Theoretical Evolution of Tourist Destination Area Collaboration:
Frameworks of Community-based Tourism Theories
Shoichi O
HASHI
Abstract
Community-based collaboration for tourism has been discussed worldwide in recent years. This paper surveys the theory of adaptive management of the tourism-community, the cases of English partnerships and the like, and concludes that it is a matter whether a collaboration or partnership can act well in a capitalist economy system.
Gray,B. h
an emergent process Ja- mal,T.B. Getz,D. j Selin,S. w Bramwell,B. Lane,B. a appreciation x,p.
community- based cooperation
national regional state community
legal basis locus of control organisational diversity and scale time frame
National Forest Manage-ment Act
managing agency
New Hampshire White Mountain National Forest Plan Revision
The Northern Forest Lands Council ecotourism associations
watershed associations
Appalachian Mountain Club Trail Partnership Tennessee Overhill Heritage Tourism Association Tonasket Citizens Council
Mill Creek Canyon Management Partnership
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Recreation Roundtable
Coalition for United Recreation in the Eastern Sierra
California Roundtable on Recreation, Parks and Tourism
cooperative tourism marketing agreements
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Western States Tourism Policy Council
Southwestern Pennsylvania Heritage Preservation Commission Mt. Magazine Environmental Review Committee
National Bighom Sheep Center Task Force
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adaptive management
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citizen's tourism advisory committee municipal council
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-developmental policy arenas :
organizational policy arenas : idiosyncratic an in-tegral element u u,p. ; cf.j,p. communication competence collaborative learning
group learning u,p.
resilience
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management professionals
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culturally based tourism
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McLain,R.J. Lee,R.G.
Murphy,P.E. Murphy,A.E.
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community benefit tourism initiative
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complacency
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Ingram,P. Roberts, P. W. i
general manager
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competitor friendship
collaboration
aggressive competitive behavior
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Burt,R.S. b : , i,pp. - , sentimentality instrumentality
bonding
alternative theory of development
bridging
royalty
Konecnik,M. Gartner,W.C. Fyall,A.
Prideaux,B.
Cooper,C. s cited in f,pp.
-Gold Coast City Council
Brand Gold Coast
Noosa Shire Council, Maroochy Shire Council, Caloundra City Council
AMA sign cited in l,p. l,p. l,p. community as a commodity k,p. ,p. h, cf. Chavetz,D. y,p. ,cf. Butler,R.W. Caffin,A.
composite life-cycle model
transformation budget enlargement Lippit,G.C. Schmidt,W.H. Downs,A. Lyden,F.J. Adizes,I. Kimberly,J.R. Quin,R.E. Cameron,K. Waddock,S.A. Wood,W. Selin,S. Chavez,D. Lowndes,V. Skelcher,C. Butler,R.W. :d,pp. - .
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North Pennines Tourism Partnership
English Tourist Board Cumbria County Council North Pennines Heritage Trust
Durham
North Pennines Partnership
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funding cycle
maturity
three years period d,pp.
Vernon,J.
Caradon District Council
Project Explore Cornwall County Council countryside commission
Green Audit Kit
Rural Development Commission Sustain
South West Tourism Caradon Area LEADER
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Grants Scheme
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community-based wildlife/tourism project
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Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary
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Reid,D.G.
Community Tourism Self-assessment Instrument: CATI
emerging tourism problems unplanned development motivation emotional commitment f,p. f,p. industry mix f,pp.
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