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JAIST Repository: 発明者数分析を応用した企業R&D人的資源動員の意思決定に関する研究

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JAIST Repository

https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/ Title 発明者数分析を応用した企業R&D人的資源動員の意思決 定に関する研究 Author(s) 橋本, 健; 藤村, 修三 Citation 年次学術大会講演要旨集, 28: 20-23 Issue Date 2013-11-02

Type Conference Paper Text version publisher

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/11658

Rights

本著作物は研究・技術計画学会の許可のもとに掲載す るものです。This material is posted here with permission of the Japan Society for Science Policy and Research Management.

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㸯㸿㸮㸶

Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓ௻ᴗ 5 ' ேⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢ

ពᛮỴᐃ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲





ۑᶫᮏ೺㸦ᐩኈࢮࣟࢵࢡࢫ㸧㸪⸨ᮧಟ୕㸦ᮾிᕤᴗ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔㸧







1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ௻ᴗࡢ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨ㸪᪂஦ᴗ㛤Ⓨ࡟ྥࡅࡓ㔜኱ពᛮỴᐃࡢ᫬ᮇ࡜ෆᐜࢆ㸪ヱ᪂ つᢏ⾡࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ศᯒ㸪᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ ௻ᴗࡢR&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ༢⣧໬ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠕ࡝ࢇ࡞ฟཱྀ㸦=ᕷሙ࣭㢳ᐈ౯್㸧ࢆ᝿ᐃࡋ࡚㸪࡝ ࠺࠸࠺ᢏ⾡ࢆ๰㐀࣭㑅ᢥࡋ㸪࠸ࡘ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸㈨※ࢆᢞධࡍࡿ࠿ࠖ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ≉࡟㸪᪤Ꮡࡢᢸᙜ⤌⧊ ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸᪂つᢏ⾡ࢆ㸪ẚ㍑ⓗᑡᩘࡀᢸᙜࡍࡿ◊✲࣭ᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨẁ㝵࠿ࡽ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨࡸ᪂஦ᴗ❧ࡕୖࡆ࡬࡜㸪 ከᩘࡢᢏ⾡⪅ࢆືဨࡋ᪂⤌⧊ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬ࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㔜せ ࡞ศᯒᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑ᮶㸪௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᢏ⾡࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㈨※ືဨ㐣⛬ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ㸪㈨※ືဨ ṇᙜ໬ࡢᐃᛶⓗ⌮⏤ࡢศᯒ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㈨※ືဨࡢᐃ㔞ⓗつᶍࡸ㏿ࡉ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ᩿∦ⓗ᝟ሗ࡟␃ࡲ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ2ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ」ᩘ௻ᴗ㛫ࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࢆẚ㍑◊✲ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᐃ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀධᡭࡋࡸࡍ࠸࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡸ࢔࢘ࢺ࣒࢝࡜࡜ࡶ࡟࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ㈨※ືဨࡢᐃ㔞໬ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᢏ⾡ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺ㸦㈨※ືဨ㸧ᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡸタഛᢞ㈨㈝ࡀࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ ࢀࡽࡣ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡ࡀ஦ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡉࢀࡓᚋࡢR&D ࡸ⏕⏘࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᭷⏝ࡔࡀ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡ ࡀ᪂஦ᴗ࡜ࡋ࡚㌶㐨࡟஌ࡿ௨๓ࡣ㸪බ㛤᝟ሗ࡜ࡋ࡚ධᡭࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪≉チ᝟ሗࡣ㸪᪂つᢏ ⾡ࡢ◊✲ẁ㝵࠿ࡽ஦ᴗ໬ᚋࡢẁ㝵ࡲ࡛㸪ᐜ᫆࡟ධᡭ㸪ศᯒࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅㸦ᩘ㸧࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪 ᪂つᢏ⾡ࡢ〇ရ໬࣭஦ᴗ໬άື࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㔜せ㈨※࡛࠶ࡿR&D ேⓗ㈨※ࡢᐃ㔞໬ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋ ୖ㏙ࡢၥ㢟ព㆑࡜╔᝿࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡࡛᪂ᕷሙࢆ๰ฟࡋࡓ࢖ࣥࢡࢪ࢙ࢵࢺ㸦௨ୗ㸪IJ ࡜␎グ㸧ᢏ⾡࢖ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪࢟ࣖࣀࣥ㸦C ♫㸧࡜ࢭ࢖ࢥ࣮࢚ࣉࢯࣥ㸦SE ♫㸧ࡢබ㛤≉チⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ2 ♫ࡢ IJ 㛵㐃ࡢᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ࢆ㸪ྛᖺࡢձ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ࡜ࡑࡢ⤒ᖺᚋࡢղṧᏑ⋡࡟ ศゎࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬࠿ࡽR&D ேⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ᪂ᡭἲࢆ 㛤Ⓨࡋ㸪᥎ᐃពᛮỴᐃᖺࡀ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐃᛶⓗグ㏙࡜ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ ពᛮỴᐃࡢ⫼ᬒࢆ2 ♫ࡢᢏ⾡㑅ᢥ3࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ 2. ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢᴫせ࡜ᮏ◊✲ࡢ≉ᚩ ௻ᴗࡢR&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥල⌧໬࡟ྥࡅ࡚㸪࠸ࡘ࡝ࢇ࡞⌮⏤࡛᪂つᢏ⾡࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㈨ ※ືဨࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡢ࠿ࠋR&D ࢸ࣮࣐ࡸࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢホ౯ᇶ‽㸪㑅ᢥᡭἲ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪Cooper (1990), Boer (1999), ㎷ᮏ (2005)➼㸪Ꮫ⾡ഃ࡜ᐇົഃࡢ୧ࢧ࢖ࢻ࠿ࡽከᩘࡢ◊✲ࡸᥦ᱌ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋ⌧ᐇࡢ௻ᴗ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡔࡅ࡛๭ࡾษࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪᪤Ꮡ௻ᴗ ࡢ⌧ᐇࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆ㏣✲ࡋࡓṊ▼࣭㟷ᓥ࣭㍍㒊㸦2008㸧ࡣ㸪኱Ἑෆ㈹ཷ㈹஦౛ࢆ㢟ᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㈨※ືဨṇᙜ ໬ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣᐈほⓗ࣭ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞⤒῭ྜ⌮ᛶࡔࡅ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾ㸪≉ᐃࡢ୺యᅛ᭷ࡢ୺ほⓗ࣭ᒁᡤⓗ࡞⌮⏤ ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸪࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋణࡋ㸪௻ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶㸪㈨※ືဨ㸦࢖ࣥࣉࢵ ࢺ㸧ࡢつᶍࡸ㏿ࡉࡀᐃ㔞ⓗ࡟ẚ㍑㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ୍᪉㸪≉チ᝟ሗ࠿ࡽ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢᐃ㔞ᣦᶆࢆᢳฟࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪≉チ௳ᩘ㸦୺࡟࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺ ᣦᶆ㸧ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦୺࡟࢖ࣥࣉࢵࢺᣦᶆ㸧ࡀᐇົ࣭Ꮫ⾡୧ࢧ࢖ࢻ࠿ࡽ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ4ࠋࡑࡋ࡚௻ᴗR&D ே ⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢᐃ㔞௦⏝ᣦᶆࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ (2012) ࡣ㸪ᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢᵓ㐀ࢆྛᖺࡢձ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ࡜ ࡑࡢ⤒ᖺᚋࡢղṧᏑ⋡࡟ศゎࡋ࡚ศᯒ࣭⪃ᐹࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪≉チ௳ᩘࡸⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡼࡾࡶࠕⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ࠖ ࡀ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩グ㏙ࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨ≧ἣࡸR&D άື࡜ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ (2012) ࡢ ศᯒࢆࡉࡽ࡟Ⓨᒎࡉࡏ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬࠿ࡽேⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢ㔜኱ពᛮỴᐃ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࢆ᥎ᐃྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࠋ 1 ᮏ✏ࡢෆᐜࡣ㸪➨ 1 ⴭ⪅ࡀᮾிᕤᴗ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬㸦♫఍ே㸧ᅾᏛ୰࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ◊✲࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 2 ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ㸪Dougherty and Hardy(1996) ࡸṊ▼࣭㟷ᓥ࣭㍍㒊 (2008)ࡀᐃᛶⓗ◊✲ࡢ௦⾲౛࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ 3 C ♫ࡣࢧ࣮࣐ࣝ᪉ᘧ㸦TIJ ࡜␎グ㸧㸪SE ♫ࡣࣆ࢚ࢰ᪉ᘧ㸦PIJ ࡜␎グ㸧࡜␗࡞ࡿ IJ ᢏ⾡ཎ⌮ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓࠋ

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3. ◊✲᪉ἲ C ♫࡜ SE ♫ࡢ 30 ᖺ㛫㸦1976 – 2005㸧5IJ 㛵㐃බ㛤≉チࢆ㸪FI ศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ୗᘧ᳨࡛⣴ࡋࡓ6 㸦FI ศ㢮㸸B41J3/04,101㹼B41J3/04,104Z㸧*㸦ฟ㢪᪥㸸1976 ᖺ㹼2005 ᖺ㸧*㸦௻ᴗ㸸C ♫㸪SE ♫㸧 ḟ࠸࡛㸪௻ᴗูࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࢆྛᖺ༢఩࡛㔜」ࢆ㝖ࡁࣜࢫࢺ໬ࡋ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦㐃ྡ⪅ࢆࡍ࡭࡚ྵࡴ㸧࡜᪂ཧⓎ᫂ ⪅ᩘ㸦X ᖺ࡟ึࡵ࡚ IJ ࡢⓎ᫂⪅࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓேࢆ X ᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅࡜࿧ࡪ㸧ࡢேᩘࢆồࡵࡓࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪ྛᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ࡢN ᖺᚋࡢⓎ᫂⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢⓏሙ᭷↓ࢆ㏣㊧ࡋ㸪᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢṧᏑ⋡ࢆồࡵࡓ7ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢືⓗኚ໬࠿ࡽ㸪ྛ௻ᴗࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡣḟ❶㸦4.3㸧࡛㏙࡭ࡿࠋ  Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒ࠿ࡽ᥎ᐃࡋࡓពᛮỴᐃᖺࡣ᪤Ꮡ㈨ᩱ㸦ඛ⾜◊✲㸪ᴗ⏺ㄅ⣬㸪♫ྐ㸪᭷౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩㸪➼㸧ࡢ グ㏙࡜ᑐẚࡋ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ 4. ◊✲⤖ᯝ࡜⪃ᐹ 4.1  C ♫࡜ SE ♫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ࡜᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ ᅗ㸯a ࡟ 2 ♫ࡢᖺ㛫 IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ࢆ㸪ᅗ 1b ࡟ࡣྛᖺࡢ IJ ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ          (a) ᖺ㛫 IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣      (㹠)ྛᖺࡢ᪂ཧ IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣ ᅗ㸯 IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬㸸 C ♫ vs. SE ♫ ᅗ㸯a ࢆぢࡿ࡜㸪C ♫ࡣ 80 ᖺ௦๓༙࠿ࡽ SE ♫ࡣ 80 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢቑຍࡀ┠❧ࡘࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ ࡀ㸪2 ♫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘቑຍ㏿ᗘࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡿࠋࡲࡓ 2 ♫࡜ࡶ࡟༢ㄪ࡞ቑຍ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡀ๓ᖺ ࡼࡾῶᑡࡍࡿᮇ㛫㸦≉␗ᖺ㸧ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶศ࠿ࡿࠋࡇࡢ≉␗ᖺࡢせᅉࡣ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶIJ 〇ရ㛤Ⓨ➇தࡀ ⃭໬ࡋࡓ80 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡣ㸪IJ 㛵㐃ᢏ⾡⪅ࡢῶᑡ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾᢏ⾡⪅ࡢⓎ࣭᫂ฟ㢪άືࡀ୍᫬ⓗ࡟పୗࡋࡓ⤖ ᯝ㸦㛤Ⓨᐇົ➼ࡢඃඛ㸧㸪ぢ᥃ࡅୖⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡶࡢ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ㸪2012㸧ࠋ ᅗ1b ࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡣ㸪⤌⧊እ࠿ࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡⪅ືဨ≧ἣࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿࡀ㸪2 ♫ࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࡶ␗࡞ࡿࣃࢱ࣮ ࣥࢆ♧ࡍࠋC ♫ࡢሙྜ㸪1988 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣẖᖺ⣙ 100 ேつᶍࡢ᪂ཧ⪅ࡀⓏሙࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪SE ♫ࡢ᪂ཧ ⪅ᩘࡣ1994 ᖺ๓ᚋ࡟ῶᑡࡍࡿࡀ㸪80 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࠿ࡽ₞ቑഴྥࡀ⥆ࡁ 90 ᖺ௦ᮎ࠿ࡽ 2000 ᖺ࡟᥃ࡅ࡚ᖺ㛫⣙ 100 ேつᶍ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚2001 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽᛴቑࡋ㸪ẖᖺ 200 ேᙅࡢつᶍ࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 4.2  C ♫࡜ SE ♫ࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘṧᏑ⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶ㸦ືⓗኚ໬㸧 X ᖺ࡟᪂ཧ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ⓏሙࡋࡓⓎ᫂⪅ࡢఱ๭ࡀ X+N ᖺ࡟Ⓨ᫂⪅࡜ࡋ࡚෌Ⓩሙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋᅗ 2 ࡟ 2 ♫ࡢ 1988 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1993 ᖺ᪂ཧ⪅㸦n=6㸧ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪᪂ཧᚋ 12 ᖺ㛫ࡢṧᏑ⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ୰ࡢ ྛⅬ㸧8ࠋྠ᫬࡟᪂ཧᚋࡢ12 ᖺ㛫ࢆ㸪᪂ཧ 1 ᖺᚋࡲ࡛㸦ᛴῶ㐣⛬㸧࡜᪂ཧ 2 ᖺᚋ࠿ࡽ᪂ཧ 12 ᖺᚋࡲ࡛㸦⦆ῶ 㐣⛬㸧ࡢ2 ẁ㝵࡟ศ๭ࡋ㸪ྛᮇ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ⥺ᙧ㏆ఝ࣭ྜᡂࡋࡓ 2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹࣝࡶ⾲♧ࡋࡓࠋ 5 2 ♫ࡢ IJ ᢏ⾡࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㸪⡿ᅜ HP ♫࡟ࡼࡿୡ⏺ึࡢ TIJ ࣉࣜࣥࢱ ThinkJet㸦1984㸧ࡸ᭱ึࡢࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࢹࢨ࢖ࣥ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ DeskJet㸦1988㸧ࡢⓎ኎ࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮏ᱁ຍ㏿ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᮏ◊✲ࡢศᯒ୺ᑐ㇟ࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡢ⣙ 20 ᖺ㛫࡜࡞ࡿࠋ 6 ᳨⣴ࢶ࣮ࣝࡣᕷ㈍ DocuPat㸦ᐩኈࢮࣟࢵࢡࢫ㸧࡜ StarPAT㸦ఫၟ᝟ሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࢆ⏝࠸㸪᳨⣴ᘧࡣ㸪Ώ㑓࣭ᶫᮏ㸦2009㸧࡟‽ࡌࡓࠋ 7 ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡣ㸪⤌⧊እ࠿ࡽࡢືဨࢆ㸪ṧᏑ⋡ࡢືⓗኚ໬ࡣ㸪ഴࡁࡀ⤌⧊ࡢ᪂㝞௦ㅰࢆ㸪ࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡀ⤌⧊ෆ㈨※㓄ศࡢኚ໬ࢆ཯ᫎࡍ ࡿᣦᶆ࡜఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ㸪2012㸧ࠋ 8 2 ♫࡜ࡶ࡟᪂ཧᚋ 1,2 ᖺ࡛ṧᏑ⋡ࡀ༙ῶࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣẖᖺ㐃⥆ⓗ࡟ࡣⓎ᫂⪅࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋ࡞࠸ࠕ㣕ࡧධࡾࠖᆺࡸࠕ㣕ࡧ▼ࠖᆺⓎ᫂⪅ 㸦୧⪅ࡢ⥲⛠ࡣࠕ1/pࠖⓎ᫂⪅㸧ࡢᏑᅾ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ㸦ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ㸪2012㸧ࠋ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆㸪2 ♫ࡢṧᏑ⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶࡣ㢮ఝࣃ ࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤᅗ2 ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ n=6 ࡢ⧞㏉ࡋࡢ࠶ࡿ 2 ඖ㓄⨨࡜ࡋ࡚ศᩓศᯒࡍࡿ࡜㸪2 ♫㛫࡟᭷ពᕪ↓ࡋ࡜࡞ࡿ㸦᭷ពỈ‽ 5%㸧ࠋ

