ブラックホール天体のX線エネルギースペクトル中に広がった鉄輝線のように見える構造の解釈について
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(2)
(3) ! "#$%& ' ( ). *+,. -.
(4) . .. /+0. 1. 2. 252ῌ5210 3ῌ1ῌ1. e-mail: [email protected].
(5) X . !". #$ %&'()*+,-./0123 4.56789 :; <=> ?@A BCDEFG>H I JK LMNOPQR.STUV W BC.XYG>7Z [\']^_`1a7bc.deG>H \7 W :;A89BC.fghiAjk'l >mnop I q MCG-6-30-15 cr.st uvwV W xy.z{| }~r'XYG>7Abc.BV7 ' W`.G>H 7 bc 'G> _`>:;A D789 EFP "`A6H. DG> "#$ Z`. 7689 EF ¡Y_`16A6H :DEFGHI b <$-./. 1. 3 4 5 . IDEFGHI %`/,+ah`/2)8. !"#
(6) $%&!'".
(7) !3DEFGHI %:RS:^_. ()*+,-./0, 123 4/,0+. "# X WXWX3*6.YZ!:e+df. 56.-7+8 9:;<:="# >. [Z"%`/d+db# X K . ?@AB?@C:DEFGHI J: X. b5<# # &' j3,6.!S. KLMG 3NOPQ3*6.R<S. (5)*%`/8 [Z43# q%39. TU-!VK"WXYZ..# [Z". 2010 + 3 93,"'5-d# 3 9. DEFGHI :\]:^_%`/# ,+a . , 6 93[ZZ./ 0,1"W. N bc3-!0,"`/:%b5de+df. X5-dI-# ¡:¢ ().. [:*+5LMG g hi 5j". /8 w£-35/dh-Z5"#
(8) $%b. k lmI I n?@ MCG-6-30-15 %`o# p`. Y3[Z:¤,b¥6!W2d0:)*. qdr sJ3*/t"6!VK:u" # D. :3¦§¨,4© ª«q/,,h3# ¬#. EFGHI :\]:^_,-. . &!'"# MCG-6-30-15 :zI ®3¯¢°. 1). vw!8. %. 7!# qx<sJ:LMG 3O-.O. -.5!±Q:²( uq/3)ῌ5)8 &!'b# ¬. 3t"6!VKyz !.bw# [:"{|. :³E´II% 1ῌ40 keV ,+tµ¶. }"~ ~ DEFGHI %YZ. ·I6¸3¹!/LMG 7º a8q/#. /h:*ohb/d3#!w# MCG-6-30-15. »!5LMG yz 9¼q/8 &!':y. : 103 ½. :7. 445.
(9) Sgr A῏
(10) ῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎. 1. EXOSAT ²¢6) i¡l y³7{ ²¢10) i´l IJ)*+,-(&¢µ'(£ X-1 mno( pq,r ¥Z¦ §+r]¨©L¤ w¶·=0EKW¸j+¦¹' ºrpq,r%T »¼.
(11)
(12) . 1980 u/0%T 1984 v=wx04. . y 7z{ |(}+b EXOSAT ]. . !"#$ %& '()*+,. 4~4 ]4R imn. -(.#
(13) /01234 56 789. o(% DE/Eῌ20l mno( . :;4 <=>. ! "4 (DE/Eῌ7) L. ?@A34 BCD EF
(14) . HL0/ 4. GHIJKALM N O.
(15) @ (6.4 keV) # (6.7. EPQ% RS ?%TU. keV) # (7.0 keV) $%Z. V. )*+,-(.#
(16) /0W XF4. .
(17) YZ 78. 4L
(18) X . :;IJ A34 [0\ ]>. X
(19) E%8U.
(20) 04)*+,-(^_`ab*.
