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低品位炭素資源の熱的処理によるアップグレード化に関する研究

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(1)Title. 低品位炭素資源の熱的処理によるアップグレード化に関す る研究( 本文(Fulltext) ). Author(s). 須網, 暁. Report No.(Doctoral Degree). 博士(工学) 工博甲第524号. Issue Date. 2017-03-25. Type. 博士論文. Version. ETD. URL. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12099/56184. ※この資料の著作権は、各資料の著者・学協会・出版社等に帰属します。.

(2) #"$% &,0)34."!% Upgrading of low rank carbonaceous resources by thermal treatment. 2017

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(5) Yˆ @ˆ. gxˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ 1ˆ P”ŠŒœ ¬µ£¸zFT•ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ 1. 1ˆ  ¬µ£¸”‰‘ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ 1. 2ˆ 59• ¬µ£¸ T‚’ e‚ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 2. ˆ ˆ 1. 3ˆ U• ¬µ£¸ T‚’ e‚ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 4. ˆ ˆ 1. 4ˆ Sm ¬µ£¸—•8(ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 5 ˆ 2ˆ Gb\’GbzF*RSTˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 7 ˆ 3ˆ GbzFT•˜•HXQ.oˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 8 ˆ ˆ 3. 1ˆ GbzF• ¬µ£¸Tˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 8 ˆ ˆ 3. 2ˆ J{!1®¶¦¥ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 8 ˆ 4ˆ 9[_”‰‘ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 10 ˆ ˆ 4. 1ˆ gtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 10 ˆ ˆ 4. 2ˆ [_$ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 12 ˆ i2Nˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 13. a 1 `ˆ GbzF•³¯¥¤¸µHsG”™›S-œGJ•K,ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 14 ˆ 1. 1ˆ gtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 14 ˆ ˆ 1. 1. 1ˆ [_l7ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 14 ˆ ˆ 1. 1. 2ˆ [_YXŠ™–$ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 15 ˆ 1. 2ˆ HsG#‡ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 16. ˆ ˆ 1. 2. 1ˆ #‡w3”‰‘ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 16. ˆ ˆ 1. 2. 2ˆ HsG#‡qhŠ™–#‡4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 17 ˆ ˆ 1. 2. 3ˆ #‡:ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 18 ˆ ˆ 1. 2. 4ˆ GJ•;†YŠ™–v

(6) 4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 19 ˆ 1. 3ˆ HsG#‡•d<Š™–i%ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 20 ˆ ˆ 1. 3. 1ˆ G:”™›GbzF‹šS-œGJOˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 20 ˆ ˆ 1. 3. 2ˆ GbzF•G]”ŠŒœGJ• bOˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 25. ˆ ˆ 1. 3. 3ˆ G:”™›S-œGJ•c"p„^!ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 39 ˆ ˆ 1. 3. 4ˆ GQ”™›)šœGJ•WH‚!ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 43. . .

(7) ˆ 1. 4ˆ dtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 46 ˆ i2Nˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 47. a 2 `ˆ ­Ÿ¶©«¥¤¸µ¢µ·”™›. kIBD‹šS-œGJ•K,ˆ. 49. ˆ 2. 1ˆ gtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 49 ˆ ˆ 2. 1. 1ˆ [_l7ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 49 ˆ ˆ 2. 1. 2ˆ [_YXŠ™–$ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 50 ˆ 2. 2ˆ ¶¸§´¸¢µ·”™œ. kIBD•G#‡ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 51. ˆ ˆ 2. 2. 1ˆ #‡w3”‰‘ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 51. ˆ ˆ 2. 2. 2ˆ ¶¸§´¸¢µ·•qh>rŠ™–#‡4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 52 ˆ ˆ 2. 2. 3ˆ GJ•;†YŠ™–v

(8) 4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 52 ˆ 2. 3ˆ ¶¸§´¸¢µ·”™œ. kIBD•G#‡d<Š™–i%ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 53. ˆ ˆ 2. 3. 1ˆ GJ•O0Š™–³¯¥¤¸µG#‡d<’•A|ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 53 ˆ ˆ 2. 3. 2ˆ GJ• bO0Š™–³¯¥¤¸µ#‡d<’•A|ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 54 ˆ ˆ 2. 3. 3ˆ GJ•c"p„^!Š™–³¯¥¤¸µ#‡d<’•A|ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 57 ˆ ˆ 2. 3. 4ˆ GJ•WH‚!Š™–³¯¥¤¸µ#‡d<’•A|ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 58 ˆ 2. 4ˆ dtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 59. ˆ i2Nˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 60. a 3 `ˆ GbzF’ZG•EHs‹š)šœ¨²¸K,ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 61. ˆ 3. 1ˆ gtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 61 ˆ ˆ 3. 1. 1ˆ [_l7ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 61 ˆ ˆ 3. 1. 2ˆ [_YXŠ™–$ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 62 ˆ 3. 2ˆ EHs#‡ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 63. ˆ ˆ 3. 2. 1ˆ #‡w3•,L”‰‘ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 63 ˆ ˆ 3. 2. 2ˆ #‡qhŠ™–4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 64 ˆ ˆ 3. 2. 3ˆ #‡:ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 65 ˆ ˆ 3. 2. 4ˆ ¨²¸•;†YŠ™–v

(9) 4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 66. ˆ 3. 3ˆ EHs#‡•d<Š™–i%ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 67 ˆ ˆ 3. 3. 1ˆ EHsŠ™–MHs”™›S-œ¨²¸O•A|ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 67 ˆ ˆ 3. 3. 2ˆ EHs”ŠŒœ¨²¸• b-—•' ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 72. . .

(10) ˆ ˆ 3. 3. 3ˆ EHs”ŠŒœ¨²¸•p„c"?—•' ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 74 ˆ ˆ 3. 3. 4ˆ EHs”ŠŒœ¨²¸•Gb?—•' ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 79 ˆ ˆ 3. 3. 5ˆ EHs”™œ¨²¸•WH‚—•' ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 81 ˆ 3. 4ˆ dtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 83 ˆ i2Nˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 84. a 4 `ˆ GbzF’ZG’•E¡¥6”ŠŒœ¡¥+0•K,ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 86 ˆ 4. 1ˆ gtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 86 ˆ ˆ 4. 1. 1ˆ [_l7ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 86 ˆ ˆ 4. 1. 2ˆ [_YXŠ™–$ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 87 ˆ 4. 2ˆ ¨²¸•¡¥#‡Š™–E¡¥#‡ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 88. ˆ ˆ 4. 2. 1ˆ ¨²¸ -•#‡w3”‰‘ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 88. ˆ ˆ 4. 2. 2ˆ ¨²¸•¡¥#‡qhŠ™–#‡4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 89 ˆ ˆ 4. 2. 3ˆ ¡¥#‡•¨²¸w3”‰‘ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 90 ˆ ˆ 4. 2. 4ˆ ¡¥~&•s;4Cˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 90. ˆ 4. 3ˆ ¨²¸•¡¥+#‡•d<Š™–i%ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 93. ˆ ˆ 4. 3. 1ˆ ,L•V“œ¨²¸•¡¥+0•A|ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ. 93. ˆ ˆ 4. 3. 2ˆ ¡¥~&±ªµžT‰¨²¸•¡¥+~&­³°¸§•s;ˆ ˆ ˆ 95 ˆ ˆ 4. 3. 3ˆ ¨²¸•¡¥+~&s;”™œE¡¥]•~&xX“=uˆ 104 ˆ 4. 4ˆ dtˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 106 ˆ i2Nˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 107. f/ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 108. y}ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 110 9x2”ƒ€Žœnj•Wpx2ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ 111. . .

(11) .

(12) Džɟ ǻɟ ɟ 1ɟ ƃʒɶɻʣʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤGƉʓRpɟ. ɟ 1. 1ɟ ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʒʋɳʍɟ. ɟ ɟ ƃʒɶɳʍîɱʔʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧřȇʀʍŖRʀʍɳʣˢ ʒʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʔƛŰˡƛŐˡ ›Ŵʰʺʟʫ˗˜ʑʐʓTƛŹďɷʡeʢBɾʤˡŸʟɈŇʒ—Āʂʣɽʏʎʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʏʀ ʍřȇʀʍɳʣˢǔƑʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ©NjʔżȋʟɲʣƵ?ʓʧʂʣǏMʏ©Njɾʤ ʍɶʢˡŸM¥ʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞,£I˟ÔˠʒÛɵʕˡƵ?ʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʔ˜ƌʏȸʒʭˆ˙ ʲ˞ʓûfɸɲʣ‘nˡʅʓCʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞Ȳʈɻ•şʀˡ˜ƌʏʓȸʒʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓûf ɸʑɳ‘nˡ,£ɾʤřŦʀʑɳʏ©Njˤˠɾʤʍɳʣˢʅʓʇʝˡš·Ƒʒ†Ƅɸʭˆ˙ʲ˞ ʧ,Ġʀʍɳʣʏnjɵʣʑʡʕˡɔʔʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧřȇʀʍɳʣʓʎʔʑɺˡļɱʑ×ëʎ ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧGƉʀʍɳʣɽʏʒʑʣˢɟ ɟ ΔQ = ΔU + ΔWɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ˟Ôˠ ʀɷʀʑɸʡˡĕÈƇŖʟǀŞŖRʒɶɳʍˡʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʔŸʟɈŇƑʑRMʑʐʒ—Āɾ ʤˡřȇɾʤʍɳʣƃª˥ˠʞɲʣˢʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉĚʒɶɳʍŸʟɈŇʑʐʒ—Āɾʤʣ‘nˡ ʅʓ—ĀʓʙʏʨʐʔiȚʑʞʓʎɲʣʇʝˡŸM¥ƮŒIʞʀɺʔʭ˜˃˛ˊ˞•Nʓ ŒI ˤˠʒʠʢʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ)0ʔOTʂʣˢʅʓʇʝˡżȋɸĠʀʍɳʣʭˆ˙ʲ˞˟ʭ˜ʾ ˙ˊ˞ˠʓ?ˡĠQʒGƉiǏʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓDŽyʔŲQʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧ÷ʀÕɳʇʭʳʻ˙ ʲ˞ʏ©Nj˟ÔɫˠɾʤˡȷɳʇƵʎĠQʑʧʂʣʓʔʭʳʻ˙ʲ˞ʎɲʢˡʭ˜˃˛ˊ˞ •NCʈɻʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʔřŦʀʍɳʣˢʋʚʢʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉĚʒʔʭʳʻ˙ʲ˞ʧřȇʀ ʍɳʣɽʏʏʑʣˢɟ ɟ E = ΔH – TΔSɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ˟Ôˠ ɟ ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓƩĹ×ëʔŸʎɲʢˡŸM¥Ƒʒļɱʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞×ëɷʡŸʒ—Āʂʣ‘ nˡʭʳʻ˙ʲ˞ʟʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓȋɸ!ʀʍʀʚɳˡĞƾƑʒʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʔǑŴƌʒćB ɾʤʍʀʚɴ˦ˠˢơʪ˜ˋ˗ʺ˃˗ʳˀ˔˞ʧ&ʒeʣʑʡʕˡiȚʑÂƧɸʙʏʨʐʎɲʢˡ ʅʓÂƧɸ•ɵʣÎʒʭ˜˃˛ˊ˞•NʓŒIʒÛɳô:ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ)0ɸ!ʀʍʀʚ ɴˢʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧĠQƑʒGƉʂʣ‘nˡʭ˜˃˛ˊ˞ʧ•NɾʄʑɳˡʂʑʦʉǦɄʑi ȚȣƧʏʑʡʑɳô:ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓGƉĒŒɸȰǧʏʑʣˢʅʓʇʝˡƃ ʎʔʭˆ˙ʲ˞ ʧńɁƑʒGƉʂʣòǠʟoĚʒƎʑʣƻĦʧǥȞʞʀɺʔAƅʂʣʶ˝ˌ˛ʿʳʸ˖˜ʑʐ ʓƏé˧ˠɸɲʣˢʚʇʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʏƆ”ʔ®ýʒLjɸʊʍɶʢˡbĒʧoĚʒǷǿʀʇòǠȷ. . .

(13) ƏɷʡˡǑŴƌʒ£ ʂʣżȋȉŤʟʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧ-ƙʀúɵʇˌ˛ʻʺʞʀɺʔʸʺ˂˒ȷ ƏʓÿIJɸ™ɺɲʢˡɽʤʡʓĺåʔʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʓöǃiǏçʟƆ”ǹyçʒšɹɺȅ ƀʂʣʏʏʞʒˡʭˆ˙ʲ˞Cȱʒɶɻʣšɹʑøïʎʞɲʣʏnjɵʡʤʣˢ ɟ ɟ 1. 2ɟ ĕĥʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞%ƉȲʏ'ǂȲɟ. ɟ ɟ ʒɽʤʚʎʓĕĥƒʒɶɻʣmȫȶFʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞řȇȲʏªȋ GDP ʓþƦ˨ˠʧƠ ʂˢ1965 Ëʚʎʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞řȇȲʔ!ɳʞʓʓˡ1970 ËʓɚÎǀŞíȵĢȽʓʭ ˆ˙ʲ˞ɉǧʒɳˡȢȕˡ¬ÑˡĸSˡƈĸʓmȫȶʒɶɳʍšȲʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧř ȇʀʍɳʣˢʅʓȣƧʎʔ 1973 Ëʏ 1979 ËɒʓÎʓƛŐ]ľʧfɻˡʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ¦© 'ǂʟʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤƞ,ʓʇʝˡʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʒɶɳʍȉŤʓGƉĒŒʟƏɈĒÔ ʓ™ļTˡmȫȶʒɶɻʣƖʭˆ˙ʲ˞TʑʐʓQƁƑʑĈưɸȠʝʡʤʍɹʇˢʅʓÚ 1990 Ëɷʡʔ_Ő)ıʓ!)ʓØɐʞɲʢˡʭˆ˙ʲ˞řȇȲʔʚʇ•Nʂʣʞʓʓˡ 2000 Ëʒʔ_Ő)ıɸėʀʇʇʝˡ2004 Ëʧ”ʒʭˆ˙ʲ˞řȇȲʔş´ʀʍɳʣˢ ʚʇˡ2011 ËʓĩĕĥšɊŮʒʠʢˡǐ_ƏʟƲɈˡƖʭˆ˙ʲ˞TƯʓƒņƑʑŇȢɸ ¹ɚʚʊʇØɐʞɲʢˡƃ ʒɶɳʍʞʭˆ˙ʲ˞%ƉȲʔş´ʂʣ4pʧƠʀʍɳʣ˨ˠˢɟ. 18.00. (, , [ J × 1018 ]. 14.00. .  . 16.00. 8.00. 500. 12.00. 400. 10.00 300. 6.00. 200. * *GDP [ ]] (2005 )). 600 Ȣȕȫȶ ¬Ñȫȶ ĸSȫȶ ƈĸȫȶ ªȋɥɣɧ. 4.00 100 2.00 0. 0.00 1965. 1973. 1979. 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014. ɪɟ ĕĥƒʒɶɻʣʭˆ˙ʲ˞řȇȲʏªȋ GDP ʓþƦ˨ˠɟ ɟ. . . ɟ.

