近畿大学学術情報リポジトリ
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(2) 第11巻. 第1号. 1.Introduction. EachyearIreceiverequeststoleadfieldworkfromseveraluniversities.Many. ofthestudentscomingtoconductfieldworkareoftheperceptionthatinHamamatsu. City,whichattheJapanesedomesticmunicipallevelishometomostBrazilianna-. tionals,standsanespeciallyimpressive"BrazilianTown."Here,atoneendof. town,wefindacollectionofmanyBrazilianshops,streetsteemingwithBrazilians,. thesmellofChurrascowaftingthroughtheair,andsambarhythmscomingfrom. somewhere.Inreality,however,theviewdownthestreetisnodifferenttothe. viewdowntheoneinwhichtheythemselveslive.Ofcourse,therearepassers-by. whoappeartohavecomefromBrazil,buttheycarrybagsfromJapanese. supermarkets.Similarly,theBrazilianshopsaresmallerthanexpected,they. standquietlybetweenveryordinaryhousesandbuildings,andveryfewpeople. fromBrazilcanbeseeninsideonweekdays.Ontheotherhand,theshopsappear. tobeswarmingwithvisitors.Studentswhohavecomeimaginingthetypical "B razilianTown"endupfeelingcheatedonseeingsuchsights.However,thisis. indeedtherealityofthetownbelievedtobehometothemostBraziliannationals. inJapan.Thatithasnotbecomethesceneofaso-calledtypical"ethnictown". isconverselyexpressiveoftheirliveswithinthehostcountry.. In1990,the"lmmigrationControlandRefugeeRecognitionAct"(hereinafter, "th eImmigrationControlAct")wasamended,andsecondandthirdgeneration. Japanesedescendantsandtheirfamiliesweregranted"Japanesespousal""permanent. residents"residencystatus,whichplacesnorestrictionsonactivitieswithinJapan.. Hereby,employmentinmanuallabor,whichwasconventionallyagainstthelaw,. waslegalized.Likewise,evennon-JapanesedescendantswithaspouseofJapanese. descentuptothethirdgeneration,becameeligibletoobtainthesameresidency. statusasJapanesedescendants.Consequently,therewasanincreaseinthenumber. ofJapanesedescendantsandtheirfamiliesfromSouthAmerica,mainlyBrazil.. LookingatwhereregisteredBraziliannationalsinJapanresidebyregion,itwas. notedthatjustaftertheamendmenttotheImmigrationControlAct,residence. -116(116)一.
(3) Beingworkers,beingfromanothercountry,andbeingordinarypeople(Kataoka). wasconcentratedinnorthernKantoandtheTokairegion,theseregionsoffering. manyemploymentopportunitiesinthemanufacturingindustrysuchastransportation. machinery.Later,duetoanincreaseinthetypesofemploymentavailable,residence. spreadtotheHokurikuandTohokuregions,andacrosstheentirecountry,while. from2000therewasanotableinfluxtotheTokairegion(Kataoka2012).Subse-. quently,owingtothefinancialcrisissparkedbytheLehmanShockin2008,manual workersinJapan,includingthosefromBrazil,experiencedarapiddeclineinem-. ploymentopportunities.FromApril2009toMarch2010,a"RepatriationAssistance Project,"whichpaidtheairfarefornowunemployedpeoplefromSouthAmerica. toreturntotheirnativecountries,wasimplementedinJapan.Around22,000peo-. pleapplied.Amidstsuchcircumstances,thenumberofregisteredBraziliannationals inJapan,whichhadbeenmorethan300,000since2005,fellto210,032bytheend. of2011.However,thenumberofregisteredBraziliannationalsinJapanstillaccounts. for10.1%offoreignnationalsresidinginJapanoverall,placingthemthirdin. termsofthenumberregistereddomesticallyafternationalsfromChinaand. South/NorthKorea.WiththeincreaseinthenumberofpeoplefromBrazil,many. relevantinstitutionsandbodies,suchastheadministration,civicassociations,and. non-profitorganizations(NPOs)inareaswithmanyBrazilianresidents,implemented. approachesaimedat"multiculturalcoexistence(mわ. 朋 んα一1◎o副)"withlocalJapa-. neseresidents.Meanwhile,atthenationallevel,policiesrelatedto"multicultural. coexistence"alsoprogressed.. However,while"multiculturalcoexistence"policiesareadvancingvis-a-vis. theincreaseinpeoplefromBrazilsincetheImmigrationControlActamendment,. manyissuesthatmustbere-questionedremain.Onesuchissueisthewayin. which"culture"isinterpretedwithinthe"multiculturalism"concept.Morris-. Suzuki(2002)commentsonatendencyinrecentyearstocriticallyanalyzeunchallenged. assumptionsabout"culture,"whichencompassesthecontextof"multiculturalism.". Likewise,criticaldiscussionover``multiculturalcoexistence"policiesandtheir. stanceshascontinuedtogrowinJapanrecently.Inparticular,amongtheincreasing. numberofpeoplefromBrazilinJapansincetheamendmentoftheImmigrationControl. ActaremanyofJapanesenationalityorwithJapanesedescendants.Hence,when. -117(117)一.
