インドにおける聖と俗：政治権力に関する若干の考察

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(1)ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ǵ2005 ॷ 10 ೐ Asian and African Area Studies, 5 (1): 1-20, 2005. ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘ ೠǵ೴ǵᮂǵ౶* The Sacred and the Secular in Indian Political Tradition: A Critical Survey Kimura Masaaki* Sixty years after Independence, India now faces critical political situations as shown by the rise of Hindu Revivalism. In this connection, it is highly pertinent to evaluate the basic political trends in India and formulate a somewhat long-term view of her political future. In order to tackle this problem, this article aims to analyze the political culture of India, especially the concept of power in Indian political tradition. India has cultivated two distinct concepts of power: a secular concept of power embodied by the traditional Kshatriya and shared by the dominant castes in contemporary India; and an idealistic concept of power exemplified by Gandhian saintly politics, which is based on Brahmanical tradition. In the political field of modern India, these two rather opposite political orientations are intermingled and have exerted complicated but tremendous influences and determined her course of political development. In spite of its ideology, Hindu Revivalism represents the secular political trend, and as such it lacks the potential to glorify the Indian state as well as mystify its political values. In this sense, politics of Hindu Revivalism is not qualitatively different from that of the Indian National Congress, which has been strongly influenced by the dominant castes since Independence. However, if Hindu Revivalism pursues its political objective too uncompromisingly, Indian politics might be drawn into a deadlock. And when the political confrontation becomes too acute, saintly politics may re-emerge. This type of politics is based on values that lie at the center of Indian tradition, so that it has the capacity of asserting itself when the situation becomes too serious, as is shown by the rise of Mahatma Gandhi during the Independence movement. Of course, it is uncertain whether this type of politics will re-emerge. However, if it does, it will stabilize the political system, by restraining political behavior and purifying the political process.. * ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏໬࡝቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Law, Kyoto University 2005 ॷ 3 ೐ 11 ౗‫؝‬Њ⏋2005 ॷ 6 ೐ 6 ౗‫؝‬ჿ. 1.

(2) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. ѡ̙ъ̙ѳ̙ѝ ᦏॷ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠Ⴅ໥ɻʠʚȽʳɌȦ෵ሂˁ٘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ᯃಮ֐ˁȴȴɁɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ ࢪᗔႶጓ᬴ϝˁ᬴Ȧɵȷ⏋ɇʰɴ̦͡ͻȵᯃ‫ؾ‬ᇸ޺ϯˁᘠǾɌȼࣙᬖɌɩȦɛಁБɴɻ⏋˓Ͳ ̝ɻˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡγᅠɹɲȴɫ႕ᅵɲӵ৩ˁఔɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌЁ౗ɹ˓Ͳ̝ɻɗȩɌɛ ౬౗ɹെӵȵᖬឡɓɩχɌȦγᅠɫȡʳ⏏ɲɴʭʱʢʚɑႶጓ᬴ϝɹጓ৲ᓔ˓Ͳ̝‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ ɻ⏋ႶጓГ৿ 60 ॷᦏȼɴʼɛʳɭȷɹ༑ʶɹɲȴɫɗɹࠓѵˁ߉ɤɩʪȷ⏋ʚɑिᡴЦɫ⏋ ɇʰɴɻԃ‫ܕ‬ᡴЦɫ⏋కณɹএȴʰྜྷʱᘺɠ⏋μ߈⏋‫౅ܩ‬ɫᦹጓȵฐᏮɇʶʳፈ⏋క໠Ⴅ໥ɻ ༑֪ᇕɫȡʳ⏏ɍɍɦ 1950 ॷȴʰ 1990 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ 40 ॷᬚɴᐵ᧧୲ȵ 8 ‫܌‬Ɍȴ୲᝔ɇʶ ɛɴɐȹɲȦɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋1990 ॷБɴࡸɴ 5 ‫܌‬ʢɹᐵ᧧୲ȵࡸేɇʶɛɄɭɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛక ໠Ⴅ໥ˁጩᇕɴኍɐʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ␩Kohli 2001: 10␭⏏ɗɹΥ౅ɫ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽ ͌͠ɭɹᬚɹዩॷɹ᬴ϝɻ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳӲɌˁឿɓɻɍʠɩȲʱ⏋ɇʰɴປᥒᇕᯁያɫȡɤɛ˓Ͳ ̝ɹ೴ᘺʢˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹ᬴ϝȵᲞʚʳɴɦʶ⏋๖ፀɴ႒ᱺɲ෵ሂˁ٘ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ ɄȩɌɛႥ໥ɻ˛͠ͻ̜క໠ȴʰ߂ᝓక໠ʍɹ᥊ழɭȦȩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɹ‫ྜྷܩ‬ʱᇕ޴‫׋‬ ɴៀࡴɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ˓Ͳ̝ɹᐁཕᇍࣙɻᧆǾɛʳʢɹɫȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗɹᬚ ɴᦅ೴ɹߡཉȼʚɫ༡ᦩɌɛᢪॳᐁཕɻ⏋೴ᘺɹᏳ຦ˁ೑֐ᦅ຦ɹఌᨗȴʰៗȷఔɠ⏋৳ʰ ˁႶጓɹక໠ςкʍɭᲞʠɩʪȼ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ೑֐ᦅ຦ɭ೴ᘺɹᏳ຦ɭɹˡͻ˽̜ࢪጓȵ࿠‫׋‬ ɐʳΥ౅ɫ⏋క໠ɹˏ˪̊ͻɹధȵᘿɌȼ‫߂ވ‬ɐʳɄɭɭɲʱ⏋ɗʶʰȵɗɹಁǾɹႥ໥ɴਝ ɍɩకӾɭɹᐄʃЊȷˁฐᏮɐʳɭȷ⏋ϺǾɹఌ୫ˁɦɲȹɭʠ˃ɭɐʳక໠፤᝗ɻɴʼȴɴ ភᮊɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸ᧧୲ɹɛʃɅɭɴ᧧୲຦ɭకӾɲȦɌɗɹ༐ᬣɭɹᬚɴ ᑩʱଁɇʶʳ‫غ‬ਃᦹ᝝ɻ᪻ᐜɌɛ෵ሂˁ٘ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛႥ໥ɹᐄഗ⏋Ⴖጓ᬴ϝಁБɴ‫ݛ‬ ʼʶɛ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɹӾᏼᑩɻɑɛɑɛɴՖుɇʶ␩Kohli 1990␭⏋ɗʶɴБʼɤɩ‫౅ܩ‬ɹ೑֐ ˡͻ˽̜ˁ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɐʳ‫ݖܩ‬ςᒶకӾȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹ‫ܩع‬ɫ‫د‬ᰄɐʳΥ౅⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹปጓˁ Ӿ౸ɴȴȴɁ⏋ϺǾɹ‫͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ઢ੻ˁ̘˱ɭɌɩϺǾˁᏚ‫غ‬ɓ˃ɭɐʳ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿ (BJP: Bharatiya Janata Party) ȵɴʼȴɴ‫د‬ᰄɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠Ⴅ໥ɹ‫ྜྷܩ‬ʱᇕ޴‫׋‬ˁ ጩᇕɴኍɐʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵ⏋߂‫̝Ͳ˓ܕ‬ˁࡸჼɐʳɛʠɴ൒ ԋ۬ˁᨗҺɌ⏋ɇʰɴ৔Ȧకঌɹਖឹਸˁ৔ᠭɐʳɽȴʱȴ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿˁᗳɹ൓ɫఌȭʳ ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ (RSS: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) ȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻɴ৔ᯌɲк֐ɭᏄኜ֐⏋ៀ৾ˁ ༱᰸ɐʳɛʠɴྈ᥅᭢ᇕɲ៥ᑇˁʓɰɄɐ଍᬴ᇕᏼᑩɫȡʳɄɭˁᇿ௖ɐʳɴɦʶ⏋ȋγᅠ೎ ߂ɹ͐̚˪͞˹ͻȍ˓Ͳ̝ɹ᝔ȼೢɴɴʼȴɴತᮖȵɛɠɄʠɩȷɛ⏏ɲȴ˃ɑȼ͌˽͌͠ɴ ࢪɐʳపઝˁʞȷՏɌɴɌ⏋৔ณᇕɲక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ˁᇿ୭ɐ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹкᣒɻ⏋ȋᯃಮ֐ɹ‫ܕ‬ȍ ˓Ͳ̝ɭȡʚʱɴʢȴȿɻɲʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴˤͲ̚ˑͻʦ̦͡ͻɭȦɤɛ‫ڒ‬Ϻ క໠ࢃɴრȦʰʶɛȴɦɩɹ˓Ͳ̝ɭᅵɲɤɩ⏋౵Ёɹ˓Ͳ̝ɫ‫غ‬໬͹έ໬ɹଝຍˁᱤьɌɩ 2.