(21) B/0)8 fz. . 1 i¡l EXOSAT )*+,-( & ¢ ' ( £ X-1 m n o ( p q , r L ¤. c(d(e%Z. 6) ¥Z¦ §+r ]¨©L¤. 2. ῐ῎῏῍ῌ. 0/ T T . X f 1962 gh K . ª«¬%)
(22) . i. jk 6.4῍7.0 keVl #mn. 8 ®mno(@/012. o(pq,rst J4 . 34 ¯ * 6.2 keV ] °±. 446.
(23) . ½,. 2010 7 ½.
(24) ῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍ Sgr A῎
(25) .
(26)
(27) . X !
(28) z<{s|\O
(29) 9hv. 1987 . %}~131 =
(30). . 20.
(31) K LM*
(32) >
(33) %. cm 9hN ?@A\.
(34) BC. !"
(35) #$% &'()*+. 3.510. %,-#$ .
(36) /. %3105 9h Q ?@D. 01&'()*2 (1.2ῌ37 keV) 345. 1024 cm2 . 6
(37) 789 :
(38) ; <= >?@. 3 .
(39) 3;y LM*&'()* E. ABCD*( E
(40). F!G"
(41) HICJ(K. F 7.1 keV 8 9.3 keV NOP&'. #$8῎ % .
(42) &'(). ()*
(43) X !- G\ .% K 9. . -ELM .U1ha ,. 1.
(44) K LM*NOP&'()*+,:. 0 QLM*K#-R . 1
(45) S+ . 7)ῌ12). . /0T X-1. 2.
(46) K LM*%-w x:. -MH =
(47) 1a% 0.34 9 6.4ῌ7.0 keV
(48) , -F! -k.
(49) &'()*HICJ(UV9WXBJ. p ;y%?@D1.51024 cm2 I. YZ[\ ]S
(50) .6\. dJJA-w x:3
(51). :^8 UV8
(52) YZ_`. 9 G X !
(53) K%L" Q. 3HICJ(K#R1a b
(54) 3U. .
(55) -w x1;y dM. c2\89 .
(56) K#%0 QF!
(57) . N X !<t
(58) :h1a %. OLM*
(59) ORd 1Uef. <t8
(60) OPC L'8
(61) ,- F. f% 9Ug01&'()*29. ! LM* LC
(62) a^kRv. \34 h ij
(63) HICJ(. 315), 16) . & ' ( ) * 2 EXOSAT a ^ k 12.
(64) X !&'()*HICJ( -R,:. keV lmn2UV9WXBJ\. 0 1 L M K # % v
(65) ( 9 Q $ 9 U. h8O 6.2 keV 0 QF! 5o\. 7)ῌ12), 17) . 2, 3 ]. 10). Rdp
(66) 9h13), 14) MCG-6-30-15 O. @ABCD*(&'. p !-w x1;y hQ1a. qf @ABCD*(&'
(67) X !HICJ( . % LM*LM! " . () 5o\%6 3. F!/LM*K#. LC%!8J"
(68) 9 b. % 1980 7r8 f-R. "31 LM;y !
(69) Kg. O
(70) 9hN .
(71) stu1
(72) 9: 20 l. 1 KLM
(73) 1aOOPCLMC. O11^9h῎2.
(74) a^k9 R
(75) 01LM*K#v. 3.
(76) v
(77) HICJ(K#% -w x1;y. F!. 9U ij MCG-6-30-15
(78) &'()*HICJ(% KLM(9O Q$\v 9U8) . 3 S. ῎1 ij 9%S 1 keV 8 30 keV p9
(79) R
(80) 01&'()*29- T#
(81) U1* V
(82) 9 (8S 1 l
(83) ¡ h.¢{9U W r
(84) h\8 XMM-Newton, Chandra . !" X !X£¤ CCD ¢{5
(85) B¥a^k9% &'()*2 10 keV lmn- T#O
(86) 9 (8S 5 lm
(87) ¡ hQO¢{\v%Y1 F!Z
(88) 0 QHICJ(K#A %
(89) h\8 XMM, Chandra NOP/gQ
(90) 9h ῎2 [¦
(91) \ §]^ % v
(92) _` a&b¨c9 !1 h
(93) 9:%1p©
(94) ª*«d¬ v h pg9:
(95) eQ 9hN®¯°*±²³!\%´ µf 1
(96) g´
(97) h¶·¸¹
(98) ºi9hQ 8 pg9:%11^g » j 103 ¼. j7½. 447.