(4) 第11巻. 第1号. usingtheconceptof"multiculturalcoexistence"intheircase,ethnicityshouldby. nomeansbetreatedas"culture."Similarly,wemustalsobeawareofthedanger. ofsweepingcategorizationssuchas"Brazilians"or"BrazilianCulture"thatdisregard. thedegreesthat"ethnicity"encompassesor,inotherwords,categorizationsthat. disregardvariousdegreesofidentityamongpeoplefromBrazilandtheirculture,. andthemany"Japanesedescendants"amongthem.Inthissense,tobundletogether. regionshometomanypeoplefromBrazil,orconcentrationsofethnicbusinesses. runbypeoplefromBrazilthathavedevelopedinthoseregionsas"Brazilian. Towns,"andthuscreate"otherized"or"marginalized"imaginaryspaces,isvery. abusive.. Therefore,amidsttheunfoldingpolicieson"multiculturalcoexistence"inJa-. pansincetheImmigrationControlActamendmentin1990,thispapertakesas casestudyanareainJapanwhereinmanypeoplefromBrazilreside.Inaddition,. basedonthecontextof``multiculturalcoexistence,"thispaperalsoclarifiesthe. wayinwhichthe"culture"ofpeoplefromBrazilhasbeeninterpreted,and,based. ontheseissues,itaimstoconsiderthewayinwhichtheir"culture"shouldbein-. terpretedgiventhat"multiculturalcoexistence"policieswillprogresshereafter.. Thispapermayofferacertainamountofreflectiononthepointthatinadvancing. previousstudiesconductedofethnicbusinesses,theauthormayhavecontributed tocreatingtheillusionof"BrazilianTown."Asforthecompositionofthepaper,. ChapterHcoverstheconceptof"multiculturalcoexistence,"atermthathasbeen. usedfrequentlyinJapaninrecentyears,aswellastheissueswithinthatconcept.. Chapter皿takesthecasestudyofanareainwhichmanypeoplefromBrazilreside,. andinvestigatesthewayinwhichthe"culture"ofpeoplefromBrazil,whohave. increasedinnumbersincetheamendmenttotheImmigrationControlAct,isinterpreted. withinthecontextof"multiculturalcoexistence"policiesfromtheperspectivesof. boththehostregionandtheethnicgroup.Basedonthis,Chapter]Vconsiders. howthe"culture"ofpeoplefromBrazilshouldbeinterpretedinfuturewithin. thoseregionsamidsttheadvanceof"multiculturalcoexistence"policies.. 一118(118)一.
(5) Beingworkers,beingfromanothercountry,andbeingordinarypeople(Kataoka). H.. Issuesin"multiculturalcoexistence"inJapan. Fig.1showsthechangingnumbersofregisteredBrazilianandPeruviannationals. inJapansince1989.Whiletherewasaslightdecreasein1998,thenumberofregistered. BraziliannationalsinJapancontinuedtoincreaseuntil2007.Intermsofthe. formofresidencyofthepeoplefromBrazilwhoarrivedinJapan,in1990,when. theImmigrationControlActwasinitiallyamended,weseemanylone,malemigrant. workers.However,withthesubsequentdeteriorationoftheJapaneseeconomy. inthe1990s,incomesdecreased,andsincesavingsdidnotgrowasexpected,residence. graduallybecamemorelongterm.Duetoextendedperiodsofresidence,thenumber ofpeoplebringingtheirfamilieswiththemfromBrazilincreased,andfamilyresidences. cametoaccountforthemajority.Likewise,therewasalsoasignificantincrease. inemigrantsecondgenerationsborninJapan.. Amidstthissituation,inregionswheremanyforeignnationalsreside,various. policiesandapproachesrelatedtothe"multiculturalcoexistence"oflocalresidents andforeignnationalresidentsbegantobeimplemented.Yamawaki(2008)divides. thehistoricaltransitionsintheacceptanceofforeignnationalsinJapansincethe. 1970sintofourperiods:(1)the1970s:thepermanentsettlementofZα. 加 肋'Koreans. andmovementstoabolishdiscrimination,(2)1980s:"regionalinternationalization". 350Persons. 2,500. (thousands). Persons. (thousands) (totalforeigners). 300 2,000 250 1,500. 200 150. 1,000. 100 500 50. 0. 紳譜ぶ試寧寧紳就冨譜縛ド霜蕊霜ド紳ドず碑ドド⑤ FigurelChangesinthenumberofregisteredforeigners(Brazilian andPeruvian)inJapan Source:StatisticsonForeignersRegisteredinJapan. -119(119)一.