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     (a) C ♫㸦88 ᖺ᪂ཧ㹼93 ᖺ᪂ཧ㸹ە㸸ᖹᆒ್㸧   (b)SE ♫㸦88 ᖺ᪂ཧ㹼93 ᖺ᪂ཧ㸹ە㸸ᖹᆒ್㸧 ᅗ2 ṧᏑ⋡ࡢືⓗኚ໬࡜ 2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹࣝ  ྛᖺࡢṧᏑ⋡ࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡣ㸪2 ♫࡜ࡶ࡟ኚືಀᩘ㸦= ᶆ‽೫ᕪ/ᖹᆒ್㸧࡛ᴫࡡ 20㸣๓ᚋ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ṧᏑ⋡ࡀᖹᆒ್ࡼࡾప࠸≧ἣࡀ㸪๓㏙ࡢ≉␗ᖺ࡜ᑐᛂࡋࡓ9ࠋ2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝᛴῶ㐣⛬ࡢ⥺ᙧ ㏆ఝࡣC ♫㸪SE ♫࡜ࡶ࡟኱ᕪ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⦆ῶ㐣⛬ࡣ C ♫ࡢഴࡁ= -0.024 ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ SE ♫ࡢഴࡁ= -0.011 ࡜␗࡞ࡿࠋ ⦆ῶ㐣⛬ࡢ┤⥺ࡣ㸪⤌⧊ࡢ᪂㝞௦ㅰ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪┤⥺ࢆእᤄࡍࡿ࡜㸪C ♫ࡣ᪂ཧᚋ 21 ᖺ࡛㸪 SE ♫ࡣྠ 38 ᖺ࡛ṧᏑ⋡Ҹ0 ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 4.3 ௬᝿Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬࡜ R&D ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ᥎ᐃ ྛᖺࡢ᪂ཧ⪅ᩘࡢṧᏑ⋡⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶࡀ㸪2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹࣝ࡟ᚑ࠺ࠕ௬᝿Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ࠖࢆồ ࡵࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪≉␗ᖺ㸦⤌⧊ෆ㈨※㓄ศࡢኚື㸧ࢆ⿵ṇࡋ㸪⤌⧊እ࠿ࡽࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨຠᯝ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࠋY ᖺࡢ௬᝿Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦Iy㸧ࡣ㸪X ᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦NIx㸧࡜ X ᖺ᪂ཧ⪅ࡢ Y ᖺ㸦YӍX㸧 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿṧᏑ⋡ࣔࢹ್ࣝ㸦SRyx㸧࠿ࡽᘧ㸦㸯㸧࡛ィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ10ࠋ  Iy =