(3) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. ᇿӴɹգᇰɹࡸჼɴႨߗɐʳతయᇕɲక໠ࢃʦ⏋ኜ᠌ɹɲȴȴʰ˹Ͳ̓͡ˁॄʛɴ‫؜‬ʱՏɌɩ ϺǾˁᏚ‫غ‬ɓ˃ɭɐʳ။֪ᇕక໠ࢃȵ᣼ଛɐʳɴɦʶ⏋˓Ͳ̝క໠ɻᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɛ෵ሂˁ٘ ɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹჼႥɹද២ɻೣዣɹᠩᰍɫɻɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸɄɄɫɻɄʶʰɹΥᦹɹ క໠Ⴅ໥ɹ޴‫׋‬ˁᤑʚȭ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɹయ‫׋‬ᇕᔘಕˁ⏋క໠ณ֐ɹ႕ᣒɴ໶ᇿɌɦɦՕഓɌ ɩʛʭȩ⏏క໠ณ֐ɴ໶ᇿɐʳɹɻ⏋ɗɄɴɄɗ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ႕ᣒɭɗɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣȵՀᑘᇕɴᝠ ჼɇʶɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛɗȩɌɛද២ˁᦲɍɩ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɴȲȿʳШᐏɭᦏБɭɹϯ᪻ ɹΥጩȵ౩ʰȴɭɲɤɩȼʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɫɻ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳณ֐ɹ႕ᣒɻȦȴɲʳʢɹɫ ȡɤɛɹȴ⏏ʼʶʼʶɻʚɑШᐏᇕณ֐ɹ႕ᣒˁՕഓɐʳɄɭȴʰࠃʠʭȩ⏏. 1̝฽๹ฦक़ᆙ ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳШᐏᇕɲక໠ณ֐ɹ႕ᣒˁ‫ک‬ᰍɭɐʳɭȷ⏋ɲɴʭʱʚɑ୭௎ɐʏȷɻ⏋క ໠ɭҙჿɭɹ؅ჿᇕɲࢪጓɹέ‫ܧ‬ˁ৔ᠭɐʳ͇̒˪˽͹˗˙ͻ̫ͻɹଘᠦɫȡʸȩ⏏˗˙ͻ ̫ͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ტɴɻϺǾɹ࡫ԃˁተѳɌ⏋‫ص‬໬ˁ‫ص‬ʱ⏋ϺǾɹ኏Цᇕɲϯʼʱɹ๭Ɍɇˁ ተѳɐʳᒶ֭ȵᠩɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɗȩɌɛᒶ֭᧓‫ؙ‬ɴࢪɐʳҙჿᇕɲ᝽‫خ‬ɻɌʬɓ˃೑֟ ɴลᔨɌɲȴɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢტɻ̫͐͞Ͳɹਠٚɴਃɤɩᐏ໠ɐʳɄɭˁឹᠱɇʶɩȦɛʢ ɹɹ⏋য়ɹ̫͐͞Ͳᕶ᤹⏋ተ‫ܔ‬ɛʳఠ܎ᏼᑩʍɭᏼᑩɇʶɩȦɑ⏋ɛɞ৳ɹ҅Ϻᇕɲٟ᝗ˡ͠ ˽͇ɴћ୞ɌɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩტɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹ᝔ɲȦɴࢪɌɩᅵᡴˁ‫ڟ‬ȭʳ̫͞ ͐Ͳˁઝɹʚʚɴ‫؜‬ʱ್ȭʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽɛɌȴɴ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩɻˡͻ˽ ̜͹̯˛͞͡˥ͻΫ⏋̫͐͞Ͳȵტ⏮˪˹̜͓͑͠ɴӦеˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ჼࡸɹγᅠɫ ɻტɹ୫ɦᣧថǾɲࡸ֐ɴࢪɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳɻံ֐ɛʳɄɭˁ᧊٨ɧȿʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ˓Ͳ̝኏Цȵˡͻ˽̜ɴʭɤɩՕుɇʶ⏋Ɍȴʢɗʶəʶɹˡͻ˽̜ɹଁ‫ڊ‬ȵ ա҅Ⴖᕶɹณգɭᒶ֭ɹкᏙˁѳ୫ɌɩȦʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɗɄɫɻ⏋ϺᬚΥᖔɴ߹য়ɐʳಔ ᧋ᇕɲҙჿྈհ̆̆ٞሾɹʭȩɴᕶး໬ɭɻɄȩɌɛྈհɴћ୞Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳ̆̆ȵᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍ ɩȼʳо‫ܩ‬ɻɲȼ⏋ณ֐ɭҙჿɭɹᬚɴ؅ჿᇕɲࢪጓሂղȵᅊɍɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍɛ ȵɤɩɛɭȭტȵɗɹᕲ຦ɴࢪɌɩᗊభ᠓ິˁ֓ȭɛɭɄʸɫ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɐʳҙჿᇕɲᯃᮑȵ ᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳɄɭɻ؅ჿᇕɴȡʱȭɲȦ⏏ʚɛȋ෌ȍɭȋᥢ঳᥊ᅊȍɹ؅հˁ‫ݠ‬୫Ɍ⏋մγɹ ᝔ɲȦ߭лɴʭɤɩϺɻϺᬚᅠɹʛɲʰɑ֪႒ᅠɴʢᅊʚʶБʼʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɗɄɫɻ⏋ Ϻɴࢪɐʳ᬴Ȧɻ⏋֪႒ɴࢪɐʳ଍ȦɭɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩɲ˃ʰᅵɲʳʢɹɫȡʱȭɲȦ⏏Ʉ ȩɌɛմரɴጓɦᭉʱ⏋ȦȷȲȦ଍ϝɻၘဦɲʢɹɭɲʱ⏋Ȳʭɗ๭ᒶɹ଍ϝɭȦɤɛ៎ਥʢ ᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɄȩɌɛ៎ဣɴɛɤɩ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณˁ⏋ณ֐ɹɛʠɴณ֐ˁᦠິɌ⏋଍ϝɹɛ ʠɴ଍ϝɐʳ⏋ɐȽʶɩ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕӃ‫ك‬ˁय़ʃɛʢɹɭ୼ȭɩȦʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽȋ᭰‫ܕ‬ 3.

(4) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. ˁྙʖɐɴ⏋᠉៟⏋ࠌ៟⏋ᓒȭɵȴʶɛȡʳʪʳᯃᱸަᇕɫɑʳᣎȦଝຍɫʢɤɩɌ⏋ɇʰɴ పȵ‫ܐ‬ጇɌɩȦʳಁɴɻ⏋ɗɹз຦ɹᬚɴ᭖ᡌˁɗɗɹȴɌ⏋ტȵᰉʛɭɐʳࢃᕲˁᢷ‫ؚ‬ɐʳ Υ౅⏋ᕶ‫ܕ‬ɹᕲ຦ɴࢪɌɩɻࢌҰʦ။֪ᓔˁఔɠ⏋ଯॄˁɄʰɌɩੲઝʦᆄਥˁ௘ȷతʰɐɄ ɭɴʭɤɩ৳ʰˁଵȭɦȿ⏋ᢧకᇕɴᐈʱ‫؜‬ʳʭȩɴɐʳȍɄɭɄɗȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹტɹ᝔ဤྈ հɫȡʳ␩Weber 1966: 145-146␭⏏ɄȩɌɛᐏ໠ɹɛʠɹ୭‫׫‬ೆɻ⏋ٞሾɹʭȩɴ͇˗͓͠ტ ೛ɹࡿሂ⏋ˡ˗̘ˑ͓͠ȵᘿɌɛȏˏ̊͡˹͑˽̜͞ȑɴ ᏳɴயȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻΥՖɹ ҙჿᇕᓒૅȴʰៗఔɇʶɩȦɛဣɫ⏋̦͡˵Ͳ˽ೝɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɛᰖаɹೆ႒ˁԻᱩ ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴឿʰʶʳГΫɹʭȩɲ႕ᣒɴ⏋ ޽ӯᇕɲҙჿγᅠɴปጓɇʶʳ᝔ဤྈհɹԎ݀ˁឿՏɌɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢಔ᧋ᇕɲҙჿྈհ ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɲȦଘɫɻ⏋Ȧɑʶɹ᝔ဤʢɗɹ᝔ဤྈհˁࡴጓɐʳɴ᭬Ɍɩ⏋ᕶʰȵ‫ص‬ʳ᯿‫ݖ‬ ɹଯ᝗ᇕ‫غ‬ჿ‫׋‬ɹ౅‫ك‬ɴ‫ك‬ȴʼɊʳˁȭɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫɗʶɻ⏋ᠶϝɹɛʠɹᠶ ϝଯ᝗ˁࣙᬖɌɛ̢͓ͻ͓࡝༐⏋ȡʳȦɻਸડɹଯ᝗ˁ୭‫׫‬Ɍɛȏˡͻ͇͹˽ͻ̜͞ȑɭ‫ؾ‬Υ ᐻΫɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ȋ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ˓̀͌ɹ਒ᰄ਒࣊ȏ೑ลᇕɲȑ኏Цჿᠶɴȡɤɩɻ⏋Јɹៀྈȵ๕߭ɌɩȦɛ ȵɛʠ⏋ɗʶəʶɹȏᓷ෌ɹȑ͇̋͡ˁࢷȷՏɐɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ɗɹଯ᝗ᇕɲ‫ܔ‬೑ɹ໬հਸɴ ћࡔɓɊʳˁȭɲȴɤɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩল፷ଯ᝗ȴʰࠃʚɤɩᠶ៷ɭᡴᠶɹɛʠɹଯ᝗ɛʳᠶ ჿ࡝⏋ɇʰɴɻ˛ͦ˽ɹଯ᝗ɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋҅Ǿɹᓷ෌ʦᅊ༎᯿‫ݖ‬ɹɛʠɹଯ᝗ᠶɞȿȵօʱՏ ɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Weber 1966: 147␭⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ ˓Ͳ̝ɹტɴɭɤɩឹᠱɇʶɩȦɛɹɻ⏋ӱՕɲପ୫ɫʢɤɩ̫͐͞Ͳˁ᰸Ȧ⏋ɗɹɲȴȴʰ ɐȽʶɛᓔ⏋ȡʳȦɻᕶՕɹઝɹʚʚɴɲʳᓔˁࡾর‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩ‫ث‬ɌȴȴȭʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗ ʶɻ̫͐͞Ͳȵ‫ص‬ʳә኎ˁЂɌɩɄɗ⏋ტɹᐏ໠ȵ๭য়ਸˁკ਄Ɍ⏋ʚɛࡸ֟ਸȡʳʢɹʍɭ ЇጓɩΫɁʰʶʳɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴტɹҶʰɴࡾর‫ص‬ኢˁᒞȼɄɭ ˁᒶ֭ɧȿʰʶɩȦɛɭȷ⏋ɄɄɴʢტณȴʰҙჿਸˁռߥɌɩʪȼ⏋ȦʚʁɭɦɹߕลȵԒ ‫׃‬ɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽტȵ೎Პณ֐ˁவʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ೎Პɹ‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩ߃ɴࢪɐʳә኎ˁ‫ص‬ɤ ɩȦɛμ‫ܕ‬ɴȡɤɩ⏋໠࡫ȵϕʶ⏋ᰪ᱌ʦ౞᳂ɴឿᖏʼʶʳɭȷ⏋ɗʶʰɻტȵ߃ȴʰឿఔ ɇʶɛ៷୞ɭɌɩ⏋ტɹᐏ໠ɹ๭য়ਸɴࢪɐʳཉխɲୱ଍ɭ‫؝‬ȿɭʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ ɄɄɫɻტɻ኏ЦΥᖔɹᓃѯʦીᓃɴ၇ʰɌɩᕶʰɹ᝔֪ɴɲ˃ʰȴɹଵըˁ֓ȭʳɄɭȵឹ ᠱɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩტȵ‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɲႥ໥ɴሁᯆɐʳɭȷ⏋ɗʶɻტɍ Ɍ˃ɹᄐᆎɴᅓഀɐʳʢɹɫɲȼ⏋ࡾর‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩә኎ˁ‫ص‬ʳ̫͐͞Ͳɹٟ֐ɹέ᣸ɹɓȦɭ ɇʶɛᐄഗ⏋ɗȩɌɛଵըсᅎȵɛɠɻɛʰȼо‫ܩ‬ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ␩Weber 1966: 144-145␭⏏ Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˗˙ͻ̫ͻȵШᐏᇕɲ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴឿՏɐɹɻ⏋ҙჿᇕៀըˁ๕Ȧɛʞȷ ՏɌɹณ֐ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗʶɭ‫ؾ‬෵⏋͡˓͹͖͐̚Ͳʢʚɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɹ႕ᣒˁᓩᇕɲ 4.