(6) 第11巻. 第1号. andanincreaseinnewcomers,(3)1990s:thesettlementofnewcomersandsystemization. ofpoliciestowardsforeignnationals,and(4)2000s:fromimmigrationtomulticultural. coexistence.Yamawakiproceedstoindicatethatamidstadvancingregionalinternation-. alization,thelate1990switnessedheightenedconcernoverthepoliticalparticipation. offoreignnationalsandthecreationofmulticulturalcoexistencetowns.Inaddition,. thenumberoflocalauthoritiesaimingtoportrayforeignnationalsasresidents. andsystematizepoliciesforforeignnationalsincreased.. Thereafter,underthe"SecondImmigrationControlBasicPlan"fromtheMinistry. ofJusticein2000,inseveraldeclarationsmadebythe"ForeignNationalResidents. UrbanCommittee"establishedin2001,andalsointhe"RecommendationonProblems. inAcceptingForeignNationals"announcedbytheJapaneseBusinessFederation. in2004,improvingthereadinessofregionsandthenationtoreceivethepermanent. settlementofforeignresidentswasraisedasanurgentissue.Thistrendseesthe. frequentuseoftheterms"coexistence"and"multiculturalcoexistence"bythe. administration,relatedbodies,andthemedia.TheMinistryofInternalAffairs. andCommunicationsissueda"SeminarReportonthePromotionofMulticultural. Coexistence"in2006,inwhichitgivesthefirstdefinitionoftheconceptofmulticultural. coexistenceas"themutualrecognitionoftheculturaldifferencesbetweenpeople. ofdifferentnationalitiesorethnicgroups,etc.,andlivingtogetherasmembersof. regionalsocietywhileforgingrelationshipsofequality."TheMinistryalsoproposed. apolicyof"multiculturalregionaldevelopment,"aswellassystematicimprovements. soastopromotethatpolicy.. Inthisway,althoughtheconceptof"multiculturalcoexistence"andtheneed. forrelatedpolicieshasbeenwidelyadvocated,inrecentyearsissuessurrounding. theconcepthavealsobeguntobehighlighted.Theissueswithin"multicultural. coexistence"canbedividedintotwo.Theseareverybrieflycovered.. (1)Issuessurroundingthestatusofvocalizing"multiculturalcoexistence". Oneproblemraisedwithregardto"multiculturalcoexistence"isthestatus. oftheconceptitself.ThisisevidentinHatano(2006)andWatado(2008),who. pointoutthattheconceptof"multiculturalcoexistence"advocatedinJapanin -120(120)一.
(7) Beingworkers,beingfromanothercountry,andbeingordinarypeople(Kataoka) recentyearshasnotbeenproducedbyminorities,butratheradvocatedbythehost society.Theypointoutthat,unfortunately,undersuchaconceptof"multicultural coexistence"asproducedbythehostsociety,"theharmoniousdimensionstands outandisemphasized"(lwabuchi2010).Thisneglectstherealitythatitisbased onunequalanddiscriminativeconstructionssurroundingminorities.Similarly, theconceptisalsoproblematicinthatratherthanrespectingtherightsofminorities, ittendstowardsthesocialintegrationofminoritiesintothehostsocietyoraims atcontrol/governance.. (2)IssuesSurrounding`℃ulture"within"MulticulturalCoexistence". Inaddition,thewayinwhich"culture"isinterpretedwithintheconceptof " multiculturalcoexistence"needscarefulattention.Therehavebeenmanydebates. about"culture"intermsofmulticulturalisminrecentyears.Inparticular,"cul-. ture"handledwithintheconceptof"multiculturalcoexistence"inJapanisfrequently. viewedasproblematicduetotheessentialistviewofcultureinherenttherein.. Morris-Suzuki(2002)arguesthatperceiving"culture"withintheconceptof"multicul-. turalcoexistence"fromanessentialistviewofcultureisasuperficialinterpretation. thatrisksconfiningminoritygroupswithinaspecificculturalframework,reproducing. stereotypesofthem,aswellasotherizingandmarginalizingthem.. However,Shiobara(2005)etal.alsopointoutthatasaresult,anti-essential-. ist/hybrid"socialconstructionistviewsofculture"(Sekine2000),whichportray. cultureconstitutedethnicityasindividualdiversity,leadtothedeconstructionof. ethnicgroupcategoriesandweakenethnicminorities.Inresponsetothesedebates,. Hara(2010)commentsthat"ultimately,thestandarddebateisrestrictedto`whether. essentialistoranti-essentialist,'andbecomesgridlocked,"pointingouttheimportance. ofquestioninganewthehomogeneity,fixedness,andself-evidentnatureof"Japanese. peopleandJapaneseculture,"whileatthesametimelinkingthistoanexpansion ofnetworksbetweendiverseidentitygroups.. 一121(121)一.