(14) ɟ ɫʒɽʤʚʎʓĕĥƒʒɶɻʣʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤFʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂȲʓþƦ ˨ˠʧƠʂˢ ïÚʓĕĥʎʔ 1960 ËʚʎƒƈʓƛŰʟňMʑʐʒʠʢʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂɸǟʦʤʍɳʇ ʞʓʓˡ1970 ËȽʔɚÎǀŞíȵĢʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞ɉǧʟŐƊȷƏĸʓƓőʒɳˡ ƛŐɸ âƑʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂŤʒljɹĀʦʣɽʏʏʑʊʇˢʀɷʀˡÎʓƛŐ]ľɷʡ¦ ©ʀʇʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂʧȰǪʂʣʇʝˡĿʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ'ǂLnʧƛŐʓʛʒ(£ʂʣ ʓʎʔʑɺˡƛŰˡ›Ŵʰʺˡ_¡Mʑʐʓ²:ʧȠʝʣʏʏʞʒˡđʭˆ˙ʲ˞˟ĕʎʔ@ ƇiǏʭˆ˙ʲ˞ˠʓGƉʞ+Ƞɾʤʍɹʇˢʅʓʇʝˡ2010 ËʒʔƛŐʓ'ǂLnɸş ´ʀˡĒʎ_¡MˡňMˡœɀ8ˡˇʪʮːʺˡ†Ÿʑʐʓđʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ'ǂLnɸ• NʀʇʇʝˡmĿʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓLnɸ‡ǡʗʏȠʨʎɹʇˢʀɷʀʑɸʡˡƃ ʞʚʈĿ ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ'ǂȉŤʔƛŐˡƛŰˡ›Ŵʰʺʓȕ:ʒ(£ʀʍɶʢˡƒƈʓƛŰʧ%Ɖʀ ʍɳʇ 1960 ËJʒŅʘʍˡĕĥʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞ǑǂƁ˟Ǒƒ?ʎƞ,ʎɹʣʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤ ʓŅƁˠʔ!ɳʚʚʏʑʊʍɳʣˢɾʡʒ 2011 ËʓĩĕĥšɊŮʒʠʣ_¡MƏɈʓ%Ɖʒ ɶɻʣiqʓȀǻɸɲʢˡ2014 Ëʒɶɳʍʔ_¡MƏɈȲɸʼ˛ʎɲʇʊʇɽʏʞNɵʍˡ ƃ ʒɶɻʣĕĥʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞ǑǂƁʔ 6.0 %ʏþǯɾʤʍɳʣ˨ˠˢĕĥƒʔʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉ Ťʓ‰ǜȲʒèʚʤʍɶʡʃˡʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ%ƉȲʒ°ʀʍˡ'ǂȲʒšɹʑ

(15) Ʌɸɲʣʇ ʝˡÚʔ@ƇiǏʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʟ™ļʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤʓGƉɸãǧʏɾʤʍɳʣˢɟ ɟ. .    &, , [ J × 1018 ]. 25.00 đʭˆ˙ʲ˞˝†ŸƯ ňM _¡M ›Ŵʰʺ ƛŐ ƛŰ. 20.00. 15.00. 10.00. 5.00. 0.00 1965. 1973. 1979. 1985. 1990. 1995. 2000. 2005. ɫɟ ĕĥƒʒɶɻʣʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂȲʓþƦ˨ˠɟ ɟ ɟ. . . 2010 2014. ɟ.

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(17) ɲʣ ˨ˠˢʚʇˡTƛŹďʓ%ƉʒɳˡƈĸɏxȽƌƑʒšŇ ʓȯTŰƻūÎʔ •NʀʍɳʣˢȯTŰƻūÎʓ•NʏÊ‡ŇšʓėʒʔƕȹçɸǨʡʤʍɳʣʇʝˡŲ ƒʒȯTŰƻʧüBʀʑɳŰƻȉŤʓGƉĒŒʟˡTƛŹďʒʓʛ(£ʂʣʓʎʔʑɺˡ †ƄʒɲʣļɱʑŰƻȉŤʓGƉɸãǧʏɾʤʍɳʣˢɟ đʭˆ˙ʲ˞ ʰʺ ȯTŰƻüBď. ňM ƛŐ. 30,000. (, , [100 toe]. 14,000. .  . 16,000. 8,000. 25,000. 12,000 20,000. 10,000. 15,000. 6,000. 10,000. 4,000 5,000. 2,000 0. + +! !% , , [# #  ]]-C CO2$. .. iŹç@ƇiǏ˯˱˲˰˳ˮ _¡M ƛŰ. 0 1971 1975. 1980. 1985. 1990. 1995. 2000. 2005. 2010 2013. ɟ ɭɟ ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ƨFʒɶɻʣƌʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂȲ˨ˠʏȯTŰƻüBȲ˩ˠʓþƦɟ. ɟ 1.4ɟ @ƇiǏʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʗʓĢÙɟ. ɟ ĕĥƒʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤʓ'ǂʔؘʗʓTƛŹďȕ:ʓ(£ɸšɹɺˡʭˆ˙ʲ˞Ǒ ǂƁɸ!ɳʇʝˡļɱʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤʓĠQGƉʟˡTƛŹď%ƉʒʠʣƆ”Ȅǘʓ! şɷʡ@ƇiǏʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓGƉɸĢÙɾʤʍɳʣˢʚʇˡĩĕĥšɊŮÚˡ_¡Mʒ(£ ʀʑɳʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂɸŊʝʡʤʍɳʣɽʏˡšȬÆʑʐʓĹʒɃ ʀʑɳǑƬʀʇ†‹ Cĉˆʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂʟˡ†ƈ†řʒʠʣ@ƇiǏʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓGƉɸšɹɺĢÙɾʤʍ ɳʣˢ@ƇiǏʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓǔƑʑ©NjʏʀʍˡTƛȉŤɷʡ—Āʀʇʞʓʎʔʑɺˡœɀ 8ˡɕMˡňMˡ†ŸˡˇʪʮːʺƯʓǑŴȉŤʧĿʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʏʀʍGƉʂʣʞʓʏɾʤ ʍɳʣˢɽʤʡʔƹƒƈʎ%ƉʂʣɽʏɸiǏʎɲʢĮŝʂʣɽʏʑɺˡʚʇšĜTʰʺʓüB Ȳʧ!şʀʇʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉɸiǏʏnjɵʡʤʍɳʣˢʀɷʀʑɸʡˡœɀ8ʟɕMʔŇȃ. . .

(18) ʟŇ/ħʒʠʊʍšɹɺ—Rʂʣ{ɓɸùɼʡʤʍɳʣˢʅʤʒ°ʀʍˡňMˡ†Ÿˡˇʪ ʮːʺʔŅȔƑ¦©ʀʇʭˆ˙ʲ˞'ǂɸiǏʏɾʤʍɳʣʇʝˡBM¦©çʎʔŬMƏɈ ʑʐʏoƯʏǨʑɾʤʣɽʏʞɲʣˢɟ ɟ @ƇiǏʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓ ʎʞˇʪʮːʺʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʔRĶżɷʡƋĨʓĠľçȉŤʎɲʢˡ @GƉɸiǏʏɾʤʍɳʣʈɻʎʑɺˡTƛȉŤʒ°ʀʍƇɹʇŹďʏʞǽʦʤʍɳʣˢˇʪ ʮːʺʔˡ†ƄʓżȋƦRɷʡʼnǃƑʒȯTŰƻʓ‡ǡʧ–ʂʑɺˡŽʒĶżƋĨʓ ˇʪʮːʺʎʔšŇ ʓȯTŰƻʧsdʀʍǎʋɽʏɷʡʯ˞ˏ˜˅˕˞˃˗˙ʏɾʤʣʇ ʝˡŸGƉˡƏɈˡT¥_ďˡǑRȐƉʓŹďʑʐʗÉÍɺGƉCȱɸÍɸʊʍɳʣˢʚʇˡ ˇʪʮːʺʒʔļɱʑƨɔɸɲʢˡÓĴżƵˡĤGƉƵ˟ȚĠ5ʓACNjSɸʦʑɳˠˡʭ ˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʂʣɽʏʧƔƑʒʀʇƇƈƵʓʑʐʒVFʞɾʤʍɳʣˢɟ ɟ ɮʒ;ƒʓˇʪʮːʺȊ£ȲɶʠʖĠQGƉiǏȲ˪ˠʧƠʂˢļɱʑˇʪʮːʺȉŤʔ šȲʒ£ ʀʍɳʣʞʓʓˡļɱʑ‘ðʒCĉʀ1 ʀʍɳʣʇʝȢădɃʓʶʺ˃ɸɷɷʣ ɽʏɸǸɓʏɾʤʍɳʣˢƃ ĕĥƒ?ʎ%ƉɾʤʍɳʣˇʪʮːʺʔĿʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʓƒ? 'ǂȲʒ°ʀʍʦʃɷċ%ʏʓtʞɲʢˡʚʇˇʪʮːʺȉŤʓʚʚʎʔGƉʎɹʑɳʇʝˡ GƉĚʒʔȧDʑAƅÂƧʟGƉĒŒʗʓȧʀʇòǠɸãǧʏɾʤʍɳʣˢĒˡˇʪʮː ʺȉŤʓ ʒʔĤGƉɷʋ!z. ʑĠľçÓĴżʞrʚʤʍɶʢˡɽʤʡȉŤʓĠQGƉ. ʔʯ˞ˏ˜˅˕˞˃˗˙ɷʋʭˆ˙ʲ˞ǑǂƁpʒʋʑɸʣʏĢÙɾʤʍɳʣˢʀɷʀˡĤ GƉɷʋ!z. ʑĠľçÓĴżʞʚʇĿʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤʏʀʍʓ)0ʔĹʝʍ!ɺˡGƉ. ĚʒʔȧDʑAƅʟGƉĒŒʓƞƬɸãǧʏʑʢˡđʇʑòǠȷƏɸġʚʤʍɳʣˢɟ. ) ,

(19)

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(22) 

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(25) ɟ ŰƻȉŤʓŸCǬòǠʒʋɳʍɟ. ɟ ŸCǬʔĠľżçżȋʒȧäɾʤʣɽʏɸ™ɺˡƇżƑʑcäʒʠʣCǬʎʔʑɺˡT¥c äʒʠʣCǬòǠʎɲʣˢŸCǬcäʔiȚʑT¥cäʎɲʢˡŲȯƻžëʚʇʔŖç ʰʺɇ€Ň ʎĠľżʧŸNŸʀCǬʀʍɳʣˢʅʓʇʝˡȯƻʟʰʺTKʏƉɳʣŹŵʟ ʰʺTcäʏʔñŒʟƻcäɸƎʑʣˢǔƑʒĠľżʓCǬȣƧʎʔĠľż ʓT¥ǁ nɸȷǣʀˡňƻʟȯTŰƻʑʐʓȓȋʰʺʧ™ɺrʨʈĂƏíCʧćBʀʑɸʡʾ˞˙ ʟŰTż˟ˀ˔˞ˠɸƇíɾʤʣˢŸCǬšÎʟĚȸˡėšȝÎʑʐʓŸCǬħʔĂƏí Cʟʾ˞˙ˡŰTżʓçžʒšɹɺØɐʧɵˡCǬĚʓT¥ÊǡĄ$ʒʠʢƇíżʓçž ʟƇíùRʒȦɳɸƃʤʣˢŽʒģȋˇʪʮːʺʎʔʻ˙˛˞ʺˡˍˑʻ˙˛˞ʺˡ˘ʴ˅˜ ʑʐʓíCLnˡʻ˙˛˞ʺʓȰnÎˡǁn×ëCÇɸƎʑʊʍɳʣʇʝˡˇʪʮːʺƨʓ ȦɳʒʠʢŸCǬŽçʔšɹɺƎʑʣˢʚʇˡŸCǬʒʠʢĠľżʓĂƏTɶʠʖŰTʔˡŹ ŵʟʰʺTʑʐʓŸT¥—Āʒɶɳʍ<ȜʂʣEĢȣƧʎʞɲʣʇʝˡ°ȃʏʂʣĠľżʓ ŸCǬùRʧóāʂʣɽʏʔȰǧʏʑʣˤˣˠˢɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ŰƻȉŤʓʰʺTòǠʒʋɳʍɟ. ɟ ŰƻȉŤʓʰʺTcäʒʔˡǢ&ʏʀʍʓcäÔ˟ɬˠˡ˟ɭˠɸɲʣˢɟ ɟ C + H2O = CO + H2ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ Ô˟ɬˠɟ ɟ C + CO2 = 2COɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ Ô˟ɭˠ ʰʺTcäʔsŸcäʎɲʢˡu€ʓŸʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧeʢȖʛʑɸʡňƻʟȯTŰƻʧ. íCʏʂʣʰʺíCʗʏ—ĀʀʍɳʣˢǔƑʒňƻʟȯTŰƻʓníʰʺʔʭˆ˙ʲ ˞˝T¥<ȜʓżȋˤˤˠʎɲʢˡʰʺTcäȣƧʒɶɻʣníʰʺʗʓ—ĀʔĠľżʓŰƻɸ Ġʀʍɳʣʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʏŸʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧQƁǕɺƏɈʟŹďʏʀʍGƉʧiǏʒʂʣˢʰʺT cäĄ$ʔɚšɚ„ħʓÊǡĄ$ɸąȭƑʎʔɲʣʞʓʓˡªǩĽʓʰʺTǤljʎʔǤ ljçǏʚʇʔǀŞçʧnjìʂʣãǧɸɲʢˡÊǡcäʓĠGçʓʛʎ¦ęʒʰʺTcäħ ʧō©ʂʣɽʏʔʎɹʑɳˤ˥ˠˢ ʒʰʺTòǠʔƛŰʓʰʺTGƉʒʍhɺɷʡƜƩɾʤʍ ɶʢˡ‚©¹ʟŗR¹ʑʐʓʰʺTůʧƉɳʇʰʺTòǠɸƜƩɾʤʍɳʣˢƃ ʎʔǛŇ ʾ˞ˉ˜ʏʰʺʾ˞ˉ˜ʧƿʛnʦʄʇƛŰʰʺTǦnƏɈ(IGCC)ʓȷƏɸȠʛˡŬMƏ ɈʒŅʘʍɚɳƅǻƏɈQƁɸÜʡʤʣɽʏɸƚʡʤʍɳʣˢƛŰʓʰʺTcäȣƧʎʔˡ EĢʓŸCǬʒʠʢƛŰʔċƆʓǖɖēɷʡʑʣ[. ĻȞȸʓǁnȫCʟǖɖēʓ2ȴƯ. ʓDĐʑʐʒʠʊʍ™Ɔǖɖēʑˀ˔˞ʏʑʢˡʅʓˀ˔˞ʏʰʺTKʓcäʒʠʢˀ˔˞ ʓŰƻCʔʰʺíCʗʏȑĀɾʤʍɳʣˢĒʎŰƻĻȞʓɞȳTʒɳˀ˔˞ʓʰʺT cäçʔ!ʀʍɳɺʇʝˡÞƆˆŗR¹ʟǭŸʰʺTˡƃ ʎʔcäçʓɚɳˇʪʮːʺ ʧ<GƉʀʇŜnʰʺTĒÔʑʐʓʰʺTcäçʓĆ|ʧƔ÷ʀʇƜƩɸǟʦʤʍɳʣˢɟ ɟ. . .