(5) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. ߕลˁ๕ȦɛγѯᇕɲʢɹɭеᒞɧȿɩȦɛ⏏͖͐̚ͲɴʭʶɽɛɌȴɴ՟ೝʹ˙ͻ̋ɹಁБ ɴȡɤɩᓩѯθณˁȡʼɓʢɤɛტȵ‫ل‬ᕵɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌʓɰɲȼɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳɭ˪ ˹̜͓͑͠ɭȵՕᮐɌ⏋Ɍȴʢ˪˹̜͓͑͠ɴࢪɌɩ̫͐͞Ͳȵˡͻ˽̜͹̯˛͞͡˥ͻɫΫ еˁ‫װ‬ʠʳɴᕸʳʦ⏋ტณɻγѯᇕɲਸൔˁय़ʃʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ʢɭʭʱჼࡸɹ֐ᬠѥ ɴ໶ᇿɐʳɭȷ⏋ტȵ̫͐͞ͲɴӦᣴɌɩȦɛɄɭɻ‫و‬ʠɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌჼࡸɹ֐ᬠѥɹӦᣴɻ ໆɌɩ̫͐͞ͲɹჿਥᇕɲӦᣴˁុɌɻɌɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ȋᦲ।⏋ፀΥɹ᭥Ꮹȵณ֐ɫɻɲȼɩࡱఠɴȦȼɹɻ⏋‫׬‬ɴ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ኏Цɴɭɤɩࡱఠȵ⏋ ̼ͻ˰͡ȵȏಔ᧋ȑɭ٧˃ɞʢɹɐɲʼɠᐓࢪᇕɲሎࡸˁᝠʼɌɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʱ⏋ழៜɐʶ ɽ̯˛͞͡˥ͻɻ኏Цˁɗɹ൓ೣᇕɲѝғɭᬠѥɧȿɩᐏ‫غ‬ɐʳȴʰɫȡʳȍɭ͖͐̚Ͳɻೆ ȦɩȦʳ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 360␭⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ͖͐̚Ͳɴʭʶɽ⏋ˡͻ˽̜͹̯˛͞͡˥ͻɫ ̫͐͞Ͳȵ।ɴ೎ᲞеɴеᒞɌɩȦɛɄɭɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝኏ЦȵɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩࡱఠᇕɲѝғɴ ‫ݜ‬ኄɧȿʰʶɛ኏ЦɫȡʳɄɭɹաɹᝠჼɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹʭȩɴࡱఠᇕɲ˓Ͳ̝ ኏ЦɴȲȦɩ̫͐͞Ͳɹ͇̋͡ȵɐʏɩɴӦᣴɌɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋Јᯆɫɻ˪˹̜͓͑͠ɹ‫ص‬ʳ ᯿‫ݖ‬ȵգᇰɭ᬴ϝȵཥॎȼɭɄʸɹ⏋̫͐͞Ͳɹγᅠɭɻʚɤɛȼᅵᣒɲʢɹɭеᒞɧȿʰʶ ʳɭȷ⏋క໠ᇕγᅠɴɻႶᕶɹᠶჿɴɌɛȵɤɩ‫غ‬ჿ‫׋‬ɌɩʪȼߕลȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛ␩͖̚ ͐Ͳ 2001: 372␭⏏ɗʶɻɐɫɴឿɛ˗˙ͻ̫ͻɹឿៗ⏋ɐɲʼɠҙჿᇕɴ޽ӯᇕɲγᅠɴȡɤ ɩ⏋ɗʶəʶɹᅊ༎᯿‫ݖ‬ȵᕶʰɹ᝔ဤྈհˁࡴጓɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋য়᠍ᅊ༎᯿‫ݖ‬ɫឹᠱɇʶʳ ‫ܔ‬೑ɹଯ᝗ᇕ໬հਸɴћ୞ɓɊʳˁ਄ɲȦɭɐʳឿៗɭ᥄ˁΥɴɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ͖̚ ͐Ͳɴȡɤɩʢ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻ਒ᰄ਒࣊γѯᇕɫ⏋ɐȽʶɩ໗ҙჿᇕɲณ֐ɭɌɩɛɠჼʼʶ ɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻ‫إ‬Б˛˻̺̜ʦ˹͖͍ͻ͡⏋ɇʰɴɻμ‫ܕ‬ɹტณɭ᭬ɞɤɛࢪ၇ ˁɲɌɩȦʳ⏏ழៜɐʶɽ‫إ‬Б˛˻̺̜ʦ˹͖͍ͻ͡⏋μ‫ܕ‬ɴȡɤɩტณȵ‫ؾ‬ಁɴࡱఠ͹ٟ᝗ ᇕลᔨˁшɓ୫ɤɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȡɤɩɻტɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɫњәˁ‫ݚ‬ʱ᝔ȩɄɭȵ ɫȷɑ⏋।ɴ̫͐͞ͲɴћࡔɐʳɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛᓩณɭѯณɭɹՕᮐȵ Ȧȴɴ؏ൔɴɲɇʶɩȦɛȴɻ⏋ɛɭȭ̫͐͞Ͳȵტɭɲɤɛ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ⏋ᕶʰњәˁ‫ݚ‬ʱ᝔ȩ Ʉɭȵɫȷɑ⏋ࡾর‫ص‬ኢɭɌɩȦʚΥϺաɹ̫͐͞ͲˁਖឹɭɌɩȦɛɄɭ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 361␭ɴጩᇕɴჼʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ̫͐͞Ͳɻɗʶᕶ᤹ɫࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍ਄ʳȵ⏋ტɻ̫͐͞ͲɲɌɫ ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍ਄ɲȦɭᠦȴʶɩȦɛɄɭʢ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍᓒȭˁᝠɐʢɹɫȡʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ ʢɤɭʢ͖͐̚ͲɻტณɹγѯਸɴߕᏝᇕɲტณჿᠶȵᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳߕลˁឿՏɌɩȦɛ⏏ ɍɍɦ˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩ⏋኏Цዊইˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴᕶՕɛɠɹɲȴȴʰɗɹ᢮Кᓔˁ᧧ՏɌ⏋ ɗɹឿȴȭʱɭɌɩ‫ؚ‬ዲ႒ɹΥᨆ̆̆ᦲ।ɻ 6 Օɹ 1̆̆ˁ৳ɴेɌՏɐɭȦɤɛᰖȦɹߕᏝ ჿᠶɫʢɤɩტณˁ‫ݜ‬ኄɧȿ˃ɭɐʳఠᠦȵɐɫɴɌɩ‫إ‬БɴࣙᬖɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ʚɇɴɗ ʶɻኜᓩਸˁռߥɇʶɛტณȵɛɰʱɦȼΥɦɹᠶჿᇕɲॠᐄɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢኽ೑ᢧᅋˁᬿ᝚ 5.

(6) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. Ɍ⏋ɗɹѢࢀᓔɴ؏ᒟˁዀɐɄɭɻტɴᠩɓʰʶɛፀΥɹ᢮֭ɫȡʳɭɇȭеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȦ ɛɹɫȡʳ⏏1) ɗʶɻᦏБɹߕᏝჿᠶˁৱ৴ɇɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰɄɄɫɻɛɭȭߕᏝჿᠶȵᇎ ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȷɛɭɄʸɫ⏋ɗɄȴʰߕᏝჿᠶɴћ୞Ɍɩౖࡔɹక໠ณ֐ɹ๭য়ਸˁ‫ک‬ᰍɭɐʳ኏Ц ଫՠᇕɲჿᠶȵ৔֐ɴࣙᬖɇʶ਄ɲȴɤɛɄɭˁ৔ᠭɌɩȲɄȩ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢȦȴɲʳᕶးณ ʢሾʰɑ⏋ᕶး໬ᇕɲШᐏˁ๕ȦɩȦɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ჼࡸɹక໠ዊইɭɻᅵᣒɲ⏋ȡʳʏȷక ໠ዊইȵ᳞౩ɴଠɠՏɇʶʳߕลɻɌʬɓ˃ᇍࣙɌ਄ɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴ኏Ц ዊইɹᐣ୫ࡔᐚɹɛʠɴɄɗტณȵปጓɇʶɛɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦʳ‫⏋غݭ‬য়ɹტᕶ᤹⏋኏Цዊই ˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋ຏϺʦࠌ៟ˁ‫ي‬ʠɩณᡌ᝗ፑɹᭉʱˁɦȼɌɛɭɄʸɫ⏋኏Цዊইȵᐣ୫ ɇʶɩȦʳᭉʱ⏋ɗȩɌɛณ֐ɻਖɑɌʢέয়ɲʢɹɭʛɲɐɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏ Ʉɹઝ٢ɫߕᏝᇕɲტณჿᠶɭ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕɲณ֐៎ɭɻໆɌɩ؅ჿᇕɴᅵᣒɲʢɹɭ ʛɲɌ਄ʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 253␭⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴɄɹγȴʰ᤹ˁৄȼɄɭɴɄ ɗᕸᲞɹѝғȵᒞȴʶ⏋ᓩɲʳณࠓɭѯɲʳณࠓɭȵ‫ؾ‬ɍ‫ॶܩ‬ɫϝȩо‫ܩ‬ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȴɤɛ˓ Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ߕᏝჿᠶɴ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ኏Цଫՠᇕɲߕลȵࡱఠᇕɴ᝽‫خ‬ɇʶ਄ʳ᦭ʢ؅ჿᇕɴ᧡ుɇ ʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴᔵѯᓔɭɌɩ̫͐͞ͲȵγѯɴᔘˁʞȿɩȦɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻ⏋ᠶჿˁɦ ȷɦʠɛɭɄʸɄɹγѯᇕγᅠɻ⏋ȡʳʏȷγᅠɭɻံᑉɹγᅠɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱɗʶɻћးɭ Ɍɩˏ͐͞͡ɲγᅠɫȡʱ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩɄɹγѯᇕγᅠˁᐏʏʳტณʢҙჿᇕ᝽‫خ‬ȴʰៗఔɇ ʶɛʞȷՏɌɹณ֐ɭɌɩɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ȋȚ˓Ͳ̝ɹțტณɴɦȷʚɭȩ‫ک‬ᰍਸɻ⏋ɐȽʶɩ˓Ͳ̝ᇕɲჼᢒɫȡʳ⏏ʢɠʸ˃˓Ͳ ̝ɹϟёˁ⏋Ꮔኜᇕณࠓɭγѯᇕณ֐ɭɹՕᮐˁʠȽʳЈɹϟё⏋ɛɭȭɽី๘ɴȲȿʳఠ Цɭ‫͌ͻ͞˽˓⏋ࢃܕ‬኏ЦɴȲȿʳ˽̊͡ͻ̠̜ɭ˓͇ͻ͇̜ˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍɭ‫ؾ‬՞ɴᠶɍ਄ ɲȦʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ŔɌȴɌ൓ೣᇕɲሂ᧓ɻ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠγᅠɴȲȦɩʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴ ȲȦɩʢ⏋Ꮔኜᇕณࠓɭγѯᇕณ֐ɹȦɑʶʢȵ‫ؾ‬Υɹ኏Цᇕ᯿‫ݖ‬ɫᕶʰˁࡸჼɌɲȿʶɽɲ ʰɲȴɤɛɭȦȩɄɭɴȡʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɻፀϠɹႶጓɌɛ᯿‫⏋ݖ‬ɐɲʼɠ ኏Цɴᔘˁ‫ك‬ȿɛγஅɩϺɹγᅠˁ᠗ʠɩȦɛ⏏ɄɹγஅɩϺɹ᯿‫ݖ‬Ʉɗȵ̫͐͞Ͳɭ৳ȵк ჼɐʳድෑᇕɲณࠓȵॠࣚɐʳ‫ݭ‬ଘɴʓȴɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏Ŕ˓Ͳ̝ɹ˭ͻ˽ɫɻ⏋Ϡɦɹ֐ȵ ‫ؾ‬Υɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ԒɫϣȦɴӦᣴਸˁጫȦ‫غ‬ȩɄɭɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴᏄኜᇕɲ֐ɻ᤹ˁৄȦ ɩ⏋Јɹ֐ȵȚγѯᇕγᅠɫțϣȦɴូˁጫȦ‫غ‬ȩʚʚɴʚȴɓʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ. 1) ɄȩɌɛߕᏝჿᠶˁ਒ঈɇɓɛɹɻЅఠɫȡʳ⏏̫͐͞Ͳయ჉ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ტɻϺ຦ȴʰ᧧Տɇʶʳɹɫɻɲ ȼɩ⏋ኽ೑ᢧᅋɭ኏ЦዊইˁࡪʳɛʠɴኜȴʰήȭʰʶʳɭᠦȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ɲȲኽ೑ᢧᅋȵჼʼʶʳɭ⏋ɗʶ ɴɭʢɲɤɩᇴʛȵჼʼʶ⏋ɗɹՃᒟɹɛʠɴტณȵਖឹɭɇʶʳ⏋ɭȦȩ෯ଁˁɭɤɩȦʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴɄȩ ɌɛႥ໥ȵՏჼɐʳɹɻ᧑ਏȵᦡঘɌɛЁɹಁБɴᅊɍʳჼᢒɫȡʱ⏋؅՟ɹಁБ⏋ɐɲʼɠ˪̊͠͹͘ˤɫ ɻɗɹਖឹȵɲȦɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦɛ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 367-370␭ ⏏. 6.

