JAIST Repository
https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/ Title 発明者数分析を応用した企業R&D人的資源動員の意思決 定に関する研究 Author(s) 橋本, 健; 藤村, 修三 Citation 年次学術大会講演要旨集, 28: 20-23 Issue Date 2013-11-02Type Conference Paper Text version publisher
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/11658
Rights
本著作物は研究・技術計画学会の許可のもとに掲載す るものです。This material is posted here with permission of the Japan Society for Science Policy and Research Management.
㸯㸿㸮㸶
Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒࢆᛂ⏝ࡋࡓᴗ 5 ' ேⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢ
ពᛮỴᐃ㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲
ۑᶫᮏ㸦ᐩኈࢮࣟࢵࢡࢫ㸧㸪⸨ᮧಟ୕㸦ᮾிᕤᴗᏛᏛ㝔㸧 1. ࡣࡌࡵ ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡ᇶ࡙ࡃᴗࡢ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨ㸪᪂ᴗ㛤Ⓨྥࡅࡓ㔜ពᛮỴᐃࡢᮇෆᐜࢆ㸪ヱ᪂ つᢏ⾡㛵㐃ࡋࡓᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚᇶ࡙࠸࡚ศᯒ㸪᥎ᐃࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓࠋ ᴗࡢR&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ༢⣧ࡋ࡚⾲⌧ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠕࢇ࡞ฟཱྀ㸦=ᕷሙ࣭㢳ᐈ౯್㸧ࢆᐃࡋ࡚㸪 ࠺࠸࠺ᢏ⾡ࢆ㐀࣭㑅ᢥࡋ㸪࠸ࡘࡢࡃࡽ࠸㈨※ࢆᢞධࡍࡿࠖ࠸࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ≉㸪᪤Ꮡࡢᢸᙜ⤌⧊ ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸᪂つᢏ⾡ࢆ㸪ẚ㍑ⓗᑡᩘࡀᢸᙜࡍࡿ◊✲࣭ᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨẁ㝵ࡽ᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨࡸ᪂ᴗ❧ࡕୖࡆ㸪 ከᩘࡢᢏ⾡⪅ࢆືဨࡋ᪂⤌⧊ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ㐣⛬ࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ◊✲ࡗ࡚㔜せ ࡞ศᯒᑐ㇟࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑ᮶㸪ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᢏ⾡ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ㈨※ືဨ㐣⛬ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ㸪㈨※ືဨ ṇᙜࡢᐃᛶⓗ⌮⏤ࡢศᯒ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠾ࡾ㸪㈨※ືဨࡢᐃ㔞ⓗつᶍࡸ㏿ࡉ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ᩿∦ⓗሗ␃ࡲ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ2ࠋࡋࡋ」ᩘᴗ㛫ࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࢆẚ㍑◊✲ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡣ㸪ᐃ㔞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀධᡭࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࣀ࣮࣋ ࢩࣙࣥࡢ࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡸ࢘ࢺ࣒࢝ࡶࣥࣉࢵࢺ┦ᙜࡍࡿ㈨※ືဨࡢᐃ㔞ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᢏ⾡ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢࣥࣉࢵࢺ㸦㈨※ືဨ㸧ᣦᶆࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪◊✲㛤Ⓨ㈝ࡸタഛᢞ㈨㈝ࡀࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ ࢀࡽࡣ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡ࡀᴗࡋ࡚☜❧ࡉࢀࡓᚋࡢR&D ࡸ⏕⏘࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢᣦᶆࡋ࡚ࡣ᭷⏝ࡔࡀ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡ ࡀ᪂ᴗࡋ࡚㌶㐨ࡿ௨๓ࡣ㸪බ㛤ሗࡋ࡚ධᡭࡍࡿࡇࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪≉チሗࡣ㸪᪂つᢏ ⾡ࡢ◊✲ẁ㝵ࡽᴗᚋࡢẁ㝵ࡲ࡛㸪ᐜ᫆ධᡭ㸪ศᯒࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅㸦ᩘ㸧╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡛㸪 ᪂つᢏ⾡ࡢ〇ရ࣭ᴗάື࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㔜せ㈨※࡛࠶ࡿR&D ேⓗ㈨※ࡢᐃ㔞ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠋ ୖ㏙ࡢၥ㢟ព㆑╔ᇶ࡙ࡁ㸪᪂つᢏ⾡࡛᪂ᕷሙࢆฟࡋࡓࣥࢡࢪ࢙ࢵࢺ㸦௨ୗ㸪IJ ␎グ㸧ᢏ⾡ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚㸪࢟ࣖࣀࣥ㸦C ♫㸧ࢭࢥ࣮࢚ࣉࢯࣥ㸦SE ♫㸧ࡢබ㛤≉チⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࠋ2 ♫ࡢ IJ 㛵㐃ࡢᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࢆ㸪ྛᖺࡢձ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡑࡢ⤒ᖺᚋࡢղṧᏑ⋡ ศゎࡋ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࡽR&D ேⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ᪂ᡭἲࢆ 㛤Ⓨࡋ㸪᥎ᐃពᛮỴᐃᖺࡀ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨ㛵ࡍࡿᐃᛶⓗグ㏙ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋྠ ពᛮỴᐃࡢ⫼ᬒࢆ2 ♫ࡢᢏ⾡㑅ᢥ3ᇶ࡙ࡁ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ 2. ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢᴫせᮏ◊✲ࡢ≉ᚩ ᴗࡢR&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥල⌧ྥࡅ࡚㸪࠸ࡘࢇ࡞⌮⏤࡛᪂つᢏ⾡ᑐࡍࡿ㈨ ※ືဨࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࠋR&D ࢸ࣮࣐ࡸࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢホ౯ᇶ‽㸪㑅ᢥᡭἲ࠸࠺ほⅬࡽࡣ㸪Cooper (1990), Boer (1999), ㎷ᮏ (2005)➼㸪Ꮫ⾡ഃᐇົഃࡢ୧ࢧࢻࡽከᩘࡢ◊✲ࡸᥦࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋ⌧ᐇࡢᴗ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢࣇ࣮࣒ࣞࡔࡅ࡛ࡾษࢀࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ㸪᪤Ꮡᴗ ࡢ⌧ᐇࡢពᛮỴᐃࢆ㏣✲ࡋࡓṊ▼࣭㟷ᓥ࣭㍍㒊㸦2008㸧ࡣ㸪Ἑෆ㈹ཷ㈹ࢆ㢟ᮦࡋ࡚㸪㈨※ືဨṇᙜ ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣᐈほⓗ࣭ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞⤒῭ྜ⌮ᛶࡔࡅ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾ㸪≉ᐃࡢయᅛ᭷ࡢほⓗ࣭ᒁᡤⓗ࡞⌮⏤ ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸪ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋణࡋ㸪ᴗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶㸪㈨※ືဨ㸦ࣥࣉࢵ ࢺ㸧ࡢつᶍࡸ㏿ࡉࡀᐃ㔞ⓗẚ㍑㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿࡇࡣࢇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ୍᪉㸪≉チሗࡽ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢᐃ㔞ᣦᶆࢆᢳฟࡍࡿ࠸࠺ほⅬࡽࡣ㸪≉チ௳ᩘ㸦࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺ ᣦᶆ㸧ࡸⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦ࣥࣉࢵࢺᣦᶆ㸧ࡀᐇົ࣭Ꮫ⾡୧ࢧࢻࡽ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ4ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᴗR&D