知的な英語の再評価に向けて : 社会問題としてのTOEFLスコアが語るもの

全文

(1)

(2) ７２００３pp.１２６

(3) ７２００３. ISSN １３４３０６３７.

(4) TOEFL Toward the Reevaluation of Communicative Intellectual English in Japanese Universities What TOEFL Score Performances Tell Us . Fubito ENDO Abstract A detailed analysis of the TOEFL score performances of examinees from various countries worldwide shows that despite Otani１９９９ s claim, there are some groups of examinees showing excellent TOEFL scores who belong neither to a Germanic speech community nor to a former colony of an English-speaking country. Based on the fact that most of these countries are located in continental Europe, the author claims that more attention should be paid to how English is used and taught in non-English-speaking countries in continental Europe if one intends to improve the teaching in English in Japanese universities. Furthermore, the author claims that the weak TOEFL score performances by Japanese examinees should be taken not as a problem with Japanese people in general as some journalists exaggeratedly wrote, but as an even more serious problem with the groups in the society who are supposed to be proficient in English; the author also proposes that using and teaching communicativeintellectualEnglish be promoted in English teaching environment in Japanese universities in order to inspire and encourage such groups in the society.. ２

(5) TOEFLTest of English as a Foreign Language

(6)

(7)

(8) !

(9) TOEFL

(10) . !".

(11) . !. −1−.

(12)

(13) .

(14) . !.

(15) TOEFL

(16)

(17)

(18) . !"#$%&.

(19)

(20) TOEFL

(21)

(22) . !"#$%&.

(23) ２０００: ２５

(24) TOEFL

(25)

(26) １９９９TOEFL ２１１８１９９８２５

(27) １９９７３

(28) ２４

(29)

(30) .

(31) . !. !".

(32) ２４

(33)

(34) . !".

(35) . !. TOEFL

(36) TOEFL

(37)

(38) . !"#$.

(39) . !". １９９９

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44) . !"#.

(45) . !"#$.

(46) . !"!#.

(47)

(48)

(49) . !"#.

(50)

(51) !"#$

(52)

(53) . !"#$%&' !"#.

(54)

(55)

(56) ２１

(57) ２０００１.

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61) . !". !" #$. TOEIC Test of English for International Communication

(62). −2−.

(63)

(64) ７２００３.

(65) . !"#. .

(66)

(67)

(68) . !"# $.

(69)

(70) .

(71).

(72)

(73) . . !"#$$.

(74)

(75)

(76) . !. !２０.

(77)

(78)

(79) . !"#. !"#$.

(80) . !.

(81) １９９９:７９

(82) GLP７８１ ,５０１２３

(83)

(84)

(85) １９９９:７９

(86) traded GLP. .

(87) ２１９９３

(88)

(89)

(90) . !"

(91) #.

(92)

(93)

(94)

(95) . . !".

(96) ２

(97) . !"#$%.

(98) .

(99)

(100)

(101)

(102)

(103)

(104) . .

(105) . !"#$ !". １

(106) ２００２

(107) . !" #$ %&'(. ２００１２００２

(108) ２００２. TOEIC

(109) AERA .

(110) ２００２１２２０

(111). −3−.

(112)

(113) .

(114) .

(115). .

(116) .

(117)

(118)

(119)

(120)

(121)

(122)

(123) . !"#$%&.

(124) ２００１１

(125) ２３

(126)

(127)

(128) . !"#$ . ７

(129) TOEFL

(130) ２００１:１３１

(131) . !.

(132)

(133) ２ TOEFL

(134) TOEFL

(135) ３ TOEFL

(136) １ TOEFL ２ TOEFL ３TOEFL ３

(137) ２

(138)

(139) !"#$ %&'() １９７８. −4−.

(140)

(141) ７２００３. ４

(142)

(143)

(144) .

(145) . TOEFL

(146) TOEFL

(147) Test of English as a Foreign Language

(148)

(149)

(150)

(151)

(152) ETS Educational Testing Service

(153) １９６３１００

(154)

(155) ２４００

(156) . !".

(157) TOEFL

(158)

(159) TOEFL

(160)

(161) . !"#$%&'(. TOEFL

(162) TOEFL

(163) １９６３TOEFL Paper-Based TOEFL １９９８

(164) Computer-Based TOEFL CBT

(165)

(166)

(167)

(168) ３０３００

(169)

(170) ETS TOEFL TOEFL .

(171)

(172)

(173) . !.

