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DirectdeterminationofCdinseawaterbygraphitefurnace−atOmic absorbancespectrometrywithZeeman−effectbackgroundcorrection

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静岡大学地球科学研究報告 30(2003年7月)27貢〜31貢 Geosci.Repts.ShizuokaUniv.,30(July,2003),27−31

DirectdeterminationofCdinseawaterbygraphitefurnace−atOmic absorbancespectrometrywithZeeman−effectbackgroundcorrection

Nicolas MAR丘CHAL−ABRAMl

Abstract Thisarticle describes an accurate method for direct determination of cadmiuJnin SeaWateruSinganend−heatedatomizergraphitefurnaceatomicabsorbancespectrometry.Toavoid interferences caused by matrix elements,ammOniumnitrate and di−ammOniumhydrogenphosphate Were addedas matrixmodifiers to the sample before analysis.Experiments showed that best Cd

Signalwasobtainedforasamplevolumeof15pewiththeadditionof13peofNH4NO3(16%)and 3peof(NH4)2HPO4(4%),anaShingtemperatureof400−5500Candanatomizationtemperaturefixed at12000C.Detectionlimit(30from tenblank replicas)was0.013ppbanddeterminationlimit

(106from ten blank replicas)was O.044ppb.

KeyWords:GF−AAS,SeaWater,Cadmium,matrix modifier,Zeeman background correction.

lntroduction

The direct measurement of cadmiumin seawater by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry represents a great interest for environmental Studies allowing a fast and simple vay to measure trace elements and to avoid contamination orloss riskduringconcentrationprocess.HoYeVer,SeaWater isacomplexsolutioncontaininghighlevelsofsalts.

Thesematrixelements stronglydisturbtraceelement analysis.Ahsan etal.(1999),Barrera etal.(1998)

and Cabon & Bihan(1995)reported procedures to minimize these matrixinterference problems for Cr,

Mn,Ni or Cu,in which matrix modifiers were added to the samples.Ahsan et al.(1999)published a protocol to measure Cd using a thiourea solution added to calcium matrix.Chang&Huang(2000)in−

VeStigatedwithaside−heatedatomizer(transversely heated graphite atomizer−type)and found that the direct determination of Cdin seawateris possible using matrix modifier ammonium nitrate and di−ammOnium hydrogen phosphate,Vhich allows to evaporate chlorides and halogens and toimprove Signalintensityandreproducibility.Inthispaper,

I present a procedure for conventional end−heated atomizer using ammonium nitrate and di−ammOnium hydrogen phosphate matrix modifier for direct Cd determinationin seawater.

27

Material and method

Reagent and jnstrumentation

Cadmiumspikedseawatersolutionswerepreparedat l ppb from Kanto Chemical Co Ltd./Cicca standard SOlutionsof1000mg/eandnaturalseavaterblank.Two matrix modifier solutions Yere prepared by dis−

SOIving 3・33g and O・8g of NTl。NO3 and(Ntl。)2HPO。

respectivelyin20mC ofMilliQwater.Wako chemical Co.Ltd.99.9%aceticacidandMerckSuprapuramonia SOlution 25%vere used.Cadmium concentration YaS measured by an atomic absorption spectrometry

(Hitachi model Z−8270)vith pyrocoated graphite furnace(Platform type).zeeman−effect background COrreCtion was made for all Cd data to retnove po−

tential background absorbance caused by salt par−

ticlesarisen from the sample.

Seawater blank and natrix modifier preparation

Ablankofseawater(salinity=28‰)andacadmium

free matrix modifier solution Yere Prepared by removing Cd from the solutions using the Toyopear1 AF−Chelate650Miminodiacetate resin.Bothl m20f SeaWater filteredusingO.45pmmembrane−filterand matrix modifier solutions vere added Yith50JL20f resininl.5me centrifugation tube.Prepared s0−

1utionswere bufferedat pH=5.6士0.2Yith23FLeOf acetic acid and37 〟20f ammonia solution and Yere mixedfor30miJluteStOallowcompleteCdabsorbance.

lGraduateSchoolofSciences andTechnology,ShizuokaUniversity,8360ya,Shizuoka422−8529,Japan.