(26) 4ɟ ĥƜƩʒʋɳʍɟ. ɟ 4. 1ɟ DžǮɟ. ɟ ɟ ƃ ˡĕĥʓʛʑʡʃƌ ʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʒɶɳʍTƛŹďɷʡʓǐ(£ʟˡƆ” {ɓʓǫűɷʡTƛŹďʓ%ƉʒʠʣȯTŰƻüBȲ!şɸġʚʤˡʯ˞ˏ˜˅˕˞˃˗ ˙ʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞ȉŤʓƞ,ʟGƉʸʺ˂˒ɸãǧʏɾʤʍɳʣˢĒʎĠľíCʧrʨʈĤ GƉˇʪʮːʺʟĠľçÓĴżʑʐʓ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓĠQGƉʔȠʨʎɶʡʃˡʜʀʥ. ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧô:ʀAƅɸǟʦʤʍɶʢˡ!z ƉŒɸãǧʏɾʤʍɳʣˢʚʇˡ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓƖʭˆ˙ʲ˞AƅɷʋĠQG. ŰƻȉŤʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʒʠʢˡTƛŹďʓʛʒ. (£ʀʑɳʯ˞ˏ˜˅˕˞˃˗˙ʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉơʓ×íɸJȠʂʣɽʏɸĢÙɾʤʍ ɳʣˢʀɷʀʑɸʡˡ!ȋʑˇʪʮːʺʟÓĴżʑʐʔˡTƛŹďʓ'ǂȲʒŅʘʍ´ʑɺˡ ʚʇ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓ™ɺʔɚrňƁˡɚɳŭCLnˡƫƻʟƝɝˡßȲ6ƻʑʐʓƹ. żȋɸrʚʤˡɾʡʒTƛŹďʒŅʘʍ„.ƑʒƏŸȲɸ!ɳŽáɸɲʣˢʅʓʇʝˡ!z ŰƻȉŤʓ×ëʓʚʚʎʔʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʔĹʝʍɆʎɲʢˡɏđƑʑGƉòǠʓȷ ƏɸæSʏɾʤʍɳʣˢɟ ɟ ɽʤʚʎʒ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓĆȋʏʀʍˡŸCǬʞʀɺʔŰTòǠɸƉɳʡʤʍɶʢˡ!z. ŰƻȉŤɷʡŰTż˟ˀ˔˞ˠʗʏ—ĀʀŰƻūÎʧɚɺʂʣɽʏʎʭˆ˙ʲ˞®Îʓp ɸÿIJɾʤʍɳʣˢʀɷʀˡŸCǬŰTĚʒʔŸŤɸãǧʏʑʣʇʝˡƃ ʎʔ!z ȉŤʓŸCǬĚʒƇíɾʤʣŸCǬʰʺʧŸŤʏʀʍGƉʂʣɽʏʎˡ!z. Űƻ. ŰƻȉŤɸĠ. ʀʍɳʣǑÄŸʧGƉʀô:ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧ!şʀʇŸCǬŰTʸʺ˂˒ɸÿIJɾʤʍɳʣˢ ʚʇˡŸCǬĚʓcäħʧHÝʂʣɽʏʎǥȞɾʤʣŰTżʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞®Îɸ—Tʂʣ ʈɻʎʑɺˡŰTżǢɎʒƽ¢ɸƏȥʀˡʅʓƽ¢ĻȞʧGƉʀʇsƘKʑʐʗʓľǏƑʑ äƉĒŒʞķǰɾʤʍɳʣˢŸAƅʒʠʣ!z. ŰƻȉŤɷʡŰTżʗʓ—Āʔʭˆ˙ʲ. ˞®ÎʓpʟȆǜçˡȢăȕșʑʐʒȧʀʍɶʢˡÚȉŤʓĠQGƉʟ˘ʷʪʳ˙ʑʐ ʓǫűɷʡŰTɶʠʖŰTżGƉɸƘƔɾʤʣɽʏɸnjɵʡʤʣˢʚʇˡŸCǬŰTĒÔʔ !ȯƻūÎʎǟʦʤʣʇʝˡŹŵʓļʒƪŇŅʓǹČʧǧʂʣɽʏʑɺŅȔƑȢȑHÝ ɸ­ęʎɲʢˡ³ǩĽDZ3ʒɶɻʣGƉʒʞȧʀʍɳʣʏnjɵʡʤʣˢʀɷʀʑɸʡˡ!z. Ű. ƻȉŤʔļɱʑíCʟC¡ĻȞʧĠʀʇĠľżɷʡĻíɾʤʣɽʏɸ™ɳʇʝˡŸCǬŰT ħʒʠʢƇíɾʤʣŰTżʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞®ÎʟǢɎĻȞˡrĠíCʑʐʓŽáʔ™ļʑʞ ʓʏʑʣˢʅʓʇʝˡļɱʑ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓŸCǬŰTAƅʒɶɻʣŽçʟƇíɾʤʣŰ. TżʓŽçʧĘʡɷʒʂʣɽʏʔȰǧʏʑʣˢɟ ɟ !z. . ŰƻȉŤɷʡʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʧeʢBʀƏɈʂʣ‘nˡŹŵʒʠʢŸʧÜʍɈŇʧȌɽʂ. .

(27) ĒÔɸɲʢˡªɂģȋˇʪʮːʺʑʐʎʔˡŬMƏɈðʓPŹŹďʏʀʍ%Ɖɾʤʍɳʣ‘n ʞɲʣˢȘËʒɶɳʍǛŇʾ˞ˉ˜ʏʰʺʾ˞ˉ˜ʧƿʛnʦʄʣɽʏʒʠʢŬMƏɈʓŸQ ƁʧȍɵʇƛŰǦnʰʺTƏɈʸʺ˂˒˟IGCCˠɸȷƏɾʤʍɶʢˡʭʳʻ˙ʲ˞@Ƈʓǫ űɷʡʞ!z ɸʡˡ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓĠQGƉòǠʏʀʍʰʺTĒÔɸĠQƑʏnjɵʡʤʣˢʀɷʀʑ. ŰƻȉŤʒʔŭCɸ™ɺrʚʤʍɳʣ‘nɸʙʏʨʐʎɲʢˡʚʇʅʓŭCʓǞ. űʔ!ɳʞʓɸ™ɳʇʝˡʰʺTů?ʓɚšʒɶɳʍŭťǞʒʠʢšȲʓʺ˗ʴɸƏƇʀ ů?ʓǴʚʢƯʓ{ɓɸƇʁʣɽʏɸnjɵʡʤʣˢʚʇˡ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓʛʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞G. ƉʎʔƏŸȲɸ!ɺˡɉǧʧţʇʂƏɈȲɸÜʡʤʑɳɽʏɸĞšʓ{ɓʎɲʢˡʅʓĆ| ĒŒʏʀʍˡĔ£ʓTƛŹďʏʓǦnGƉĒŒɸÿIJɾʤʍɳʣˢȘËʎʔƛŰʏˇʪʮː ʺʧ<GƉʀʇŜnʰʺTʸʺ˂˒ʓƜƩɸǟʦʤʍɶʢˡTƛŹďʏ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓʭ. ˆ˙ʲ˞GƉĚʒɶɳʍbĒʓŽçʧGƉʂʣɽʏʎŜnʰʺTĚʓƕ QĭɸÜʡʤʣɽ ʏʞƚʡʤʍɳʣˢ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉĚʒɶɳʍʞĔ£ʓTƛŹďʏʓ<G. ƉʒĠGçɸɲʣʏnjɵʡʤʣɸˡ_ďʓʰʺTĚʒɶɻʣGƉòǠʟDZ3DZǯʗʓŒ ƟƑʑƚǨɸãǧʏʑʣˢʰʺTƏɈʓƜƩʒɶɳʍƛŰGƉɸʙʏʨʐʎɲʢˡɽʤʚʎʒ ƛŰʰʺTʒȹʂʣƚǨʔĘʡɷʒɾʤʍɳʣʞʓʓˡ!z ʏʔšɹɺƎʑʣʇʝˡ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓʰʺTŽçʔƛŰ. ŰƻȉŤʏƛŰʧǦnGƉʀʇ‘nʒɶɻʣʰʺTŽçʧó. āʂʣɽʏʔĹʝʍȰǧʏʑʣˢɟ ɟ ĥƜƩʎʔˡĠľçÓĴżȉŤʧ âʏʀʇ!z ʧƔƑʒˡ!z. ŰƻȉŤʓĠQƑʑʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉ. ŰƻȉŤʓŸCǬŰTʒʠʣŰTżʗʓɚz. TʒƘƔʀʇˢ!z. Ű. ƻȉŤʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʒɶɳʍˡĔ£ʓTƛŹďʟGƉòǠʏʓǹyʧƔ÷ʂʇʝˡ! z. ŰƻȉŤʏƛŰʧ<GƉʀʇŜnŸCǬɶʠʖŜnʰʺTˌ˛ʻʺʒɶɻʣŰTżʓ. ŽçʟŜnʰʺTȝÎʗʓØɐʒƘƔʀʇˢɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ. . .

(28) 4. 2ɟ ƜƩ?­ɟ. ɟ ɟ ĥƜƩǻčʔĥƭʓDžǻʒžʚʢˡƜƩ?­ʔ 4 ƭʒŠʢˡĞÚʒDŽõʏĻíʀʍɳʣˢƜ Ʃ?­ʒʋɳʍʔˡƮ 1 ƭʎʔȘËˡ!z ŸCǬAƅʒʠʣɚz. ŰƻȉŤʏ. ljɻʡʤʋʋɲʣňŌœʓ. Tʧ ƔƑʏʀˡļɱʑŰTħʒʍźŌœʓŰTªɘʧǟʊ. ʇˢªɘʠʢƇíɾʤʇŰTżʓŽçʧCīʀˡƎʑʣŰTħɸŰTżʓçžˡǢɎĻȞˡ ƏŸȲʒɵʣØɐʒʋɳʍķǰʀʇˢɾʡʒŰTAƅȣƧʒɶɻʣŰTż ʓ6ƻíC ʒƘƔʀˡŌœŰTĚʒɶɻʣm6ƻíCʓùRɶʠʖcäľĻʒʋɳʍķǰʀʇˢƮ 2 ƭʎʔˈʪ˛ˁ˃ʺʵ˞˙ʓ˛˞ʾ˘˞ʱ˙˜ůʧƉɳʍŽǍTƏȮŒʒʠʢźʀʇŌœʓ ŰTªɘʧǟɳˡªɂʓňŌœAƅʸʺ˂˒?ʒɶɻʣŰTˌ˛ʻʺʒʍǥȞɾʤʣŰT żʓŽçʧDz)ʀʇˢʚʇˡƮ 1 ƭʒɶɻʣ˗ˏʺʵ˞˙ŰTªɘʠʢÜʡʤʇŌœŰTżŽ çʏʓŅȔʧǟɳˡƎʑʣªɘǤljɷʡÜʡʤʣŰTżʓƕȹȹ*ʟŰTAƅDZ3DZǯʗ ʓŋƉçʒʋɳʍķǰʀʇˢƮ 3 ƭʎʔňŌœʓʭˆ˙ʲ˞GƉʧƔƑʒĔ£ʓȉŤʟ DZ3ʏʓǹyˆGƉʒƘƔʀˡźŌœʏƛŰʓŜnŸCǬªɘʧǟʊʇˢ[vdzďɷʡ Üʡʤʣˀ˔˞˟ŰTżˠʏŜndzďɷʡÜʡʤʣˀ˔˞˟ŰTżˠŽçʧŅȔʀˡƛŰʓŜn ʞʀɺʔŌœʓŜnɸˡŜnŸCǬˌ˛ʻʺʠʢÜʡʤʣŰTżʓçžˡǢɎĻȞˡƏŸȲʒ ɵʣØɐʒʋɳʍķǰʀʇˢƮ 4 ƭʎʔźŌœʏƛŰʓŜnʰʺTʒƘƔʀˡŜndzď ɷʡƇíɾʤʣˀ˔˞ʏ[vdzďɷʡƇíɾʤʣˀ˔˞ʓʰʺTcäçʓȦɳʒʋɳʍķǰ ʀʇˢʚʇˡ[vʓŌœˀ˔˞ɶʠʖƛŰˀ˔˞ʓʰʺTȝÎʏˡˀ˔˞ʓŜnʰʺTȝÎ ʧŅȔʀˡçžɸƎʑʣ_ďʧŜnʀʍʰʺT‘nʒɶɻʣ;#ʓŜnʰʺTȝÎʗʓØɐ ʒʋɳʍķǰʀʇˢĞÚʒĥƜƩ?­ʧDŽõʀˡƜƩǻčʧƸʝɾʄʍɑɹʇɳˢɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ ɟ. . .