(7) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. J. C. ̯˽̊ͻ͇ͲɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Heesterman 1985: 112␭⏏˓Ͳ̝ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌⏋˥͠˽̜ఠ γᅠɭɹᬚɴឿʰʶʳГΫɹʭȩɲሂ᧓ɻ⏋ኜȵɄɹγˁօᦶɌɛɭȦȩਲ਼઎ȵ˓Ͳ̝ɫࣙᬖ ɇʶɩȦɛ‫⏋غݭ‬ɗɹօᦶɴ˥͠˽̜ఠʦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭɻᅵɲɤɛៗᨾȵʓɰɄɇʶɩȦɛɄ ɭɴ⏋ȦʚΥɦɹё៷ˁឿՏɌȩʳ⏏ɗʶɻኜɹօᦶɴȦȴɲʳઝ٢ʢឿՏɇɑ⏋ɛɞȋಞɦ ʉɌȍɲȦɌȋɄɭȵʰɗɹʢɹˁූɌʞȍɛʠɴօᦶɌɛɭៗᨾɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ழៜɐʶ ɽɄɹȋଐʶʳኜȍɭȦȩ៎ਥɻ⏋ɄɹγѯᇕɲγᅠȵȦȴɲʳѝғʢ୫ɛɑ⏋ɛɞံઝ٢ɴ ውʸȦʪȼγᅠ⏋ȡʳȦɻȦɦɲ˃ɰȷग‫ޙ‬ɐʳȴʢɌʶɲȦγᅠɭ୼ȭʳ˓Ͳ̝ᇕγᅠ៎ɹ যᬏᐻΫɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ␩Weber 1966: 174; Lannoy 1971: 326-327␭⏏ɌȴʢɄȩ ɌɛʢɹɭɌɩɄɹγɹօᦶȵɭȴʶʳɭȷ⏋ɗɄȴʰɄɹγɹዊইɴኜɹௌჿˁឿՏɇ˃ɭ ɐʳȦȴɲʳሾᇕ᠅ʛʢɲɇʶʳɄɭȵɲȼ⏋ტณɴኜɹௌჿɹᰒჼˁឿɩ‫؜‬ʸȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛ ̆̆ٞሾɹʭȩɴɄȩɌɛ᠅ʛɄɗȵ⏋‫إ‬БೢೝГᭇɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɹక໠ਲ਼઎ˁ᢭ȼΥೣɹᣧ ȦᏗˁɲɌɩȦʳ̆̆ʢᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȼʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɴៀࡴɇʶɛႶ႕ɹʢɹɴʓȴɲʰ ɲȦ⏏ɗɄɫɻტณɻ⏋ɗɹᠶჿˁɦȷɦʠɛɭɄʸณ֐ɹɛʠɹณ֐⏋ఌᨗɹɛʠɹఌᨗɭ Ȧɤɛਸൔˁय़ʃɩɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ȋ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹࢭը‫ل‬ςɻ⏋ࢭ ըณ֐ɹΥಁᇕɫϟࡸΫɹѳ୫ᓔɴʓȴɲʰɑ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹృɌȦ៎ਥˁঃʠʭȩɭɐʳь٨ ઢɴఌȭʰʶɩɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ʛɑȴʰˁ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴ᧧ɽʶɛᓔɭઝᡫɌɦɦ⏋ȡʳಁБɴ ᔙ֪ɐʳɭɄʸɹ⏋Ϻᬚγᅠɴᬠɐʳɲ˃ʰȴɹృɌȦ߀઎ˁჼࡸγᅠɴʢɛʰɗȩɭࢭը‫ل‬ ςȵ᠅ʛɛɄɭɻᐓȭɩɲȴɤɛ⏏ტɻɛɞ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹɛʠɴ⏋ɦʚʱɻᕶՕᕶ᤹ɭ⏋৳ȵ ᰸Ȧ⏋ᢷ‫ؚ‬Ɍ⏋ᎢᐉɌ⏋ȡʳȦɻᔪᦗɭ੖‫ڿ‬ˁ֓ȭɩᕶैɴߑЇɇɓɛϺǾɹɛʠɴࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɩ Ȧɛ⏏ტȵ໗ᘺɐʳɭȷ⏋໗ᘺɐʳɹɻɛɞტ҅Ϻɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗɹᐏ໠⏋߉కɴ ᰉɤɩȦɛΥᒴɹϺǾɴɐȹɲȴɤɛ⏏ȴȼɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɴɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ʦˏ˻ˏɹЈ ɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹტณȵఌȭɭɌɛɭɄʸɹ⏋ኜᇕɲณգɴᅓഀɐʳࠓѵȵ๕߭ɌɩȦɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ H. ̓ˑͲ͇ͻɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Zimmer 1969: 104␭⏏ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝ɹ๴‫ر‬ᖏ‫د‬ɫᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩɻ ໗ᘺɌɩȦɤɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹᡉტɻ⏋ȦɑʶʢᕶՕɛɠɭኜǾɭɹᑦȵʱˁς৓ɌɩɻȦɛ⏏ ʚɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹΥᖔ຦ᝓɴɭɤɩ⏋ტณɻɲ˃ʰȴɹኜਸˁय़ʃɛʢɹɭઝᡫɇʶɩʢȦɛ⏏Ɍ ȴɌ˓Ͳ̝ɹኜǾɻ A. L. ̫ͻ˹͑͌ȵ୭௎ɐʳʭȩɴŋȷʼʠɩ࡫ɤʗȦʢɹŌɴʓȴɲʰ ɲȦ␩Basham 1967: 88␭⏏ɌȴʢɄʶʰɹኜǾʢʚɛድෑɴȲȦɩ̫͐͞Ͳɹә኎ɴਃࣚɐ ʳɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦɛГΫ⏋ɗʶʰɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹტณɹγѯᇕਸൔˁଡୡɐʳɄɭȵɲȴɤɛɭȦ ȭʭȩ⏏. 2̝ౡଂѠౕ૑ ГΫɹʭȩɲ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏᇕტณ⏮క໠ณ֐ɹਸൔˁਥᰄɴȲȼɭȷ⏋͇̩̜͇͹ˤͲ 7.