(174) ETS

(175) ３ TOEFL ３

(176) Section １Section ２CBT . .

(177) Section ３

(178)

(179)

(180) . !.

(181) １ TOEFL ２０６８

(182) ３１０３

(183) Section １５２ Section ２４８ Section ３５０３１５０１５０３ TOEFL

(184) Sharpe２００１１. −5−.

(185)

(186) . １０３５００２ TOEFL ０３０３

(187) １０３

(188) Section １２３ Section ２２５ Section ３２７３７５７５１０３２５０

(189)

(190)

(191)

(192) TOEFL Sharpe ２００１:２２ graduate student

(193) ６５０

(194) . CBT ２８０

(195)

(196) .

(197). ５５０CBT ２１３ . undergraduate student ６００CBT ２５０

(198)

(199) ５００CBT １７３ TOEFL ETS TOEFL

(200) TOEFL Test and Score Data Summary TOEFL

(201) . !"#$!%. . TOEFL

(202)

(203) TOEFL

(204) . !".

(205) TOEFL . Table １

(206) percentile rank

(207) Table ２ Tables ３６

(208)

(209) Tables ７８.

(210)

(211) ２.

(212) １native language ４

(213) !"#$%&'(' TOEFL Section １ Listening ComprehensionSection ２ Structure and Written Expression Section ３ Reading ComprehensionCBT Section １ ListeningSection ２ Strcture Essay Section ３ Reading TOEFL

(214) http://www.toefl.org/ ５. −6−.

(215)

(216) ７２００３. Table ９２ native country

(217) Table １０

(218)

(219) TOEFL

(220) ２

(221)

(222) CBT Table１１

(223) TOEFL Table １１

(224) TWETest of Written Test

(225) TOEFL ETS

(226)

(227)

(228) . !"#$.

(229) １９９７:４

(230) . !. !".

(231) １９９５:１６７

(232) content validity, criterion-related validity, construct validity ３

(233) ETS .

(234) ETS

(235) ９８ academic work

(236)

(237) １６７

(238) TOEFL

(239)

(240) .

(241)

(242)

(243) １９９７:４

(244)

(245) ETS TOEFL

(246)

(247)

(248)

(249)

(250)

(251)

(252) .

(253) !"#$.

(254)

(255) １９９５７１９９６６

(256) ７３ ETS

(257) ４９９１７１１５０２５２０

(258)

(259) . −7−.

(260)

(261) .

(262) . !"#. １９９７:４

(263) １

(264) TOEFL

(265) TOEFL

(266)

(267) . !"#.

(268)

(269)

(270)

(271) TOEFL

(272) ２００１

(273)

(274)

(275)

(276)

(277)

(278) ! ２００１１

(279) TOEFL

(280) TOEFL

(281)

(282) １TOEFL １９９７/９８

(283)

(284) TOEFL

(285)

(286)

(287) .

(288)

(289) . !".

(290) TOEFL

(291) . !".

(292) ８

(293)

(294) ２００１:１５１

(295)

(296)

(297) . !"# !.

(298)

(299) . −8−.

(300)

(301) ７２００３. １２

(302)

(303)

(304) １ TOEFL

(305)

(306) ２

(307)

(308) .

(309) .

(310) １ TOEFL

(311) . !.

(312)

(313) . !. ２

(314) . !"#$.

(315)

(316) . !. !".

(317) １８

(318)

(319)

(320)

(321)

(322) . !". !"#$.

(323) １９９５７１９９６６

(324) TOEFL

(325) ４

(326)

(327) ３０１４ ,１４

(328) １９９７:５

(329)

(330)

(331) . !".

(332) . . . ５

(333)

(334)

(335) . !"#.

(336) １９９７:６

(337)

(338)

(339) TOEFL. −9−.

(340)

(341) .

(342) . !"!.

(343) TOEFL

(344)

(345)

(346) . !".

(347)

(348)

(349) . !"#$.

(350)

(351) . !"#$.

(352)

(353) . !"#. !. １９９７:７

(354)

(355) . !"#.

(356) TOEFL

(357)

(358)

(359) . !"#$.

(360) TOEFL

(361)

(362) . !.

(363)

(364) TOEFL

(365)

(366) . !" .

(367)

(368) TOEFL

(369)

(370) . !""#$.

(371) . ! .

(372)

(373) TOEFL

(374)

(375)

(376)

(377)

(378)

(379) . − 10 −.