(29) ÕƉčƀɟ. 1) Ďǝ¤ˡÂĸŸM¥ʓŒƟˡʷʪʭ˜ʺơ 2) Ċlɰʭˆ˙ʲ˞ƥ¥˝òǠʓˈ˗ʿʪ˒ʸˋ˃˭ʯʺʵ˞˄GƉɷʡʭʳʻ˙ʲ˞@Ƈ ʗˡChemical Engineering of Japan, Vol. 77, No. 3(2013), pp. 179-184. 3) ĪȁNjƶˡŸʭˆ˙ʲ˞ˌ˛ʻʺɚÎHÝʓʇʝʓǦnŸɶʠʖƆ”ǹyˆʭˆ˙ ʲ˞—Āˌ˛ʻʺʒȹʂʣƜƩˡĕĥʭˆ˙ʲ˞¥ľȹǶ Vol. 94, No. 7(2015), pp. 603-610. 4) Ƥºa¨ˡʭʳʻ˙ʲ˞ǬīʒŒʌɺƻĦǥȞˌ˛ʻʺʓƆ”ȄǘDz)ˡMateria Japan, Vol. 41, No. 11(2002), pp. 759-763. 5) Êí 27 ËÎʭˆ˙ʲ˞ƐĝˡȉŤʭˆ˙ʲ˞ÌˡÊí 28 Ë 5 ğ 6) JCCCA ;ƒ†ƄšĜTȼłŖRþȠʻ˜ʾ˞ˡhttp://www.jccca.orgchart/ (Last access : 2016. 12. 25) 7) NEDO ſƬǟĈŒđʭˆ˙ʲ˞˝ƈĸòǠDŽnȷƏľĻˇʪʮːʺȊ£Ȳ˝ĠQG ƉiǏȲʓþǯˡhttp://www.app1.infoc.nedo.go.jp/ (Last access : 2016. 12. 25) 8) º¿aƶˡ†ƄƆ”¥:ȶƮ 2 ŻˡǾǺơ 9) T¥Â¥džˡƆ”ʭˆ˙ʲ˞ˡ<ƬBŻ 10)IʼnǟÒˡˇʪʮːʺŸT¥cäʓƅǬʏŢˡChemical Engineering of Japan, Vol. 77, No. 9(2013), pp. 646-649. 11)ĬũȪˡƛŰʰʺTˡƛŰʭˆ˙ʲ˞ʻ˜ʾ˞Ʈ 4 ~ƛیƟǾÏȉď 12)ĵ Ɗ Nj Ȫ ˡ ƛ Ű ʰ ʺ T c ä ʓ Œ Ɵ ˡ Ź ď Y  Ƕ ˡ Ʈ ˨ ˫ Å ˡ Ʈ ˩ ˥ ˥ k (1979) ˡ pp. 141-147.. . .

(30) ƀ 1 žț rňƐǚŁȾōAdžňRȽɋɍŚÝȬɏɎňRŒȾœ×ț ț 1. 1ț ƚLJț. ț 1. 1. 1ț ŮŹƤăț. ț ț Ǣ¸ʊĆģŒɒnɓȵ¾ęŒƁȾĉEŜȤȷrȼɲɖəɺɦǚŁȿrňƐǚŁ ȺƞȨɌɏȸȣɍʊɘɰʃɝʇǚŁɊČ÷ȺȭȸĞȞȼĆOEŜúıʍʉȥéėȬɏȸȠɎʋ rňƐǚŁȾɘɰʃɝʇEŜȽȣȠȸō=ŘàƷɒŜȠȴEŜúıȥȟɍʊŎŋȽɋ ɎōEŜȥŒȧɒ[ɈȸȠɎɉȾȾʊōAdžɊňR=ŘɒȯɎȪȺȽɋɍňRŒɁŠêȭʊɘ ɰʃɝʇǚŁȺȭȸ<EŜɉƶɑɏȸȠɎʋȬɌȽōAdžňR=ŘȹȿňRŒȾ×ŔɊĝǨ ɒĴȤȭȴoŪIȼȻȾEŜúıɉéėȬɏȸȠɎʋĆģ×ǚŁȾňRāȽȿĆģŒȾ ĨǟŤÂȠA‘ƕjȥÌȞȽBøȬɏʊĆģŒȾňƐŅ¼ȥýȯɎȺȺɉȽƦȊȭȴ ÝAȿȀĴ×ɒƔȸʊŒȧȿĪƲĩʊǹRňƐʊǹRňƐʊĪƐʊɽɨʅȼȻȾǞ ǜȼìţAȺȭȸð@ȬɏɎʋňRËĦ“ȯɎňRŒȿɕɾʃɵɔɦȼňƐĝǨɒŒȧĆȯ ɎɉȾȾʊ=Řľ¼ȾýȺȺɉȽňƐȀȾ9Ćƕjȥ»ȥɎȺȺɉȽǶAŤȼƕĄRȥǪ ɆʊɟʁɵɔɖɭĝǨȥÅÝȬɏɎʋɅȴʊìţÝAȥĆģŒȤɌƦȊȯɎȪȺȽɋɍʊňR ŒƹȎȽȿƑ’ȥţǮȭʊƹȎɉȭȧȿz;ǶȽźȀȥ»ȥɎʋȲȾȴɈʊňƐŅ¼Ⱦˆ NȽɋɎɘɰʃɝʇŸ¼ȾmɊƹȎƑ’ĝǨȾţǮȽɋɎœ›ȾA‘ɁȾoŪ×ƥȥŗ ɏɈɎȪȺȤɌʊňRŒȾzŎ÷ɊoŪIČ÷EŜɁȾeƥ×ȥćÊȬɏȸȠɎʋț ț ĪĬIJȿ¾ęŒȹȟɎɉȾȾʊĆģŒɒnɓȹȠɎȪȺȤɌɘɰʃɝʇɒĆȭȴňƐǚŁ ȹȟɍʊúȹȔȾĴPȽɋɍæ@ȬɏɎȴɈʊɚʇɸʅɯʀʇɭʁʃȼɘɰʃɝʇǚŁE ŜȥćÊȬɏȸȠɎʋĪĬIJȿÞȥ{ȽȣȨɎśĜ¾ęŒȾŷȔDæ@ǼȾƎ 40 %ɒ [ɈȸȣɍʏȝʊɅȴ8{ǂĠȹĪǭƄȾô/ȥ^ɓȹȠɎȪȺȤɌǫíaȈȥĨǟŤžĀ ȺȬɏȸȠɎʋƪŤȽ"ŜļɆȾ¾ęŒȹȟɍʊǚŁȺȭȸȾ%+ȿȍ´ȽȠɉȾȾʊǢ ¸ȹȿĬIJEŜȾDŽʼnȤɌʊĬIJȾɡʅɹɦɭEŜ ʐʉɊţǸȽɋɎɽɨʅɛɦƼǨʊňR=Ř ȽɋɎzŎ÷RȼȻȾĆOEŜàƷȥǿţȬɏʊȯȹȽœŜRɉȬɏȷȷɉȟɎʋȭȤȭʊ ĬIJ=ŘāȽȿĬIJȾĪAȃ]ȾȴɈ ŏ=ŘɒƿȭʊȲȾ=ŘȽȿǼȾɘɰʃɝʇ ȥ"ŜȬɏɎȪȺȤɌʊǢ¸ĬIJȾÐŚŒȾ1ȦȽɋɎţǸōɒEŜȭȴƒƣR ŏ=Ř ȥéėȬɏʊȲȾƒƣR ŏ=ŘËĬIJȾɘɰʃɝʇǚŁȺȭȴEŜɉlāȽćÊȬɏȸȠ ɎʋĞȞȼĬIJEŜıȾȹɉĬIJȾňR=ŘȿʊĬIJɒzŎ÷Ⱥȭȸ<EŜ ʑʉȯɎȪȺ ȥeƥȼȵȨȹȼȧʊňRŒȿŒ’ǜĝǨɒÅÝȭȸȠɎȪȺȤɌoŪIȺȭȸģƥEŜʒʉ ɉƢȢɌɏʊ=ŘıȽĨɂȸ3ȼɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋț. 14.

(31) ț ĆģŒȾňR=ŘɒŜȠȴŎ÷RȽȁȯɎŮŹȹȿʊĈǜɲɖəɺɦɒÒȽňRËŚ ÝȬɏɎňRŒœ×ɊɨʇʃȣɋɀɛɦÝAȾŚÝåPȽȷȠȸÿɌȤȽȬɏȸȠɎʋɅȴ Ķ‹ɒÒȽȗaŖȣɋɀȗɘɰʃɝʇŸ¼ȾňRŒɒŚÝȯɎȪȺɒŦŤȺȭʊľȤȷ ŬāȀȽȸUAȼňƐRɒƶɑȼȠWňRàƷɉŮŹȬɏȸȠɎʋ¾ęŒȾňR=ŘȽȣ ȠȸɉʊȪɏɅȹȽ½ɢɻʓʉɊ. KĬIJ ʔʉȾōAdžȽɋɍÎɌɏɎňRŒȾœ×ȿÿɌȤȽ. ȬɏȸȠɎɉȾȾʊƒƣR ŏ=ŘËĬIJȤɌÎɌɏɎňRŒȾœ×ȽȁȯɎūǁȿɅȵ§ ȼȧʊɅȴĞȞȼňRĎȽɋɍĬIJȤɌŚÝȬɏɎňRŒȾœ×ȽȷȠȸȾěljȿɅȵU AȹȿȼȠʋȬɌȽĪĬIJȾĞȼĞȞȼÝAȥnɅɏȸȠɎŒǜȽȿňƐÝAȵȨȹȼȧʊ ņAʊŻƐʊůȚȼȻȾƏŒȺȼɎÝAȥŒȧnɅɏȸȠɎȴɈʊňRāȽȿȪɏɌȾÝA Ⱦæ@åPȽȿšÙȥÓƿȺȼɎʋœȽĬIJȾŻƐɊůȚȿʊŻƐǹRŒɊůȚǹRŒ Ⱥȼɍæ@ȬɏɎeƥ×ȥȟɎȴɈʊňRāȾŻƐɊůȚȾåPɒáëȯɎÓƿȥȟɎʋȪɏ ɅȹŭňȼȻȾRŭŎ÷ȾŎŋǬŶȽȣȨɎŻƐǹRŒɊůȚǹRŒȾæ@åPȽȁȯ ɎŮŹʕʉʍʌʉȿóŒȧƶɑɏȸȠɎɉȾȾʊĞȞȼňRĎȽȣȨɎĬIJȼȻȾrňƐ ǚŁȽnɅɏɎŻƐɊůȚȾAdžåPȿÿɌȤȽȬɏȸȠȼȠʋȲȾȴɈʊĬIJȾĆOEŜ ȾDŽʼnȤɌōAdžňR=ŘȽɋɍÎɌɏɎňRŒȾƓÝʊţōǼʊƑ’ƹȎŸȼȻȾ×Ŕɒ áëȯɎȵȨȹȼȧʊř‡ǘƯĽȾDŽʼnȤɌɉňRǬŶȽȣȨɎi4ƐÝAȾåPɒá ëȯɎȪȺȿǺƿȺȼɎʋț ț 1. 1. 2ț ŮŹŦŤȣɋɀ;žț. ț ț ĊžȹȿʊĉEŜňƐǚŁȾĆOŤȼɘɰʃɝʇEŜȾDŽʼnȤɌʊōAdžňR=ŘɒŜ ȠȸƒƣR ŏĬIJɒÒȺȭȴrňƐǚŁȾȗrRȽɋɎzŎ÷ɊoŪIȼȻ ɁȾňRŒEŜȽŪŦȭȴʋȲȾȴɈʊrňƐǚŁȾňR=ŘāȾĩŨɊzŨȹȾ` ÔȽȣȨɎĞȞȼňRĎȥňRŒȾƓÝʊţōǼʊƑ’ƹȎŸȼȻȾ×ŔȽȢɎÈȏ ɒÿɌȤȽȯɎʋɅȴʊ¾ęŒƁȽȿŻƐɊůȚȥŒȧnɅɏȸȠɎȪȺȤɌʊňRāȽȣȨ ɎŻƐɊůȚȾAdžåPɊňRŒȹȾÅÚɒÿɌȤȽȯɎʋț ț ț œȖȹȿʊʁɸɦɠʇʃȾňRƺƞɒ!ÝȭʊrňƐǚŁȾōAdžňRœȖʈʊ ňRœȖʉɒƶȶȴʋœȖȿľ¼ʊāȀʊȋxĩȥŢȼɎĎȹƶȠʊnj%ȺȭȸōAdžāȾ ŒǜaïɒáëȯɎȺȺɉȽÎɌɏȴňRŒɒAĒȭȴʋɅȴʊňRŒ×ŔȾĨǟ¢ǗȺȭȸ ŭňȾōAdžœȖɉƶȠʊrňƐǚŁȤɌÎɌɏɎňRŒȺŭňňRŒȺȾ×ŔɊŎ ÷ȺȭȸȾĨǟɒƶȶȴʋț ț ț. 15.