(8) 第11巻. 第1号. 皿.AFabricated"Brazil"?Distorted"Latin"? ConsideringtheCategories"Culture"and``Ethnicity". Basedontheaforementionedissuessurrounding"multiculturalcoexistence" inJapan,wenowconsider"culture"asinterpretedwithinthecontextof"multicultural coexistence"fromthesideofthehostregion,andfrominsidetheethnicgroup,through acasestudyofeventsandethnicbusinessesasonepartof"multiculturalcoexistence" policiesinHamamatsuCity,Shizuoka.. (1)The"Culture"and"Boundaries"ofEthnicGroupsCategorizedfromthe. Outside. Aspartoflocal"multiculturalcoexistence"policies,so-called3Fevents(food,. fashion,andfestivals)areoftenheldinthearea.Variouseventssponsoredby. theadministrationorrelatedbodiesarealsoheldinHamamatsuCity,suchas "B razilFestivals"and``SambaFestivals,"wheredanceeventsareperformedby. Sambagroupsandfoodstallsaresetuponthestreetbycateringestablishments. runbypeoplefromBrazil.Inthisway,ethnicitywithintheareabecomesvisible,. whichincreaseslocalJapaneseresidents'awarenessof"Brazilians"inthearea.. Thus,theimageofthetownisthatitcomprisesavarietyofculture,suchas"samba," " soccer,""Churrasco,"and"Latin."Hence,therealitythat"otherculture"exists. inthearea,andthequestionastohowlocalresidentsshouldinteractwiththe " otherculture,"areperceivedasimmediateissues.However,aswiththeissuein. Section2mentionedinthepreviouschapter,withinsuchevents,whicharepartof. a"multiculturalcoexistence"policy,cautionisneededtoensurethatthe"other. culture"isnottheobjectofsuperficialfocusandtreatedonlyintermsofitscul-. turaldifferences.Likewise,asmentionedinSectionlofthepreviouschapter,. eventsthatonlyhighlightharmonywiththe"otherculture"riskcoveringupnegative. structuressurroundingminoritiesinthearea.. Inaddition,wemustbemindfulofthefactthatourinterpretationofthe " otherculture"as"BrazilianCulture"isdistorted.Withtheamendmenttothe "l mmigrationControlAct"in1990,regardlessofthefactthatitwasmainly"Japanese. -122(122)一.
(9) Beingworkers,beingfromanothercountry,andbeingordinarypeople(Kataoka). descendants"thatcametoliveinJapan,"Brazilian"culturealonewasexaggerated. amonglocalresidents,andisunfortunatelynowrecognizedasaformof"other. culture."AmongJapanesedescendantsinBrazil,thesuccessionofgenerations. progresses,anditissaidthattheyoungergenerationsarebecomingincreasingly "B razilianized."However,eventhoughtheirnumbersaredecreasingyearon. year,(1)accordingtosurveysconductedinHamamatsuCity,evenin2000around 40%respondedthattheyhave"Japanese"attitudes(HamamatsuCity2000).Kataoka. (2005)showedthatsomepeoplefromBrazil,withregardtoethnicbusinessesrun. bypeoplefromBrazil,saythat"WeareJapanese,sowedon'tneedthem."This. surveyheardmanystoriesthatclarifyhowfiercetheconvergenceof"otherculture". as"Brazilian"cultureis,suchas"EvenifwemakeFeijaoathome,myparents. whocamewithmefromBrazildon'teatitbecausetheylikericeandmisosoup". (secondgenerationJapaneseBrazilianinherforties)and"lnBrazil,Iatealot. ofcurry-rice,andmyparentsalsomadeitformebecauseweareJapanesedescendants,. thoughotherBraziliansdon'teatitmuch"(secondgenerationJapaneseBrazilian. inherthirties).Similarly,amongpeoplefromBrazil,somesaythatintheirhome. country,therewasadistinctcategorizationbetweenBraziliansandJapanesede-. scendants,andthattheyhadmarginalstatusasJapanesedescendants.Theyex-. plainthat,"WeareJapanesedescendants.Myparentswereverystrict,andwhen IwasyoungtheytoldmethatwhenIwentoutatnightIcouldonlygooutwith. Japanesedescendants.SoIwenttoadiscothatJapanesedescendantsgoto"(sec-. ondgenerationJapaneseBrazilianinherforties).Inaninterviewquestionnaire. itwasmadeclearthateveninthehostcountrythecategorization"Japanese. descendant/non-Japanesedescendant"persists,ascommentsweremadetotheex-. tentof,"AisofJapanesedescent,butBisnotofJapanesedescent.". SinceBarth(1969),amidsttherisingtrendofdebatesthatemphasizetheanti-. realistic/subjectiveelementsofethnicity,Isajiw(1974)pointedoutthatBarth's "b oundariesofethnicity"areadoubleboundaryproblem,oneofwhichisdueto. theprocessofsocializationwithin,whiletheotheriscreatedthroughtheprocesses. intherelationshipsbetweensocialgroups.Later,Kunstadter(1978)positedethnicity. asacomprehensiveconcept,whichoverarchesthethreesub-categoriesof"ethnic. -123(123)一.