(99) Sgr A῎
(100) ῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍. X
(101) !"#$%&'()*+, -. .
(102) /'()*+0. 1234. 56789 (:;<= >?@AB; C7DE18)ῌ20)F GH%I JKLM7N OPQRO0J KSJK TU$3 F W;G XY< . !"#$%V< !"#$Z[. H\ ]^;% _ `ab 2. 3. 448. z} (3ῌ30 keV) + r (0.9 ῌ10 keV) Zw Cyg X-1 l 7 {|lx J"|w17) (Reproduced by permission of the AAS)F s 7w l7F tp ; 2 keV ;¡"?¢lh£ GH%qq ¤;¥<F. c
(103) d _ efd ) dghij k lm3; no9pHF q XY;
(104) r pstH'()*;XuvpHwx 7 qq%y;<pu z{|l$3} ~{q; F {|l$3; <% . z} Zw¢$"#¦§ MCG-6-30-15 l7 x ;¨©~{ cªj «¬~{ cj "|w®*¯°8) (Reproduced by permission of the AAS)F ±²p ~{ ;l7 qF >?@AB;C7³w z{|l$3} %´u<F 1 µ¶ ·¸%s ¹º S»3lF ¼ ½ . 2010. 7½.
(105) ῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎ Sgr A῏
(106) .
(107) . +702 * ;
(108) ".
(109) . C9EFGHI8JKEGH. !"#$
(110) % & '. 6Fp+!V)89 +%+ . ()*+,
(111)
(112) ()- *.*./0.
(113) V) &,D*B.
(114) % 1
(115) 2%3%0! "
(116) 45678.
(117) 9 :&tM KE
(118) M
(119) &. 9 DE/Eῌ2:9*. ;<
(120) !.l
(121) KE}I. 2 CCD ; &% <=. ~ 9"g+
(122) &0 ;
(123) ?M3. >30! &% ? MCG-6-30-15. "C
(124) -.+ EFGHI8JKE.
(125) @AB "C/0 D. =
(126) . M3 . EFGHI8JKEL ?M345 6789*0 .9%+!1). !GH. 4. ῑ῎ῐῌ῏῍ΐῒ. !N+ !?M
(127) / "C. X >?P B@A
(128) B. OPQ R? SC& . C. !=῏3 BGH9. ;
(129) . - DSGHKE HD. XDYZ . ;
(130) [3KE\ ].
(131) ?MEF,¡3 GHIC. 3 &% B+!"C. + 3%3%J2%3 . M.?,&. ^_`a^b@cd . EFGHI8. ¢ 5,
(132) X >KL@AM6
(133). JKE9 = ;
(134) S e 3 % 10.
(135) ?M3£@AM69 GH. ^_`a^b!f& ."g. M\
(136) ;N%E¤KO . M
(137). TUC.VW2. . . 1) ;S#hO
(138) ij9Y$+. P¥3¦§¨Q& ¤© &%. 3
(139) ;
(140) %k&l3 m. XMM-Newton
(141) B % MCG-6-30-15
(142) /. XMM-Newton h n, B+! MCG-. 0!"C ª ?M3;N. 6-30-15
(143) EFGHI8J2 ;^_`. 3@AM69«.%0!22), 23)¬ (1) . a^boIpHq %d . GH9!RSTU #.. *
(144). 'rEFGH
(145) 's!f 3 ^_`a^b!. EFGHS+ %B. #. f- ?t*( )D*9u. !. . S#M6 RS#NM6. = EFGH
(146) 's!f?tv. , MCG-6-. + ?M®Z (2) S#"9. 30-15 +
(147) oIpHq wxy,z,+. VM
(148) /0!" W. . ¯ X
(149) W¯Y M6Z[. { oIpHq N. M-*&. 2), 21). 2 * !?M /0!. °v. . "C;
(150) ./& 01#
(151) KE2. MCG-6-30-15
(152) £ *+*/0!". l,|3
(153) ?0 4!oIp. Y±oIpHq y\
(154) EFGHS?0. Hq
(155) }I~ k&l3 . 8]+ .+! '+%+ ²,y\. MCG-6-30-15 * D5,
(156) 6 +h 'oIpHq 0. 3 ³ ª
(157) light-bending K E
(158) ´ 9 µ ¶- S#."01#^·+ M. ῏3 ASTRO-H _¸
(159) ¹8H5{5º~ 0.4῍12 keV
(160) W¯ y BC9*2!= X >?P<= DSGH9»;
(161) DD< .l ` 103 ¼. `7½. 449.