(32) 1. 2ț ōAdžňRœȖț. ț 1. 2. 1ț œȖǍ÷ȽȷȠȸț. ț ț œȖȹŜȠȴrňƐǚŁȿƒƣR=ŘȽȸţǸōȽɋɍ ŏȭȴĪĬIJʈĊžȹ ȿƒƣR ŏĬIJȺȯɎʉȺĶƮɒŜȠȴʋĪĬIJȾƒƣR ŏ=Ř°ŶȽȷȠȸȾǑ ÿȿƀ 2 žȽȸƶȡʋĶƮȿ ȽɘɨɱʇʃţǸȾ\÷EŜȾŮŹȥƶɑɏȸȠɎɉȾȾʊ ƽȉȼÝAɒnɓȹȠɎɉȾɉȟɍʊœŜRȽȿɅȵŒȧȾǒȒȥȟɎʋúʊĶƮȿţȌß ȾbĪcȽȈɅɎɢɻʍʍʉȹɉȟɍʊɅȴďYɕɥɕȼȻȹɉ¾ęŒȺȭȸðƞȬɏȸȠɎȪȺȥ ŒȧʊĆOEŜȽȿƨȶȸȠȼȠʋȲȾȴɈʊȌŁ#ƖNJ/ȾĂ^ȽƨȶȸȠȼȠ}Ƚȣ ȠȸʊĶƮňRŒɒŜȠȴ¦ǂĠȼȌM#ƖŜŎ÷ɊʊɽɨʅɛɦǙƳȾȴɈȾoŪIȺȭ ȴEŜúıȾěljɒŦŤȺȭʊ‚űħȅȺȭȸĶƮȾňRŒEŜȽɉŪŦȭȴʋňRŒȺȾ ĨǟȾȴɈ"Ŝȭȴŭňȿʊ{–Ñũȹś@ȭȴƊƕ×ɒĆȭȴŭňȺəʇɦɭʁʂɕśȾ ƾňɒŜȠȴʋț ț ƒƣR ŏĬIJʊĶƮʊŭňǍ÷Ⱦ JIS AĒıȽłȮȴ°ĜAĒ+Ⱥ4ƐAĒ+ɒƹ 1. 1, 1. 2 ȽŲȯʋ°ĜAĒȺ4ƐAĒȾúıȿËǤȾ 1. 2. 4 ƅȽȸǑÿȯɎʋƒƣR ŏĬ IJȽȿ 45.3 %ȾìţÝAʊ40.5 %ȾņAȥŒȧnɅɏȸȣɍʊz›ňƐȿɑȰȤ 14.2 %Ⱥ ȼȶȴʋ4ƐAĒȹȿŻƐȣɋɀůȚÝAȿŒȧȽnɅɏȸȠȴʋĶƮȾz›ňƐȿ 21.95 %Ⱥ§ȼȧʊņAȿ 9.02 %ʊìţÝAȿ 69.03 %ȺŒȧnɅɏȸȠȴʋ4ƐAĒȹȿǹ ƐÝAȥňƐÝAɋɍɉŒȠƕĔȺȼȶȸȠȴʋț ț ț Table 1. 1 Proximate analysis of experimental samples (Dry base) Sample. Moisture (w. b.) [%]. Volatile matter [%]. Fixed carbon [%]. Ash [%]. Bio-dried sludge. 18.8. 45.3. 14.2. 40.5. Seaweed. 7.52. 69.03. 21.95. 9.02. Coal. 1.42. 31.02. 51.97. 17.01. Brown coal. 15.85. 50.18. 47.32. 2.50.     . 16.

(33) . Table 1. 2 Ultimate analysis of experimental samples (Dry ash free) Sample. C [%]. H [%]. N [%]. S [%]. O [%]. Bio-dried sludge. 45.0. 6.4. 6.9. 2.9. 38.8. 42.67. 4.81. 3.17. 1.42. 47.93. Coal. 81.37. 5.16. 1.39. 0.41. 11.68. Brown coal. 58.88. 4.25. 0.54. 0.40. 35.92. Seaweed ț. ț ț ț 1. 2. 2ț ōAdžňRœȖƺƞȣɋɀœȖúıț. ț ț y 1. 1 ȽʁɸɦɠʇʃňRœȖȽ"ŜȭȴňRœȖƺƞyɒŲȯț Ȝʊ¦ňRƺƞȝʋ ƺƞȿʊ Ƚ;É 55 mmʊǾȬ 630 mmț ȾŭƭɛʁɦƄȺȌĩŇȹĝÝȬɏȸȠɎʋ`Ô Ƅ7ɍcȽȿŻƐɛɦŜȾĵǼLjȺĪƲĩţŚƺƞȺȭȸĩRuɒNJƞȭȴʋ`ÔƄ@cȽ ȿɨʇʃwaƺƞȣɋɀɛɦwaɲɪɞɒNJƞȭʊŚÝŒɒwaȭȴʋ`ÔƄ;ȽȿǍ÷ɒ 7ɏɎŭƭƼȾɧʃȺȲȾŧȽǍ÷ľ¼Ŀ›ŜȾōȌ¢ɒNJƞȭȴʋȌĩŇȿľ¼Ǔƅ uȽɋɍ`ÔƄ;ľ¼ɒťǃȯɎȪȺȹȌĩŇ@MɒǓôȭȴʋňRāȾĵǦɛɦȽȿŻƐ ȣɋɀĪƲĩɒŜȠʊ`ÔƄ;ȾɳʇɥɛɦȽȿŻƐɛɦɒŜȠȴʋŻƐȾĵǼȿ 200 mL/min ȹĵǦȬȱȴʋĪƲĩɒĵǦȬȱɎ jȽȿʊŻƐɒĵǦȬȱȼȥɌɤʂʅɥɹʅɶ ɒŜȠȸĪɒĩRuȽ#ƖȯɎȪȺȹ`ÔƄ;ȽĵǦȯɎĪƲĩŅ¼ɒŠRȬȱʊŻƐɛɦ ȺȺɉȽĪƲĩɒ¥7Ȭȱȴʋț ț ňRœȖȾúıȺȭȸʊɅȰœȖǍ÷ɒǍ÷ŜɧʃȽ~Ƚ5†ȭʊȌĩŇȾ‹.Ⱦ`Ô ƄǶAȽNJƞȭȴʋňRœȖǿāȽȿʊCɈȽȌĩŇȽǀɑɏȸȠɎ`ÔƄɒýľȭʊŇ ;ľ¼ȥŦğ=Řľ¼ɅȹȽFǮËʊǍ÷ɧʃɒʄɪɮȹ`ÔƄ;Ƚäȭ@ȯȪȺȽɋɍǍ ÷ȾÖǧýľɒƶȶȴʋNōȽɋɎ`ÔƄ;ľ¼ȿǍ÷ɧʃŧȽNJƞȭȴōȌ¢Ƚɋɍ GÏȭȴʋȴȵȭʊǍ÷ɧʃŧȾľ¼ɒĊœȖȽȣȨɎňRľ¼ȺȭȸȠɎʋňRāȀʊň Rľ¼ʊňRȋxĩɒŠRȬȱɎȪȺȹňRœȖɒƶȶȴʋț ț. 17.

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(35) #  #!. .  Fig.1. 1 Lab-scale carbonization experiment unit ț ț ț 1. 2. 3ț œȖĎț. ț ț iǍ÷ȾňRœȖȽȣȨɎœȖĎɒƹ 2. 3 ȽŲȯʋƒƣR ŏĬIJȺĶƮȾňRœȖ ȿňRľ¼ȺňRāȀʊŢȼɎňRȋxĩȹǍ÷ɒNōȭʊňRŒɒ!ÝȭȴʋŭňȾōA džňRœȖȹȿʊňRľ¼ȾɆɒŠRȬȱʊňRŒɒ!Ýȭȴʋț ț Table 2. 3 Pyrolysis conditions in samples Sample. Temperature [K]. Duration [min]. Atmosphere. Steam concentration [%]. Bio-dried sludge. 573 – 1173. 15 – 60. Nitrogen / Steam. 30 – 60. Seaweed. 573 – 1173. 30. Nitrogen / Steam. 40. Coal. 773 – 1173. 30. Nitrogen. -. Brown coal. 773 – 1173. 30. Nitrogen. -. ț. ț ț. 18.

(36) 1. 2. 4ț ňRŒȾAĒȐŦȣɋɀnj%úıț. ț ț ňRœȖȽɋɍÎɌɏȴňRŒȾnj%ɒƶȡȴɈʊňRŒȾaŖĿ›ʊ4ƐAĒʊBET Ĩ ƹȎŸĿ›ʊţōǼĿ›ɒƶȶȴʋĿ›úıɊƃ@úıɒȽǑÿȯɎʋț ț ț ňRŒȾaŖȿňRHËȾǍ÷ȾǺǼŠRɋɍƃ@ȭȴʋaŖȾ›Ɵɒ¿ʈ1. 1ʉȽŲȯʋț ț ț Yield =. .   ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ¿(1. 1). ȪȪȹʊ ȿňRËȾǺǼ [g]ʊ  ȿǍ÷Ⱦ ŏɷʇɦȾCćǺǼ [g]ȹȟɎʋț ț ț 4ƐAĒȽȿʊ4ƐAĒƺƞʈDKSH, vario EL cubeʉɒŜȠȴʋƺƞȹȿŎŋıɋɍĿ ›Ǎ÷ɒ—8ŎŋȬȱʊǹRňƐʊĪƲĩʊǹRŻƐʊǹRůȚɒĿ›ȭʊɛɦŅ¼ ȤɌĿ›Ǎ÷ȾiÝAŅ¼ɒƃ@ȭȸȠɎʋȴȵȭʊǹƐÝAȿ8ǺǼɋɍ CHNS ÝA ȣɋɀņAɒ±ȭÁȠȴ+Ⱥƃ@ȭȴʋņALjȽȷȠȸȿ JIS Ⱦ°ĜAĒıȽłȮȸʊ ĩȽȸ 1088 Kʈ815 ʉȾľ¼ȹņRȬȱȴāȾǺǼŠRɋɍƃ@ȭȴʋ°ĜAĒȾìţ ÝAȾĿ›ȿʊǍ÷ɒǹƐȾĵǦɒDZøȭȴŔÚȹ 7 minʊ1173 Kʈ900 ʉȹōAdžȭȴ ȺȦȾǺǼŠRʊz›ňƐȿĩȽȸ 1088 Kʈ815 ʉȾľ¼ȹņRȬȱȴāȾǺǼŠ Rɋɍƃ@ȭȴʋț ț ț BET ĨƹȎŸȾĿ›Ƚȿʊ8ƧPɛɦoŪǼĿ›ƺƞʈAUTOSORB-1ʉɒŜȠȴʋƺƞ ȿ›ľ¼ȽȸŨ¢|M(P/P)ȾƆxȹ)ƹȎȽŻƐɛɦɒoŪȬȱʊȲȾoŪǼɒĿ ›ȭȸȠɎʋûūǼȾɛɦɒǩƘȭȸǍ÷ȽNȢȼȥɌ|MɒĿ›ȯɎî!ɒƝɍǣȯȪȺȽ ɋɍoŪƁľƛȥÎɌɏʊoŪƁľƛȤɌ BET ŘǔʍʎʉȽÍȠĿ›Ǎ÷ȾĨƹȎŸʊƑ’A ³ɒĿ›ȭȸȠɎʋț Ŀ›HȽȿ 300 Ⱦľ¼ȹǍ÷ɒĽ|ȭʊƦĩ=Řɒƶȼȶȴʋț ț ț ţōǼȾĿ›ȽȿʊŎŮ¿ƧPɸʅɷōǼLjʈSHIMADZUʉɒŜȠȴʋŎŮ¿øōıȽ ȸ 2.6 MPa Ⱦȗ|ǹƐžu;ȹǍ÷ɒ—8ŎŋȬȱʊȲȾāţŚȭȴōɒ›ǼȾĪ ȽoaȬȱɎȪȺȹȲȾĪľȾýȤɌǍ÷ȾŎŋōɒīɈʊğłǍ÷ȾōǼȽŨÄȯɎľ ¼ýɒȲȾľ¼ɒōǼZȹƹŲȭȸţōǼɒƃ@ȭȴʋț ț ț ț ț. 19.

(37) 1. 3ț ōAdžňRœȖȾƕĔȣɋɀƢ¡ț. ț 1. 3. 1ț iňRĎȽɋɍrňƐǚŁȤɌŚÝȬɏɎňRŒaŖț. ț ț ƒƣR ŏĬIJȾňR=ŘāȽȣȨɎňRŒaŖț. y 1. 2 ȽŻƐȋxĩȹňRāȀ 30 min ȽȸƒƣR ŏĬIJɒňRȭȴ jȾŒǜa ïɒŲȯʋyȿ ŏĬIJɒňRȭȸÎɌɏȴɩɿʇʊɨʇʃʊĪʊɛɦȾLjɒŲȭȴɉȾȹ ȟɎʋňRāȽŚÝȯɎɨʇʃȺĪAȿlāȽçbȭȸȠɎȴɈʊȲɏɌȿjLjȺȭȸƹŲȭʊ ɩɿʇȽnɅɏɎņALjɉjɑȱȸŲȭȴʋňRľ¼ 573 – 673 K ȹȿɨʇʃÝAȿɛ ɦÝAȽĨɂȸŚÝǼȥ§ȼȧʊĬIJȾĆģŒȿĪƲĩɊňǹɛɦɁȾǝRȥȦȠɉ ȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋ773 K ȤɌȿɨʇʃŚÝǼȥˆNȭȸȠȦʊ973 K ȾȗľȤɌȿňRŒaŖ ȾȺȺɉȽɛɦȣɋɀɨʇʃȾŚÝǼȥˆNȭȴʋ1173 K ȹȿǍ÷ȾƎ 30 %ȥɛ ɦÝAȽǝRȭȸȠȴʋƒƣR ŏĬIJȽȿņÝAȥ 40.5 %nɅɏȸȣɍʊZĬIJȾ ņǺǼȿňRľ¼ȽɋɍɃȺɓȻŠRȭȼȠȴɈ 1173 K ȹȾňRȽȣȠȸȿňRŒ 1 g Ä ȴɍȽȿ 70 %Ŷ¼ȾņÝAȥnɅɏȸȠɎʋȲȾȴɈ 1173 K Ⱦ jȽÎɌɏɎňRŒȾL jȿCćĬIJȾɑȰȤ 20 %ȽšɅȶȴʋț 1. Material balance [-]. 0.8. V. M. + Moisture F. C.. 0.6 Gas Tar + Water. 0.4. Char without ash 0.2. Ash in char. 0 Dried 573K sludge. 673K. 773K. 873K. 973K 1073K 1173K. Treatment tempereture [K]. Fig. 1. 2 Material balance during carbonization of bio-dried sludge for 30 min. 20.

(38) ț y 1. 3 ȽňRľ¼ 573 – 1173 KʊňRāȀ 15 – 60 minʊŻƐĵǦȋxĩȹÎɌɏȴ ňRŒȾaŖɒŲȯʋňRŒaŖȿňRľ¼ɒȩɎȺȺɉȽĽ§ȭʊlľ¼ȽȣȠȸǾā ȀňRȯɎɃȻaŖȿȭȴʋňRȯɎǍ÷ȾɣʅɶʂʅɟȽɋɍňRŒaŖȽȿƬ¶Ⱦ ɲʁɫɜȥŚȮȸȣɍʊ30 min ȾňRĎȹÎɌɏȴňRŒaŖȾğł-±ȿ 0.006 – 0.02 Ŷ¼ȹȟȶȴʋľȾňRĎȽȣȨɎaŖȾɲʁɫɜȿĨǟŤ¦ȬȠɉȾȾʊȗľȾ ňRĎȹȿaŖȾɲʁɫɜȥȦȧȼɎ0mȥǁɌɏȴʋňRľ¼ 573 – 1173 K ȾŠR Ƚ¢ȭȸňRŒaŖȿ 0.85 ȤɌ 0.5 ȾƆxȹŠRȭʊňRľ¼ 973 K ɅȹȿňRāȀȾÈ ȏȽɋɍaŖȾȥǁɌɏȴʋœȽ 773 K ɅȹȾľȹȿňRāȀȾÈȏȥňRŒa ŖȽȦȧǁɌɏʊlľ¼ȽȣȠȸňRāȀŠRȽ¢ȭȸaŖȿ 0.04 Ŷ¼ŠRȭȴʋ30 – 60 min ȾňRāȀȽĨɂʊ15 min ȾňRāȀȹȿaŖȾ±ȿȦȧʊƒƣR ŏĬIJȾ ōAdžȿUAȹȿȼȧʊiňRľ¼ȽȣȨɎaŖȿ·ƸŔÚȽǮȭȸȠȼȠȪȺȥAȤɎʋ úʊňRľ¼ 1073 K ȂȹȿňRāȀȾÈȏȽɋɎaŖȾ±ȿ¦ȬȧȼɍʊȗľȾňR ĎȹȿƒƣR ŏĬIJȾōAdžǧ¼ȥǧȧȼɍʊňRāȀȾÈȏȥ¦ȬȧȼȶȸȠȴʋ° ĜAĒ+ȾņAȺz›ňƐɋɍ 1073 K ȾňRĎȹÎɌɏɎňRŒȾaŖȿlŶ¼ ȺȼȶȸȠɎȴɈʊìţÝAȾAdžȿɃɄƒȭȸȠɎɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋ ț. 15 min 30 min. 0.8. Yield of char [-]. 60 min. 0.6. 0.4 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Treatment temperature [K]. Fig. 1. 3 Yield of sludge chars in carbonization temperature and duration change ț ț. 21.

(39) ț y 1. 4 ȽňRāȀ 30 min ›ʊňRľ¼ 573 – 1173 KʊĪƲĩŅ¼ 0 – 60 %ȾƆx ȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȾaŖɒŲȯʋĪƲĩȋxĩȽȣȠȸɉňRŒȾaŖȿňRľ¼ɒ ȩɎȺȺɉȽĽ§ȭȴʋɅȴʊlľ¼ȽȣȠȸĪƲĩȋxĩȹňRȭȴ jȽȿŻƐȋx ĩʈĪƲĩŅ¼ 0 %ʉȹƼǨȭȴňRŒȽĨɂȸňRŒaŖȥĽ§ȯɎ0mȺȼȶȴʋ 673 – 873 K ȹȿĪƲĩȽɋɎaŖȾȿ§ȼȧʊĪƲĩŅ¼ȾÈȏɉ¦ȬȠɉȾȾʊ973 K ȂȾňRȹȿĪƲĩȾÈȏȽɋɍŻƐȋxĩȾňRĎȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȾaŖɋ ɍȦȧȭȴʋœȽ 1073 K ȹȿĪƲĩȾÈȏȽɋɍȦȧaŖȥȭȸȣɍʊȪɏ ȿňRŒȾňƐȺĪƲĩȽɋɎɛɦR`ÔȾÈȏȽɋɍaŖȥȭȴɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋ ĊœȖȽȣȠȸ 873 K ȾĪƲĩȽɋɎÈȏȣɋɀŅ¼ȽɋɎaŖȾ±ȿ¦ȬȠɉȾȾʊ 973 K ȹȿĪƲĩȽɋɎaŖȾ±ȥǁɌɏʊ1073 K ȽȣȠȸĪƲĩŅ¼ȥąɉȗȠ 60 %Ⱦ jȥąɉȠaŖɒŲȭȴʋț. Steam 0%. 0.8. Steam 30%. Yield of char [-]]. Steam 40% Steam 50%. 0.7. Steam 60%. 0.6. 0.5. 0.4 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Treatment temperature [K]. Fig. 1. 4 Yield of sludge chars in carbonization temperature and steam concentration change. ț ț ț ț ț. 22.

(40) ț ĶƮȾňR=ŘāȽȣȨɎňRŒaŖț.  y 1. 5 ȽŻƐȋxĩʊňRľ¼ 573 – 1173 KʊňRāȀ 30 min ›ȾĎȽȸÎɌ ɏȴĶƵňRŒȾaŖɒŲȯʋ573 – 673 K ȾĨǟŤľȽȣȠȸɉĶƮňRŒȾaŖȿ Ȧȧȭʊ773 K ȂȹȿaŖȿ 0.3 – 0.2 Ŷ¼Ⱥȼȶȴʋ°ĜAĒ+ɋɍĶƵɒňRȭ ȴ jʊĨǟŤľȽȣȠȸɉìţÝAȾAdžȥǪɓȹȣɍʊĶƵȾōAdžāȿľ ȽȣȠȸɉaŖȿȦȧȭȴʋ873 – 973 K ȽȸĪƲĩȋxĩRȽȸĶƮɒňRȭȴ jʊŻƐȋxĩȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȽĨɂȸȬɌȽaŖȿȠ+Ⱥȼȶȸȣɍʊ973 K Ƚȣ ȠȸȿaŖȽ 0.1 Ⱦ±ȥǁɌɏȴʋȲȾȴɈʊĶƵňRāȽȿĪƲĩȺȾɛɦR`ÔȽɋɍ z›ňƐAȿȬɌȽAdžȭʊaŖȥȦȧȭȴʋ. 1 Nitrogen Nitrogen + Steam. Yield of char [--]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Treatment temperature [K]. Fig. 1. 5 Yield of seaweed chars in carbonization temperature and atmosphere change. ț ŭňȾōAdž=ŘāȽȣȨɎňRŒaŖț. ț y 1. 6 ȽŻƐȋxĩȽȸ 30 min ňR=ŘɒȭȸÎɌɏȴŭňȺƾňȾňRŒȾaŖɒ Ųȯʋ573 K ȾňRľ¼ȽȸŭňȾaŖȿ 0.81 Ŷ¼ʊƾňȾaŖȿ 0.56 Ŷ¼ȺȼȶȴʋȻ ȾňRľ¼ȽȣȠȸɉňŷɊ×ŔȾǯȠȽɋɍŭňňRŒȾaŖȿȦȧŢȼȶȸȠȴʋ ŭňȺɉ 773 K ȤɌ 973 K ȽȤȨȸaŖȾȥǁɌɏȴȥʊ973 K ȤɌ 1173 K ȹȿaŖ ȽȟɅɍŠRȥǁɌɏȼȤȶȴʋȲȾȴɈʊ973 K Ŷ¼ȹŭňȾìţÝAȾAdžȥƒȭ. 23.

(41) ȸȠɎɉȾȺƢȢɌɏȴʋƒƣR ŏĬIJňRŒȾaŖȺŭňȾaŖɒĨǟȭȴ jʊňR ľ¼ŠRȽ¢ȯɎaŖåPȿȦȧŢȼȶȸȣɍʊƒƣR ŏĬIJȾAdžȿ 973 K Ȃɉ ǪɓȹȠȴɉȾȾʊŭňȿȲȾľ¼ȂȹȿaŖȾȥǁɌɏȼȤȶȴʋƾňȺĬIJňR ŒɒĨǟȭȴ jʊƒƣR ŏĬIJȾAdžȿ 973 K ȂɉǪɓȹȠɎȾȽ¢ȭȸʊƾňɉŭ ňȺlĞȽ 973 K ȂȹȿȟɅɍaŖȾȥǁɌɏȼȤȶȴʋȪȪȹƾňȾ 993 K ȂȾ aŖ+ȿƒƣR ŏĬIJȾňRŒȾaŖȺlŶ¼ȺȼȶȴɉȾȾʊ°ĜAĒȤɌƒƣR ŏĬIJȺƾňȹȿʊnɅɏȸȠɎņAȽǯȠȥȟɍʊňRŒȾņAǼȽɉȦȼ±ȥȟɎ ȴɈʊlȮ×ŔȹȿȼȠȪȺȽšÙȯɎÓƿȥȟɎʋĶƮňRŒȺŭňňRŒȾaŖɒĨǟ ȭȴ jʊlľ¼ȾňRĎȽȣȠȸaŖȽȦȼǯȠȥȟɍʊňR\÷Ⱦz›ňƐǼ ȾǯȠȥȦȧaŖȽÈȏȭȴɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋŭňȾňRȽɋɎìţAȾAdžȿ 973 K ȽȣȠȸȿɃȺɓȻƒȭȸȠɎɉȾȾʊƒƣR ŏĬIJɊĶƮȼȻȾrňƐǚŁȹȿ 973 K ȂɉÌȞȽĆģŒȾAdžȥǪɆʊňRŒaŖȥȭȸȠȴʋȲȾȴɈʊŭňȼȻ ȾRŭǚŁȽĨɂȸʊrňƐǚŁȹȿ ȽňRľ¼ȾÈȏȽɋɍ´ȽĆģŒȾAdžȥ ǪɆʊɘɰʃɝʇŤȼ–›ŔÚɒbɌȼȠȪȺȥƢȢɌɏɎʋț ț 1. Yield of char [-]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4 Coal char 0.2. Brown coal char. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. Treatment temperature [K]. 1273. ț    

(42)           ț ț ț ț. 24.

(43) 1. 3. 2ț rňƐǚŁȾňRǬŶȽȣȨɎňRŒȾ4ƐaŖț. ț ț ƒƣR ŏĬIJȤɌÎɌɏɎňRŒȾ4ƐaŖț. ț ƹ 1. 3 ȽňRāȀ 30 minʊŻƐȋxĩȽȸ!ÝȭȴĬIJňRŒȾ4ƐAĒƕĔɒŲ ȯʋňRľ¼ȥȗȧȼɎɃȻʊZňRŒȽnɅɏɎŻƐȣɋɀĪƐʊǹƐÝAȾLjȿ Ľ§ȭȸȠȦʊœȽĪƐȣɋɀǹƐÝAȿňRľ¼ 573 K Ⱥ 1173 K ȹĨǟȭȴ jȦȧ Ľ§ȭȴʋiňRľ¼ȽȣȠȸňƐȣɋɀůȚÝAȾLjȿȟɅɍȦȧŠɑɌȰʊɇȭɐ ňRľ¼ȥȗȧȼɎȽȷɏȸůȚLjȿˆNȭȴʋȗľȾňRĎȹȟɎɃȻÎɌɏɎZ ňRŒȽnɅɏɎňƐȣɋɀůȚÝAȾLjȥˆNȯɎƕĔȺȼȶȴʋț ț Table 1. 3 Elements of sludge char carbonized for 30 min under nitrogen Temperature [K]. C [%]. H [%]. N [%]. S [%]. O [%]. Ash [%]. 573. 28.8. 2.4. 4.4. 2. 13.0. 49.4. 673. 26.3. 1.7. 3.8. 1.9. 10.0. 56.3. 773. 26.2. 1.0. 3.6. 1.9. 4.8. 62.5. 873. 26.1. 0.7. 3.2. 1.9. 3.2. 64.9. 973. 25.9. 0.4. 2.4. 1.9. 0. 69.4. 1073. 25.8. 0.4. 1.5. 2.1. 0.7. 69.5. 1173. 25.0. 0.2. 1.0. 2.3. 0. 71.5. ț ț ț y 1. 7 – 1. 10 ȽňRľ¼ȣɋɀňRāȀȥňRŒȾi4ƐÝAaŖȽȢɎÈȏȽ ȷȠȸŲȯʋy 1. 7 – 1. 10 ȿȲɏȳɏňRǬŶȽȣȨɎňƐʊĪƐʊŻƐʊůȚÝAȾa ŖȹȟɎʋȪȪȹȾaŖȿi4ƐȾňRHËȾǺǼLjȺ›ƟȭȸȠɎʋƃ@¿ɒ¿ʈ1. 2ʉ ȽŲȯʋț ț Yield =.  .     ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ¿(1. 2). ȪȪȹʊ ȿňRËȾǺǼ [g]ʊ  ȿǍ÷Ⱦ ŏɷʇɦȾCćǺǼ [g]ȹȟɍʊai ȿ ňRŒȾi4ƐŅ¼ [%]ʊai0 ȿƒƣR ŏĬIJȾi4ƐŅ¼ [%]ȹȟɎʋňRŒ ȾiÝAȾaŖȿʊňRľ¼ʊňRāȀɒȩɎȺȺɉȽĽ§ȭɈɎɉȾȾʊi4ƐÝA ȽɋɍĽ§0mȿŢȼȶȸȠȴʋňƐÝAȾaŖȿňRľ¼ 773 K ɅȹȦȧȯɎɉȾ Ⱦʊ873 K ȹȿĽ§ȯɎLjȿȭʊ1173 K ȽȣȠȸaŖȿƎWAȽšɅȶȴʋň. 25.

