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(1)An Overview of Participant Observation for both Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection. データ収集の質的、量的調査における参与観察法の概観. An Overview of Participant Observation for both Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection Musammat Kamrunnahar. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University. Musammat Kamrunnahar 抄録本研究の目的は、調査目的を満たすための必要な情報を集めるにあたって取られる様々な方法と技術について検討することであり、この調査はバングラデシュにあるラジシャヒ地方のバリッドバシャイ村の女性に対するドメスティックバイオレンスが起こる理由とその程度、性質を理解するために行われた。この調査は 252 人を対象に、 2007 年の 6 月 10 日より 7 月 25 日までの 6 週間、集中的に行われた。この期間にアンケート形式で対面の聞き取り調査と、252 人に対しての「個人的で深い聞き取り」（ in depth interview）を行い、15 のケースを抽出し、年齢、教育、経済状況などについて分析した。アンケート調査と参与観察による聞き取りを組み合わせたデータ収集法を採用した理由は、対象村の人びとから外部の人間である調査者が、DV のような極めて個人的かつ社会的に深刻な事象について把握するためには、数的データだけではなく人類学的手法である参与観察が必要であると、事前調査によって判断したためである。そこで本稿では、この質的調査と量的調査の組み合わせの困難と効果について検証する。 Abstract: The purpose of this note is to discuss various methods and techniques used to collect necessary information to fulfill the research objective: to understand the nature, extent and cause of domestic violence encountered by the women in the village of Baridbasail, Durgapur Thana under Rajshahi district where I conducted my fieldwork. I primarily used surveys to collect general information about the socio-economic and cultural aspects of women respondents and their household members in the village. More specifically, I collected data on these issues through face-to-face interviews with the respondents using a printed interview schedule. To obtain a clearer picture about various types of violence experienced by the women, we supplemented such interviewing with participant observation. To make use of this method, I lived in the village for six weeks (from June 10, 2007 to July 25, 2007) and carried out an intensive observation of 252 respondents to gain an insight into this problem. Thus, living in the village and experiencing their day-to-day lives for a considerable period helped me a lot to understand the nature and magnitude of violence against them in their family lives. Moreover, I created in-depth case studies of 15 women from various categories, i.e., the aged, illiterate, poor and non-poor, which I believed helped strengthen my field observations on the issue.. 1. Selection of the Site for Fieldwork:. population in 338 households is 1375, of which 701 are males and 674 are females. The people of the village are. Fieldwork is a tool with which to justify “theory” in. predominantly Muslim (91.64%). Approximately 82% of. practice. The fieldwork of this study lasted six weeks. the total population lies under poverty level and agriculture. beginning from June11, 2007. After deciding research. is the villager’s principal source of income. The literacy. issues, objectives and conceptual aspects of the topic, we. rate is 22.3% of which male is 23.3% and female is 19.9%.. have to think how we could find the best ways to gather necessary information, so that we would be able to develop. The village Baridbasail of Durgapur Thana in Rajshahi. our analyses of the topic and research objectives at hand.. district was the study site. Its characteristics are as follows:. I have to complete some steps. For instance, I needed to. The village is far away from nearest large urban center.. choose the study location, prepare for data collection and. Most women have no education and live in poor economic. select suitable data collection methods. I will explain my. conditions. It is not a village with unique f ocusing. research site and the reason of choosing the site.. characteristics such as (a) located in flood affected area, (b). The basic features of Baridbasail are as follows. It is a. of any particular occupation or religion. In addition, any scholar. village with an area of 350 (1.42 sq. km.) acres. The total. on the same issue had not previously studied the village.. located in hilly region, (c) inhabited by tribal people or people. 51. An Overview of Participant Observation for both Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection データ収集の質的、量的調査における参加型観察法の概観.

