包合型の擬積基本階別リー環について
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(2) 北海道教育大学紀要(自然科学編)第61巻 第2号 JournalofHokkaidoUniversityofEducation(NaturalSciences)Vol.61,No.2. 平成23年2 月 February,2011. OnPseudo−ProductFundamentalGradedLieAlgebrasofInvolutiveType YATSUI Tomoaki. DepartmentofMathematics,AsahikawaCampus,HokkaidoUniversityofEducation. 包合型の擬積基本階別リー環について. 八ッ井 智 幸 北海道教育大学旭川枚数学教室. ABSTRACT InthispaperwedescribethenecessaryandsufRcientconditionsbrapseudo−PrOductfundamen−. talgradedLiealgebraoftheinvolutivetypetobeisomorphictothecontactalgebraoforderk of bidegree(n,m).. 1.INTRODUCTION. Letm=09pbeafundamentalgradedLiealgebraofFL−thkindwithsubspaceseandf p<0. 0fg−1・Thetriplet(m;e,f)isca11edapseudo−PrOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebraifthe. followlngCOnditionshold: (i)g−1=e①f. (ii)[e,e]=[f,月=0.. Apseudo−PrOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebra(m;e,f)oftheFL−thkindissaidtobeofthe involutivetypeifthefo1lowlngCOnditionshold: (1)m≦−2:= O gpisacommutativeidealofm・ ク≦−2. (2)FbrX∈gp(−FL+1≦p≦−2),[X,g−1]=OimpliesX=0・ (3)り(m)−1=(X∈g−1:[X,m≦−2]=0)isapropersubspaceofg−l. (4)FbrX∈り(m)−1,[X,g−1]=OimpliesX=0・. (5)f=り(m)−1. (6)K(り(m)−1)isaninvolutivesubspaceofHom(e,g−2),Wherek・isthemappingofり(m)−1 intoHom(e,g−2)definedbyK(Y)(X)=[Y,X](Y∈り(m)−1,X∈e).. Themosttypicalexampleofapseudo−prOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebraoftheinvo−. 1utivetypeisthecontactalgebraoforderkofbidegree(n,m).Thisisthesymbolalgebraof COntaCtmanibldoforderkofbidegree(n,m)(see[Yam83]).Additionallyfundamentalgraded. Liealgebrassatisfyingconditions(1)−(4)aboveappearedassymbolalgebrasofPD−manifolds in[YAm82].. Thepurposeofthispaperistodescribethenecessaryandsufncientconditionsforapseudo−. productfundamentalgradedLiealgebraoftheinvolutivetypetobeisomorphictothecontact algebraoforderkofbidegree(n,m). The main theoremis outlined below.. 23.
(3) YATSUITomoaki. Theorem.Let(m;C,f)be a compleごrPSeudo−Prt)ductjkndamenta19rudedLie a19ebrTlqfthe 川川/′′/′′・・/岬・・り…/ロ=0ロ′,/′・//=/り−ん岬′/′り‖・小一−−‥じ・†)‥l・、・、′川′・〃川/t−−′・、り/●′川・/り′′…′/り/ p∈Z. 9radedLie algebru qfthe FL−kind andsetn=dime,m=dimg−P andk=FL−1・77Le ノ′川′/りJJ′川/り/ご/川′/・・/い‥′/!/・/りり111ノ・、ノ、=J…J・/一/ノノ・・/り//J‥川′/小・/り/!/・/りり・直り†/け人り/′ノ・/・!/J什 (乃,∽)げαれdoれg封げgl≠0αれdgo−mO血geβe,fαre豆γ代血c豆わge・. Notation and conventions.. (1)A11vectorspacesareconsideredoverthecomplexnumberfieldC. f. (2)GradedvectorspacesarealwaysZ−graded・IfwewriteV=0%,thenitisunder− P=∫. StOOdthatlち=0Ibrp<SOrP>t・WedenotebylLthesubspace V=OTt,・ ク<O. AIsoIbrk∈Zwedenotebyl宅kthesubspace Olち・ p≦た. LetV=O ThandW=OI%begradedvectorspaces・Fbrr∈Z,WeSet ク∈Z. p∈Z. Hom(りⅣ)r=(甲∈Hom(りⅣ):甲(特)⊂I%+rbrallp∈Z〉・ 2.PRELIMINARIES ThissectionoutlinesseveraldefinitionsregardinggradedLiealgebras,gradedmodules,and. Spencercohomologyspacesofgradedmodules.. 2.1.Graded Lie algebras.Letgbe aLiealgebra.Assumethatthereisgivenafamil Subspaces(gp)p∈ZOfgsatisfyingthefollowingconditions:. (i)g=0鮎・ ク∈Z. (ii)dimgp<∞brallp∈Z・ (iii)[gp,gq]⊂gp+qhrallp,q∈Z・ Undertheseconditions,9= 09piscalled agrtLdedLie a19ebrtL Moreoverthenotionof p∈Z. homomorphisms,isomorphisms,SubalgebrasandidealsforgradedLiealgebrasisdefinedina obvious manner.. AgradedLiealgebrag=Ogpiscalledt77mSitiveifforX∈gp(p≧0),[X,g−]=Oimplies ク∈Z. X=0,Where9−isthenegativepart(Dgpofg・ p<O. NextletusdefinefundamentalgradedLiealgebras・AgradedLiealgebram=Ogpissaid ク<O. tobeカ↓ndamenialifthebllowingconditionshold:. (i)dimm<∞. (ii)g−1≠Oandmisgeneratedbyg−1・. LetFLbeapositiveinteger・AfundamentalgradedLiealgebram=Ogpissaidtobeofthe p<O. FL−thkind(orofdepth〃′)if9−lL≠Oandgp=Oforallp<−FL・ Letm=OgpbeafundamentalgradedLiealgebraofthe〃′−thkind・Accordingto[Tan70, ク<O. pp・23−25],thereexistsatransitivegradedLiealgebrag(m)=Og(m)psatisfyingthefo1low一 夕∈Z. lngCOnditions: (i)g(m)p=鮎brク<0・. (ii)g(m)=Og(m)pisthemaximumamongthetransitivegradedLiealgebrassatisfying p∈Z. ?4.
(4) OnPseudo−ProductFundamentalGradedLieAlgebrasofInvolutiveType. condition(i)above.. ThetransitivegradedLiealgebrag(m)=Og(m)piscalledtheprvlongationofm・ p∈Z. Letm=OgpbeafundamentalgradedLiealgebraofFL−thkindwithsubspaceseandf p<0. 0fg−1Thetriplet(m;e,f)iscalledapseudoTPrVductjhndamentalgradedLiealgebrYLifthe. fo1lowlngCOnditions: (i). g ,.‖い. e,e]=[f,f]=0.. (ii). Let(m;e,f)beapseudo−PrOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebraandg(m)=Og(m)pbethe p∈Z. prolongationofm.Wesetthefollowlng: go=‡ズ∈g(m)0:[ズ,e]⊂e,[ズ,f]⊂胃, gp=. ‡方∈g(m)ク:[ズ,g−1]⊂鮎−1〉(ク≧1)■. Theng=OgpisatransitivegradedLiealgebra,Whichisca11edtheprolongationof(m;e,f)・ p∈Z. AtransitivegradedLiealgebrag=OgpiscalledapseudoTPrVductgrudedLiea19ebrTLif ク∈Z. therearegivensubspaceseandfofg−1Satisfyingthebllowingconditionshold: (i)(g−;C,f)isapseudo−PrOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebra. (ii)[go,e]⊂e,[go,月⊂f・ The prolongationofapseudo−PrOductfundamentalgraded Lie algebra(m;e,f)is apseudo−. productgradedLiealgebra.. 2・2・Graded modules・Letm= Ogp beafundamentalgradedLiealgebraofthe〃′−th p<O. kind・Thevector space Eis called a(left)m−mOduleifthereis agivenbilinearmapping mx且∋(ズ,d)トナズα∈且,aSbllows: [ズ,y]α=ズ(yα)−y(gα),. WhereX,Y∈m,a∈E・LetEbeanm−mOdule・ThedirectsumE=OEpiscalleda(1eft) ク∈Z. gradedm−mOduleifthebllowlngCOnditionshold: (i)dim丘■ク<∞brallク∈Z・. (ii)gダガr⊂旦夕+rbrallク<0,r∈Z・ LetE=OEpbeagradedm−mOdule・IfE−V≠0(v>0)andEk=Obrallk<−V,then p∈Z. E=OEpissaidtobeofdepthv・Foranintegerl,WedefineE(l)=OE(l)pbysetting p∈Z. p∈Z. E(l)p=Ep+l;thenE(l)=OE(l)pisagradedm−mOdule・ p∈Z. Wesaythatagradedm−mOduleE=OEpsatisfiescondition(Cl)ifbra∈Ep(p≧0), p∈Z. g−1a=Oimpliesa=0・AIsowesaythatagradedm−mOduleE=OEpofdepthvsatisfies p∈Z. COndition(C2)ifa∈Ep(p≧−V+1),g−1a=Oimpliesa=0・. 2・3・Spencer cohomology space・Let m= Ogp be afundamentalgraded Lie algebra p<O. andE=OEpbeagradedm−mOduleofdepthv>0・Thenwehavethecohomologyspace p∈Z. HP(m,E)associatedwiththecomplex(CP(m,E),∂),WhereCP(m,E)=Hom(AP(m),E)and. thecoboundaryoperator 25.