Email:r5144007@ipc.shiZuOka.ac.jp

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TabIel Initial GF−AAS setup conditions, 0.02 Lampcun℃nl

WaveJengthofanalytica‖ine SHlwidlh

Cuvelletype

Carriergasnowrateduringatomizalion lnjec(edsamplevolume

Dryingst喝e Ashingslage Atomizalionslage CleamngStage Zeemanco汀eCtion

7.5mA 228.8mm

1.3nm Platrnrm 30mf/nlin 15い/1

600CtoIlOOCbr70sec

‖00C105000CIbr60scc

)3000CforlOsec 280()OCrorgsec Activaled

Table 2 Cd atomic absorbance frotn O.1N nitric acid solution,batrix tnodifiers and seavater blank.

Atomicabsorbance HNO30.1Nsolutiom

(NH4)2HPO4SOlution NH4NO3SOlution Seawaterblank

0.0036士0.0010 0.0049土か.0008

0.0036よ).0014 0.0051土0.0004

Results and discussion

Fordeterminationofbestconditions,SpeCtrOmeter YaS prOgrammed at first according to Table l.

Platform−typeCuVetteWaSChosenasgraphitefurnace rather than standard type to reduceinterferences

(matrix effect)induced by coexisting elements.

Interferences resultlargely as a consequence of temperature gapbetYeenCuVetteWallandcarriergas duringatomi2;ation stage.In the case of samplelike SeaVater,COeXisting elements presentin atomic VapOrare COOledbyargongas andreturn tomolecular State,Whichcandisturbatomic absorbance.Platfortn CuVette heats sample by radiation rather than COnduction.Carrier gas and sample are heated at the

Same tiⅡle,reducing the datrix effect.

Drying stage has been set up at 70 Seconds to preventsuddenboilingebullitionofNT14NO3SOlution;

1ikeYise ashing time has been set to60seconds to allovsoftmatrixevaporationwithoutlossofcadmium.

Cleaning stage has been set up at28000C to avoid aCCumulationofelementslike calciumin thecuvette.

Cd contamindtion

FolloYingtheinitialspectrometersetuppresented in Table l,0.1N nitric acid solution,matrix tnodifier solutions and seavater blank added Yith13

〝eOfNH。NO3(16%)and61LeOf(NH4)2HPO。(4%),Were analyzed.Results are presentedin Table2.Nitric acid solution(0.1N)contained O.008 ppb maximum

(Merck analysis certificate).Results of matrix modifier and nitric acid solution analysis Yere nOt Significantly different.Seavater blank analysis Showed a slightly higher absorbance.

S Sq

2 L OS qd U Ol

0.01

0.005

トト㍉′1一一才一室

− −▲一一 Averagebackgroundabs.

壬   Av8r叩●atOm.abs.

0 6 8 1012141618 20 22

NH4NO3VOlumeadded恒L)

Fig,1 Effect of amonium nitrate on Cd ab−

SOrption signal andbackground signal.Plotted Values are the average of three replicates and error bars are standard deviation.

−−▲ 一一 Averagebackgroundabs.

壬   AvがagOalom・abs・

d OS l Sq OU U LO Sq qU O l

0.1

0    0    0    0

0

0

0

0

8    6    420

0

B a c k g r O U

⊃ d a b s O r b a ⊃ C e

︵ A b s

. ∪ 三 s c a 亘 B a c k 讐 O U ⊃ d a b s O r b a コ C e ︵ A b s .

∪ ⊃ i t s c a 亘

0 1 2  3  4  5  6  7  8

(NH4)2HPO4VOlumeadded(PA)

Fig.2 Effect ofdi−ammOniuJnhydrogen phosphate on Cd absorption and background signal.Plotted Values are the average of three replicates and

error bars are standard deviation.

Determination of the best amount of ammoniumnitrate

Ammonium nitrate vas added first to sample as matrix modifier with variable volume.Result on backgroundabsorbance(beforeZeemancorrection)and atomic absorbance(after Zeeman correction)are plottedin Fig.1,raW data are reportedin Table3

−A.The effect of ammonium nitrate solution has been testedbetween7 FLe tO20FLe.The atomic absorbance range between O.0172−0.0180 and background ab−

sorbance Yerein the range O.ト0.12(absorbance

units),Yhichis verylow compared to atomic ab−

Sorbance and background absorbance measured without matrix modifier,reSpeCtively of O.2021and3.3608.

(3)

Determination of Cdin seawater by GF−AAS

Table3 Ravdataofatomicandbackgroundabsorbances.