ே ⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢᐃ㔞௦⏝ᣦᶆࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ (2012) ࡣ㸪ᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢᵓ㐀ࢆྛᖺࡢձ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ ࡑࡢ⤒ᖺᚋࡢղṧᏑ⋡ศゎࡋ࡚ศᯒ࣭⪃ᐹࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪≉チ௳ᩘࡸⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡼࡾࡶࠕⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࠖ ࡀ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩グ㏙ࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨ≧ἣࡸR&D άືᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ (2012) ࡢ ศᯒࢆࡉࡽⓎᒎࡉࡏ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࡽேⓗ㈨※ືဨࡢ㔜ពᛮỴᐃ࣏ࣥࢺࢆ᥎ᐃྍ⬟ࡍࡿࠋ 1 ᮏ✏ࡢෆᐜࡣ㸪➨ 1 ⴭ⪅ࡀᮾிᕤᴗᏛᏛ㝔༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬㸦♫ே㸧ᅾᏛ୰ᐇࡋࡓ◊✲ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 2 ࡓ࠼ࡤ㸪Dougherty and Hardy(1996) ࡸṊ▼࣭㟷ᓥ࣭㍍㒊 (2008)ࡀᐃᛶⓗ◊✲ࡢ௦⾲ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ 3 C ♫ࡣࢧ࣮࣐ࣝ᪉ᘧ㸦TIJ ␎グ㸧㸪SE ♫ࡣࣆ࢚ࢰ᪉ᘧ㸦PIJ ␎グ㸧␗࡞ࡿ IJ ᢏ⾡ཎ⌮ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓࠋ3. ◊✲᪉ἲ C ♫ SE ♫ࡢ 30 ᖺ㛫㸦1976 – 2005㸧5ࡢIJ 㛵㐃බ㛤≉チࢆ㸪FI ศ㢮ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ୗᘧ᳨࡛⣴ࡋࡓ6ࠋ㸸 㸦FI ศ㢮㸸B41J3/04,101㹼B41J3/04,104Z㸧*㸦ฟ㢪᪥㸸1976 ᖺ㹼2005 ᖺ㸧*㸦ᴗ㸸C ♫㸪SE ♫㸧 ḟ࠸࡛㸪ᴗูࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࢆྛᖺ༢࡛㔜」ࢆ㝖ࡁࣜࢫࢺࡋ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦㐃ྡ⪅ࢆࡍ࡚ྵࡴ㸧᪂ཧⓎ᫂ ⪅ᩘ㸦X ᖺึࡵ࡚ IJ ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓேࢆ X ᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ࡪ㸧ࡢேᩘࢆồࡵࡓࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪ྛᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ࡢN ᖺᚋࡢⓎ᫂⪅ࡋ࡚ࡢⓏሙ᭷↓ࢆ㏣㊧ࡋ㸪᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢṧᏑ⋡ࢆồࡵࡓ7ࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢືⓗኚࡽ㸪ྛᴗࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡣḟ❶㸦4.3㸧࡛㏙ࡿࠋ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒࡽ᥎ᐃࡋࡓពᛮỴᐃᖺࡣ᪤Ꮡ㈨ᩱ㸦ඛ⾜◊✲㸪ᴗ⏺ㄅ⣬㸪♫ྐ㸪᭷౯ドๆሗ࿌᭩㸪➼㸧ࡢ グ㏙ᑐẚࡋ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ 4. ◊✲⤖ᯝ⪃ᐹ 4.1 C ♫ SE ♫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ ᅗ㸯a 2 ♫ࡢᖺ㛫 IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࢆ㸪ᅗ 1b ࡣྛᖺࡢ IJ ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ (a) ᖺ㛫 IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣ (㹠)ྛᖺࡢ᪂ཧ IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣ ᅗ㸯 IJ Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ࠾ࡼࡧ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ㸸 C ♫ vs. SE ♫ ᅗ㸯a ࢆぢࡿ㸪C ♫ࡣ 80 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡽ SE ♫ࡣ 80 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡽᖺ㛫Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢቑຍࡀ┠❧ࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ ࡀ㸪2 ♫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘቑຍ㏿ᗘࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀศࡿࠋࡲࡓ 2 ♫ࡶ༢ㄪ࡞ቑຍ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡀ๓ᖺ ࡼࡾῶᑡࡍࡿᮇ㛫㸦≉␗ᖺ㸧ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇࡶศࡿࠋࡇࡢ≉␗ᖺࡢせᅉࡣ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶIJ 〇ရ㛤Ⓨ➇தࡀ ⃭ࡋࡓ80 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡣ㸪IJ 㛵㐃ᢏ⾡⪅ࡢῶᑡ࠸࠺ࡼࡾᢏ⾡⪅ࡢⓎ࣭᫂ฟ㢪άືࡀ୍ⓗపୗࡋࡓ⤖ ᯝ㸦㛤Ⓨᐇົ➼ࡢඃඛ㸧㸪ぢࡅୖⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡶࡢ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿ㸦ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ㸪2012㸧ࠋ ᅗ1b ࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡣ㸪⤌⧊እࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᢏ⾡⪅ືဨ≧ἣࢆᫎࡍࡿࡀ㸪2 ♫ࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࡶ␗࡞ࡿࣃࢱ࣮ ࣥࢆ♧ࡍࠋC ♫ࡢሙྜ㸪1988 ᖺ௨㝆ࡣẖᖺ⣙ 100 ேつᶍࡢ᪂ཧ⪅ࡀⓏሙࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪SE ♫ࡢ᪂ཧ ⪅ᩘࡣ1994 ᖺ๓ᚋῶᑡࡍࡿࡀ㸪80 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡽቑഴྥࡀ⥆ࡁ 90 ᖺ௦ᮎࡽ 2000 ᖺࡅ࡚ᖺ㛫⣙ 100 ேつᶍ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚2001 ᖺ㡭ࡽᛴቑࡋ㸪ẖᖺ 200 ேᙅࡢつᶍ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 4.2 C ♫ SE ♫ࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘṧᏑ⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶ㸦ືⓗኚ㸧 X ᖺ᪂ཧ⪅ࡋ࡚ⓏሙࡋࡓⓎ᫂⪅ࡢఱࡀ X+N ᖺⓎ᫂⪅ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠋᅗ 2 2 ♫ࡢ 1988 ᖺࡽ 1993 ᖺ᪂ཧ⪅㸦n=6㸧ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚㸪᪂ཧᚋ 12 ᖺ㛫ࡢṧᏑ⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ୰ࡢ ྛⅬ㸧8ࠋྠ᪂ཧᚋࡢ12 ᖺ㛫ࢆ㸪᪂ཧ 1 ᖺᚋࡲ࡛㸦ᛴῶ㐣⛬㸧᪂ཧ 2 ᖺᚋࡽ᪂ཧ 12 ᖺᚋࡲ࡛㸦⦆ῶ 㐣⛬㸧ࡢ2 ẁ㝵ศࡋ㸪ྛᮇ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ⥺ᙧ㏆ఝ࣭ྜᡂࡋࡓ 2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹࣝࡶ⾲♧ࡋࡓࠋ 5 2 ♫ࡢ IJ ᢏ⾡ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㸪⡿ᅜ HP ♫ࡼࡿୡ⏺ึࡢ TIJ ࣉࣜࣥࢱ ThinkJet㸦1984㸧ࡸ᭱ึࡢࢻ࣑ࢼࣥࢺ࣭ࢹࢨࣥ࠸࠼ࡿ DeskJet㸦1988㸧ࡢⓎࢆዎᶵࡋ࡚ᮏ᱁ຍ㏿ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᮏ◊✲ࡢศᯒᑐ㇟ࡣ 1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡢ⣙ 20 ᖺ㛫࡞ࡿࠋ 6 ᳨⣴ࢶ࣮ࣝࡣᕷ㈍ DocuPat㸦ᐩኈࢮࣟࢵࢡࢫ㸧 StarPAT㸦ఫၟሗࢩࢫࢸ࣒㸧ࢆ⏝࠸㸪᳨⣴ᘧࡣ㸪Ώ㑓࣭ᶫᮏ㸦2009㸧‽ࡌࡓࠋ 7 ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡣ㸪⤌⧊እࡽࡢືဨࢆ㸪ṧᏑ⋡ࡢືⓗኚࡣ㸪ഴࡁࡀ⤌⧊ࡢ᪂㝞௦ㅰࢆ㸪ࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡀ⤌⧊ෆ㈨※㓄ศࡢኚࢆᫎࡍ ࡿᣦᶆ⨨ࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸦ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ㸪2012㸧ࠋ 8 2 ♫ࡶ᪂ཧᚋ 1,2 ᖺ࡛ṧᏑ⋡ࡀ༙ῶࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࢀࡣẖᖺ㐃⥆ⓗࡣⓎ᫂⪅ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋ࡞࠸ࠕ㣕ࡧධࡾࠖᆺࡸࠕ㣕ࡧ▼ࠖᆺⓎ᫂⪅ 㸦୧⪅ࡢ⥲⛠ࡣࠕ1/pࠖⓎ᫂⪅㸧ࡢᏑᅾ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ㸦ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ㸪2012㸧ࠋ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆㸪2 ♫ࡢṧᏑ⋡ࡢ⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶࡣ㢮ఝࣃ ࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ♧ࡋ㸪ࡓ࠼ࡤᅗ2 ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ n=6 ࡢ⧞㏉ࡋࡢ࠶ࡿ 2 ඖ㓄⨨ࡋ࡚ศᩓศᯒࡍࡿ㸪2 ♫㛫᭷ពᕪ↓ࡋ࡞ࡿ㸦᭷ពỈ‽ 5%㸧ࠋ
(a) C ♫㸦88 ᖺ᪂ཧ㹼93 ᖺ᪂ཧ㸹ە㸸ᖹᆒ್㸧 (b)SE ♫㸦88 ᖺ᪂ཧ㹼93 ᖺ᪂ཧ㸹ە㸸ᖹᆒ್㸧 ᅗ2 ṧᏑ⋡ࡢືⓗኚ 2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹࣝ ྛᖺࡢṧᏑ⋡ࣂࣛࢶ࢟ࡣ㸪2 ♫ࡶኚືಀᩘ㸦= ᶆ‽೫ᕪ/ᖹᆒ್㸧࡛ᴫࡡ 20㸣๓ᚋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ṧᏑ⋡ࡀᖹᆒ್ࡼࡾప࠸≧ἣࡀ㸪๓㏙ࡢ≉␗ᖺᑐᛂࡋࡓ9ࠋ2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝᛴῶ㐣⛬ࡢ⥺ᙧ ㏆ఝࡣC ♫㸪SE ♫ࡶᕪ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⦆ῶ㐣⛬ࡣ C ♫ࡢഴࡁ= -0.024 ᑐࡋ࡚ SE ♫ࡢഴࡁ= -0.011 ␗࡞ࡿࠋ ⦆ῶ㐣⛬ࡢ┤⥺ࡣ㸪⤌⧊ࡢ᪂㝞௦ㅰᑐᛂࡍࡿゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪┤⥺ࢆእᤄࡍࡿ㸪C ♫ࡣ᪂ཧᚋ 21 ᖺ࡛㸪 SE ♫ࡣྠ 38 ᖺ࡛ṧᏑ⋡Ҹ0 ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 4.3 ௬Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ R&D ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃ࣏ࣥࢺ᥎ᐃ ྛᖺࡢ᪂ཧ⪅ᩘࡢṧᏑ⋡⤒ᖺῶᑡ≉ᛶࡀ㸪2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹࣝᚑ࠺ࠕ௬Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࠖࢆồ ࡵࡿࡇ࡛㸪≉␗ᖺ㸦⤌⧊ෆ㈨※㓄ศࡢኚື㸧ࢆ⿵ṇࡋ㸪⤌⧊እࡽࡢேⓗ㈨※ືဨຠᯝ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡿࠋY ᖺࡢ௬Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦Iy㸧ࡣ㸪X ᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦NIx㸧 X ᖺ᪂ཧ⪅ࡢ Y ᖺ㸦YӍX㸧 ࠾ࡅࡿṧᏑ⋡ࣔࢹ್ࣝ㸦SRyx㸧ࡽᘧ㸦㸯㸧࡛ィ⟬࡛ࡁࡿ10ࠋ Iy =
¦
u
y f xSRyx
NIx
)
(
㸦1㸧 ᅗ3 2 ♫ࡢ௬Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦ࣔࢹࣝ㸧ࡢືⓗኚࢆᐇ ್ᑐẚࡋ࡚♧ࡋࡓࠋࢢࣛࣇ୰ࡢڦࡣ㸪௬Ⓨ᫂ ⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࡽ᥎ᐃࡋࡓ1980 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡢேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉ㛵ࡍࡿពᛮỴᐃ࣏ࣥࢺࢆ♧ࡍ11ࠋࡘࡲࡾ C ♫ࡢ R&D ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃࡣ 1987 ᖺࡢ 1 ᅇࡔࡅ㸪SE ♫ࡢሙྜࡣ 1987 ᖺ㸪1994 ᖺ㸪2000 ᖺࡢ 3 ᅇ ࡀ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᚋࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ࡘ࠸࡚㸪IJ ศ㔝᪂ཧ௨๓ࡢฟ㢪ᒚṔࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿࡇ ࡛᪂ཧ⪅ࡢ౪⤥※ࡸ㸪⤌⧊タィ᪉㔪ࡶᢕᥱࡋᚓࡿࡀ㸦ᶫᮏ, 2010㸧㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ┬␎ࡋࡓࠋ ᅗ3 ௬Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ㸦ڦ㸸ពᛮỴᐃ᥎ᐃᖺ㸧 9 ṧᏑ⋡ࡀ㏫ᖹᆒ್ࡼࡾ㧗࠸ሙྜࡣ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡀ⌧ᐇࡢR&D ᢏ⾡⪅ᩘ㏆࡙ࡃࡇ࡞ࡿࠋṧᏑ⋡ࡢࣂࣛࢶ࢟╔┠ࡋ㸪ࡓ࠼ࡤ ࠕṧᏑ⋡ࡢᖹᆒ್ࡶࡋࡃࡣࣔࢹ್ࣝ㸩3Ȫ㸦ᶆ‽೫ᕪ㸧ࠖࡢ≧ἣ࡛ࠕⓎ᫂⪅ᩘҸR&D ᢏ⾡⪅ᩘࠖ௬ᐃࡍࡿ㸪Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࢹ࣮ࢱࡽ⌧ᐇ ࡢR&D ᢏ⾡⪅ᩘࡶ᥎⟬ࡋᚓࡿࡀ㸪ᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㆟ㄽࢆ┬␎ࡋࡓࠋ 10 ᘧ㸦1㸧࡛ X ᖺࡢ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ㸦NIx㸧ࡣ㸪ฟ㢪ᖺࡢᖺᮎၥ㢟㸦ᩘ᪥ࡢฟ㢪᪥ࡢᕪࡀ 1 ᖺᕪ࡞ࡿ㸧ࡸ᪂ཧࢱ࣒ࣛࢢࡢศᕸ㸪➼ࢆ⪃ ៖ࡋ࡚X ᖺࡢᐇ ್࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㸦X㸫1㸧ᖺ㸪X ᖺ㸪㸦X+1㸧ᖺࡢ 3 ᖺ㛫ࡢᖹᆒ್ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋṧᏑ⋡ࣔࢹ್ࣝ㸦SRyx㸧ࡣ㸪2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝ ࣔࢹࣝࡽ⟬ฟࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓᘧ㸦1㸧୰ࡢ f ࡣ᭱ึࡢⓎ᫂⪅Ⓩሙᖺ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪C ♫ࡢሙྜࡣ 1977 ᖺ, SE ♫ࡢሙྜࡣ 1978 ᖺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 11 ᐇ㝿ࡣᅗ 3 ࡢ௬ࢢࣛࣇࡢ༢ഴࡁ㸦ᑐ๓ᖺᕪ㸧ࢆ⦪㍈ࡋࡓࢢࣛࣇࢆసᡂࡋ㸪㸦i㸧࠶ࡿᮇ㛫㸦Ӎ3 ᖺ㸧ࡢഴࡁࡀࡑࢀ௨๓ࡼࡾ ࡁ࠸ᮇ㛫ࢆ≉ᐃ㸪㸦ii㸧ヱᮇ㛫ࡢ๓ᖺ๓ࠎᖺ࡛㸪ࡑࡢᖺ㸦D ᖺ㸧ࡢഴࡁ⩣ᖺ㸦D+1 ᖺ㸧ࡢഴࡁẚࡀ㸪㸦D+1 ᖺࡢഴࡁ㸧/㸦D ᖺࡢഴࡁ㸧 Ӎ1.2 ࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ㸪D ᖺࢆពᛮỴᐃᖺ᥎ᐃࡋࡓࠋ C ♫ SE ♫4.4 Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒᇶ࡙ࡃពᛮỴᐃᖺࡢ᥎ᐃ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩グ㏙ࡢ↷ྜ ᅗ3 ࡢ௬ࢢࣛࣇ♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ C ♫ࡢពᛮỴᐃࡣ 1987 ᖺࡢ 1 ᅇࡢࡳ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪ᐇ ࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡣ㸪 ࡓ࠼ࡤ1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙௨㝆ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘᛴቑᮇ㛫ࡶ C ♫ࡢ㈨※ቑᙉពᛮỴᐃᑐᛂࡋࡑ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋࡋ㸪 ࡇࡢᮇ㛫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘቑῶせᅉࡣ㸪᪂ཧ⪅ᩘ㸦IJ 㛵㐃⤌⧊እࡽࡢືဨ㸧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃṧᏑ⋡ࡢኚື㸦⤌⧊ෆ㈨※ 㓄ศࡢኚ㸧ࡀせᅉ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㝿㸪1987 ᖺࡢ C ♫ቑᙉពᛮỴᐃࡣ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢグ㏙㸦C ♫ B ࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ㸧 ྜ⮴ࡍࡿࡀ㸦⾲1㸧㸪1990 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡣቑᙉពᛮỴᐃࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡣぢᙜࡓࡽ࡞࠸ࠋC ♫ࡣ㸪1996 ᖺࡽ IJ ࣉࣜࣥࢱࢆ♫ 5 㔜Ⅼࡢ୍ࡘࡋࡓࡀ㸪ᕷሙࢩ࢙࡛ࡣ 1998 ᖺ SE ♫㏫㌿ࡉࢀࡓᮇ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⏬ᮇ ⓗ࡞᪂つ〇ရᢏ⾡㛤Ⓨ㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤ1997 ᖺࡢ BJC-700J, BJC-430J, 1999 ᖺࡢ BJF-850㸧ࡀ㞟୰ࡋࡓᮇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ 㸦Hashimoto & Fujimura, 2011㸧ࠋࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ≧ἣࡀṧᏑ⋡ኚືࡢせᅉ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