¦

u

y f x

SRyx

NIx

)

(

                        㸦1㸧 3 ࡟ 2 ♫ࡢ௬᝿Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦ࣔࢹࣝ㸧ࡢືⓗኚ໬ࢆᐇ ್࡜ᑐẚࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡓࠋࢢࣛࣇ୰ࡢڦࡣ㸪௬᝿Ⓨ᫂ ⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬࠿ࡽ᥎ᐃࡋࡓ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡢேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉ࡟㛵ࡍࡿពᛮỴᐃ࣏࢖ࣥࢺࢆ♧ࡍ11ࠋࡘࡲࡾ C ♫ࡢ R&D ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃࡣ 1987 ᖺࡢ 1 ᅇࡔࡅ㸪SE ♫ࡢሙྜࡣ 1987 ᖺ㸪1994 ᖺ㸪2000 ᖺࡢ 3 ᅇ ࡀ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᚋࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪IJ ศ㔝᪂ཧ௨๓ࡢฟ㢪ᒚṔࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿࡇ࡜ ࡛᪂ཧ⪅ࡢ౪⤥※ࡸ㸪⤌⧊タィ᪉㔪ࡶᢕᥱࡋᚓࡿࡀ㸦ᶫᮏ, 2010㸧㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ┬␎ࡋࡓࠋ ᅗ3 ௬᝿Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬㸦ڦ㸸ពᛮỴᐃ᥎ᐃᖺ㸧 9 ṧᏑ⋡ࡀ㏫࡟ᖹᆒ್ࡼࡾ㧗࠸ሙྜࡣ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡀ⌧ᐇࡢR&D ᢏ⾡⪅ᩘ࡟㏆࡙ࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋṧᏑ⋡ࡢࣂࣛࢶ࢟࡟╔┠ࡋ㸪ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ ࠕṧᏑ⋡ࡢᖹᆒ್ࡶࡋࡃࡣࣔࢹ್ࣝ㸩3Ȫ㸦ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㸧ࠖࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࠕⓎ᫂⪅ᩘҸR&D ᢏ⾡⪅ᩘࠖ࡜௬ᐃࡍࡿ࡜㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࢹ࣮ࢱ࠿ࡽ⌧ᐇ ࡢR&D ᢏ⾡⪅ᩘࡶ᥎⟬ࡋᚓࡿࡀ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㆟ㄽࢆ┬␎ࡋࡓࠋ 10 ᘧ㸦1㸧࡛ X ᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦NIx㸧ࡣ㸪ฟ㢪ᖺࡢᖺᮎၥ㢟㸦ᩘ᪥ࡢฟ㢪᪥ࡢᕪࡀ 1 ᖺᕪ࡜࡞ࡿ㸧ࡸ᪂ཧࢱ࢖࣒ࣛࢢࡢศᕸ㸪➼ࢆ⪃ ៖ࡋ࡚X ᖺࡢᐇ ್࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㸦X㸫1㸧ᖺ㸪X ᖺ㸪㸦X+1㸧ᖺࡢ 3 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋṧᏑ⋡ࣔࢹ್ࣝ㸦SRyx㸧ࡣ㸪2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝ ࣔࢹࣝ࠿ࡽ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓᘧ㸦1㸧୰ࡢ f ࡣ᭱ึࡢⓎ᫂⪅Ⓩሙᖺ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪C ♫ࡢሙྜࡣ 1977 ᖺ, SE ♫ࡢሙྜࡣ 1978 ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 11 ᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᅗ 3 ࡢ௬᝿ࢢࣛࣇࡢ༢఩ഴࡁ㸦ᑐ๓ᖺᕪ㸧ࢆ⦪㍈࡜ࡋࡓࢢࣛࣇࢆసᡂࡋ㸪㸦i㸧࠶ࡿᮇ㛫㸦Ӎ3 ᖺ㸧ࡢഴࡁࡀࡑࢀ௨๓ࡼࡾ኱ ࡁ࠸ᮇ㛫ࢆ≉ᐃ㸪㸦ii㸧ヱᮇ㛫ࡢ๓ᖺ࠿๓ࠎᖺ࡛㸪ࡑࡢᖺ㸦D ᖺ㸧ࡢഴࡁ࡜⩣ᖺ㸦D+1 ᖺ㸧ࡢഴࡁẚࡀ㸪㸦D+1 ᖺࡢഴࡁ㸧/㸦D ᖺࡢഴࡁ㸧 Ӎ1.2 ࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ᫬㸪D ᖺࢆពᛮỴᐃᖺ࡜᥎ᐃࡋࡓࠋ C ♫ SE ♫

(5)