(8) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. ̚ˑͻɹᯃಮ֐ɹਲ਼઎ɻ႕ᅵɲӵᖳˁఔɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻณ֐ɹɛʠɹณ֐ˁᦠິɌɩȷɛ˓ Ͳ̝ɹక໠γᅠɴȡɤɩ⏋క໠᝔֪ɴȲȿʳҙჿᇕߕลˁ؏Ɍȼ‫ک‬Ȧȴȿʭȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡ ʱ⏋క໠ɴʭɤɩࡸჼɇʶʳգᇰʭʱʢక໠᝔֪ɹҙჿᇕɲᣂᣒˁʭʱᩂែɐʳʢɹɴʓȴɲ ʰɲȦ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ɭʢ⏋ɇʰɴɻȡʱȷɛʱɹక ໠ɭʢံᑉɲ⏋ ȋᓩᓔɹక໠ȍɇɲȵʰɹਸൔˁय़ʃɩȦʳ␩Morris-Jones 1967: 52-61␭⏏ɗ Ɍɩɗɹᔘಕˁද២ɐʳɭȷ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɴʭʳ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏɹօᦶᇕɲᠧʛ್ȭɴ᝛ȷ ȡɛʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹక໠ਲ਼઎ˁ‫ک‬ᰍɴɐʳɭȷ⏋ɲɴʭʱʢʚɑ୭௎ɐʏȷɻᓩɭѯɴᬠɐʳе ᒞɧȿɹ᥊ழɫȡʳ⏏ΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ˓Ͳ̝ɹШᐏᇕγᅠɴȡɤɩᔵѯᇕγᅠɄɗ⏋Ϻᬚȵʓ ˃ʰȦᇿ୭ɐʏȷγᅠɭеᒞɧȿʰʶ⏋γѯᇕγᅠɻɗɹೣᣒɴȲȦɩˏ͐͞͡ɲγᅠɭɌɩ ఔᒞɇʶɩȦɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄɹγѯᇕγᅠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼక໠ɹγᅠɭɗɄɴȲ ȿʳ༎֪ɴɐȽʶɩҙჿᇕɲઝ٢‫غ‬ȦˁឿՏɌɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɴɭɤɩᦏБɭɻɐ Ƚʶɩక໠ᇕɲಁБɫȡʱ⏋ΥՖɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ɴక໠ȵԂʱᦉ˃ɫȼʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋лϺʢక ໠ɴᔘˁ‫ك‬ȿʳɄɭȵ៰ɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ȋሎɴࡱఠɹ᦭ˁິʠʭȩɭɐʳȦȴ ɲʳ˓Ͳ̝Ϻʢ⏋క໠ɴᣳးɭɌɩȦʳɄɭɻ៰ɇʶɲȦ⏏ሎɴࡱఠᇕɲᅊ༎ˁᦢʰ˃ɭ๙ɐ ʳᓔɻ⏋ԇᇕɲᅊ༎ˁᕶैɹь٨ɭɲɇɊʳˁ਄ɑ⏋ɌȴʢɄ˃ɴɠʼʶʼʶɻ⏋క໠ᇕɲ͇ ˹ͻͲɹɲȴɴঃ፴ɴ‫؜‬ʱᦉʚʶɩȦʳʪȭɴ⏋Ϻ຦ʍɹߑЇɻక໠ɴؒᅙɐʳɄɭɲȼɌɩ έ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ౬⏋ʼȵᦅ຦ɛɠɻ⏋ᕶՕɛɠˁఌᨗɐʳᓔȵᠨɫȡʳȴሾʰɲȼɩʢ⏋ ɲ˃ʰȲɗʶʳɄɭɲȼᎎᏬɲᅊ༎ˁᦢʳɄɭȵɫȷɛȵ⏋ʢɻʦɄ˃ɴɠɫɻɗɹʭȩɴ ံᬠਕɫȦʳɄɭɻ៰ɇʶɲȦ⏏Ʉ˃ɴɠɹʭȩɲႥ໥ɫɻࡱఠɹ᦭ˁ๰ʢȩɭɐʳ‫⏋غݭ‬Ϻ ɻਖɑʦక໠ᇕႥ໥ˁᓒૅɴԂʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦȍɭˤͲ̚ˑͻɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Iyer 1986: 138␭⏏ ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻШᐏᇕɲᓩᓔɭᅵɲɤɩ⏋γѯɹ޺ɴʼȿՏɫɩ⏋ȋγѯᦣ᧫ᇕȍ ረ઎⏋ȡʳȦɻኧ๙ᗑ᝔ɴʭɤɩ੬ʱˁʁʰȴ˃ɭɐʳ઴঎ɴ⏋ਖɑɌʢᔐࡴᇕ៿ѝˁήȭɩ ɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢɄɹγѯᇕγᅠʍɹ‫ݚ‬መˁుਥɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋γѯɹɲȴɴɭɰ ʚʳɄɭɄɗȵ⏋γѯɹ޺ʍᦣ᧫ɐʳʭʱʢ⏋ʭʱ‫ܐ‬ᮑɲ᦭ˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ழៜ ɐʶɽγѯᇕ༎֪ˁɲɌɦɦ⏋Ɍȴʢγѯɹ᠛੾ɴɭʰʼʶɲȦɄɭɹ౅ȵ⏋Ϻᩁᮐʶɛගʦ ࣢ɹɲȴɫረ઎ɴʈȿʳʭʱʢ⏋ʭʱ؏ɌȦѹ᝔ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩմᓔɄɗȵሎਸ ˵Ͳ̢͑ͻ˹Ͳ. ɹȋ ᓩ ᓔ ȍɛʱȩʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋γѯɹ᠛੾ȵȦɤɇȦࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦɭɄʸɫɲɇʶʳ৿ᓔɹ ѹ᝔ɻ⏋೎՟ɹ᠛੾ɫᤴȷ⏋ʢʸȼʢगʶؑɤɩʪȼ‫׶‬᭝ˁዃʠɩȦɛɭȦȭʭȩ␩Parekh 1989: 102-103; Bondurant 1988: 110-111␭⏏ ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄɹγѯᇕγᅠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼక໠ɹγᅠɄɗȵᕶैѹᑇɹ‫ݭ‬ɭеᒞ ɧȿɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ୭ࢷɌɛ‫ؙ‬ᗔႶጓ᬴ϝɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴ˓Ͳ̝ɹႶጓˁ᧒ଁɐ 8.

(9) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. ʳక໠᧊֪ɴɦȷʳʢɹɫɲȼ⏋ɗɄɴɻɐȽʶɩҙჿᇕɲઝ٢‫غ‬ȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶ ɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᕶै༒‫׋‬ˁࡸჼɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋Ȧȩɲʰɽ‫ؙ‬ᗔႶጓ᬴ϝɻɄȩɌɛድෑᇕ ɲᇿᇕɴզ᧒ɐʳɛʠɹଝຍɭеᒞɧȿʰʶɩȦɛɭʛɲɌɩ᧌ៜɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩɗȩɌɛ ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ⏋৳ȵᏺᅊਠ᠞ˁ᠙ɤɛᯃಮ֐ɹ៎ਥɴՀᑘᇕɴᝠჼɇʶɩȦɛɹ ɫȡʳ⏏ ɗʶɻ‫إ‬ഀ˓Ͳ̝ɴ‫؝‬ȿᐙȵʶɩȷɛȋέຏᅊȍɹ؅հˁৄȷᐙȽʢɹɫȡʳʢɹɹ⏋ȋέ ຏᅊȍʭʱʢɻʳȴɴঃȦઝ٢‫غ‬ȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢນɹȡʳៜᘽʦઝ‫ܩ‬ɹੲ Ȧ୷ʳᖏȦɻ⏋๷ɴʢʚɇʳᗑᆟˁሂଝɴήȭʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋ɗʶʰɻಮ֐ɫȡʱ⏋ɇ ʰɴᦏБɹᣂೣςᒶ኏Цʢ৑ᔀ৔ᰩɭȡȴʰɇʚɲோ‫؜‬ɴћ୞ɌɩȦɛʪȭɴ‫ؾ‬ɍȼಮ֐ᇕ ɲкըˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛ˓˧͠˽ɹ˓Ͳ̝ఌᨗɻ᥅ϟ֐ˁᰉʱɭɌɛ೑ံˁȦʼɓɵఌᨗ кըɫȡʳɽȴʱȴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺˁᕧᆖɴɌ⏋ɗɌɩɄɹᕧᆖɄɗȵ˓Ͳ̝ϺɹᬚɴჁᆄਕˁᅊ ʛ⏋࠴߻ɭέѵˁᔒʞɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴ⏋ଠቑɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋2) ɇʰɴˡͻ˽̜ᬚɹे ա⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼˏͲ̸̊̒̍͑͡ɴࢪɐʳेաɻಮ֐ᇕɲкըˁઝ٢ɌɩȦɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩˤ Ͳ̚ˑͻɹᯃಮ֐ɹਲ਼઎ɴɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴ˓˧͠˽ɹඨ຦‫ܩ‬ఌᨗˁଠɠቑʰ˃ɭɐʳక໠଍᝗ʭʱ ʢɻʳȴɴঃ፴ɲଫՠᇕߕลȵᦉʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻՕ෌ɹкըɭɌɩɻɭʢȴȼ⏋ेաɹ кըɭɌɩɹˡͻ˽̜ը঎ɹঘᐓˁॕິɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɇʰɴ৑ᔀ৔ᰩɭோ‫؜‬ɴћ୞Ɍɛᣂ ೣςᒶкըɫɻɲȼɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹଝू෌ˁ༎ਸ‫׋‬Ɍ⏋ᦅ෌ɭଝू෌ɭˁ೴ᘺԊ‫ؾ‬кɹɲȴ ɫ೑ลᇕɴᏼʛȡʼɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ோ‫؜‬ɭଵ‫ܦ‬ɭɻံᑉɲ኏ЦˁȩɠጓɩʭȩɭɐʳႶ႕ ɹ኏Цςᒶˁਚ‫ك‬ɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ‫ؙ‬ᗔႶጓ᬴ϝˁ୭ࢷɐʳΥ౅ɫ⏋ঃ፴ɲ኏Цఒᯊ̺͞ͲˁᑂʛՏ ɌɛɄɭɻໆɌɩұးɫɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᕶै༒‫׋‬ˁᦲɌɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝኏Цɹ̜ͻ̊͡ɲ ޴ᯊˁਚ‫ك‬ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɄȩɌɛ᧊֪ˁ஠Ɍᦽʠʳɴȡɛɤɩ⏋ಮ֐ ɫɻɲȼɩᯃಮ֐⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼડɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼჿਸᇕɲᠦ਄ɴᩂȷˁᒞȦɩȦɛ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭ ʶɽ⏋ડɲȷᠦ਄ɻȦɛɑʰɴ‫ؙ‬ઢˁȡȲʳɄɭɭɲʳʪȭɴံ֐ɫȡʳɽȴʱȴ⏋ડɴɻሂ ଝɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɴ᤹ˁᒞȼɭȦȩߕลȵԒ‫׃‬ɇʶɩȦʳГΫ⏋ᠦ਄ˁሎɴჿਸᇕɲʢɹʍɭЇጓɩΫ Ɂɩʪȼȩȭɫ⏋έ‫خ‬๕ɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩȋડȍȵȋᕶै႞႓ȍɭΥкɭɲɤɩࣙ ᬖɇʶʳɭȷ⏋ሂଝɴ᧑ਏᇕɲ‫܌‬ਕˁ‫ڽ‬ᣱɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ᐓ߂ɲ֐ˁᇍஸɐʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸ ȩ⏏ɗʶɭȦȩɹʢȋડȍɻ⏋ਭʱˁɌɑʠ⏋ષʛɭલડɹਕˁሂଝɴ‫ڽ‬ᣱɐʳΥ౅⏋ᕶै႞ 2) ̮ͤͻ˪ɻ๖ɹʭȩɴೆȦɩȦʳ⏏ ȋˤͲ̚ˑͻɻᕧᆖɇȵέѵɭჁᆄ⏋࠴߻ˁᅊʞɭᓒȭɩȦɛ⏏ ȏኽȵʛɑ ȴʰଡୡɌɛȦɭਲ਼ɤɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋ȲϣȦɹέѵɫȡʱ⏋֪ลɴࢪɐʳ᧹஠⏋Ʉʶɫȡʳ⏏ʼʶʼʶɹέΥ ᕹɫɻɲȼɩ⏋ቂࢸɇɄɗȵʼʶʼʶɴᐓȭɑɦȷʚɭȩᒜɫȡʳ⏏ŔɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ሎɴ‫ک‬ᰍɭɐʏȷɻ⏋ʼ ʶʼʶሂϣɹέΥᕹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗɹᔘ৿ɴȡʳቂࢸɇɄɗȵᆄȦʢɲȼឿᗑɌȦʢɹɫȡʳȑ ȚˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭ ʶɽț࠴߻ɭሂϣέѵʪȭɴ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɻϣȦɴံલੳɴሂࢪɌ⏋᧌ɠˁႢɌɛ‫⏋غݭ‬ᕶՕᕶ᤹ʭʱʢЈϺˁ ᢮ʠʳɄɭȵŋፀϠɹᓃਸŌɭɲɤɩȦʳȍ ␩Parekh 1989: 47␭ ⏏. 9.