(2) I visited a good number villages of that area and finally. collect qualitative information, I followed the techniques. met a Thana 1 Nirbahi officer (TNO 2) at her office (key. of “participant observation,” individual questionnaire,. informer) and informed her of the purpose of my visit.. interviews and in-depth interviews. Group discussions were. Since this area had not been highlighted in any media. held for the men and women separately to gain insight into. (radio, television or newspaper) before, I talked a lot about. the domestic violence against women in the village.. the situation of every village under her administration and she recommended “Baridbasail” as a study location. The. The questionnaire contained the sections of type of family,. exceptionality of this village is that the women have been. age, sex, education, marital status, income and expenditure,. suffering from domestic violence for a long time and that. life history like pre-post marital condition, mobility, nature. has the village usual evidence of suicidal housewives. In. and type of domestic violence. The questionnaire was both. fact, she assured me all possible cooperation from her side. open-ended and close-ended questions and was printed. in this regard.. in their mother tongue (Bengali) so that they could easily understand the question contents. Before data collection, I. 2. Data Collection Methods:. spent five days acquainting myself with the village women (participants) to make them comfortable. The questionnaire. Data was collected following the “social survey method”.. was then pre-tested by interviewing eight women respondents. According to C.A. Moser (1973), there are four broad. who were housewives and senior female members in the. types of subject matter involved in social survey. Those are. household.. (a) the demographic characteristics of a set of people, (b) their social environment, (c) their activities, and (d) their. Three key informants were selected. The first was a young. opinions and attitudes. Sociologists and anthropologists. college girl and the other two were housewives with a few. have carried out many general community studies of urban. years of schooling. According to them, gathering information. and rural life. Among others, Stacey (1960), Kuper and. from the women in the village on this issue would be a. others (1953) and Stewart (1948) should be mentioned.. difficult task for any outsider unless these women’s husbands were convinced that the findings of such research would not. To meet the objectives of research, both quantitative. invite any problems in the future. Due to these circumstances. and qualitative information about domestic violence. I held separate sessions with several groups of both men. and other aspects of the respondents were necessary.. and women. The villagers assured me that I would receive. The collection of rigorously sound and internationally. the necessary cooperation to conduct a door-to-door survey. comparable quantitative data on intimate partner violence. among all the families. My informants not only helped me. was a major focus of the WHO study. However qualitative. conduct the interview sessions with individual respondents. methods provide greater insight into the motivation,. but also created a favorable atmosphere for such interviews.. meanings and dynamics of violent relationships (Ellsberg. In addition, they rendered necessary cooperation in obtaining. and Heise 2005: 64, 73). According to Bernard (1994:2). proper response from the respondents regarding very. quantitative research is rationalism that human beings. sensitive questions on ‘sexual abuse’, ‘mental torture’ and. achieve knowledge because of their capacity to reason and. ‘discriminatory attitude’ in the family committed by male. qualitative research is empiricism: “the only knowledge. members. This is because they were also village dwellers. that human beings acquire is from sensory experiences” (as. and thus had a large repository of knowledge about the. cited in Ranjit 2005: 17). women of the village. If some respondents felt too shy or scared to reply, they assured them that my investigation had. Structured interview schedules were conducted to collect. an academic purpose that would do no harm. However, I. both qualitative and quantitative data through personal. tried my best to hold the in-depth interview sessions with the. interviews with the individual women respondents. To. women in a separate room of their residence and avoided the. 1. Bangladesh consists of a number of administrative areas called division. Each division is further split into districts which are then further subdivided into sub-district (Upazila). The upazila is then sub-divided into Thana. The Thana is the lowest level of administrative government in Bangladesh. 2 Thana executive officer. Nirbahi=executive. 論文. 52.

(3) presence of any other female family members let alone male. into the life, society and culture of the people through living. family members.. with them for a considerable period of time” (71).. Besides the questionnaire, I also used voice recorder and camera as an interview instruments. In-depth interviews. I needed to live with the village women, speak their. were conducted with 15 participants out of 252. Of the. colloquial language, eat with them and wear clothes like. 15, 9 participants were homemaker (aged 25 to 70), 1 was. them. I had to associate with them as other village dwellers. a widow, 3 were school-aged girls and 2 were working. did so that they would understand me and accept me as. women. Among the unmarried participants, one said, “Every. good friends with whom they could disclose the details of. now and then my father and elder brother slapped me on. their lives. Thus, living in the village and chatting with the. my back even for a trifling matter and I had simply no way. domestic violence victims helped me learn about the painful. to protest but to cry out of strong mental agony”. A teen-age. situations of village woman in the family.. girl narrated her story in this following way, “I can’t even talk freely with my male classmates outside of my residence. I had a terrible journey riding on four kinds of vehicles:. lest I may fall in love with him”. She looked around at