(10) 第11巻. 第1号. group,"``ethnicidentification,"and``ethniccategories,"thelatterdefinedbyother. groupswithinthehostsocietyratherthanbyminoritygroups."Ethniccategories" aredeemedtobehumancategoriesthatarebasedonactualorsupposedcultural. characteristics,andothergroupsinsocietyadoptstandardizedbehaviortowards. thesecategoriestoagreaterorlesserextent.. Therearemany"Japanesedescendants"and"Japanese"amongthepeople. fromBrazilwhosenumbershaveincreasedsincetheamendmenttothe"lmmigration. ControlAct."Regardless,withinthe"culture"of"multiculturalcoexistence". policies,only"Brazilianess"ishighlightedandinterpreted,andpeoplefromBrazil intheareaareethnicallycategorizedandtreatedasonegroup,namely"Brazilians,". irrespectiveofthecategories``Japanesedescendant"and``non-Japanesedescendant.". Cohen(1978)pointsoutthattheabovementionedethniccategorizationtendsto. occurwhentherearestratifiedrelationsbetweentheethnicgroupandexternal. groupsdue,inparticular,tointegrationandsubjugation,ortothedifferentiation ofemploymenttype.ThepeoplefromBrazilwhoarrivedinJapansincetheamend-. menttotheImmigrationControlActhaveamarkedlyhighwork-participation. rate.Thisworkisspecializedinemploymentasproductionprocessmanualworkers. relatedtothemanufacturingindustry,andisalsomainlyindirectemployment.(2). Nearly20yearshavepassedsincetheamendmenttotheImmigrationControlAct,. andforsomepeoplefromBrazil,astratumofemploymentinspecializedprofessions. isbeginningtoemerge.However,althoughtheresidencystatusof"permanent. resident"allowsfreeparticipationinanyprofession,thereremainsanoverwhelming. stratumofpeoplefromBrazilinJapanwhoaretrappedatthebottomofthelabor. market.Inthissense,thesocialandeconomicstructuresthatsurroundpeople. fromBrazilinJapancanbesaidtobeafactorpromotingethniccategorization.. Ithaslongbeenindicatedthatwithinstudiesofmulticulturalism,thereisa. dangerof"cosmeticmulticulturalism"(Morris-Suzuki2002),whichconcealsstructural. inequalityinsocietybypromotingsuperficialculturaldifferences.Thisisbecause. emphasizingsuperficialculturaldifferencestrapsminoritygroupswithinaspecific. culturalframework,reproducesstereotypicalviewsofthosegroups,andasaresult. otherizesthem,leadingtomarginalization.Inparticular,therearemanyJapanese. -124(124)一.
(11) Beingworkers,beingfromanothercountry,andbeingordinarypeople(Kataoka) descendantsamongthepeoplefromBrazilinJapantoday.Therefore,morethan afewhaveanidentityas"Japanese,"andamarginalidentityas"Japanese descendants."Regardless,ethniccategorizationtakesplaceinregionshometo manypeoplefromBrazil,andwithinpoliciesaimedata"multiculturalcoexisting" society,"Brazilianess,"whileonlyaverysmallpartoftheirculture,isemphasized, otherized,andmarginalized.Withinthisprocess,thefoundationalstructuralinequality thatcauses"ethniccategorization"isconcealed,andsimilarly,theiridentityand statusasJapanesedescendants-whichprovidesagoodopportunitytoreconsider "J. apanesepeople"and"Japaneseculture"-isseldomhighlightedwithinthehost. SOCIety.. (2)The"Culture"and"Boundaries"ofEthnicGroupsasStrategicallyUtilized. andCommunicatedfromwithintheGroup. Yancey(1976)criticizedconventionalstudiesofethnicitythatoverlookdifferences. withingroupsandthattreatethnicityassomethinguniformandone-dimensional.. Hepointedoutthatmuchofthesubstanceofethnicculturesresultsfromaprocess. comprisingcontinuallyevolvinginteractionsofthecharacteristicsoflocalcommunities,. availableeconomicopportunities,andthegroup'snationalandreligiousheritage.. Likewise,aswithGans's(1994)"3y〃1わo〃cE伽. の. 嬬y"orWaters'(1990)"E伽'c. πoη8,"ethnicityandtheculturethatethnicgroupspossesscanalsobeastrategic. meansequaltosocialandpoliticalactivities.. InHamamatsuCity,manyproprietorsofJapanesedescentrunethnicbusinesses. thatsupplyBraziliangoodsandservices.Therein,inprovidingBraziliangastronomical. culturesuchas"Churrasco"and"Feijao"tobothpeoplefromBrazilandJapanese. residentslivinginthearea,itcanbeventuredthatmanyproprietorsofJapanese. descentdeliver"Brazilianness"asastrategy(Kataoka2004).Similarly,withre-. gardtoeventsaspartof``multiculturalcoexistence"policies,manyproprietors ofJapanesedescentalsoappealtoJapaneseresidentswithethnicgoodsfromBrazil.. MostBrazilianstoresinthetownarecoloredwiththeBrazilianflagandgreen. andyellowsignsreminiscentoftheBrazilianflag.AsstatedinSection1,"Brazilian. culture,"asinterpretedwithin"multiculturalcoexistence"policies,istheproduct. -125(125)一.