(10) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. ႓ɴɻ⏋ɲȲɗʶɫʢపࢪᇕɲ᝔֪ɴ‫ݚ‬መɐʳሂଝɹਕɴ⏋੒ɹઢ੻ˁ٧ʃៅʚɐɄɭɴʭɤ ɩ⏋పઝˁ๿ʱȼʚɲȼΥஏɌɩʪȼ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻపࢪᇕɲ Ⴅ໥ˁɽ⏋‫ר‬းɭᅊɍɩȼʳɫȡʸȩԒᯆᇕɲ‫܌‬ਕˁᦲɍɩ⏋ΥሬɹȩɠɴᜨៗɌɩʪȼᮠᇕ ɲ֐ȵࢆɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɦʚʱડɴɻ̆̆ɗʶȵᕶै႞႓ɭΥкɭɲɤɩᇍჼɇʶʳɭȷ̆̆ప ɹԒߡɹ൒ਕɴɓʚʳɄɭɴʭɤɩੲઝˁɌɑʠ⏋ఒ੫ɹ੻ˁ٧ʃៅʚɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋Ϝೝ ɌȭɲȦ֟ഗˁᇍஸɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ʢɤɭʢȋ෌ȍɭȋᥢ঳᥊ᅊȍɴћ୞Ɍɛ˓Ͳ̝ᇕγᅠ៎ɴȡɤɩɻ⏋‫ع‬Ϻȵɗʶəʶա҅ Ⴖᕶɹѝғˁ୊ɤɩᅊȷɩȦʳɭ୼ȭʰʶɩȦʳГΫ⏋ɗȩɌɛϺǾɴࢪɐʳડȵᅊɍɩȼʳ о‫ܩ‬ɻᭉʰʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵᕶै႞႓ɭɭʢɴડˁᠦȦɛ᭬⏋ɗɄɴ ɻ˥͠˽̜ఠɹ৯ᯱˁʛɩɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȵ⏋ɌȴɌɗɹ᭬Ⴖ႕ɹ˓Ͳ̝ᇕៗᨾȵʓɰɄɇ ʶɩȦɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢȋડȍɭɻΥᖔɴ⏋ȡʳ႕ࡴɹϺˁࢪᢒɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛ ০઴ˁɭʳɭȷ⏋Ʉɹȋડȍʢʚɛ⏋Ʉɹγɴࢪɐʳ‫ݚ‬መˁᅊʛՏɐʢɭɭɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ ɗʶɴࢪɌɩˤͲ̚ˑͻɴȡɤɩȋડȍɻ⏋ȡʳ႕ࡴɹ҅Ϻɴࢪɐʳડɫɻɲȼɩ⏋ɐʏɩ ɹϺɴᬖȴʶɛȋડȍʍɭ౥ᘠɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴʢɄɹ౥ᘠɹ̺ͦ́˽ˁେɌᦽʠʳɴȡɛɤ ɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ᇕШᐏȵ਎ߴɴЂ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵. ȋˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹέຏᅊɹ៎ਥˁ‫؝‬ȿᐙȦɞȵ⏋ɗʶˁ‫֪؝‬ᇕȴɦ༥ෑᇕɭʛɲ ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵. ˏ ̯ Ͳ ˵. Ɍɛ⏏ɗɌɩ৳ɻέຏᅊˁჿៗɌ⏋ɗɹԗࡴᒶɴњɐʳɛʠɴȚέຏᅊɭ‫ؾ‬Ꮩ՞ɴȡʳț˥ ͠˽̜ఠɹડɴᇿˁʞȿɛ⏏ɌȴɌ৳ɻ⏋ડɭɻ੻ၖɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹϺɹᕶ৾ਸˁாɲȦ⏋Ʉ ˏ̠˵˪̘ˑ. ɹγɴࢪɐʳ‫ݚ‬መˁᅊʛՏɐɄɭˁ᠗ʠɛ⏏ɗʶʪȭɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ံ‫ݚ‬መɹ៎ਥɴ၇ʰɌ ɩ⏋ɗʶˁԗࡴᒶɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹϠᩂɹఒࡱ⏋ɐɲʼɠ˥͠˽̜ఠ ‫׋‬ɇʶɛ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻᇕ៎ਥɹȚԗț̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ‫׋‬ɻ⏋ᯃ੻ၖᇕɫ⏋ያʦȴɫ⏋ံ‫ݚ‬መɫɻȡʳ ȵ⏋ዩෑᇕɫ⏋༎֪ᇕɲડɭȦȩ᳄੾ᇕɲ៎ਥˁᅊʛՏɌɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ B. ̮ͤͻ˪ɻೆȦ ɩȦʳ␩Parekh 1989: 195␭⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɭ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɭɹՏЦȦȵᅊʛՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ ȵ⏋ɲȲȴɦ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɴཉȼ൓ˁȲʸɌɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ழៜɐʶɽˤ Ͳ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ⏋‫إ‬ഀ⏋γѯȴʰɹᮐᔵˁᦠȦິʠɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕѝғˁ ɽ⏋Ʉɹγѯɹɲȴɫᦠິɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʱ⏋γѯᇕ༎֪ˁɲɌɦɦʢγѯᇕѝғʍɹ‫ݚ‬ መˁుਥɐʳɭᠧʛȴȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩࡸჼɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɗʶɽȴʱȴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ಮ֐ȵᅊʛՏɇʶʳ؅‫܍‬ˁᓒ࢘Ɍ⏋ɗʶȵɄɹγѯᇕγᅠʍɹ ‫ݚ‬መɴȡʳɭ୼ȭɩȦɛ⏏ɗʢɗʢϺȵᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ɭᢧᅋɴ‫ݚ‬መɐʳʪȭɴ⏋ɗʶʰˁࡸ ֐ɴ៲ȭȴȿɩɫʢࡪʱɵȴ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩᯃಮ֐ɹਂɴɻ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹ ᢧᅋɭᅊ٨ɴࢪɐʳ‫ݚ‬መˁᐓɠՖʱ⏋ಮ֐ɴࢪɌɩᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁହɁՏɐɄɭɴʭɤɩ᬴ ȦɵȼɄɭȵឹᠱɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻక໠ᇕɲ᬴ϝ‫ݭ‬គɴృɛɲ‫ॶܩ‬ˁՖʱୖȴ˃ɭɐʳʢɹ ɫȡʱ⏋ಮ֐ȵʢɹˁȦȩγᅠɴᯊ٨ᇕ޴‫׋‬ˁ઒ᣱɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɲȲɄɹγ 10.

(11) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. ɴಮ֐ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɭȷ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɻɗʶˁᕶʰɹᕶैѹᑇɹέ᣸ɹ៷ृɭȩȿɭʱ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ ɇʰɲʳѹᑇɴώʱՏɌɩȦɤɛɄɭɴʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹШᐏȵହ৯ɇʶɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗ ʶɻΥՖɹᣳᣴᓔɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁఽȿ⏋ɛɞᕶՕΥ᤹ɹᏄኜɴᰉʰ˃ɭɐʳ⏋ɐȽʶɩ˓Ͳ̝ᇕɲʢ ɹɫȡʳ⏏ȦɑʶɴɓʭˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɴɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏȵᔭǾɭਖ਼ɧȦ ɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛᯃಮ֐ɹਲ਼઎ˁȴȴɁɩ‫ؙ‬ᗔ᬴ϝɴώʱՏɌɛɭȷ⏋ ˓Ͳ̝ɹ຦ᝓɻၖႨᇕɴ‫ؙ‬ਝɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ʢɤɭʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɴࢪɐʳၖႨᇕɲఌ୫ɹᔘಕɻ޽ᒶᇕɫȡʸȩ⏏‫إ‬ഀ⏋ኜɹࠒˁᅊ᤹ɹ Ϻᬚɹȩɠɴឿᐚȿɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝ɹ຦ᝓɴɭɤɩ⏋Ꮂ᝟ˁʚɭɤɩԃ‫ܕ‬ˁ᝔ᔰɌ⏋ሬಁɴɌɩ ৔߂ံປɲ˓˧͠˽ณ֐ˁᶁᆨɇɓɩɌʚȩˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ⏋ኜɹᅊʚʶБʼʱɭ౱ɑʳɴӱՕ ɫȡʱ⏋ϺǾɻ৳ɹࠒˁΥራɌ⏋৳ɹ᤹кɴΥ៘ʶɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹ௑៳έਲ਼ᡴ ɲ֒ਏɴȡɑȴʶʳɴɠȵȦɲȦɭೝ৺Ɍɛ⏏ɍɍɦˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɹ঎ᩂɲʳ‫ࡴو‬ɴʢȴȴ ʼʰɑ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻईଢ଼ɹၖɻɭȷɭԊɴౢɍɩȦɤɛʭȩɫȡʳ␩Smith 1974: 135-146␭⏏ ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹ຦ᝓˁៅᨮɐʳɴȡɛɤɩᖿ᝗ࢃᇕॄʛɇɫʢɤɩɌɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽ 1930 ॷɴ॑຦ᇕέ೓ਃ᧊֪ɹ८ˁՖɤɩᘺɭɌɛ೑‫ؿ‬ɲȋ‫ݾ‬ɹ᝔ᦽȍɴɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹྲ ՏࢃɭɌɩɹ߃ՕȵʚȵȩɄɭɲȼኍɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ৳ɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻʭʱཉȦɭɄʸɫ ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɴ൓ेɌɩȦɛ⏏ȋȡʰʪʳ‫ܕ‬ɴɻɗʶႶᕶɹԒɲʳ‫ޅ‬ᅠฌȵȡʳʢ ɹɫɐ⏏ɗɹԒᨆɴ⏋ɗɹ‫ܕ‬ɹᏄኜȵࢆʱ⏋႒ჿᇕɲ֐ɻ⏋ɗɹ‫ܩܤ‬ɹΥȴȿʰɇȭʢ৶೓ɫ ȷʚɓ˃⏏޺ഀɹఌᨗᓔɛɠɻᬐɹ޺ɴጓɤɛʚʚɫɐȍɭ⏋॑຦ᇕέ೓ਃɴ᭬Ɍɩ̊˳ͻ͡ ɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩̶ˑ̒˹͑ͻ 1966: 319-320␭⏏৳ȵɄɹʭȩɴᦚʏɛɭȷ⏋৔߂ɲ˓˧͠˽ ณ֐ɻ༅Ǿ༙ǾɴȦɛʳʚɫᶁᆨɌ⏋ϺǾɻˤͲ̚ˑͻɹΥ୲ଝΥହ᣸ˁ‫ڣܔ‬ˁᰰ˃ɫឿࡪɤ ɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᝔֪ɻ⏋E. ˹̀͡ɹᝠჼˁҏʱʶɽ˓Ͳ̝ɹȋయ‫׋‬ ᇕμਕȍˁᝠჼɌɛʢɹɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ␩Shills 1975: 256-275; ೠ೴ 1996: 163-202␭⏏ΫᦚɌ ɛʭȩɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹᏄኜᇕШᐏɴօᦶᇕɲԗៗᨾˁʓɰɄɌɩȦɛ⏏ʚɛɗɄ ɴɻ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ȴʰɹ৯ᯱʢᖬ࿣ȼ৯ˁᘺɭɌɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴʢɲȲˤͲ̚ˑͻɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜ య‫׋‬ᇕШᐏɹμਕɴጓɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏. 3̝ӂӣҹҕ̴̞ҺҧӗҺӚҪӐ ʢɤɭʢˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹⏋ᕶʰɹᯃಮ֐ɹఠᠦȵ˓Ͳ̝ɴࡴመɌɛȴ‫و‬ȴɴɦȦɩɻᐓȭ ɑᆄਥˁୃȷᐚȿɩȦɛ⏏ɭȼɴ 1935 ॷɹ˓Ͳ̝ᐏ໠໬ɴհɤɩࡸేɇʶɛ᧧୲ɫ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ ༐ȵ⏋िͤ̾͡ɫకณˁஒவɌɛɹɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋ᡴ‫ڊ‬ɛɠȵˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹནᢩˁȴɲȽ ʱஅɩ⏋ᣛ໘ɲᅊ༎ɴʈȿʳʭȩɴɲʳɴɦʶᆄਥɻॽྙɴɭɤɩБʼʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩ ȼʳ⏏ɇʰɴ‫׵‬͹̮ɹՕᮐႶጓɹ᧌ዐɫ༑ᝐɹઊϟȵᑵʱᦐɇʶ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠‫౅ؘ‬ ɫϤ‫מ‬ΨɭʢᇑΨɭʢȦʼʶʳϺǾȵ٨ˁᘺɭɌɛɹˁᇿ௖ɐʳɴɦʶ⏋ॽྙɻໆࡴᇕɲʢɹ 11.