(162) Sgr A῍
(163) ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ.
(164) .
(165) /
(166) 56.
(167) Matsumoto . w9Y8x H)
(168) !
(169) . . )7%¡8. 23).
(170) ! "
(171) #$. )w9Y8x H . )9>/
(172) - +:f). /
(173) . %&%'()* +,-+. Miniutti / % MCG-. )./
(174) '(0&12% 3. 6-30-15 [\H] 7F8GH Wi) light-. 4
(175) ! 56789:;<1+=>. bending IH;P,E) :f) . +
(176) ?@1AB0&. ! &[\H] )<¢1£67. >
(177) )CD,E) . 89:;IH>0&1h%2) %. 7F8GH<1IHJ-E. % 0+=>[\H] ^. ?@K 0LMN. _M1b?%
(178) 0 . ) O (robust) +#&P=+#QE. n9l 1 ¤@0&¥¦. 0 1R) Inoue and Matsumoto. A light-bending IH &. 24). S= ,E)TUVW. ! ?@.
(179) / ,-X9Y87Z/ +&+&. §¨& / 7F8GH1X6YG. ?@. )BIHC+0&)D©.
(180) [\H] . ^_ ),= ` a-&bU.
(181) 1)B. 5E. % c d ^_ 1. ªA+ Minuitti &FG)§¨% light. bU& 9:; ?@ef
(182) .. bending IH26)1B / . 1>0&1Jg )h% #%. %H[\H] «0¬1®¯. Wi)3,E
(183) jklGm 3!"n9. I0&1°J%27) #% §¨). l o% p . ,& . !"
(184). q8rs 1h)t
(185) =.
(186) X & 1 {|}. H~{H',-±) K
(187) 0&5E. u# 9:;v$& ! ?@. z+%K ! &
(188) )².
(189) 1w9Y8x Hy/ % z& 1 {|}H. &L³ 678)*%. ~{H'd u()*+M),=. d
(190) /#´)/ &EMe
(191) µ¶. u , - / . light-. 5E ) ªA light bendig. bending IH25) 0 )+
(192). IH
(193) [\H] 7F8GH1§¨%. /) w9Y8x H. / [\H] 7F8GH1®0. y/ %)6781. &1·¸ # ¹%
(194) 28) . ). 0% 678) -. %5 º)CD / NT%MO. =-0&),=
(195) )1.
(196) 7F8GH z» 4, 5 1 light-bending I. 2 &678)3= ! . H0&) #P+ ¹%
(197). (-
(198) 4 . light-bending IHQR¼:¼. ! u()*+M0&),=. - MCG-6-30-15 & !. &43%
(199) ,E)TU &E+. ?@. 0,E
(200) >R)D. ,-
(201) 7F8GH1 S. !& 1 {|}H~{H'd>. t=
(202) &P=#QE. 450.
(203) 1 ¬. ) )). T=½. 2010 U 7 ½.