(5) YATSUITomoaki. ∂:Cp(m,且)→Cp+1(m,且). isdefinedby p+1. (∂α)(ズ1,…,弟叫)=∑(−1)ト1芳㈲(ズ1,…,妥f,…,ズ州) J=1. +∑(−1)汁ノ仙肪,gノ],ズ1…藩,…,ガノ,…弟叫), g<ノ. Wherea,∈CP(m,E),Xl,…,Xp+1∈m・SinceEisagradedm−mOdule,Wehavethenatura gradation:CP(m,E)=(DCP(m,E),,Where r∈Z. Cp(m,且)r=‡山∈Cp(m,g):餌(ズ恒…,方言p)⊂且h+・・・+Jp+r払rallズJた∈ggん(た=1,…,p))・. Clearly(CP(m,E)r)p∈Zbrmsasubcomplexof(CP(m,E))p∈竺)brwhichthep−thcohomology. SpaCeWi11bedenotedbyHP(m,E),.Thenwehavethefo1lowlngthedirectsumdecomposition:. 月叩(m,g)=0即(m,旦レ r∈Z. WecallthespaceH(m,E)=(D HP(m,E),the9enertLlized郎encercohomolqgyspaceqfthe p,r∈Z. タmde(才m−mO血ge且.. Condition(Cl)isequivalenttothebllowingcondition: ガ0(m,g)r=O brallr≧0.. AIsocondition(C2)isequivalenttotheb1lowingcondition: ガ0(m,g)r=O hrallr≧−V+1. た. Letm=OgpbeafundamentalgradedLiealgebraandE= O Epagradedm−mOdule p<O. p=−V. ofdepthvsatisfyingthecondition(Cl),Wherek≧−1.Agradedm−mOduleE=OEpis ク∈Z. Ca11edtheprvlon9ationofEifthefollowingconditionshold(cf・[Tan70,専11,Remarkl]): (i)gp=旦夕brallク≦た・ (ii)聖rv∈Ep(p≧k+1),g−1V=Oimpliesv=0・. (iii)E=OEpisthemaximumamonggradedm−mOdulessatisfyingcondition(i)and(ii) p∈Z. above・Moreprecisely,1etN=ONi,beanygradedm−mOdulesatisfying(i)and(ii)・ p∈Z. ThenN=⑳Ni,isembeddedinE=⑳Epasagradedm−mOdule.Indeed,theprolongation ク∈Z. p∈Z. E=OE。OfEisconstructedasb1lows:Ⅵ厄set p∈Z. 居た+1=‡甲∈Hom(m,且)た+1:甲([ズ,y])=ズ(甲(y))−y(甲(y))brズ,y∈m〉, andweputE(k+l)= O E。,WhereEp=Epbrp≦k.WbdefineamappingmxE(k+1)∋ p≦た+1. (ズ,甲)「トズ・甲∈点(れ1)asbllows‥ ズ・U=且旬]bru∈且, ガ・甲=一甲(ズ)br甲∈点仕+1). Thenthismapplngdefinesagradedm−mOdulestructureonE(k+1) Inductivelywedefine 動=〈甲∈Hom(m,眉(ト1))′:甲([ズ,y])=ズ(甲(y))−y(甲(ズ))brズ,y∈m‡.. −ご(;.
(6) OnPseudo−ProductFundamentalGradedLieAlgebrasofInvolutiveType. ThenE=OEpbecomesagradedm−mOdulesatisfyingconditions(i),(ii)and(iii). p∈Z. Let E=OEp beagradedm−mOduleofdepthl)>Osatisfyingcondition(Cl),andlet p∈Z. k≧−1beaninteger.ForEtobetheprolongationofE≦k,itisnecessaryandsufEcientthat. ガ1(m,且)r=O forallr≧た+1. 3.INVOLUTIVE TABLEAUX ThissectionglVeSabriefsummaryofdefinitionsandtheoremsinthetheoryofinvolutive. tableaux・ThenotationsusedareaPerthosein[MNO7]・ Let V and W befinite dimenslOnalvector spaces.A tableau ais alinear subspace of Hom(りⅣ).. Foranh−dimensionalsubspaceThofV,WeSetthebllowing: Ker(α,鴨)=〈α∈α:α(鴨)=0〉.. An h−dimensionalsubspace T%of Vis called9eneric with respect to aifthe dimension of Ker(a,Th)istheminimum,i.e.,. dimKer(a,Th)=min(dimKer(a,鴨):Th∈Gr(竹h)),. WhereGr(V,h)denotestheGrassmannianmanifo1doftheh−dimenionalsubspacesofV・Sim− ilarly,aflag(0)=Th⊂Tl⊂…⊂Ti2=VofViscalled9enmCWithrespecttocLifThis genericwithrespectto aforallh=1,…,n−1.Thecharactersofaarethenon−negative. integerssj(a)(j=1,…,n)definedinductivelyby ∫什1(α)+…+∫乃(α)=dimKer(α,り)(ノ=0,…,〃−1), Where(0)=Th⊂Tl⊂…⊂TL=Visagenericflag.Fromthedefinition,itcanbeshown. that dimW≧sl(a)≧s2(a)≧…≧sn(a),. dima=Sl(α)+s2(a)+…+sn(a).. Thefirstprolongationofaisthesubspacea(1)⊂Hom(Va)ofal11inearmappings甲:V→a suchthat 甲(ul)(u2)=甲(u2)(ul)払rallul,U2∈析. Theh−thprolongationofaisthesubspacea(h)ofHom(Va(h ̄1))definedinductivelybysetting (a(h,l))(1)forh≧2.Ifa(h)≠Oforallh≧1,thenaissaidtobeqfi頑nitetype. Thefo1lowingresultcanbeestablished(cf・[BCG91,Chap・IV,Proposition3・6]):. dimα(1)≦∫1(α)+2∫2(α)+…+乃∫乃(α). Thetableauaissaidtobeinvolutiveifequalityholdsintheaboveinequality.Notethataflag Jトー1. (0)=Th⊂Tl⊂…⊂Ti2=VofVsatisfyingtheconditiondima(1)=∑dimKer(a,巧)is generic.. g=O. Leta⊂Hom(T(W)beatableau・Thegradedvectorspacem(a)= 任=別(a)pisdefined ク≧−1. bysettingm(a)。=a(p)(p≧−1),Wherea(0)=aanda( ̄1)=W.ConsideringVasa COmmutativeLiealgebra,themappingVx∑m(a)∋(v,甲)トナV・甲∈∑m(a)definedby U・∽=O bru∈γ,Ⅷ∈∑椚(α)−1,U・甲:=一甲(u)bru∈り甲∈町t(α)ク(ク≧0) givesaVTmOdulestructureonm(a).AIsobysettingm=g−1=V,mbecomesafundamental. gradedLiealgebraofthefirstkindandm(a)isagradedm−mOdulesatisfyingthecondition (C2)・Notethatthem−mOdule三m(a)istheprolongationofm(a)≦0・ ThefollowlngreSultshowsaslgnificantrelationshipbetweentheinvolutivenessofaandthe VanishingofHP(m,m(a)),(Fortheproof,See[GS64]and[BCG91]).. 27.
(7) YATSUITomoaki. Theorem3.1.(Guillemin−Sternberg,Serre[GS64])LetV andW bej言nitedimensionalvec− /りJ・、ノ…いり…/∩!=11=川(「、Il●IJ一‥′/り/′い川./丁′′/りJ一/川J′n ノ、ノJ′′・=/′J//J・・(/りJ=/=J′/ノ/イ. 月叩(m,分t(α))r=0ノbrαggr≧pαmdク≧0. Thefo1lowingtwoexamplesarefrom[Kur67,PP.3839].. Example3.1.Leta⊂Hom(V,W)beatableausuchthatdimV=1.SinceCP(m,m(a)),= brallp≧2,thetableauαisinvolutive. Example3.2.Let a⊂Hom(V,W)beatableausuchthatdimW=1.SinceHom(竹W)≧. V*,aCanbeconsideredasasubspaceofV*.Thenthefirstprolongationa(1)ofaisS2(a)and dima(1)=dimS2(a)=S(s+1)/2,Wheres=dima.Thereexistsabasis(tl,…,tn)ofVsuch that. α=C′1+…+Cry,α⊥=C′汁1+…+Cらい Where(tl,…,tn)isthedualbasisof(tl,…,tn)・Wesetlう=Ctl+…+Cti(i=1,・・・,n); Ker(a,り)=CtJ+…+CtSforj=1,・・・,SandKer(a,り)=Obrj≧s・Hence, ∫. 乃−1. ∑dimKer(a,巧)=∑i= J=0. ∫(∫+1). ≠=1. Thetableau ais thereforeinvolutive. 4.INVOLUTIVE GRADED MODULES. Letm=g−1beafundamentalgradedLiealgebraofthefirstkindand E= OEp be ク∈Z. agradedm−mOdulesatisfyingcondition(Ci)・Thegradedm−mOdule E= OEpiscalled p∈Z. inwluiiveifHP(m,E),=Obrallr≧pandp≧0・NotethatifE=OEpisinvolutive, p∈Z. thenEistheprolongationofE≦l払ralll≧−1.. Example4.1.Let VandWbe丘nitedimensionalvectorspaces.Weset ダ(りⅣ)= 0ダ(りⅣ)p,笠た(りⅣ)p=Ⅳ㊨∫た+州(Ⅴ*)・ ク≧−た−1. We also put m=g_1= V.Considering V as a commutative Lie algebra,the mapping Vxm(a)∋(v,甲)→V・甲∈m(a)definedby. u・甲:=−U.甲(u∈㌣甲∈耳た(竹Ⅳ)). givesagradedm−mOdulestructureon少(V,W)satisfyingcondition(C2),Wherev」isthe interiormultiplication,Referringto[BCG91,P.324],Wehave. 