(12) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. ɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɍɤɇȦɹɭɄʸɗɹಓॷɴ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻȵుᰩˁᑵʱᦐɌɩᕶै༒‫׋‬ɴᏄᦽ Ɍ⏋ʚɛՕᮐႶጓɹɇɲȴɴɛɤɛΥϺɫ⏋ຏଏɹሎ‫ة‬μʍɭᰧʃᦉ˃ɫȦɤɛɹɻ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ ɹॽྙɭ˓Ͳ̝ɹࢰഀɴࢪɐʳ‫׶‬ลઢɴᇍɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ␩Brown 1989: 281ff.␭⏏ ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɴࢪɌɩᏺᅊ޴ʼʰɵ҅ϺᇕɲડመˁୃȦɩȦɛ̦͡ͻȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹ՟Б᱔ ሂɭɌɩ஛ିɌɛకፑɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹɗʶɭᣒᇕɴᅵɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɻ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹঅᡸɹʢɭ ᩂू෌ˁᔒʛ⏋ᦏБᇕɲᅋ෌኏Цˁ˓Ͳ̝ɴปጓɓ˃ɭɐʳဣɫ⏋˛˳˓̀͌ɭʢோ‫؜‬ɭʢံ ᑉɲ̆̆ɭ୼ȭʰʶɛ̆̆‫إ‬ɹ˓Ͳ̝ɹ೴ᘺˁ਋༎ɓ˃ɭɌɩȦɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹ෯઎ɭᅵᣒɲ ʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛςณ‫ࢃܕ‬ɴʈɇʼɌȦ᥅᭢ˁ఩ҺɌ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ಁБȴʰ৔֐ɲࡲӎըˁৄȷᐙ Ȧɞဣɫʢ⏋೴ᘺᦹ‫ࢃܕغ‬ˁ෯઎Ɍ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ɹ৲ւˁෑࢸ‫׋‬ɓ˃ɭɌɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹᮾԠሎɭ᭬ ɞɤɛ᧓ȦˁឿɓɩȦʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝ˁ෯ଁɐʳ޽෵ɲ຦౏⏋ࡱఠɹԊࡔˁς৓ɌɩʦʚɲȴɤɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼ ઎ɻ⏋ᡉ຦౏⏋ᡉࡱఠᬚɴᑵʱঃɁʰʶʳϯ༑Ʉɗȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹయ‫׋‬ᇕᢌደɇɹ྇໨ɫȡʳɭȦ ȩ̦͡ͻɹᓒȭɴ‫؝‬ȿᐙȵʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ೴ᘺԊ‫ؾ‬кɄɗȵ˓Ͳ̝኏Цɹ‫ݜ‬ᇻɫȡʳɭɐʳਲ਼ ˱̢͖̘͊ˑ͹̚ˑʹ˙̺͍ͦ̒Ͳ̜. ઎ʢ⏋ႶጓГ৿Ꮔ֐ᇕɴࣙᬖɇʶɛ ೴ ᘺ ᬖ ᇍ ៟ ᅙ ʍɭᐄࡸɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌɄɹ೴ᘺᬖᇍ៟ᅙ ɻ⏋ɗɄɴହԂɇʶɛᣂᩆɹ޽ȼȵ೴ᘺԒɹ೑֐ᓔɴʭɤɩመ೓ɇʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛᐄഗ⏋ਖ ɑɌʢ೴ᘺɹᇍࣙɴࢊήɌɛɭɻៜȦᮑȦ⏏ʚɛᡉ຦౏⏋ᡉࡱఠᬚɹॶ‫ٮ‬Ԋࡔˁᠦȼɗɹక ፑɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋͌˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳ᧌঎ɹࡼ‫ٮ‬ɴɐȹɲȦɭȦɤɛᰖȦɹᯃᮑȵ଼ɴʈʶହɁȴ ȿʰʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛᯃᮑɻ⏋‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɹӾᏼᑩȵಁБɭɭʢɴɑɛɑɛɴՕుɇ ʶ⏋ӾᏼᑩˁЂɌɩάȴʰɹ޽෵ɲ຦ઝˁُȦΫɁʳɭȦȩకӾʓ˃ʰȦɹลᔨȵжάɐʳɹ ɴЫɲɤɩ⏋ˡͻ˽̜ʦࡱఠɭȦɤɛՏഀ‫غ‬Ȧɹ኏Цᇕ᏾ɴћࡔɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɭȷ⏋ɐȽ ʶɩჼࡸਸˁय़ʃʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛ⏏ɭȼɴ᧧୲ɴ᭬Ɍɩ͌˽͌͠ɹኡˁয়ɩɴɌɩ⏋৳ʰ ɹࡱ༐ᇕɲឹິɴᮮᲓɲᡶ๰ȵɲɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȼʳɴɦʶ⏋࿠ɌȦᯃᮑɴɇʰɇʶʳɄ ɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 1980 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬Гᭇ⏋ਸ਼ᦵɴ‫د‬ᰄɐʳӲɌˁឿɓɻɍʠɩȷɛ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋ႶጓГᭇɹ Цᡴ༐ɹక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ɴࢪɐʳέྃ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼɗʶȵӾ౸ɭɌɩȴȴɁɩȷɛȋγѯ‫ࢃܕ‬ȍɹჿ ઎ȵ⏋ɗɹࡸ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹ႞႓ɹʢɭɴɲɇʶɛɭɄʸɹ⏋ࢹధ຦౏͹ࡱఠ⏋ɲȴ˃ɑȼ͌ ˽͌͠ɴࢪɐʳ᧌঎ɹᡶ๰ɹաɹᝠჼɴɐȹɲȦɭɐʳ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹ᝵ࢀᓔઝᡫˁᔘಕɭɐ ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ৳ʰɻ˓Ͳ̝⏮̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ‫ܔ‬೑ɹШᐏɴћ୞Ɍɛ৔֐ɲ‫ࢃܕ‬ল៯ˁ‫غ‬ៜ ᘽɭɌɩక໠᧊֪ˁࣙᬖɌ⏋ɗɹఌ୫ᓔˁਸ਼ᦵɴЭɽɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗȩɌɛ৳ʰɹς৓ɻ⏋ȡʰ ʪʳ‫ܕ‬຦ɻɗʶ‫ܔ‬೑ɹᏄኜˁࢆɐɄɭ⏋ɌȴʢᦏБɴȲȦɩɻ‫ܕ‬຦ɹ৔‫⏋׋‬ᐄ೺ˁɻȴʳɛʠ ɴᅊȷᅊȷɭɌɛ܎ᐄਕˁ༱᰸ɐʳɄɭɄɗȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝ϺɹፀΥɹ᧑ਏᇕᒶ֭ɫȡʳɭɐʳఠ ᠦɴጩᇕɴჼʼʶɩȦʳ␩Upadhyaya 1965: 35-36␭⏏ʚɛ˓Ͳ̝Ϻɹ᧑ਏ៎ਥɹμഛɴеᒞɌ ɩȷɛ͇̋͡ɹԒࡸˁɽ⏋ᕶՕΥ᤹ɹգᇰˁଵըɐʳɄɭɭ୼ȭʳΥ౅ɫ⏋Ʉ˃ɴɠɫɻ҅Ǿ 12.