(12) 第11巻. 第1号. ofethniccategorization.However,amongtheactiveandindependentactivities. performedlocallybyethnicgroups,andinparticularattheinterfacewiththe hostsociety,thereareinstancesinwhichtheminoritysidealsostrategicallyuses. categorized"culture."While"ethniccategorization"takesplacefromoutside. theethnicgroup,itisatthesametimealsoarbitrarilyreinforcedfromwithin.. Atthispoint,thereaderisaskedtorecallthatthe"culture"within"multicultural. coexistence"isfluid,andthatcautionisneededasitcannotpossiblybesomething. intrinsic,asperthecriticismsofanessentialistviewofculture.However,we. mustbeawarethatthecriticismoftheessentialistviewofcultureisatwo-edged. blade.Inotherwords,thecategoryofdeconstructedethnicgroupsbecomesacon-. sequenceoftheproblemoftheculturaldiversityofminorityindividuals,andthis. leadstoaweakeningofethnicgroups,andbyextension,toadecreaseinassistance. policiestowardsethnicgroups-whichisariskinherenttotheanti-essentialistview ofculture.(3)Commentingonethnicityinanurbancontext,EamesandGoode. (1977)distinguishbetween"sensing"theethnicandsolidarityontheonehand. and,beingamemberofaunitwithbordersontheother,thelatterbeinganimportant. structuralelementofthecity.Theyconcludethat"lndividualsoftenuseandcon-. cealethnicidentitiesinordertoachievetheirownspecificobjectives.Despitethis,. atthecenterofethnicorganizationaretimelessimportantpoliticalandeconomic. structuresthattransecttheentirecity.". Thecategorized"ethnicity"and"culture"ofethnicgroups,andparticularly. thatwhichisstrategicallycategorizedfromtheinside,includethe`》rαc∫'c8(ゾ6v6-. ry4αy雌"(Certeau1980)bytheminoritieswithintheunfairnessofeverydaylife. underdiscriminativestructures,orarethemeansthroughwhichthey"燃8α. ∫'"oバ(Bourdieu1993)undersuchstructures.Needlesstosay,itmustberecognized. that"ethnicity"doesnotequal"culture,"andfurthermore,thatthehostsociety. mustnotperceivecategorized"culture"and"ethnicity"superficially.Rather,it. isrequiredthatthebackgroundtothesecategoriesbeinterpretedfromdifferent. contextswhenadvancingpoliciesrelatedto"multiculturalcoexistence"inthe. future.. 一126(126)一. ρo-.
(13) Beingworkers,beingfromanothercountry,andbeingordinarypeople(Kataoka). 】V.InterpretingEthnicBusinessusageinvariousforms: Theneedfor"multi-"layered"culturalcoexistence". BasedonastudyofthelifestyleactivitydiariesofpeoplefromBrazilliving. inHamamatsuCity,Kataoka(2012)indicatedthatpeoplefromBrazilspendonly. averysmallamountoftimeusingethnicbusinesses.Similarly,Kataoka(2005). madeitclearthatparticularlywhenpurchasinggoodssuchasgroceries,sundries,. andclothes,peoplefromBrazilfrequentlyusesupermarketsandbudgetclothing. storesrunbyJapanesepeople.Asmentionedattheoutset,fieldworkerswhohad. animageofthe"everydayconsumptionactivitiesoftheethnicgroupinthehost. societyprimarilyconductedviaethnicbusinesses"weresurprisedtofindthatBrazilian. storesweresmallerthanexpected,andnotbustlingwithpeoplefromBrazil.This. surpriseresultsfromthesebackgroundfactors.. Kataoka's(2005)surveyofpeoplefromBrazilcategorizesthereasonsfornot. usingBrazilianstoresasfollows:(1)Ambivalencetowardstheethnicidentity,such. as,"IamofJapanesedescent(orJapanese)soessentiallyIdonotneedethnic. goods."(2)Fromthepositionofa"consumer,""Clothesandfoodarecheaperat JapanesesupermarketsormassretailerssoIuseJapanesestores."(3)Fromtheposition. ofamanualworker,"IworknightsoruntillatesotheopeninghoursofBrazilian. storesdonotsuitme,soIuseJapanesestoresormassretailerswithlongeropening. hours."(4)Froma"generational"perspective,"lntermsofclothesinparticular,. theydonotsellgoodsaimedatyoungpeoplesoIuseJapanesemassretailers.". Amidstthecontroversyregardingmulticulturalisminrecentyears,Morris-. Suzuki(2002)reviewedliteraturethatcriticallyanalyzesmulticulturalism,and. advocatedtheconceptof"multiculturalismwithin."Thereinshepositsthatidentity "i sthebackandforthofpositiveandnegativeextremes,andisformedinresponse. totheneedfor`belonging'and`difference,'"whileatthesametime,"theselection. ofanidentitydependsonandisalsorestrictedbytheexistenceofspecificidentity. statusgroupsthatareprovidedundertheconditionsofsocietyaroundus.". Withincurrent"multiculturalcoexistence"policiesinJapan,theelementthat. almostalwayscomprises"culture"is"ethnicity."However,eventotheindividual. -127(127)一.