月岬(m,笠た(りⅣ))r=月叩(m,笠0(Ⅴ,Ⅳ)(た))r=月岬(m,笠0(γ,Ⅳ))れr=O. br(p,r)≠(0,−1−k).Inparticular,耳k(竹W)isaninvolutivegradedm−mOdule. Example4.2.Let V and W befinitedimensionalvectorspaces and a⊂Hom(りW)be a. tableau・Wesetm=9−1=V・Thegradedm−Odule飢(a)canbenaturallyembeddedina gradedm−mOdule笠0(竹W).ByTheorem3.1,alSinvolutiveifandonlyifthegradedm−mOdule m(a)isinvolutive.AIsoiftheconditionHl(m,m(a))。=Oholds,thena=Hom(T(W).. Letm=9−1beafundamentalgradedLiealgebraofthefirstkindandE= OEp be ク∈Z. agradedm−mOdulesatisfyingthecondition(C2).Nowweconsiderthefo1lowingshortexact. SequenCeOfm−mOdules: 0→且≦−2→且→g/且≦−2→0.. ?8.
(8) OnPseudo−ProductFundamentalGradedLieAlgebrasofInvolutiveType. Thenweobtainthefo1lowlnglongexactsequence: …→月叩(m,且≦一2)r→月叩(m,且)r→月叩(m,且/且≦−2)r→. 打叶1(m,且≦−2)r→打出1(m,且)r→打叶1(m,且/且≦−2)r→… SinceCP(m,E≦一2),=Obrr≧p−1,HP(m,E),isisomorphictoHP(m,E/E≦一2),brr≧p andp≧0.Thusweobtainthefollowingproposition. Proposition4.1.Letm=g_1be a舟ndamenta19rTlded Lie aわebra qfihej言rst kind and 上’=◎J:’′,/….り川・/・・/l−ト′′…/′′/いり//小/川J///′‥‖…/′/′り′′((■コI・川川〃/’(l−l・い′・/・ヾ′、州′・り丁′/′ん・ p∈Z. /り/J/’(11−・/ご//ご⊆−コI.、ノ1り・′−、■/‥川・//,一往/′′/〃け/ん・′′/り′・・/ご′、り′‥′汗‖/′′/什・〃川・/・・/ll−川…/′′/・、 小川・/・り′///イ/ご/ノご≧一二∴、り′‥′什り/′′/ノ′・・J/川・/・・/l−ト′′′川/′′/・・. Leta⊂Hom(T(W)beatableau.Forr≧pandp≧0,byProposition4.1,. 月叩(m,那(α(ゐ)))r⊆ガp(m,那(α)(ゐ)/別(α)(ゐ)≦_2)r⊆ガp(m,那(α)(ゐ))r ≧ガp(m,ガt(α))r+ゐ. Ifaisinvolutive,thenHP(m,m(a)),=Oforr≧pandp≧0.Henceweobtain. HP(m,m(a(h))),=0 forr≧pandp≧0, whichmeansthata(h)isinvolutiveforallh≧0・Thusweobtainthefo1lowingwell−known result(cf・[GS64],[BCG91])・. Proposition4.2.LeiV andW beβniiedimensionalvectorspacesanda⊂Hom(VW)bea. /り/′/川′′.//−nいノ′け=/′′/….//′川nり∫I/、川′・‖/′′/…ハり・り/川≧1. Theb1lowlngPrOpOSitionplaysanimportantroleintheproofofthemaintheorem. Proposition4.3.LetV andW bej言niiedimensionalvectorspacesanda⊂Hom(TtW)bea /・′/′/川′′.//−n≠(I=/=/n′、′Jけり/′′/ノ′t・.//=〃n∴、・一日J小JJ//・/岬・.. Prt)qf Sinceaisinvolutive7 JI. JI. dima(1)=Eisi(a)≧∑si(a)=dima・ g=1. f=1. ByProposition4.2,WeCanprOVethebllowinginequalityinductively:. dima(h)≧…≧dima(l)≧dima>0. Hencea(h)≠Oforallh≧1. 5.FuNDAMENTAL GRADED LIE ALGEBRA OF THEINVOLUTIVE TYPE. Letm=09pbeafundamentalgradedLiealgebraofthe〃・−thkindsatisfyingthefollowing p<O 、. 3 4. 叫・⋮.㈹. 1 2. 11■∫′、l■∫′1\l■′. a a la a′l ll. COnditions(cf.[Yam82,Page150]): is acommutat,iveidealofm.. ∈gp(−FL+1≦p≦−2),[X,g−1]=OimpliesX=0・ =〈X∈g−1:[X,m≦−2]=0)isapropersubspaceof9−1・ ∈り(m)−1,[X,g−1]=OimpliesX=0.. Letm=OgpbeafundamentalgradedLiealgebraoftheFL−thkindsatisfyingconditions p<0. (al)(a4)・Letg(m)=Og(m)pbetheprolongationofm・Forp≧0,WePut p∈Z. り(m)ク=‡ズ∈g(m)p:[ズ,m≦−2]=0〉・ Fbrconvenience,WePutり(m)p=9p払rp≦−2・. 29.