4.4 Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃពᛮỴᐃᖺࡢ᥎ᐃ࡜᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩グ㏙࡜ࡢ↷ྜ3 ࡢ௬᝿ࢢࣛࣇ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ C ♫ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡣ 1987 ᖺࡢ 1 ᅇࡢࡳ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪ᐇ ࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡣ㸪 ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘᛴቑᮇ㛫ࡶ C ♫ࡢ㈨※ቑᙉពᛮỴᐃ࡜ᑐᛂࡋࡑ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪 ࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘቑῶせᅉࡣ㸪᪂ཧ⪅ᩘ㸦IJ 㛵㐃⤌⧊እ࠿ࡽࡢືဨ㸧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃṧᏑ⋡ࡢኚື㸦⤌⧊ෆ㈨※ 㓄ศࡢኚ໬㸧ࡀ୺せᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿࡟㸪1987 ᖺࡢ C ♫ቑᙉពᛮỴᐃࡣ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢグ㏙㸦C ♫ B ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㸧 ࡜ྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡀ㸦⾲1㸧㸪1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙࡟ࡣቑᙉពᛮỴᐃࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡣぢᙜࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࠋC ♫ࡣ㸪1996 ᖺ࠿ࡽ IJ ࣉࣜࣥࢱࢆ඲♫ 5 ኱㔜Ⅼࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᕷሙࢩ࢙࢔࡛ࡣ 1998 ᖺ࡟ SE ♫࡟㏫㌿ࡉࢀࡓ᫬ᮇ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⏬ᮇ ⓗ࡞᪂つ〇ရᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ1997 ᖺࡢ BJC-700J, BJC-430J, 1999 ᖺࡢ BJF-850㸧ࡀ㞟୰ࡋࡓ᫬ᮇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿHashimoto & Fujimura, 2011㸧ࠋࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ≧ἣࡀṧᏑ⋡ኚືࡢせᅉ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

SE ♫ࡢேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃࡣᅗ 3 ࡢ௬᝿ࢢࣛࣇ࠿ࡽ 1987 ᖺ㸪1994 ᖺ㸪2000 ᖺࡢ 3 ᅇ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪 1987 ᖺ࡜ 1994 ᖺࡣ㸪᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢቑᙉពᛮỴᐃࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿグ㏙࡜ࡢྜ⮴ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ㸦⾲ 1㸧ࠋ୍᪉㸪2000 ᖺ࡟ 㛵ࡋ࡚┤᥋ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡣぢฟࡏ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀ㸪2000 ᖺࡢ඲Ⰽ㢦ᩱ࢖ࣥࢡᢏ⾡ࡢ〇ရ໬ࡀ㸪㛫᥋ⓗഐド࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡿࠋSE ♫/PIJ ࡢ඲Ⰽ㢦ᩱ࢖ࣥࢡᢏ⾡ࡣ㸪ಶே⏝ IJ ࣉࣜࣥࢱᕷሙ࡛ C ♫/TIJ ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᕪู໬ᢏ⾡࡟࡞ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ ࡞ࡃ㸪⏘ᴗ⏝ࣉࣜࣥࢱᕷሙ࡬ࡢᒎ㛤ࢆᐜ᫆࡟ࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ࡟᪂ࡓ࡞ࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࣇ࢓ࣈࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᕷሙ㛤ᣅࡢ࢟ ࣮ᢏ⾡㸦ศᩓ⣔࣭ᶞ⬡ྵ᭷ᾮయࣁࣥࢻࣜࣥࢢ㸧࡜ඹ㏻ࡢᢏ⾡࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ12ࠋSE ♫ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡛ PIJ ࡀ TIJ ࡼࡾ ࡶᗈ⠊࡞⏝㏵࣭ᕷሙᒎ㛤ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᇶᮏⓗ࡟ᐇド㸪☜ಙࡋ㸪R&D ேⓗ㈨※ࡢ኱ືဨࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓ㸪࡜᥎ ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ ⾲1 ᥎ᐃពᛮỴᐃᖺ࡜᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩グ㏙ෆᐜ࡜ࡢ↷ྜ⤖ᯝ 5. ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ ࠕⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬㸦ᐇ 㸧ࠖࢆྛᖺࡢձ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ࡜⤒ᖺᚋࡢղṧᏑ⋡ࡢ㛵ᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋ㸪ṧᏑ⋡ ኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ⿵ṇࡋࡓࠕ௬᝿Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬ࠖࢆồࡵࡓࠋᐇ ࡜௬᝿ࢢࣛࣇࡢ ᑐẚ࡛R&D ேⓗ㈨※ືဨ≧ἣ㸦⤌⧊እ࠿ࡽࡢືဨ㸪⤌⧊ෆࡢ㓄ศኚ໬㸧ࢆぢ࠼ࡿ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ඹ࡟㸪௬᝿ࢢࣛࣇ ࡢഴࡁࡢኚ໬࠿ࡽ㸪ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࠋ IJ ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪C ♫࡜ SE ♫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒ࠿ࡽ 2 ♫ࡢ R&D ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺ ࢆ᥎ᐃࡋ㸪᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢグ㏙࡜↷ྜࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪୧⪅ࡢᑐᛂࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋᮏ᥎ᐃἲࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣ㧗࠸࡜⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