(14) 第11巻. 第1号. consumeractivitiesofethnicgroupmembersinthehostsociety,theirformsofbehavior. arenotrelatedonlytoethnicity.Whiletheybelongtothegroupof"foreignnationals,". theyareatthesametimemembersofthe"worker"group,the"consumer"group,. andalsobelongtotheirrespective``variousage-groups."Hence,dependingon. thesituation,theyactfromtheirpositionwithineachgroup.Ofcourse,eachof. thesegroups(whichhaveabackgroundotherthanethnicity)alsohaveafluid. boundary,whichconstantlychangesaccordingtoperipheralcircumstances.As. such,ourday-to-dayactivitiesessentiallycombineandconsistofvariousfluidcultures. oridentities.Thisisbecausethisdiversecombinationisitselfessentially " multicultural."Regardless,within"multiculturalcoexistence"policiesinJapan,. onlythereinforced"ethnic"framework-albeitonethatiscategorized-isexaggerated. andinterpretedas"culture."Ofcourse,ethnicframeworksmustnotbeentirely. negated,because,asseeninChapter皿,theymayalsobeaminoritystrategy,and. aswiththeissuesinherenttoananti-essentialistviewofculture,thereisadanger. ofweakeningethnicminoritiesbydeconstructingthecategoryoftheethnicgroup.. However,if"multiculturalcoexistence"policiesthatemphasizetheexistence. ofethnicminoritiesintheregionas"residents"anddeterminesthemtobe"members. oftheregion"aretobeimplemented,itisfirstimportanttorealizethattheethnic. grouphasan"ethnic"frameworkandsimultaneouslybelongstovariousother frameworksandidentitygroupsaswell.Theculturetheypossess,andtheir. formsofbehavior,areentirelysimilartothoseofthepublicofthehostnationin. thattheyarenotsolelydefinedbyethnicity,butratherarea"multi-"layered". culture"formedthroughmulti-strata,overlappingidentitiescreatedthroughvari-. ouslifestyleswithinthehostsociety.Basedonthis,theadministration,relevant. bodies,andweourselves,areundoubtedlyrequiredtotakeapproachestowards " multi-"layered"culturalcoexistence"infuture.. V.. Conclusion. Whiletheaboveisageneralanddesultorydiscussionthatopenedwiththequestion astowhypeoplewhocometoHamamatsuCityexpectinga"BrazilianTown"go -128(128)一.
(15) Beingworkers,beingfromanothercountry,andbeingordinarypeople(Kataoka). homedisappointed,theauthorintendstosummarizeaheretoalmostundiscussed. element,thatistosay,summarize,ifonlybriefly,anessentialelementforresearchers. conductingstudiesonethnicity.. Theauthorhastodateproposedinseveralpapersthat"ethnicbusiness"has. thepotentialtobeaninterfacefortheblendingofculture,andthatitalsohas. thepotentialtobeanelementinregionalvitalizationasausefulresourceintheconstitu-. tionoftheregion.However,thesediscussionsdonotintheleastpromotethedis-. tortionofethnicity,northeconsumptionofanotherized,marginalized,ordistorted. ethnicity.Withinethnicbusinesses,contactbetweenlocalresidentsandothercultures. ornationalsofothercountriesisexpectedtocreateanoPPortunitytounderstand. thecomplexdegreesofculturetherein,aswellasanopportunitytoconsiderthe. backgroundto"ethniccategorization,"ortocreatenewcultureproducedthrough. contactbetweenlocalresidentsandethnicgroups.Nothingwhatsoeveriscreated. throughcategorizing,otherizing,andmarginalizing"otherculture"fromtheoutside.. The"coexisting"societyconstructedthroughsuch"otherculture"isastraightforward " exhibitioncityofculture,"whereinnothingmorethanan"all.too-easyconsumption. ofculture"isconducted.Cultureisnotdefinedsolelybytheframeworkofthe. homecountry.Therearemanyframeworksaroundus,includingsex,age,occupation,. andclass,whichwecombineandoverlap.Thisitselfisthediversityofculture.. Needlesstosay,however,theseframeworksthemselvesareultimatelynothing. morethanfluidandtransient.. Lackinganawarenessof"multi-"layered"culture"concealsvariousissues. thatmustessentiallybeperceivedfromaframeworkofsocialandeconomicstatus. withinthehostsociety.Alackofawarenessalsohasthepotentialdangerofcreating. adistortedformofnationalismthatpositsonlyareinforced,distorted,andcategorized. ethnicframeworkasafactorintheissue.Ontheotherhand,byrecognizing " multi-"layered"culture"usingtheexampleofregionaldisasterprevention,we. wouldundoubtedlynoticethatamongthosewhohavetodatebeenlumpedtogether. with"foreignresidents"as"vulnerable"usingonlytheframeworkof"ethnicity". arehumanresourcessuchasresidentswhoarephysicallyfit,residentswhowish. todeepencooperationwiththecommunityofthehostregion,andresidentswho. -129(129)一.