(9) YATSUITomoaki. Lemma5.1.t玩derthe aboveassumptions,Wehave (1)〝≧3・. (2)[り(m)p,g−1]⊂り(m)クー1ルrαggp≧0・ (3)[り(m)p,り(m)ヴ]=0ノbrp,ヴ≧−1・ Prvqf Fbrconvenience,Wedenoteり(m)pbyりp・ (1)Itbllowsfrom(al)and(a3)・. (2)[[bp,9−1],m≦−2]⊂[りp,[g−1,m≦−2]]+[g−1,[りp,m≦−2]]=0;hence[bp,g−1]⊂りp−1・ (3)[[り−1,り−1】,g−1]⊂【り−1,[り−1,9−1】]=0・By(a3),【り−1,り−1]=0・We assume that [りp,りq]=Oforp+q≦k−1・Fbrp,qSuChthatp+q=k,[[りp,りq],g−1]⊂[りp,[りq,g−1]]+ [[りp,g−1],りq]⊂【りp,りq−1]+[bp−1,りq]=Obyinductionhypothesis,SO[りp,bq]=0・. □. ByLemma5.1,C:=m≦−2(Dり(m)−1isacommutativeidealofm.Furtherwesete:=m/c;. then cis a commutativefundamentalgraded Lie algebra ofthefirst kind.We define the mappingαp:り(m)p→Hom(e,り(m)p−1)asfo1lows‥. αク(ズ)(y)=【ズ,y]brズ∈り(m)p,y∈e,. whereYisanelementofg_1SuChthatY=Y+c.By(a4)andthetransitivityofg(m), themappingαpisinjective・Thuswecanconsiderり(m)pasasubspaceHom(e,り(m)p−1)・ Lemma5・2・Fbrp≧−l,COnSiderin9り(m)p恒sp・り(m)p+1)asasubspaceqfHom(e,り(m)p−1). 恒βp.Hom(e,り(m)p)),り(m)舛1CO豆陀C豆de5び血塊eノ言相子叩gO喝α如れ(り(m)ク)(1)げり(m)p. P和げR)rガ∈り(m)0,. α0(〃)(ざ)(り)=α−1([〃,ズ])(り)=[[ガ,ズ],y】=[[ガ,y],ズ]=α0(〃)(り)任), whereE=X+c,り=Y+c,X,Y∈9_1.Henceα。(H)∈(り(m)_1)(1).conversely,br 甲∈(り(m)−1)(1),WedefineD¢∈Hom(m,m)ashllows: β甲(ズ)=甲(ズ+c)払rズ∈m・. ThenD甲∈9(m)0.ClearlyD甲∈り(m)oandα0(D甲)=甲.Henceり(m)0=(り(m)_l)(1).. Similarlywecaninductivelyprovethatり(m)p+1=(り(m)p)(l)brallp≧0. ForafundamentalgradedLiealgebramsatisfyingconditions(al)(a4),thegradedvector SPaCeり(m)=0り(m)pnaturallybecomesagradede−mOdulesatis秒ingcondition(C2)・ p∈Z. Lemma5.3.t玩dertheaboveassumptions,thehllowingthreeconditionsa代equivalent: (i)乃eタmdede−mO血geり(m)(−1)由豆乃γOg那加e.. (ii)月叩(e,り(m))r=0舟rr≧クー1αれdク≧0. (iii)り(m)−1isaninvolutivesubspaceqfHom(e,g−2)・ Prvqf(i)⇔(ii)fo1lowsfromHP(m,り(m)(−1)),=HP(m,り(m)),−l. Nextweshowthat(ii)⇔(iii).ByLemma5.2,り(m)(−1)istheprolongationofり(m)(−1)≦0.. ByTheorem3.1,(iii)isequivalenttothecondition“H2(m,り(m)(−1)),=Obrallr≧pand P≧0”・Thisisequivalentto(ii)・. □. UndertheconditionsofLemma5・3,afundamentalgradedLiealgebram=09pSatisfyin p<O. COnditions(al)(a4)issaidtobeqftheinvolutivelype・. Example5.1.Let VandWbe丘nitedimensionalvectorspaces.Weset −1. Cた(竹Ⅳ)= 0♂(竹Ⅳ)ク, p=−た−1. Cた(りⅣ)p=Ⅳ㊧ぶん+舛1. 30. (Ⅴ*)(−た−1≦p≦−2),Cた(りⅣ)_1=Ⅴ①(Ⅳ㊨∫た(Ⅴ*))..