A:Determinationofthebestamountof ammoniumnitrate

Addedvolume(Pe)A慧慧C 慧慧  Ave霊;慧und 慧慧

5     0 0     0

1  1  2

0.0180       0.0014 0.0172       0.0008 0.0175       0.0007 0.0174       0.0013 0.0176       0.0011 0.0179       0.0008

0.1224 0.1104

0.1038

0.1086 0.1155 0.1221

0.0155 0.0105 0.0046 0.0018 0.0042 0.0047

B:Determinationofthebestamountofdi−ammOniumhydrogenphosphate

Addedvo.ume(Pe)A芸監禁C 慧慧  Ave霊;:慧und  £霊霊

0     2     3     5    

′ 0     7

0.0175       0.0007 0.0810       0.0012 0.1022       0.0022 0.0502       0.0018 0.0452       0.0014 0.0507      ′ 0ニ0026

0.1038 0.1970 0.1373 0,0374 10.0875 0.1232

0.0046 0.0047 0.0067 0.0023 0.0046 0.0059

C:Determinationofthebestashipgtemperature

Temperatun(OC)A慧監禁ic 慧慧  Ave霊;:慧und  慧慧

55

6 0

0.0783       0.0020 0.0803       0.0014 0.0808       0.0031 0.0800       0.0025 0.0680       0.0028

0.1962 0.2291 0.2298 0.2217 0.1871

0.0212 0.0225 0.0060 0.0218 0.0038

D:Determinationofthebestatomizationtemperature

Temperatu托(。C)A芸監禁C 慧慧  Ave霊慧und  慧慧

5 0

l   l   l   l

0.0805       0.0013 0.0808       0.0031 0.0824       0.0005 0.0797       0.0023

0.1953 0.2298 0.2805 0.5032

0.0078 0.0060 0.0195 0.0070

29

(4)

︵ む 一 g S 盲 コ . S q く ︶

¢ O U 眉 L O S q d O 盲 0 1 く

2 1 8 1 0

. .

0

0

06    4 0    0 0.  0.

サケ

−−▲ −−Averagebackgroundabs.

壬   Av〇円gOatOnl.ab.

5         5

2

2

1

0

.     0

.     0

. B a c k 讐 O u コ d a b s O r b a コ C e ︵ A b s . u コ 冨 c a 亙

350400450500550600650700750

Ashingtemperature(OC)

Fig.3 Effect ofashing teDperature OnCdabsorption Signalandbackground signal.Plotted values are the average of three replicates and error bars are standard deviation.

一一▲一一 Ave帽90badtgnUndabS.

一 一 壬  − Aw叩■bm.th.

︵ 0

− d O 雲 u コ

. の q <

︶ 0 2 月 J O 名 付 0 盲 O l く

6       5       4       3       2       1 0

.   0

.   0

.   0

.   0

.   0

Ba ck 0

da bs Or ba C e Ab

U it

C a

115012001250130013501400145015001550 Atornizationtemperature(OC)

Fig.4 Effect of atomization tetBPerature On Cd absorption signal and background signal.Plotted Valuesare theaverageofthreereplicatesanderror bars are standard deviation.

Basedon theresults,the optiJnumVOlumeofammonium nitrate solutionis13 LLe,prOViding good repro−

ducibility andloYeSt background.

Determination of the best amount of di−afrTnOniun hydrogen phosphate

Measurements usingdi−ammOniumhydrogenphosphate Yere performed with13 LEe Of ammonium nitrate SOlution・Additionof(NH4)2HPO4WaSdoneaftersample injection.Indeed,faster cuvette degradation has beenobservedpreviouslyvhen(Nt14)2HPO。YaSinjected first.Background absorbance and atomic absorbance Signal are givenon Fig.2,raVdata are reportedin

Table3−B.Addition of di−ammOnium hydrogen phos−

phate unti13 jLe,Significantlyincreased signal intensity.Beyond 3 FLe,Signal decrease to reach abouthalfvalueofthebestsignal.Accordingtothe measurement order:5 FLe,6 fLe,7 FLe,3 FLe and2 FLe,background absorbanceincreased constantly.

Thisisinterpreted as cuvette degradation by

(NH.)2HPO。3llehasbeenchosenasthebestvolumefor di−ammOnium hydrogen phosphate solution.