1) F. P. Boer (1999), The Valuation of Technology: Business and Financial Issues in R&D, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2) R. G. Cooper (1999), Stage-Gate Systems: A New Tool for Managing New Products, Business Horizons, May – June, 44.

3) D. Dougherty, C. Hardy (1996), Sustained Product Innovation in Large Mature Organizations, Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1120. 4) K. Hashimoto, S. Fujimura (2011), Dynamic Interactions between Knowledge Creation and Resource Mobilization in R&D Management: A Case

of the Inkjet Innovation in Japan, Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on IEEM in Singapore, 1063. 5) 㟷ᓥ࣭໭ᮧ (2008), ࢭ࢖ࢥ࣮࢚ࣉࢯࣥᰴᘧ఍♫ 㧗⢭⣽࢖ࣥࢡࢪ࢙ࢵࢺ࣭ࣉࣜࣥࢱࡢ㛤Ⓨ, ୍ᶫ኱Ꮫ Case#08-03. 6) ᶫᮏ (2010), බ㛤≉チⓎ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ࡋࡓ௻ᴗ R&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ㸪⤌⧊Ꮫ఍ 50 ࿘ᖺⓎ⾲኱఍ せ᪨㞟㸪41. 7) ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ (2012), Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ໬㸸௻ᴗ R&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᐃ㔞ᣦᶆ㸪◊✲ ᢏ⾡ ィ⏬, 27(1/2), 57. 8) ᮌᮧ (2009), ࢭ࢖ࢥ࣮࢚ࣉࢯࣥ࡜⚾㸸ᖾ㐠࡞ 41 ᖺ㛫ࡢ㌶㊧㸪ἲᨻ኱Ꮫ IM ◊✲ C Working Paper#70. 9) Ṋ▼࣭㟷ᓥ࣭㍍㒊 (2008) , ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⌮⏤㸸኱Ἑෆ㈹ཷ㈹஦౛࡟஦౛࡟ࡳࡿ㠉᪂࡬ࡢ㈨※ືဨࡢṇᙜ໬㸪⤌⧊⛉Ꮫ, 42(1), 4. 10) ㎷ᮏ (2005), ◊✲㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢホ౯࡜㑅ᢥ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤌⧊⬟ຊ㸸᪥ᮏࡢ㟁Ẽᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣛ࢖ࣥཧຍ࡟ࡼࡿホ౯࡜඲♫ⓗ ◊✲ᡤࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㔜せᛶ㸪࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭࣐ࣙࣥࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ, 2, 1. 11) Ώ㑔࣭ᶫᮏ (2009), ≉チศᯒࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ᪂つᢏ⾡࡟ಀࡿ〇ရ໬⾜ືࡢ࢟ࣕࣛࢡࢱࣛ࢖ࢬ㸪᪥ᮏ▱㈈Ꮫ఍➨ 7 ᅇᖺḟⓎ⾲఍せ᪨, 2J3. 12 Ỉᛶ࢖ࣥࢡࢆ▐㛫ⓗ࡟ 400Υ๓ᚋ࡟ຍ⇕Ἓ㦐ࡋᄇᑕࡍࡿ TIJ ࡣ㸪ᶵᲔⓗ࡟ᄇᑕࡍࡿ PIJ ࡼࡾࡶ㢦ᩱ࢖ࣥࢡ㸦≉࡟ప⾲㠃ᙇຊࡢ࣮࢝ࣛ㢦 ᩱ࢖ࣥࢡ㸧ࡢᏳᐃࣁࣥࢻࣜࣥࢢࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓPIJ ࡣཎ⌮ⓗ࡟ TIJ ࡼࡾࡶከᵝ࡞ᾮయ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࣁࣥࢻࣜࣥࢢ㐺ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ

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