(10) OnPseudo−ProductFundamentalGradedLieAlgebrasofInvolutiveType. Thebracketoperationofek(りW)isdefinedasfollows: 【∽㊥∫r,U]=∽㊥(u」∫r)払ru∈り∽∈Ⅳ,∫r∈ぶr(Ⅴ*).. Equippedwiththisbracketoperation,ek(T(W)becomesafundamentalgradedLiealgebra. Ofthe(k+1)−thkindsatis秒ingconditions(al)(a4)・ThefundamentalgradedLiealgebra. ek(竹W)isca11edthe contactalgebrYLqForderk qfbidqgree(n,m),Wheren=dimV and m=dimW.Clearlyり(ek(VW))=3:k(VW).Henceek(V,W)isoftheinvolutivetype.. Proposition5・1・Letm=Ogp beajhndamentalgradedLiea19ebrTlqfiheFL−thkindsatis− p<0. /●′/′Jり/川…///高/ノ・、「り/=りJノ.. (1)Hdimg−1−dimり−1(m)=1,thenmisqftheinvolutivetype.. (2)〝dim鋸=1かβOme−〝≦た≦−2αれdガ1(e,C)r=0かαggた+2≦r≦−1フ兢e㍑ lllノ・、り./−′仙/りJ‖川/り/JJ==/・・//./‥J/†/・/りり・イ1/′・/JJ川/J′//′・・/〃丹.. Prvqfl(1)ByExample3・1andLemma5・3,misoftheinvolutivetype・. (2)SinceHl(e,C),=Ofora11k+2≦r≦−1,り(m),istheprolongation(り(m),−1)(1)of り(m),−1forallk+2≦r≦−1.ByExample3.2andLemma5.3,misoftheinvolutivetype.□. Hereweconsideracaseinwhichmis anilpotentsubalgebraofafinitedimensionalsimple graded Lie algebra.Below,We uSe the notation with respect tofinite dimensionalsimple gradedLiealgebrasasin[Yam93].. Proposition5・2・Let5=05p beajinitedimensionalsirTtPlegrtLdedLieaわebrt”uChthal ク∈Z. //′・′=.りり/ノ′・・〃り′イ5・再=任=′.′、りノー′川・/り′′=〃/′′/〃川ん//・′‥小/・/り=・申/′・/卜//′/・・川・/、り/′、ノ小′′リ p∈Z. 川′′・/′/′り′′・、川/′川卜川‥′・里//′1/一り′イ5−・再=任=′,′、り川′・ん汗・一/′′/…/仰・J㍉…/り′′/りイ p∈Z. β=0βp豆βαβ豆mpgeタmdedエ豆e吻eわ和げ吻pe(CJ,(α1,αJ〉)(J≧2)・ ク∈Z. PrvげIfthenegativepart5−isinvolutive,thentheprolongationof5−isinfinitedimensional. Byconditions(al)(a4)and[Yam93,Theorem5・2],5=05pisasimplegradedLiealgebra p∈Z. Oftype(Cl,‡α1,αl))(l≧2)・Conversely,if5=05pisasimplegradedLiealgebraoftype ク∈Z. (Cl,(α1,αl))(l≧2),thenthenegativepart5−Of5=05pisthecontactalgebraoforder2 p∈Z. Ofbidegree(n,m).Hence5_isoftheinvolutivetype.. □. Apseudo−PrOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebra(m;e,f)issaidtobeoftheinvolutivetype ●l ●l. f=り(m)−1. msatisfiesconditions(al)(a4). ,l. ︵. m. \︶\l■一′ l′. ︵・lノ′■■・ l 11・l. ifthefollowlngCOnditionshold:. isafundamentalgradedLiealgebraoftheinvolutivetype.. Theorem5・1・Let(m;e,f)beapseudo−PrOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebruqftheinvolutive /J//〃・り′‖/ロ=0日′,/′・//′・/りい/…り/り/ノり′‥小t−−‥e・rI‥し、州′〃・//′り/l−−ノ、りノ●仙/刷′川/り/†/川ん/ ク∈Z. Liea19ebraqFtheFL−thkindandsetn=dime,m=dimg−FL andk=FL−1・乃・e舟ndamental J/川〟=//.′‥J/†/・/り・りIllノ・、∴ヾ=ナノ′=ソ′/′ん・/・=/J‥・=J′/り・/り/J/・/りり=/==/け人・イ/…/り/=・(〃い刷り一/りJ=/ =〃///イ〃=ハー//==・′Jり/川…/ノ/…い/′り仙. (i)go−mO血ge5e,fα代わTe血c乞わge. (ii)gl≠0・. 31.