(380)

(381) ７２００３. TOEFL

(382)

(383)

(384) TOEFL

(385)

(386)

(387) . !. !". TOEFL

(388)

(389) . !"#$%. TOEFL

(390)

(391) １９９７

(392)

(393) . !"#$.

(394)

(395) . !.

(396)

(397)

(398) TOEFL

(399)

(400)

(401) TOEFL

(402)

(403) １９９７

(404)

(405) TOEFL

(406)

(407)

(408)

(409) . !. !". !"#.

(410) . !!.

(411)

(412)

(413) . . !"#.

(414)

(415) TOEFL

(416) ２.

(417) . !". Table ９

(418) Table １０

(419)

(420) . !.

(421)

(422)

(423) . − 11 −.

(424)

(425) .

(426)

(427)

(428) . !. TOEFL １

(429) TOEFL ２ TOEFL ３TOEFL ３

(430) ８

(431)

(432) １９９７９８

(433) TOEFL １９９７９

(434)

(435) . !"#$ !"#$.

(436) CBT

(437) ２１９９７９８

(438) ８

(439) Table １１９９７９

(440) １２４６８２２０６８３２２６７

(441) ２５３６７７

(442) １５１７ . ２５２８ . ３５３４ . . ５２６Table ２

(443)

(444) １９９７９８ Table９

(445) TOEFL .

(446) ５

(447)

(448) １.

(449) ５

(450) ５９０

(451)

(452)

(453)

(454) Section １

(455)

(456) . !".

(457) .

(458) ３．２. ２

(459)

(460)

(461) . !" #.

(462) ５６０. − 12 −.

(463)

(464) ７２００３. . . . .

(465) . . . .

(466) . . . . . .

(467)

(468)

(469) ５５０

(470)

(471)

(472) ３

(473)

(474)

(475)

(476)

(477)

(478)

(479)

(480)

(481)

(482)

(483) . . .

(484) . . . .

(485) . .

(486)

(487) . ４

(488)

(489)

(490)

(491)

(492)

(493) ３１ . ２ . ５

(494)

(495)

(496)

(497) ５.

(498)

(499) . !"#.

(500)

(501)

(502)

(503)

(504) １９９９

(505) TOEFL

(506)

(507) . !.

(508) TOEFL

(509)

(510) . − 13 −. .

(511)

(512) .

(513)

(514)

(515) . . !"#$.

(516)

(517)

(518) . !"#.

(519)

(520) ０ native country TOEFL １９９７９８ Table １

(521) . !.

(522) ６

(523) ６５

(524) １０. ５

(525)

(526) .

(527) . . . .

(528) . . !". .

(529) .

(530)

(531)

(532)

(533)

(534) .

(535)

(536) .

(537) . .

(538) . .

(539) .

(540) .

(541) .

(542) .

(543) . − 14 −. !.

(544)

(545) ７２００３.

(546)

(547)

(548)

(549) . !" #. !"#. !"#$%.

(550) ６

(551)

(552)

(553) １

(554) . !".

(555) ２

(556)

(557) . !"#$.

(558) . !"#.

(559)

(560) . ! "#. ３

(561)

(562) . !. !"#$.

(563)

(564)

(565) . !".

(566)

(567) １９９９

(568)

(569)

(570) . !"#$%.

(571) TOEFL

(572)

(573) . !"#.

(574) . !".

(575)

(576)

(577) . !"#.

(578)

(579) . !"#$% !".

(580) TOEFL

(581)

(582)

(583)

(584) . ! !. !"#"$.

(585) . − 15 −.

(586)

(587) .

(588)

(589)

(590)

(591)

(592) . !". TOEFL .

(593)

(594) １９９９

(595) TOEFL

(596) １

(597) ２

(598)

(599)

(600) . . .

(601)

(602) . ! ".

(603) TOEFL

(604)

(605) . !"#$.

(606)

(607) . !"#$%.

(608) TOEFL

(609)

(610) ４

(611)

(612). !"#$.

(613) TOEFL

(614)

(615) .

(616) . !"#"$%.

(617) TOEFL

(618)

(619) ５６

(620) TOEFL

(621)

(622)

(623) . !.

(624)

(625) ６１９９９

(626) ９０% １

(627) １

(628) １９８４

(629) . − 16 −.

(630)

(631) ７２００３.

(632) . !.

(633) ２００１.

(634)

(635)

(636) . !"#.

(637)

(638)

(639) . !" !"#.

(640)

(641) . !"#$.