SE ♫ࡢேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃࡣᅗ 3 ࡢ௬ࢢࣛࣇࡽ 1987 ᖺ㸪1994 ᖺ㸪2000 ᖺࡢ 3 ᅇ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡀ㸪 1987 ᖺ 1994 ᖺࡣ㸪᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢቑᙉពᛮỴᐃࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡢྜ⮴ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ㸦⾲ 1㸧ࠋ୍᪉㸪2000 ᖺ 㛵ࡋ࡚┤᥋ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡣぢฟࡏ࡞ࡗࡓࡀ㸪2000 ᖺࡢⰍ㢦ᩱࣥࢡᢏ⾡ࡢ〇ရࡀ㸪㛫᥋ⓗഐド⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡿࠋSE ♫/PIJ ࡢⰍ㢦ᩱࣥࢡᢏ⾡ࡣ㸪ಶே⏝ IJ ࣉࣜࣥࢱᕷሙ࡛ C ♫/TIJ ᑐࡍࡿᕪูᢏ⾡࡞ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ ࡞ࡃ㸪⏘ᴗ⏝ࣉࣜࣥࢱᕷሙࡢᒎ㛤ࢆᐜ᫆ࡋ㸪ࡉࡽ᪂ࡓ࡞ࢹࢪࢱ࣭ࣝࣇࣈࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᕷሙ㛤ᣅࡢ࢟ ࣮ᢏ⾡㸦ศᩓ⣔࣭ᶞ⬡ྵ᭷ᾮయࣁࣥࢻࣜࣥࢢ㸧ඹ㏻ࡢᢏ⾡࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ12ࠋSE ♫ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢⅬ࡛ PIJ ࡀ TIJ ࡼࡾ ࡶᗈ⠊࡞⏝㏵࣭ᕷሙᒎ㛤ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆᇶᮏⓗᐇド㸪☜ಙࡋ㸪R&D ேⓗ㈨※ࡢືဨࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓ㸪᥎ ᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ ⾲1 ᥎ᐃពᛮỴᐃᖺ᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩グ㏙ෆᐜࡢ↷ྜ⤖ᯝ 5. ࠾ࢃࡾ ࠕⓎ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ㸦ᐇ 㸧ࠖࢆྛᖺࡢձ᪂ཧⓎ᫂⪅ᩘ⤒ᖺᚋࡢղṧᏑ⋡ࡢ㛵ᩘࡋ࡚ศᯒࡋ㸪ṧᏑ⋡ ኚືࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ2 ẁ㝵⥺ᙧ㏆ఝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ⿵ṇࡋࡓࠕ௬Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚࠖࢆồࡵࡓࠋᐇ ௬ࢢࣛࣇࡢ ᑐẚ࡛R&D ேⓗ㈨※ືဨ≧ἣ㸦⤌⧊እࡽࡢືဨ㸪⤌⧊ෆࡢ㓄ศኚ㸧ࢆぢ࠼ࡿࡍࡿඹ㸪௬ࢢࣛࣇ ࡢഴࡁࡢኚࡽ㸪ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺࢆ᥎ᐃࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡓࠋ IJ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚㸪C ♫ SE ♫ࡢⓎ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒࡽ 2 ♫ࡢ R&D ேⓗ㈨※ቑᙉࡢពᛮỴᐃᖺ ࢆ᥎ᐃࡋ㸪᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢグ㏙↷ྜࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪୧⪅ࡢᑐᛂࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋᮏ᥎ᐃἲࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡣ㧗࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
1) F. P. Boer (1999), The Valuation of Technology: Business and Financial Issues in R&D, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2) R. G. Cooper (1999), Stage-Gate Systems: A New Tool for Managing New Products, Business Horizons, May – June, 44.