the. rickshaw, local bus, engine-van and finally paddle van.. time of interview to see whether her father or brothers were. It took one and half-hours to reach the destination. At. listening.. the entrance to the village, we (with informents) took tea. During this period, I succeeded in exploring many. and spoke with a few male village dwellers about our. untold stories relating to violence against women inflicted. motivation, the purpose of this research etc. In this way, I. by their husbands, in-laws or others. In this way, I was. tried to build up a positive rapport with the villagers. Some. able to obtain important and interesting information from. people accepted my conversation positively, while a few. the village women. Apart from formal interviews, my. others debated with me. Motivating the male members of. extensive observation regarding the situation of women in. the family to accept me was difficult, but on the other hand,. their respective families helped me much to meet the study. my quick acceptance by female members was surprising.. objectives. To collect the necessary data (as I mentioned. Later, I realized that it might be because of suppression. above), the “survey method” was insufficient by itself.. by their male partners. Therefore, they wanted to share their opinions. Almost everyone said, “I want to make or. 3. The Advantages of Participant Observation:. continue my family. I don’t want to clash with him but he doesn’t want to understand me. So say him, not to be. The social survey method of “participant observation”. aggressive”. Domestic violence, as well as enforced silence,. was employed because visiting the study area and. was a very sensitive issue, so I handled the matter carefully.. completing the pretest with selected questionnaire didn’t bring satisfying result, as collecting all kinds of data,. Sometimes, I faced unfair situations. An untoward. especially related to domestic violence had been a very. incident happened in the first week of fieldwork. A. sensitive issue for the village women. This is because “It. participant refused an interview because her husband. is the method of inquiry which requires the researcher to. vehemently opposed this kind of activity, for it is against the. live with the people he or she is studying, to share their life. male folk of the village. In addition, the sort of information. as fully as possible and to speak their language” (Pocock,. sought from the women in the survey was simply. 1975:4). The social anthropologists were the first to use this. humiliating for them. The ill-tempered man even shouted,. method in their inquiry into the society and culture since. demanding that we leave his house. First, I felt very upset. the beginning of the present century. Today, sociologists. but grateful to one of the key informants who knew the man. and scholars of many other disciplines also use this method.. well. The next day, we met the aggrieved man along with. In Bangladesh, a number of scholars from different fields. the informant who was acquainted with. Surprisingly, the. have followed this method in their studies, such as Karim. man was soon convinced to participate when I told him that. (1990), Rahman (2004) and Bhuiyan (1978). Regarding. this was a completely an academic exercise and not at all. this method, Bhuiyan (1978) wrote, “It seems to me the. an official matter. Except for that incident, I completed the. most useful method for the study of village communities. survey in the village without much trouble and within the. in contemporary Bangladesh, because one can gain insight. stipulated time. I became friendly with the villagers after. 53. An Overview of Participant Observation for both Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection データ収集の質的、量的調査における参加型観察法の概観.

(4) spending few days there and they were able to discern my. Referance. purely academic motivation. In this way, I learned how to. Bhuiyan A.Q. (1978) The Family in a Village in Bangladesh,. deal with sensitive issues. I have learned about rural women. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, New Delhi: University. and listened to their feelings and opinions.. of Delhi. Earl Babbie (2007) The practice of Social Research, 11th ed. Thomson/ Wadsworth,. 4. Evaluation of the Outcome: Questionnaire Survey, Participatory Observation and InDepth Interview. G. Duncan Mitchell (1979) A New Dictionary of Sociology, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and Henley. Keith F Punch, (2005) Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Sage publications,. As far as the methods used and techniques followed are. London, Thousand, New Delhi.. concerned in exploring the facts on the issue of. Kuper & Others (1953) Living in Towns: Selected Research. domestic violence of which the women of various categories. Papers in Urban Sociology, London: Cresset Press.. fell victim, I felt well assured of the validity of our findings.. Mary Ellsberg and Lori Heise( 2005) Researching violence. The survey data, i.e., the quantitative information collected. against women. A practical guide for researchers and. through face-to-face interviews provided me the opportunity. activists. WHO.. to learn openly from these village women about their. Moser, C.A and Kalton, G (1973) Survey Methods in Social Investigation, Glasgow: The University Press.. miseries. Participant observation helped us to understand. Pocock,D. (1975) Understanding Social Anthropology,. many untold but painful experiences, and above all, the. London: Teach Yourself Book, Hodder & Stoughton.. in-depth case studies gave us a clearer insight into the. Ranjit Kumar, (2005) Research Methordology: A step- by- step. magnitude of their problem. We still humbly feel that due. guide for beginners. Sage publications, London, Thousand,. to lack of adequate time and insufficient skill in gathering. New Delhi.. information on such a sensitive issue our effectiveness in. Stewart, C. (1948) The Village Surveyed, London: Arnold. applying the methods might have some shortfalls; hence,. Women for Women (2006) Empowerment- A Journal of. my findings are not unquestionable. Women for women, Vol.13, Women for Women: A Research and Study Group.. 論文. 54.

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