(204) ῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎῎ Sgr A῏
(205) . 4. l2a-m 4 RXTE Z[# * ¡ MCG-6-30-15 & 6῍10 keV ¢ 4' ()*£*'4&¤¥$ `a`>k> ¦§ ¨'©
(206) '()* ª«#. X ¢ ¬`'()*£*' 10 keV vw&'()*&®H ¯°?±²¬` $. @ABC)D"!E-43F
(207) GH . 34. I#.J K< LM#. 78NO P012 34 9I2Q >RS
(208) T $ XMM &UVWX . YZ[
(209) H> \2 keV ] ^
(210) Z[_
(211) T $ Chandra, XMM &Z["! MCG-6-30-15 &'()*+ `a`>Qbc&d
(212) >M ef2 78 gh"i. $ ji 5. ¢ 'B '#'()* ³´{ 4M#µ78¶ 78{ .C*#4H& ³´{&·W ¸¹t478{&·W¸¹t&¥º$. '()* 4k> l,m n78 &01op!>qZ[rs
(213) T MCG-6-30-15 &O P M &k> t&M78N012 34u>$ v wx2 y M78Nz{&|. 5. ῒΐ῏ῐῑ῍ῌ῎ Chandra High Energy Transmitting Grating Spectrometer (HETGS)
(214) CCD CCD . }~ &
(215) Chandra, XMM v;& M78N&S . p')B . '()*.!RS.
(216) H>$ Miller ! M &k> h&M78N. (DE/Eῌ0.5)
(217) !"#$. 478 p')@. % MCG-6-30-15 &'()*+. *op. ,-./ 6.4 keV & 012 34 5. >#
(218) l2a-m Chandra, XMM &Z['. 6
(219) 6.7 keV, 7.0 keV 78 01. ()*. 2 34. &opBd-
(220) . » 103 ¼. 9:#$ ;<=>-4?& »7½. '(). # 3 4ji x
(221) H 34. I#29)$ #"#. 451.
(222) Sgr A῎
(223) ῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍.
(224) . F ]!^_` RXTE [+. . y,z>W H%4( 4)%VG '. !"#$%&' ()* +,. ("% Chandra HETGS Mg, Si, Fe. -./0 1!2 34 56. G78C H &I &. 789/04 * ( :
(225) ;<=>. ; F x)' =t Mg He. ? )@A ? )BCDE4/0!. " H "-.# Fe He " H "-. H. # F
(226) FG ; ' H(. 78C! (H4! . A! <IJ KL. O¡<#%4/0%VG % 5%<. M
(227) FGN;G %<G '. * ¢G & < 789+,%&". 30). 31). 6. ῒῌ῍῎ῐ῏ῑῌVariable Partial Covering ῐ῏ῑ. #e ' =) Fe 78C-£.4&
(228) eHG "# H¤ 789 & 4 ;G #:¥H' / Mg . "
(229) FGOPQ R)S4TU+. 4 $ #V4 H "-. H ¦ #V. * %V>WXG %. 4§ He "-. H78C-£.
(230). YZ%V[+ D\!"# . _G"# H $_G# 789. #; MCG-6-30-15 ]!^_` Chandra,. &k¨! & 4('(&w. RXTE
(231) + a b G. "#%0© &4k # F"#. ). 3)ῌ5). c d. ' ]!^_` 4 1ῌ40 keV e)? fg. h i Chandra 4BCQW)fg h . e )' ª [+ u ; m0©. RXTE 4 10 jke)l. ;)« $!##< =^. m# (n@G < . =G - QW #. % (H 5o6p !"# q r. &
(232) x)' =t ¬. s d )'. Hjw/04m® G. =t [+ u vt. ¯ (1) °/ Hb_± 1BC {6.4. !^_ RXTE + 10 keV jw. keV -£.²20 eV| # (AI!2) . fgh x 6ῌ10 keV y. +,=)4 H± 3. z#(A! 0.5ῌ3 keV {=)4 2ῌ4. {49³²0.6p 5&|' (2) &¢G 7. keV| yz. {}yg~| . 89' (FS ¤ &#'(&4. =^=G - %V @; . % & =)4'(&>W. "# W) { 4|' !"4#. ; ' (3) R)S6´7µ!xV. 4 10 jke) (@. ¶' xV4 % ·¸ ¶ {&| >. ; yz H}yg. W ; ' (4) 78¹DE <. { Wk 3| "# $. +,=)478'. H ;)4*%&' ($#;. (4) ; +,# ;)º. (1) %xV ;. 789
(233) 784
(234) _»). (2) Ck/0! 789. « ¼! ""%4 MCG-6-30-15 &. & ; (3) Ck 789'. ;)#V (H& {·¸ ¶|. (& ; # F &. #6´&8;)' &¶«. 452. 9½#. 2010 7 ½.