(642)

(643) . !.

(644) . !.

(645) . !.

(646)

(647)

(648)

(649) .

(650) !.

(651) TOEFL

(652) . !. .

(653)

(654)

(655) TOEFL

(656)

(657) １２４６８２２０６８３２２６７ Table９

(658) ７Table １０

(659)

(660) ８

(661) １

(662) . .

(663) Section １

(664) . !"#.

(665) ３

(666) ７２００２

(667)

(668) . !"#$.

(669) . !" #$%&.

(670)

(671) . !"#$. . − 17 −. %&'.

(672)

(673) . ９６１５９５ . . . . . . . ２ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(674) . ２ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(675) .

(676)

(677) １

(678) ２

(679) ７８

(680)

(681) . !"#.

(682) . . ０６０

(683) ６０６

(684) １

(685) ２

(686)

(687) . − 18 −.

(688)

(689) ７２００３. ７８

(690)

(691) . !"#$.

(692) . !"#.

(693) ３

(694) . !"#.

(695) ８. .

(696) １

(697) . !.

(698)

(699)

(700)

(701) . . !.

(702) . !".

(703)

(704)

(705) . !. ７８

(706)

(707) . !"#.

(708)

(709) . !"#$.

(710)

(711)

(712) . !.

(713) . !"#$.

(714)

(715) . !"#$.

(716) . ! ".

(717)

(718) . !".

(719)

(720) !" ８２００２:９４１０９１９９８９９ TOEFL

(721) ETS ３１４０

(722) ５３０１６１８１１９９７４６９１９２２３８３４７４８５

(723) １９７９１９７２７４

(724) UCLA

(725)

(726) . !"#$%&'(.

(727) ２

(728)

(729) . − 19 −.

(730)

(731) . ２

(732)

(733) . !. ２

(734)

(735)

(736) TOEFL

(737)

(738) ２００１

(739) .

(740) TOEFL

(741)

(742) . . .

(743)

(744) . !"#$.

(745)

(746). !".

(747) . !"#$.

(748)

(749) . !.

(750) . !".

(751) . !"#.

(752)

(753)

(754) . !"#. !"#.

(755)

(756)

(757) . !.

(758)

(759) TOEFL

(760) １９９１:５４４９ TOEFL

(761)

(762)

(763) ３１

(764)

(765) . !".

(766) . . ２

(767)

(768) .

(769) . !"#$%. ９２００２:９４１０９

(770)

(771)

(772) . − 20 −. !. "#$%

(773) &'.

(774)

(775) ７２００３.

(776) !! .

(777)

(778)

(779) １

(780)

(781)

(782) . − 21 −. !".

(783)

(784) .

(785) １９９９.

(786) １９９９２

(787) . !".

(788) . !. ９

(789)

(790) . !. .

(791) . !.

(792) . !"#$%.

(793)

(794) . !".

(795)

(796) . !".

(797)

(798)

(799) １９９９

(800)

(801) . !". TOEFL

(802)

(803)

(804)

(805) . !"#. !". ３

(806)

(807) . !"#.

(808)

(809) . !" #cf. . ２００１

(810) . !".

(811)

(812)

(813) TOEFL

(814)

(815) . !"#$%&'.

(816) . !"#.

(817) . !".

(818)

(819) . !"#$.

(820) . !"#.

(821)

(822) . − 22 −. !".

(823)

(824) ７２００３.

(825) . !"#.

(826)

(827)

(828) １９９７:５ TOEFL

(829)

(830) . !. ７７０ , ００

(831) １９７６７４４０ ,００

(832) １９７６７７４８３１９９５９６１６４９９

(833) １９９５９

(834) . !".

(835) ５

(836)

(837) . ! ".

(838)

(839)

(840)

(841)

(842)

(843) １

(844) lingua franca ２００１:１９０１９

(845)

(846)

(847)

(848) １９１

(849)

(850) . !"#$%&

(851) '. .

(852) １２０００

(853)

(854) . !"#$%&.

(855) . !"#$. １９９９５

(856)

(857) . !"# $%.

(858) . !"#$%&.

(859) . !"#.

(860) １３

(861) １０２０００

(862)

(863)

(864). − 23 −. !"#$%&' !

(865) "#$%&'.

(866)

(867) .

(868)

(869)

(870) . !"#$ !"#$%.

(871)

(872) . !.

(873)

(874)

(875) ２００２

(876) .

(877)

(878) . !. ７２

(879)

(880) ２７１２