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$IULFD 3URJUHVV 3DQHO $33 Grain Fish Money: Financing Africa’s Green and Blue Revolutions*HQHYD

$IULFDQ 0LQLVWHULDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ (QYLURQPHQW $0&(1 Addressing Climate Change Challenges in Africa: A Practical Guide towards Sustainable Development$IULFDQ 0LQLVWHULDO

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%UDKPEKDWW 0 & +DGGDRXL DQG - 3DJH Green Industrialisation and Entrepreneurship in Africa, Contributing paper for African Economic Outlook 2017: Entrepreneurship and Industrialisation. 1HZ &OLPDWH (FRQRP\ DQG 2YHUVHDV 'HYHORSPHQW ,QVWLWXWH KWWS QHZFOLPDWHHFRQRP\UHSRUWPLVFZRUNLQJSDSHUVDFFHVVHGRQ1RYHPEHU!

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