(235) ῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍῍ Sgr A῎
(236) . cm2, log xn1.6 leVSr56 =t s u"
(237) >Jv0H w"Gm.bxSH. 34 656 GH. 7"Z y" LDB. z{| }:\~ M wO
(238) .A. 6 "Z 1ῌ40 keV " %
(239) ("#$%' "#$ %' ">
(240) 46. mR": :" %pqQ
(241) @ 6. M;aAO ´µ"5¶ %V0 6·; Z f¸6 ¹ ² <
(242) p0 ).78Xp9"v ²<
(243) '2 . 6 !":D? s. u;H @ " º »0 9"v ²<"Gm+N 6. 774 4, 5 0T;? J2 % . q !R")**0 7. "Gm6 R": :"!R") *0; m7
(244) % m rR"#$: :0; .
(245) !"#$%&'("#$%'") *+. , +-./)*012 34 556. 72
(246) 8 9: 0; X <=
(247). m7. 6 %V" Z !2
(248) 8 9: cV" X <"mel 2pq"KL0 GH. IJ2 c . m Mw :O 6 ("#$%' N 1 "!2. >?@A %
(249) BC !20D2D2"E<. N 2 . F. GH. : CN2/N &'Gm6 %V
(250) . O5 PN. : :" %": . GAQ
(251) @ 6 R>? 4 5
(252) (4) ". ^( .¡w)?L.
(253) G?S G S"PN. m!R"¡wcV ¢ !2*. 70 7TU. V2;. IJ2 KL0 %. 38 9: 0 M+NI2. 6. 72
(254) Matsuoka V 0 MWX0O " 8). NN 1 N 2 w. "
(255) £ . !2¤2¥¦LDB +§; m¨. Q
(256) ; YPN Z 34 3 ". .©ª«,¬-5)6 7"Gm. [\5 0 !7]D2^" .
(257) £ +§.
(258) G?_`" M;aAO "bLD. {| }:" %"KL®; >J. B 7
(259) @.cH" de
(260) =. !": .¯; %0. 6 fg de"Z
(261) hi. GADc 6 /. " 3 j" ; k (a) Mg, Si. ¢
(262) £ . .l" <m 3NHn3.7o10. +@" %"KL 35 . 21. 2. *V2. 4 7 ¡w 20,000 0. cm , log xn1.5 leVcpq0 %5 (b) Fe. %V" Z w . " < m _ 3N H n 2.4 o 1023. :pq %JB@°1J2 . 2. cm , log xn3.4 leVSr5 (c) . %"KL 3Z 5 T6 2 4 ±Q
(263). m s 3NHn1.6o10. Mv0HGm+N ²<O ³3" 4. 24. 2 103 ¼. 27½. 453.
(264) Sgr A῍
(265) ῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌῌ. P7. P8. MCG-6-30-15 @AD)^D 7 _ DE+F. WMQRUV\][ \ H IJKLMN+O-8` bUMc* Fµ¶. P9. /e MCG-6-30-15 <=. X !·\ ¸"#\T_& 0123 W+)[ ¹º B HIJKLMN+O-8 >?&5 @A8DE+F.8\G:e. 7 20,000 ª«K¬DE+F.\ fDE+F.\®7 aTg fDE+F.\®7 aT\¯° DE+F.8 67 W>?± ²[ /<=. HI JKLMN+O-`\8&a V ³&5DE+F.867 W<=. ; ´[.
(266) Inoue and Matsumoto24) . !"#$%&' ()*+. ,-./ X !0123
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