an. exact. learnlng. general.. Ibl'd., p. 757. Ibl'd., p. 757.. 79). Ibid.,. p.. 783.. While the. reading. By. country･. and. in. `reading'they. simply. not. to. reading. and. be. lazy. at. books,. he. says,. have. to. do. those. written. enter. the. is different. from. mean. to. so. by. Sh6gaku小学and. and. order. China. as. and. follows:. as. such. find. to. to. We. of reading. `The. virtues not. ln,. disciples,. in. Hakuga. books).∫ is. Reading. of books,. read. books. those. entitled. constant. them. purpose. be. to. passage. which. heaven･. Confucius's are. Thus. in order. taking. kinds. various. that. says. reading for. the. Way. reading. and. sake. of. simul-. of learn-. characters.79). suggests. 78). 77). are. books. these. own. glVen. to. refers. a. Of the丘ve. by. thoughts,. gakumon学文(reading. Confucianism. of was. ln. of learmng. meanlng. sentences.. there. reading of the. understanding ln. the. the. which. comprehending. Chinese. Hakuga. talent. However,. taneously. ing. seek. and nature. so-. Way.. learnlng. to. that. cunning. useless.78'. be. eliminate. says. also. will.. should to. note. and. pride. warped. reader. item. be. will of the. refers. about. This. result. knowledge. Shika子遊,子夏,. Nature･ books. the. so. out. Hakuga. and. on･. argues. many. In literature,. so. knowledge･. the. sly. and. sentence. third. in fact, spout. persons,. true. The. Everything. talents. every. tells. into himself･. understanding. Then. Shiya. item. having. as. one's. eliminate and. sick. book.77). wisdom,. to. same. at. a. as. patient･. a. read. box,. a. the second. Hakuga. to. study. respect.. in. the. one's. try. gakumon学問(learning). to. tru?. have. he. thorough. a. aw.ay. smart. valume,. Way,. true. shut. little true. to. need. and. idea. to. aside. calm,. themselves. upon. between. but. with. have. beginning. the. is. takes. second. di庁erence. heart. mind.. put. is the. books. read. same. this is the. heal. to. to. will. This. tiny,. so. must. Thus. One's. able and. ever. any. And. way. no. mind be. he. the. emphasizes. one's. should. persons. it. be. Way.. gone･. can丘nd. one. ln. clever,. called wise,. At. keep. ideas. when. already. have. not. the. has. that. says. and. deep. savoured. persons. will,. item. when. and. the. from. second. his ego. who. does. person. never. pulse. doctor. medical. a. enter. will. whose. starts. if. speaking,. person. SHIGA. He. writes:. Chinese contents･. books. in Japan. is only. Then. be. to. refers. the. reading meanlng. without Of. true.

(29) Critical. In. Attitudes. contrast. to. characters,. and. true. the. of. words. everything. study. literature. happened as. because as. well. Way. (心外無別法,. (以心伝心,. the. from. 文字,. the. Way tell. character.. To. he. to. character. the. us. Confucius. and. Genera11y. speaking,. important. to. less-useful, be. to. able. justice. Confu.clan there. learn. to. as. those. fellows. than. than. scholars, not Ibid.,. p.. accept 783.. scholars we. those. might. desplte what. who. we. the. Now,. noble. the. written the. was. Which. beyond. the. written. Mr.. not. able. their. beliefs,. ar°. other. people. suggest.. sly,. vulgar,. read. cunnlng. They. slngle and are,. and. idiots. and. sentence.. skeptical. in. erder. play. with these. regard great. wicked. are a. Y. 1n. merchants,. and. as. the. and. depraved. and. people. Mr.. and. scholars to. the. extent. foolish,. more. These. expect.. X. It is. useful. artisans. some. ignorant. and. the. good-for-nothing. to. characters. many. and. farmers,. samurai,. praise. are. These. Eunderstanding'.. of. among. vulgar. see. (不立. words).. beyond. inconvenience,. and. read. and. or. out. go. kinds. various. among. Ordinary,. with. says:. are. can. not. will. injustice, and. wonderful. Among. worse. and. who. books.. scholars. who. He. Shinge. explained. learnlng. true. the. the. of. Budda.80). convenience. and. some. worthless. exists. righteousness.. scholars. are. Way,. learners. there. discern. the real. and. learnlng.. true. letters. lS. of gradually decline. Fury缶Monji. and. by. Way. true. this. has. learnlng. Of. be. transmitted. Way,. true. study. scholars. obtain. be. This. mind), Ishin Denshin. our. heart),. only. who. expressions. cannot. which. to. of disapproval. with. Zen. exist beyond. disciple's. to. those. because. of the. that. seem. and. meanlng. Of Confucius. truth. of. think-. Confucians.. happened. words. can. expert. true. are. carefully. For. `thieving'. has. neglectlng. characters. expressions. of the. the. look. learned. people. reading. useless.. such. and. nothing. cannot. of both. criticized. have. heart. teacher's. expressions. have. learnlng. transmission. true. teaching. 80). We. ages.. Mubetsuh6. words,. Then. about. mistakes. in later. are. This the. books These. by. who. have. who. Chinese. with realize. misunderstanding. Confucianism.. of. increaslng. of. people. 169. worthless. Confucianists. `depraved'. Period. Confucianism.. should. we. Edo. are. play. We. books,. read. `good-for-notbing',. as. extent. Confucianism,. about and. some. who. depraved. of these. know. there. about. learnlng.. true. in the. today. learning. Confucianists. it is. the. to. understood. good-for-nothing that. Education. times,. ancient. meaning. 1ng. Toward. scholars. dissipated they. are. These They. contradiction. do to.