(44) ƐaŖȽȣȠȸňRāȀȽɋɎŠRȿ§ȼȧʊňRāȀȾÈȏȿ¦ȬȠɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋ ĪƐaŖȿ 573 K ȾĨǟŤľȾňRĎȽȣȠȸɉÖńȽĽ§ȭȸȣɍʊȬɌȽňRľ ¼ɒȩɎȪȺȹaŖȿ¦ȬȧȼȶȴʋňRľ¼ 573 – 773 K ȽȣȠȸňRāȀɒǾȧȯɎȪ ȺȽɋɍĪƐaŖȾȥǁɌɏȴȥʊ873 K ȂȹȿňRāȀȽɋɎaŖɁȾÈȏȿǁɌ ɏȼȤȶȴʋňRľ¼ 973 K ȽȣȠȸĪƐaŖȿɃɄ 0 %ȽǢȠ+ȺȼȶȴʋŻƐaŖ ȿiňRāȀȽȣȠȸɉňRľ¼ȥȗȧȼɎȽȷɏƛÅŤȽĽ§ȭȴʋlňRľ¼ȽȣȠ ȸňRāȀȥǾȠɃȻŻƐaŖȿȭȴʋȭȤȭʊňRľ¼ȥȥɎȽȷɏŻƐaŖȾ ±ȿ¦ȬȧȼɍʊaŖɁȾňRāȀȾÈȏȥ§ȼȧȼȶȸȠȴʋůȚaŖȿiňRāȀȽȣ Ƞȸ 873 K ɅȹȿĽ§ȯɎɉȾȾʊňRľ¼ 973 K ȹȿůȚaŖȿȗȧȼȶȴʋœȽň RāȀ 15 minʊňRľ¼ 973 – 1073 K ȹȿůȚaŖȿ 8 LŶ¼ȺȼɍʊňRȽɋɍůȚȿ ȟɅɍAdžȬɏȼȤȶȴʋɅȴʊňRāȀ 30 – 60 minʊňRľ¼ 973 K ȤɌľ¼ȥȥɎȽ ȷɏȸůȚaŖȿȗȧȼȶȴʋȪɏȿ 1073 K ȾȗľȹȿůȚÝAȿņÝAȾɚʃɤ ɗɼȼȻȽz›RʍʏʉȬɏɎȴɈȵȺƢȢɌɏɎʋňƐʊĪƐʊŻƐaŖȿňRľ¼ʊňRāȀ ɒȩɎȪȺȹȭʊúȹůȚaŖȿňRľ¼ɒȩɎȪȺȹȯɎɉȾȾʊȗľȋx ĩȹȿůȚaŖȿâGȯɎåPȺȼȶȴʋ ț 1 15 min, steam 0 % 30 min, steam 0 %. Yield of carbon [-]. 0.8. 60 min, steam 0 %. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. Treatment temperature [K]. 1173. 1273. ț Fig. 1. 7 Yield of carbon in sludge char carbonized under nitrogen. 26.

(45) 1 15 min, steam 0 % 30 min, steam 0 %. Yield of hydrogen [-]. 0.8. 60 min, steam 0 %. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Treatment temperature [K]. ț Fig. 1. 8 Yield of hydrogen in sludge char carbonized under nitrogen. 1 15 min, steam 0 % 30 min, steam 0 %. Yield of nitrogen [-]. 0.8. 60 min, steam 0 %. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. Treatment temperature [K]. 1273. ț Fig. 1. 9 Yield of nitrogen in sludge char carbonized under nitrogen. 27.

(46) 1. Yield of sulfur [-]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4 15 min, steam 0 % 30 min, steam 0 %. 0.2. 60 min, steam 0 % 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Treatment temperature [K]. ț Fig. 1. 10 Yield of sulfur in sludge char carbonized under nitrogen. ț ț ƹ 1. 4 – 1. 7 ȽňRāȀ 30 minʊĪƲĩȋxĩȽȸ!ÝȭȴĬIJňRŒȾ4ƐAĒƕ ĔɒŲȯʋņAĿ›āȽȣȨɎĿ›ɣʅɶʃȽɋɍņALjȽǐ±ŚȮʊ±ALjƃȽɋɎǹ ƐȥǘȾ+ɒbȶȴȴɈʊȲȾ jȿǹƐŅ¼ɒ 0 %ȺȭȸȠɎʋĪƲĩȋxĩȹ ŏĬ IJɒňRȭȴ jȽȣȠȸɉʊňRľ¼ȥȗȧȼɎɃȻʊZňRŒȽnɅɏɎŻƐȣɋ ɀĪƐÝAȾLjȿĽ§ȭȴʋŻƐȋxĩȹ!ÝȭȴňRŒȽĨɂȸňƐȣɋɀůȚÝ AȾLjȿĽ§ȭȸȣɍʊůȚÝALjȾŠRȿňRȋxĩȽɋɍȦȧŢȼȶȸȠȴʋɅȴʊ 4ƐAĒȾƕĔȹȿĪƲĩŅ¼ȽɋɎňRŒȾ4ƐLjɁȾȦȼÈȏȿǁɌɏȼȤȶ ȴʋ ț Table 1. 4 Elements of sludge char carbonized for 30 min under 30 % steam atmosphere Temperature [K]. C [%]. N [%]. H [%]. S [%]. O [%]. Ash [%]. 773. 25.7. 3.5. 1.1. 1.9. 2.6. 65.2. 873. 25.8. 3. 0.8. 1.9. 0.7. 67.8. 973. 25.4. 2.1. 0.5. 1.6. 0.0. 70.4. 1073. 22.5. 1.2. 0.3. 1.6. 0.0. 74.4. 28.

(47) ț Table 1. 5 Elements of sludge char carbonized for 30 min under 40 % steam atmosphere Temperature [K]. C [%]. H [%]. N [%]. S [%]. O [%]. Ash [%]. 773. 26.2. 1.2. 3.6. 1.8. 2.1. 65.1. 873. 25.5. 0.8. 2.9. 1.7. 1.5. 67.6. 973. 25.6. 0.5. 2.2. 1.9. 0.0. 69.8. 1073. 20.9. 0.3. 1. 1.3. 0.0. 76.5. Table 1. 6 Elements of sludge chars carbonized for 30 min under 50 % steam atmosphere Temperature [K]. C [%]. H [%]. N [%]. S [%]. O [%]. Ash [%]. 673. 26.5. 1.6. 3.9. 1.9. 5.87. 60.2. 773. 24.5. 1.1. 3.4. 1.9. 5.9. 63.2. 873. 26.1. 0.8. 3. 1.9. 0.8. 67.4. 973. 26.3. 0.5. 2.2. 1.9. 0.0. 69.1. 1073. 23.9. 0.4. 1.5. 1.7. 0.0. 72.5. 1173. 19.5. 0.3. 0.7. 1.4. 0.0. 78.1. Table 1. 7 Elements of sludge chars carbonized for 30 min under 60 % steam atmosphere Temperature [K]. C [%]. H [%]. N [%]. S [%]. O [%]. Ash [%]. 773. 27.7. 1.2. 3.6. 1.7. 1.4. 64.4. 873. 26.7. 0.9. 3. 1.8. 0.0. 69.4. 973. 26.3. 0.5. 2.2. 1.8. 0.0. 69.2. 1073. 20.6. 0.3. 0.9. 1.2. 0.0. 77.0. ț ț ț y 1. 11 – 1. 14 ȽňRāȀ 30 min ȽȣȨɎňRľ¼ȣɋɀĪƲĩŅ¼ŠRȥňRŒ Ⱦi4ƐÝAaŖȽȢɎÈȏȽȷȠȸŲȯʋy 1. 11 – 1. 14 ȿȲɏȳɏňƐʊĪƐʊŻ ƐʊůȚÝAȾaŖȹȟɎʋaŖȾƃ@¿ȿ¿ʈ1. 2ʉȺlĞȹȟɎʋňRŒȾiÝAȾa ŖȿʊĪƲĩȾÈȏȽɋɍŢȼȶȴĽ§0mȺȼȶȴʋňƐÝAȾaŖȿňRľ¼ 773 K Ʌ. 29.

(48) ȹȿȟɅɍĪƲĩȾÈȏȥ¦ȬȧĽ§ȯɎɉȾȾʊ873 K ȹȿĪƲĩȾÈȏȽɋɍaŖ ȥȭȴʋœȽ 1073 K ȹȿĪƲĩȽɋɎňƐaŖȾȿȓƱȹȟɍʊɛɦR`Ô ȽɋɍňƐaŖȿȭȴɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋ973 K ȹȿĪƲĩŅ¼ŠRȽ¢ȯɎaŖ ȽȦȼÈȏȿȼȠɉȾȾʊ1073 K ȾňƐaŖȽȿŅ¼ŠRȽɋɎǯȠȥȟɍʊňR ľ¼ 1073 K ȽȣȠȸĪƲĩŅ¼ 60 %ȹąɉȦȼaŖȾȥǁɌɏȴʋĪƐaŖȿĪ ƲĩɒĹ7ȭȴ jȽȣȠȸɉĨǟŤľȾňRĎȹÖńȽĽ§ȯɎɉȾȾňRľ¼Ⱥ ȺɉȽaŖȾĽ§Ljȿ¦Ȭȧȼɍʊ973  ȾňRľ¼ȹȿɃɄ 0 %ȺȼȶȴʋĪƲĩɒ NȢɎȪȺȽɋɍ 773 K ȹȿǍ÷ȾĪƐAȾĽ§ȿƬ¶âGȬɏɎɉȾȾ 973 K  ȹȿɃɄ 0 %ȺȼȶȴʋŻƐaŖɉĪƲĩȾĆŊȽȁɑɌȰňRľ¼ȥȗȧȼɎȽȷɏƛÅ ŤȽĽ§ȯɎɉȾȾʊlȮňRľ¼ȹĪƲĩɒNȢȴ jʊŻƐaŖȿȬɌȽȭȴʋœ ȽȗľȽȼɎȺȺɉȽĪƲĩȾÈȏȿȓƱȹȟɍʊĪƲĩȾĆŊȽɋɍaŖȽ±ȥŚȮȸȠȴʋ ȭȤȭʊŻƐȣɋɀĪƐȾaŖȽȣȠȸȿʊĪƲĩĺNɊĪƲĩŅ¼ȽɋɎŠRȿɑȰȤ ó%ȹȟɎȪȺȤɌ4ƐɁȾĪƲĩȾĆŊȣɋɀĪƲĩŅ¼ŠRȾÈȏȿ¦ȬȠȺƢȢɌ ɏɎʋůȚaŖȿŻƐȋxĩȺȿŢȼɍʊĪƲĩȾÈȏȽɋɍaŖȥȭȸȣɍʊ973 K ȹȿŻƐȋxĩȾňRȹȿůȚaŖȿˆNȯɎȾȽ¢ȭȸĪƲĩȋxĩȹȿǥȽa ŖȿȦȧȭȸȠȴʋœȽ 973 K ȾaŖȿÖńȽĽ§ȭȸȣɍʊ1073 K ȾĪƲĩ Ņ¼ 60 %ȽȣȠȸƎ 40 %ɅȹȭȴʋȪɏȿňR=ŘȽĪƲĩɒnɇȪȺȽɋɍʊɅȰ ¿ʈ1. 3ʉȽŲȯɋȡȽĪƲĩȺĬIJňƐȥ`ÔȯɎȪȺȹĪƐȺǹRňƐȥŚÝȬɏɎʍ ʐʉ. ʋĤȽ¿ʈ1. 4ʉʊʈ1. 5ʉȽŲȯɋȡȽȲɏɌ 2 ÝAȥĬIJůȚȺ`ÔȯɎȪȺȹůRĪƐ. ȣɋɀůRɚʃɸɯɗɼȥŚÝȬɏ ʍʐʉʍʑʉʊĬIJůȚȾAdžȥǪƶȯɎeƥ×ȥƢȢɌɏ ɎʋĪƲĩɒnɇňR=ŘȽȣȠȸĬIJůȚȿɚʃɤɗɼȽz›RȬɏɎȵȨȹȼȧʊɛ ɦÝAȽɉǝRȬɏɎȴɈʊňRŒȾůȚaŖȥĽ§ȭȴȪȺȥƢȢɌɏɎʋȲȾȴɈʊŻ ƐȋxĩȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȺĪƲĩȋxĩȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȾ X ƛwãAĒɒƶȶȴʋ 1173K ȾňRāȽÎɌɏɎňRŒȽȣȠȸĪƲĩɒnɅȼȠ jʊůȚȿĬIJȾɚʃɤ ɗɼȽz›RȬɏȸȠɎȪȺȥƢȢɌɏɎȴɈʊX ƛwãɳɨʇʅȿůRɚʃɤɗɼȾĆŊȽ ȷȠȸŪŦȭȴʋy 2. 15 ȽňRŒȾ X ƛwãɳɨʇʅɒŲȯʋĬIJȿƽóȾRjŒɒnɓ ȹȠɎȴɈʊóŒȧȾɴʇɞȥǁɌɏɎȥʊŻƐȋxĩȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȽȿ¦Ȭȧȹȿȟ ɎȥůRɚʃɤɗɼȾɴʇɞȥǁɌɏɎʋúʊĪƲĩȋxĩȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȽȿůR ɚʃɤɗɼȾüȥ¦ȬȧȼɎǶAɊɴʇɞȥǁɌɏȼȠǶAȥȟɎʋœȽĪƲĩȋxĩ ȹÎɌɏȴňRŒȾ 2θ = 75 deg ǢȽȿůRɚʃɤɗɼȾɴʇɞȥǁɌɏȼȠȴɈʊX ƛ wãɳɨʇʅȾĨǟȤɌĪƲĩȽɋɍĬIJůȚȿAdžȬɏɎ0mȥȟɍʊɛɦÝAȽǝR ȭȴȪȺȥƢȢɌɏɎʋȲȾȴɈʊňRǬŶȽȣȠȸĬIJůȚȿAdžȬɏȰňRŒȽĦ šȯɎɉȾȾʊĪƲĩȾĺNȽɋɍůȚåPȿȦȧŢȼɎȪȺȥɑȤȶȴʋț. 30.