Ashjng temperature

Matrixmodifieraddition allows matrix elements to be removedin the ashing stage.To prevent Cdloss during evaporation,aShing temperature must follow a soft ramp.Ashing temperatureinvestigations were Carried out Yith previously determined matrix JnOdifier volumes.The temperature range of the experimentsYaSbetveen4000Cto7000Candtheresults are shovnin Fig.3,raW data are reportedin Table

3−C.Cd signal slightlyincreased between4000C to

5500C,beyond the temperature 5500C,absorbance decrease,mainly after 6000C.Background signal reachedamaximumat5500C.Ashingtemperaturecanbe Chosen betYeen 4000C and 5500C,alloYing good Cd detection and moderate background signal.

ltomization temperature

Atomization temperature has been tested betYeen l,2000C tol,5000C,Standard atomization temperature Of Cd and results are displayedin Fig.4,raV data are reportedin Table3−D.Thereis anincrease of background signal vhile absorbance signal remains COnStant,Shoving efficiency of Zeeman effect on background correction andlack of disturbance of background until0.5units on signal.According to these data,best atomization temperatureisl,2000C thatis providing theloYeSt background.

Spectroneter setup suTrmary,detection and deter−

mination 日加t$

Table4summarize the final spectronleter Setting.

Thedetectionlimit basedon three times the standard deviation(30・)of seven replicate measurenents of SeaVaterblankis0.013ppb.Determinationlimit(10C,,

ten times the standard deviation)is O.044ppb for Cadmium.Ⅰn comparison,Chan&Huang(2000)got a detection limit of 0.005 ppb using a trans−

VerSely−heated GF−AAS.The best detectionlimit,

ObtainedbyCabon&Bihan(1995),is O.003ppbusing oxalic acid(as the chemical modifier)and99FLe Of SeaVater Sample with a THGA atomizer.This deter−

minationliJnitis not enoughfor cadmiummeasurement

from surface seawater samples, Which require preconcentration,hoYeVerit can be usedin case of

(5)

Determination of Cdin seawater by GF−AAS

Table4 Final GトAAS setup conditions.

1−ilmPeUrrCrlt

WこlVe)cngthoranilly11CaHinc

SIilwidth CllVeltelype

Ciln・icrga←nOWralcduringa【om血tion InJeCledsamplev(Mume

Dり・ingstagc 心hingslage

At(一mizilti仰Stage Clean●ng舶ge

VoJumcorNHJNO.(16%)addcd Vく血meOr(NHlもHml(4%)added ZCCmanC(1n Cl10m

7.5mA 228.8nm

lJ nm

Phlhrn1 30ml/min

l5ll′

棚OChH100Clllr7()ses H(IOCl04川ト55(lOC 汀付hec 12川)OCh汀lUsec

2糾XIOCr(汀RseC HIlr

1llJL Aclivaled

Studyonareaundergoinganthropogeniccadmiuminput.

In such case,Cd concentration can reachl.67ppb

(Cotti−Krief et a1.2000).

AGknowledgement$

Dr.Ishikawais thanked for teachingme hoY tOuSe GF−AAS.

31

ReferenGeS

Ahsan S.,Kaneco S.,Ohta K.,Mizuno T.&Taniguchi Y.

(1999),Direct determinationof cadmiumincalcium drugsamplesusingelectrothermalatomicabsorbance SPeCtrOmetryWithametal tubeatomizerandthiourea as a matrix modifier.Zblanta,48,63一掘9.

BarreraP.B.,PineiroJ.M.,PineiroA.M.&BarreraA.B.

(1998),Direct electrothermal atonlic absorbance SPeC宣rometry determination of nickelin sea water usingmultiplehotinjectionandZeemancorrection.

乃Ja扉8,45,807−月15.

CabonJ.Y.&Bihan A.L.(1995),The determination of Cr,Cu and Mnin seavater vith transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorbanCe SpeCtrOnletry.

勘ecrrocA血Jc∂Jcね尻 50,1703−1716.

ChanM:S.&Huang S.−D.(2000),Direct determination Of cadmium and copperin seavater using a trans−

VerSely heated graphite furnace atomic absorbance SpeCtrOmetry Vith Zeeman−effect background cor−

rector.Zblanta,51,373−380.

Cotti−KriefM.−H.,GuieuC.,ThotnasA.J.&MartinJ.−K.

(2000),Sohrces ofCd,Cu,NiandZninPortuguese COaStal waters.脆rJ〟eα甜Jgfm 71,199−214.

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