(11) YATSUITomoaki. Prt)qfIfthefundamentalgradedLiealgebramisisomorphictothecontactalgebraoforderk Ofbidegree(n,m),thenitiswellknownthattheaboveconditions(i)and(ii)aresatisfied. CorlVerSelyweassumethatconditions(i)and(ii)aresatisfied・Weset【1=〈X∈91:【X,f]=0), Ll=and【0=go;Sincemisoftheinvolutivetype,theprolongationg(m)ofmisinfinite. dimenslOnal・By[Yat92,Theorems32anf138],WeSeethat【1≠0・Hence【=Ll(D【00[lis. areductivegradedLiealgebrasuchthat【=Ll(D[Ll,【1]0【1isasimplegradedLiealgebra. Furtherweset S=fem≦−2;thenSisanirreducible[−mOdule・Thus岳=挺0(D【1isa PSeudo−prOductgradedLiealgebraoftype(【,S)(cf・[YYO2,page413])・Since9(m)isinfinite dimensionalandFL≧3,by[%t92)Theorem □. <. Example5・2・Letm=Ogp beafundamentalgradedLiealgebrawithbasis(el,…,e7) p<O. such that g_3=Cel,g_2=Ce2+Ce3,g_1=Ce4+Ce5+Ce6+Ce7.. Herethenon−ZerObracketrelationsbetweentheelementsel,‥.,e7areaSfo1lows: [e4,e6]=e2,[e4,e7】=e3,[e5,e6]=e3,[e5,e7]=−e2,[e2,e7]=el,[e3,e6]=el. (ThisfundamentalgradedLiealgebraism7_3_25rin[Kuz99].)Thenthefundamentalgraded Liealgebramsatisfiestheconditions(al)(a4).Wbpute=Ce6+Ce7,f=Ce4+Ce5;then f=り(m)−1,and(m;e,f)isapseudo−PrOductfundamentalgradedLiealgebra・Wecaneasily PrOVethat dimり(m)0=2.Weset11=C(e6+e7);thenthefragO=Th⊂Tl⊂Th=e satis丘es. dimKer(り(m)_1,Tl)=0,dimり(m)0=dimKer(り(m)_1,Th)+dimKer(り(m)_1,n). Therefore(m;e,f)isoftheinvolutivetype・Howeversincedimg−2=dimり−1(m)=2,misnot isomorphictothecontactalgebraoforderkofbidegree(n,m). REFERENCES [BCG91]B・L・Bryant,S・−S・Chern,R・B・Gardner,H・L・Goldschmidt,P・A・GrifBth,Exteriordifferentialsys− tems,inMathematicalSciencesResearchInstitutePublications,Vol.18,Springer−Verlag,NewYork, 1991.. [GS64] V.W.GuilleminandS.Sternberg,Analgebraicmodeloftransitivedifferentialgeometry,Bull.Amer. Math.Soc.70(1964),16−47. [Kur67]M・Kuranishi,I」eCtureSOninvolutivesystemsofpartialdifferentialequations,Pub・Soc・Mat・Sao Paulo,1967.. [Kuz99】0.Kuzumich,Graded nilpotent Lie algebrasinlowdimensions,LobachevskiiJ.Math.3(1999), 147184.. [MNO7]E.Musso,LNicolodi,Aclassofoverdeterminedsystemsdefinedbytableaux:involutivenessandthe Cauchyproblem,PhysicaD229(2007),3542 [Tan70]N・Tanaka,Ondifferentialsystems,gradedLiealgebrasandpseudo−grOupS,J・Math・KyotoUniv・10 (1970),182. [Yam82]K.Yamaguchi,Contactgeometryofhigherorder,Japan.J.Math.8(1982),109176. [Yam83]K.YAmaguchi,Geometrizationofjetbundles,HokkaidoMath.J.12(1983),274=0. [Yam93]K・Yamaguchi,Di鮎rentialsystemsassociatedwithsimplegradedLiealgebras,AdvancedStudiesin PureMath・22(1993),413−494・. [YYO2]K.YamaguchiandT.Yatsui,Geometryofhigherorderdifferentialequationsoffinitetypeassociated withsymmetricspaces,AdvancedStudiesinPureMath.37(2002),387458. [Yat92]T.Yatsui,OncompletelyreducibletransitivegradedLiealgebrasoffinitedepth,Japan.J.Math.18 (1992),291330. (旭川校准教授). 32.
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