3) D. Dougherty, C. Hardy (1996), Sustained Product Innovation in Large Mature Organizations, Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1120. 4) K. Hashimoto, S. Fujimura (2011), Dynamic Interactions between Knowledge Creation and Resource Mobilization in R&D Management: A Case
of the Inkjet Innovation in Japan, Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on IEEM in Singapore, 1063. 5) 㟷ᓥ࣭ᮧ (2008), ࢭࢥ࣮࢚ࣉࢯࣥᰴᘧ♫ 㧗⢭⣽ࣥࢡࢪ࢙ࢵࢺ࣭ࣉࣜࣥࢱࡢ㛤Ⓨ, ୍ᶫᏛ Case#08-03. 6) ᶫᮏ (2010), බ㛤≉チⓎ᫂⪅ᩘศᯒࢆ࣮࣋ࢫࡋࡓᴗ R&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ㸪⤌⧊Ꮫ 50 ࿘ᖺⓎ⾲ せ᪨㞟㸪41. 7) ᶫᮏ࣭⸨ᮧ (2012), Ⓨ᫂⪅ᩘࡢືⓗኚ㸸ᴗ R&D ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᐃ㔞ᣦᶆ㸪◊✲ ᢏ⾡ ィ⏬, 27(1/2), 57. 8) ᮌᮧ (2009), ࢭࢥ࣮࢚ࣉࢯࣥ⚾㸸ᖾ㐠࡞ 41 ᖺ㛫ࡢ㌶㊧㸪ἲᨻᏛ IM ◊✲ C Working Paper#70. 9) Ṋ▼࣭㟷ᓥ࣭㍍㒊 (2008) , ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⌮⏤㸸Ἑෆ㈹ཷ㈹ࡳࡿ㠉᪂ࡢ㈨※ືဨࡢṇᙜ㸪⤌⧊⛉Ꮫ, 42(1), 4. 10) ㎷ᮏ (2005), ◊✲㛤Ⓨࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢホ౯㑅ᢥ࠾ࡅࡿ⤌⧊⬟ຊ㸸᪥ᮏࡢ㟁Ẽᶵჾ⏘ᴗ࠾ࡅࡿࣛࣥཧຍࡼࡿホ౯♫ⓗ ◊✲ᡤࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡢ㔜せᛶ㸪ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࣭࣐ࣙࣥࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ, 2, 1. 11) Ώ㑔࣭ᶫᮏ (2009), ≉チศᯒࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ᪂つᢏ⾡ಀࡿ〇ရ⾜ືࡢ࢟ࣕࣛࢡࢱࣛࢬ㸪᪥ᮏ▱㈈Ꮫ➨ 7 ᅇᖺḟⓎ⾲せ᪨, 2J3. 12 Ỉᛶࣥࢡࢆ▐㛫ⓗ 400Υ๓ᚋຍ⇕Ἓ㦐ࡋᄇᑕࡍࡿ TIJ ࡣ㸪ᶵᲔⓗᄇᑕࡍࡿ PIJ ࡼࡾࡶ㢦ᩱࣥࢡ㸦≉ప⾲㠃ᙇຊࡢ࣮࢝ࣛ㢦 ᩱࣥࢡ㸧ࡢᏳᐃࣁࣥࢻࣜࣥࢢࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓPIJ ࡣཎ⌮ⓗ TIJ ࡼࡾࡶከᵝ࡞ᾮయᑐࡋ࡚ࣁࣥࢻࣜࣥࢢ㐺ᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