(16) 第11巻. 第1号. donothaveanylanguagehandicaps,whoareabletostandalongsidethoseworking torescuethe``vulnerable." As"multiculturalcoexistence"policiesprogress,dependingontheinterpretation of"culture,"completelyinvalidpolicieswillbecreated.Thismustbethoroughly understoodbytheadministration,relatedbodies,andourselves,thelocalresidents, beforewepursuetheidealformforfuture"multi-"layered"culturalcoexistence.". Notes. (1)TheHamamatsuCitySurveyisconductedannuallyasthe"SurveyoftheLifestyle andAttitudesofJapaneseDescendants."Fixedtrendsareascertainablefrom thesurveydespitebiasedsamplesizesandsurveymethodsdependingontheyear ofthesurvey. (2)Nakamuraetal.(2009)conductedadetailedsurveyintotheworkofforeign nationalworkersinJapanusingtheNationalCensus. (3)Kawabata(2010)arguedthat"forcesworkstronglytoreduceethnicproblems tothecategoryofindividualresponsibility"inaregionalurbancasestudy,and minoritygroupmembersappeartosearchforanethnicidentity.However,Kataoka (2005)pointsoutthatethnicbusinessisa``resilient"ethnicnucleusforethnic 9「oups・. References. 〔1〕Barth,F.1969.E'伽'cG君oゆ3α. η4Bo配. η4αr'83'7加50dα10君gα. ηた α"oη6ゾC尻. 〃 尻肥. D荻r6ηc8.London:Allen&Unwin. 〔2〕Bourdieu,P.1993.7加F'6Z4qプ. α. 〔3〕Certeau,M.1980.五"ηv傭. ∫oη4呵. 伽rα1P澱4麗c"oη.Cambridge:PolityPress. 配o'∫4'8η.1,Aπ46!為. 舵.Paris:UnionGenerale. d'Editions. 〔4〕Cohen,R.1978.Ethnicity:ProblemandFocusinAnthropology.A朋. 照1R6-. v∫8Mノ ρデ/1η がzroρ010gy7:379-403. 〔5〕Eames,E.andGoode,J.G.1977.Aη'加oρ010gy(ゾ. 伽c〃y,α. η'η'ro4麗. σ'o硯oκr一. わαη αη漉 π)polo8)ゐNewJersey:Prentice-Hall. 〔6〕Gans,H.J.1994.SymbolicEthnicityandSymbolicReligiosity:Towardsa comparisonofEthnicandReligiousAcculturation.E伽'c侃4Rαdα15'磁6∫17 -2:577-592. .. 〔7〕HamamatsuCity2000.R8ρorω んFbc麗. ∫oη50麗. 酌. η α3曜vθy6ゾ ん η6r'cα η1V猷. 〔8〕Hara,T.2010.Howtodescribe`culture'withinthedebatesurrounding ` multiculturalcoexistence'.InG配8説oη Coα'5∫6ηc6/Co配. 配 朋 〃y/ル164∫. 読8Aπ. 枷4θ56ゾ. 凡lrθ'gη1Vα'∫oη. α15!. の'η.HamamatsuCity. 加8'加"C配. 伽rθ"(ザ1吻. 〃蜘. 〃 尻rα130c∫. の"!. α,64.K.Iwabuchi,35-62.Tokyo:Seikyusha.. 〔9〕Hatano,L.T.2006.Problemsinthe"MulticulturalCoexistence"surrounding ZainichiBrazilians.In7加E∬8ηc8(ザ"Co6κ'辞8ηcθ"'ACr漉cα150c'o〃. 一130(130)一. η9配'辞 ∫cEη. 一.
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