(49) ț H2O + C → CO + H2. ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ¿ʈ1. 3ʉ. ț H2 + S → H2S + Cț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț ț CO + S → COS + H2. ¿ʈ1. 4ʉ. H 2O. ¿ʈ1. 5ʉ. ț 1. Yield of carbon [--]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. Steam 0% Steam 30% Steam 40%. 0.2. Steam 50% Steam 60%. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Treatment temperature [K]. ț Fig. 1. 11 Yield of carbon in sludge char carbonized under steam atmosphere  1 Steam 0% Steam 30%. Yield of hydrogen [-]. 0.8. Steam 40% Steam 50% Steam 60%. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. Treatment temperature [K]. 1173. 1273. ț Fig. 1. 12 Yield of hydrogen in sludge char carbonized under steam atmosphere. 31.

(50) 1 Steam 0% Steam 30%. Yield of nitrogen [--]. 0.8. Steam 40% Steam 50% Steam 60%. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Treatment temperature [K]. ț Fig. 1. 13 Yield of nitrogen in sludge char carbonized under steam atmosphere.  1. Yield of sulfur [-]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. Steam 0% Steam 30% Steam 40%. 0.2. Steam 50% Steam 60%. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. Treatment temperature [K]. 1273. ț Fig. 1. 14 Yield of sulfur in sludge char carbonized under steam atmosphere. ț. 32.

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(53)   $       "(. ". . .  " . 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.  . . ț. Fig. 1. 15 X ray spectrum of sludge chars carbonized at 1173 K under nitrogen and steam atmosphere ț. ț ț ĶƮȤɌÎɌɏɎňRŒȾ4ƐaŖț. ƹ 1. 8 ȽňRľ¼ 573 – 1173 K ʊňRāȀ 30 min ȾĎȽȸ!ÝȭȴĶƮňRŒȾ 4ƐAĒƕĔɒŲȯʋĶƮňRŒȾņALjȿʊĶƮǍ÷Ⱦ°ĜAĒ+ȽȣȨɎņAɒ‚ ȽňRËȾņAaŖɒ 1 Ⱥȭȸƃ@ȭȴʋǹƐLjȿ8ȤɌňƐʊĪƐʊŻƐʊůȚʊņA Ljɒ±ȭÁȠȴ+Ⱥȭȸƃ@ȭȴʋɩɿʇȾņAAĒȿƶȶȸȠȼȠȴɈʊňRŒȾ ňƐʊĪƐʊŻƐʊůȚÝAȾɆȾƹŲȺȯɎʋňRľ¼ȥȗȧȼɎɃȻʊňRŒȾňƐ ÝAȿˆNȭʊĪƐÝAȿĽ§ȯɎ0mȽȟɎʋúʊŻƐÝAȾLjȿȟɅɍŠɑɌȰʊ ůȚÝAȿˆNȯɎ0mɒŲȭȴʋĪƲĩȋxĩȹ!ÝȭȴňRŒȺĨǟȭȴ jʊ873 K Ⱦľ¼ȹ!ÝȭȴňRŒȽȷȠȸȿōAdžȋxĩȾÈȏȽȁɑɌȰlŶ¼ȾÝALjȺ ȼȶȸȠɎɉȾȾʊ973 K ȹ!ÝȭȴňRŒȿŻƐȋxĩȹ!ÝȭȴňRŒȽĨɂȸĪƲ ĩȋxĩȹ!ÝȭȴňRŒȾňƐȣɋɀŻƐÝAȿĽ§ȭȸȠȴʋ ț ț. 33.

(54) Table 1. 8 Elements of seaweed char carbonized for 30 min under nitrogen and steam atmosphere Temperature [K]. C [%]. H [%]. N [%]. S [%]. O [%]. Ash [%]. 573. 47.82. 3.48. 3.03. 1.89. 27.75. 16.02. 673. 52.82. 3.30. 2.31. 2.02. 16.05. 23.49. 773. 50.93. 2.22. 2.00. 2.36. 15.97. 26.53. 873. 47.41. 1.38. 1.90. 2.37. 22. 01. 24.92. 873 (In steam). 52.35. 1.71. 1.62. 2.52. 12.51. 29.29. 973. 53.14. 1.35. 1.73. 2.21. 10.58. 31.00. 973 (In steam). 32.21. 1.21. 0.40. 1.92. 12.72. 51.54. 1073. 48.28. 1.51. 2.03. 2.74. 3.69. 41.76. 1173. 59.49. 1.06. 2.29. 2.57. 1.43. 33.16. ț ț y 1. 16 – 1. 19 ȽňRľ¼ȣɋɀňRȋxĩȥňRŒȾi4ƐÝAȾaŖȽȢɎÈ ȏȽȷȠȸŲȯʋy 1. 16 – 1. 19 ȿȲɏȳɏĶƮňRŒȾňƐʊĪƐʊŻƐʊůȚÝA ȾaŖȹȟɎʋaŖȾƃ@¿ȿ¿ʈ1. 2ʉȺlĞȹȟɎʋĶƮňRŒȾiÝAȾaŖȽȷȠ ȸɉňRľ¼ɒȩɎȺȺɉȽĽ§ȭɈɎɉȾȾʊi4ƐÝAȽɋɍĽ§0mȿŢȼȶȸȠ ȴʋňƐÝAȾaŖȿňRľ¼ 773 K ɅȹȦȧȭʊȲɏȂȹȿaŖȽŠPȥǁɌɏ ɎɉȾȾʊȦȼĽ§ȥǁɌɏȼȠʋ973 K ȽȣȠȸȿĪƲĩȽȸ!ÝȭȴňRŒȾň ƐÝAȿȦȧĽ§ȭȸȣɍʊĪƲĩȺȾɛɦR`ÔȽɋɍňRŒȾňƐÝAȥĽ§ȭȴɉ ȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋĪƐaŖȿ 873 K ɅȹȦȼĽ§ȥǁɌɏʊȲɏȂȽȿaŖȽȟɅɍŠP ȿǁɌɏȼȤȶȴʋɅȴʊĪƲĩȽɋɎĪƐaŖɁȾÈȏɉ¦ȬȠɉȾȺȼȶȸȠȴʋŻƐa Ŗȿ 773 K ɅȹȿĽ§ȯɎ0mȽȟɎɉȾȾʊȲɏȂȿȟɅɍȦȼŠPȿǁɌɏȼȤȶ ȴʋȭȤȭʊĪƲĩȋxĩȹ!ÝȭȴňRŒȾŻƐaŖȿŻƐȋxĩȹ!Ýȭȴň RŒȽĨɂȸʊaŖȥĽ§ȭȸȣɍʊœȽ 973 K ȽȣȠȸȿȦȼĽ§ȥǁɌɏȴʋĬIJň RŒȽɉlĞȾ0mȥǁɌɏȸȣɍʊĪƲĩɒňRǬŶȽ¥7ȯɎȪȺȹǍ÷ȾŻƐȥɕ ʅɾɯɕɊŻƐǹRŒȺȭȸƦȊȭȴɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋůȚaŖȿňRľ¼ȾýȽȠ Ľ§ȯɎ0mȽȟɎɉȾȾʊȗľȽȣȠȸɉȟɅɍȦȼĽ§ȿǁɌɏȰʊǍ÷ȾůȚÝ AȿňRËɉňRŒȽĦšȯɎɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋȭȤȭʊĪƲĩȋxĩȽȸ!Ýȭȴ ňRŒȾůȚÝAȿĽ§ȭȸȣɍʊĬIJňRŒlĞȼ`ÔģĝȽɋɍňRŒůȚȿ

(55)   ț. 34.

(56) 1 Carbonized under nitrogen Carbonized under steam. Yield of carbon [--]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Teatment temperature [K]. ț Fig. 1. 16 Yield of carbon in seaweed char carbonized under nitrogen and steam atmosphere ț 1 Carbonized under nitrogen Carbonized under steam. Yield of hydrogen [--]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. Teatment temperature [K]. 1173. 1273. ț Fig. 1. 17 Yield of hydrogen in seaweed char carbonized under nitrogen and steam atmosphere ț. 35.

(57) 1 Carbonized under nitrogen Carbonized under steam. Yield of nitrogen [--]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. 1173. 1273. Teatment temperature [K]. ț Fig. 1. 18 Yield of nitrogen in seaweed char carbonized under nitrogen and steam atmosphere ț 1 Carbonized under nitrogen Carbonized under steam. Yield of sulfur [--]. 0.8. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2. 0 473. 573. 673. 773. 873. 973. 1073. Treatment temperature [K]. 1173. 1273. ț Fig. 1. 19 Yield of sulfur in seaweed char carbonized under nitrogen and steam atmosphere ț. 36.

(58) ț ɡʇʃɲʅɮȽȣȨɎrňƐǚŁňRŒȾnj%ț. ț y 1. 20 ȽĬIJňRŒʊĶƮňRŒʊŭňňRŒʊƾňňRŒȾ4ƐAĒ+ɋɍƃ@ȭȴ \‘Ĩ H/C Ⱥ O/C Ⱦȁ&ɒbɍʊɡʇʃɲʅɮʍʒʉȾɶʄɪɭɒŲȯʋ573 K ȤɌ 873 K ȽȤ ȨȸĬIJňRŒȾ\‘Ĩ H/C Ⱥ O/C Ⱦȁ&ȿƦĪ`ÔȾlƛȽƞȭȸȠɎʋȲȾȴɈʊ ƒƣR ŏĬIJȾňRǬŶȽȣȠȸľȹȿ H Ⱥ O ȥĽ§ȭʊƦĪ`ÔȽɋɍAdžȥï ǷŤȽǪɓȵɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋȗľȾňRȹȿ O ȥĽ§ȭʊɲʅɮ;ȹȿňRŒȿŊŌ ňȽǢȠƆxȽƞȭȸȠȴʋĶƮňRŒȣɋɀƾňňRŒȿȣȣɋȲlȮƦĪ`ÔȾƛ Ƚ ȶȸȠɎȴɈʊňRľ¼ȥȥɎȽȷɏȸĶƮȣɋɀƾňȾňƐȣɋɀĪƐÝA ȿƦĪ`ÔȽɋɍAdžȥǪɇȪȺȥƢȢɌɏɎʋúʊŭňňRŒȿňRľ¼ȥȥɎȽȷ ɏȸƦɽɨʅ`ÔȾƛȽ ȶȸȠɎȪȺȤɌʊŭňȾňƐȣɋɀĪƐÝAȿɽɨʅȾÅÚ ȹAdžȥǪɓȹȠɎɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋƒƣR ŏĬIJȣɋɀĶƮȾrňƐǚŁȺû“ ȾŭňȹȿʊňƐȣɋɀĪƐÝAȾAdžúıɊňƐRȾåPȥŢȼɎɉȾȾʊňR=ŘȽ ɋɍňƐǚŁȾŷȔɒsɑȰȻȾňRŒɉlĞȼƓÝ×ŔȺȼɎȪȺȥÿɌȤȽȼȶȴʋț   . 1.6. 1.4. 1. H/C [-]].  

(59)  . 1.2. Bio-dried sludge Sludge char Seaweed Seaweed char Cooking coal Cooking coal char Brown coal Brown coal char Fuel coal De-hydration De-methylation De-carboxylation. 0.8. 0.6.   . 0.4. 0.2. 0 0. 0.2. 0.4. 0.6. 0.8. 1. O/C [--].   .  

(60)  .  . Fig. 1. 20 Coal band added the relation between H/C and O/C in sludge chars carbonized under nitrogen. 37.

(61) ț y 1. 21 ȽĬIJňRŒʊĶƮňRŒʊŭňňRŒʊƾňňRŒȾ4ƐAĒ+ɋɍƃ@ȭȴ \‘Ĩ N/C Ⱥ H/C Ⱦȁ&ɒŲȯʋyȽȿƦɕʅɾɯɕA‘ȾŧƛɉŲȯʋ773 K Ⱦ ňRľ¼ȹÎɌɏȴĬIJňRŒȾ\‘ĨȥlȮƦɕʅɾɯɕŧƛȽ ɎȪȺɋɍʊ773 K  ȾňRǬŶȹȿňRľ¼ɒȩɎȪȺȹŻƐȺĪƐȿɕʅɾɯɕȾÅÚȹAdžȥǪɇȪȺ ȥƢȢɌɏɎʋȪȾƕĔȽȷȠȸȿĬIJŻƐȥōAdžǬŶȽȣȠȸɕʅɾɯɕȺȭȸìţ AȊȯɎ„pȺƩȯɎʋȭȤȭʊ773 K ɅȹȾĬIJňRŒȾ\‘ĨȾȁ&ȽȿȟɅɍŨȁ ȁ&ȥÎɌɏȼȤȶȴȴɈʊ773 K ɅȹȾňRǬŶȽȣȠȸŻƐÝAȿɤɕʅɊňRĪƐ ƌȾRjŒȽnɅɏȴšƥ‚ȾɋȡȼÅÚȹAdžȬɏɎɉȾȺƢȢɌɏɎʋúʊĶƮňRŒʊ ŭňňRŒʊƾňňRŒȾ\‘Ĩ N/C Ⱥ H/C Ⱦȁ&ȹȿʊŢȼɎňRľ¼ȽɋɍÎɌɏȴ ňRŒȾ\‘ĨȿlȮƦɕʅɾɯɕŧƛȽ ɎȪȺȿȼȧʊňRľ¼ȺƦɕʅɾɯɕȺȾȁ& ȿǁɌɏȼȤȶȴʋȲȾȴɈʊĶƮʊŭňʊƾňȾŻƐÝAȾŒȧȿɕʅɾɯɕ‹ȾÅ ÚȹAdžȭȸȠɎȪȺȥƢȢɌɏȴʋ ț.  . 0.16. 0.14. Bio-dried sludge Sludge char Seaweed Seaweed char Cooking coal Cooking coal char Brown coal Brown coal char Fuel coal De-ammonia. 0.1. N/C [-].  

図

Fig. 1. 2 Material balance during carbonization of bio-dried sludge for 30 min
Fig. 1. 3 Yield of sludge chars in carbonization temperature and duration change ț ț 0.40.60.8 473 573 673 773 873 973 1073 1173 1273Yield of char [-]Treatment temperature [K]15 min30 min60 min
Fig. 1. 4 Yield of sludge chars in carbonization temperature and steam concentration change
Fig. 1. 5 Yield of seaweed chars in carbonization temperature and atmosphere change
+7

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