(13) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. Ϻɹ֐ˁ኏Цԃкɹᠭ‫ٮ‬ɭᇍࣙɹɛʠɴ஄ɁʳɄɭ⏋኏ЦɹɛʠɴᕶैΥ᤹ɹգᇰˁ႞႓ɴњ ɐʳɄɭɄɗȵɲɴʭʱɹਸ਼֭ɭ୼ȭʳఠᠦ␩Golwalkar 1966: 35-36␭ʢ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍਲ਼઎ɹযᬏᐻ Ϋɴᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋ɗɹທᔙɭɌɩ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ˁ௩ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɌȴʢɗɄ ɴɻˤͲ̚ˑͻɹᯃಮ֐ɹఠᠦɭɻᅵᣒɲਲ਼઎ȵᔭǾɭਖ਼ɧȦɩȦɛ⏏ɗʶɻˏ̯Ͳ˵⏃ᯃಮ ֐⏆ɫɻɲȼɩ⏋̯Ͳ˵⏃ಮ֐⏆Ʉɗȵ⏋ᕶैᬿ᝚ɹ೎৿ɹ୞ʱଘɫȡʳɭɐʳ͇̩͞˹͖̜ ͞Տ᤹ɹ຦౏ςᒶᓔ̘ˑ͞˪ɹШᐏˁ‫؝‬ȿᐙȽʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ʢɌʢಮྵ ȵჿਸɹުɴᓡˁӃȿɲȦ‫⏋غݭ‬ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁହɁՏɐɄɭˁ೎৿ɹ୞ʱଘɭɌɩሂଝɹ ‫܌‬ਕɴ೚ʛˁ៧ɐʏȷɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͞˪ɴʭʶɽɛɭȭሂଝˁຏɐɄɭɭɲɤɩʢ ȡȼʚɫʢᕶՕᕶ᤹ˁࡪʳʏȷɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛˤͲ̚ˑͻɴʭʶɽ⏋ᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹᅊ٨ˁ႞႓ɴɐ ʳៅ੬ȵɫȷɩȦʳʪȭɴ⏋ᯃಮ֐Ʉɗȵሎɹ֦ຩɹᇍჼɫȡʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͞˪ɴʭʶ ɽ⏋ɗʶɻᕶʰɹ৑ɇɹաɹᝠჼɫȡʱ⏋Ɍȴʢᯃಮ֐ɴɻ⏋ᕶʰɹᕧᆖɇˁ᭯ɐȴȼʶʛɹ ɭɲʳ‫׶‬᭝ȵዃʠʰʶɩȦʳ␩Anderson and Dalme 1987: 31-32␭⏏ɄȩɌɛਲ਼઎ɴਠࡸɴ⏋ᔀ кᇕɲ৔ҫɇ⏋ៀ৾ɹᏄኜ⏋୭ࢷᓔɴࢪɐʳ೓ਃਕˁ༱᰸ɐʳɛʠɴ⏋຦౏ᒶ֦܎ɫ౗Ǿྈ᥅ ϟᇕ៥ᑇȵేɇʶ⏋ɇʰɴɗȩɌɛ៥ᑇɹ᧌ዐɫ‫ܕ‬຦ʍɹਠ᠞ɄɗȵᕸᲞɹᒶ֭ɭ৔ᠭɇʶɩ Ȧʳɹɴ໶ᇿɐʳɭȷ⏋ɗɄɴృɛɲక໠ֳ֐ɹᇎ‫ݭ‬ˁʛɩɭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɫȡʸȩ␩μऄ 2002␭⏏ ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝‫إ‬ഀɹณ֐ɹ‫ܧ‬ʱ౅ˁ᳞౩ɴଠɠՏɌɛʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ȡʳȦɻ‫إ‬ɹ˪˹̜͑ ͓͠ɹШᐏɹ਋༎ˁৱ৴ɇɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ␩Anderson and Dalme 1987: 33␭⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛ క໠ֳ֐ȵ⏋ɗɹ͇˥͑̾̀͌͠ᇕШᐏɴਠࡸɴ⏋͌˽͌͠ˁਗ਼߫ɹฌᇕɴЇጓɩΫɁ⏋ˏ ̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ɹቑ‫ޙ‬ɴ߂ᒴᝓˁ֪‫ڊ‬Ɍ⏋ɗɹ᧌ዐɫ‫ܩع‬ɫԶઊɲ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭ ɹ˱͖̠͊͡ᱺఁˁৄȷᣱɄɌɛɭȷ⏋ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝͹͐̚˪͞˹ͻɴࢪɐʳཉխɲୱ଍ɭ‫؝‬ ȿɭʠʰʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏ȋӴᦼˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɫɻ⏋ɐʏɩɹɄɭȵዺးɴᣱɄʱ⏋γᅠɻᲊ ȷɴឿᖏʼʶɛ⏏3 ॷմɴɻ̾͡͠Ͳɹ‫ޖ‬ȵगʶᘺɠɩᝐˁُȦᦉ˃ɞͤͲˤɹ࣢ɭ‫׋‬Ɍɩγ ᅠˁᲊȴɓ⏋2 ॷմɴɻ⏋̲̅˛̜ज़‫ܕ‬ȵዺးɴᄲៗɌ⏋Ʉʶʚɛγᅠˁᲊȴɓɛ⏏ɗʢɗʢ ๴‫ر‬ɭɻɄ˃ɲʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶˁჿៗɌɲȦᓔɻᲊȦɩጓɠɐȼʞɹʛɫȡʳ⏏Ŕ᧌ؑ 400 ॷᬚɴɻɍʠɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹ๴‫ر‬ɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɴʭɤɩօʰʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏Гմɴɻ⏋๴ ‫ر‬ɹᦏȼɹȦȴɲʳɭɄʸɴʢ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɻफ़ˁήȭʰʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏Ȧʚʦ৳ʰɻ๴‫ر‬ˁ ɌɤȴʱɭஒμɴɌ⏋˭Ͳ̸̒͠˻ʦˠ̒˪˽̶˝ͻ̝ɹʢɹɫʢɲȿʶɽ⏋ˏ͡˻͖Ͳ͹˹ Ͳ␩‫̝Ͳ˓ؙ‬Ϻ຦Ӿᖬɹ৔Ȧ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɹ೑֐క໠ࢃțɹʢɹɫʢɲȦ๴‫⏋ر‬ɦʚʱɻᕶՕᕶ ᤹ɹ๴‫ر‬ˁೆȼɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏ̚͜ˑ͓᧊֪ɻᅙೝᇕɲ᧊֪ɫȡʱ⏋͇̩̜͇͹ˤͲ ̋Ͳ̚ˑ͹͇ͻ̍. ˪ ˓ ̒ ̜ ͹ ˓ Ͳ ̚ ˑ ˏ. ̚ˑͻɹ‫ݾ‬ɹ᝔ᦽ⏋ȡʳȦɻŋ˓Ͳ̝ጓɠؑʶŌ᧊֪ʭʱʢ⏋Υࣝᅙೝᇕɲ᧊֪ɫȡʳȍɭ຦ ౏ᒶ֦܎ɹลᬠᏨȏˠ͡ˤ̠˓˸ͻȑ␩Organizer, Dec. 20, 1992␭ɻೆȦɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ 13.

(14) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. ೆȦɛɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ԃ‫ܤ‬ɴୟ߂Ɍɩʪȼ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴϺǾɻȲɹɹȷ⏋ɗɹଁʱ᝔ȷˁਖ਼ ˁʁɗʠɩឿࡪɤɩȦɛ⏏ɄɄɴឿՏɇʶʳɹɻΥՖɹҙჿᇕᓒૅɭɻံᑉɲณ֐ɹࠒɴʓȴ ɲʰɲȦ⏏ʚɛɗʶɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭɹ᝛ዺɴʭɤɩ༑ɇʶɛ߁ɌȦᝐ̆̆ɗɹ႞႓ ᓔɹధɻ 2,000 ‫ؿ‬ˁᣳȭʳɭ஠ࡴɇʶɩȦʳ̆̆ɴံ᯽መɴ⏋ಮ֐ˁɻɽȴʳɄɭɲȼঃៜ ɐʳȩȭɫ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹక໠ɹࢪෑɴеᒞɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴɗʶɻ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ ༐ɹʢɹɭᅵᣒɲక໠ࠒֳɫʢȡɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ʢɤɭʢ 1998 ॷɴకณˁკ਄ɌɩГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹకፑɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢ̶ˎ̠̘ˑ̒˪ ɲʢɹɫɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻΥɦɴɻ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦ӾȵΥӾɫɻ᧌‫ץ‬ధˁըɐʳɴӱՕɲᡴफ़ˁკ਄ Ɍ਄ɑ⏋޽ȼɹ‫౅ܩ‬కӾɭᦹጓɐʳɄɭˁоәɲȼɇʶɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢᦹጓɹሂଝ ౅ȵ߂ᨆՕ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɭɻံᑉɲకӾɫȡɤɛɛʠ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹያҫ ‫׋‬ɴɻʭʱΥࣝɹ୑᥂ȵȴȴʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɍɍɦ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋కณკ਄Гմ ɴɻ⏋ˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɴȲȿʳࢩ᭏ল៯⏋ૠ໬ 370 ೼̆̆ɗʶɻ˻͑͌ͻ͹ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɴࢪɐʳ ႕աɲ‫؜‬ʱ଩Ȧˁࡴʠɛʢɹɫȡʳ̆̆ɹঘ๬ɭ˻͑͌ͻ͹ˡ˹͊ͻ͡ɹ˓Ͳ̝ʍɹᐏ‫̯⏋غ‬ Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏋͌˽͌͠ɹȦɑʶɴʢ߹য়ɐʳᐏΥᇕɲ຦໬Ԏɹըࡴˁ⏋కፑᠩᰍɭɌɩȴȴɁ ɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋కณɹএɴɦȦɩГᭇ⏋ɗɹࡸేˁযೝɌ⏋ ȋᖪȷᐏ໠ȍ(Good Governance) ɹተጓˁɗɹకፑᠩᰍɭɌɛɄɭɻ⏋ɗɹɲɴʭʱɹ៷୞ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ␩Jaffrelot 2001: 315-356␭⏏ ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝͹͐̚˪͞˹ͻȵ⏋ʚȵʱɲʱɴʢࡴመɌɛɄɭɹ៷ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰɗ ʶɴ֓ȭɩɄɄɫɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵкჼɐʳณ֐ɹкᣒɹȩɠɴʢ⏋ɗȩɌɛያҫ‫׋‬ˁʢɛ ʰɐߕลȵԒ‫ܧ‬ɇʶɩȦɛɄɭˁ৔ᠭɌɩȲɄȩ⏏ɗʶɻ˓Ͳ̝ɹณ֐ɴ࿃ʞγѯςᒶᇕɲߕ ลɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɍɍɦˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ቑ‫ޙ‬ˁʠȽɤɩ߂ᝓ᧊֪ȵࣙᬖɇʶɛɭȷ⏋˓ Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹ߂ጓᓔ L. K. ˏ̝ʹˎ̢ȵ⏋ূሼˁଝɴɌɩᕶʰˁ͞ͻ͇ኜʍɭЇጓɩΫɁɩ˫ ˻͑͞ͻ̜ɹᓩ‫̜ͻ̠͌ͻ̅ܩ‬ȴʰ᥂ɫՏᇍɌ⏋‫ܩع‬ˁी঳Ɍɦɦˏ̚͜ˑ͓ˁᇿ୭Ɍɛɭ ȷ⏋ɗɄɴɻኜᓩక໠ˁปጓɓ˃ɭɐʳઝ‫ܒ‬ɻࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȴɤɛ⏏Ʉɹ᧊֪ɻ‫ܩع‬ɫၖႨᇕɲ‫ؙ‬ ᯱˁॎȷᣱɄɌɛ␩ࢸᢆ 1993: 31-33; Davis 1996: 27-54␭ɴʢȴȴʼɑ⏋ɗɄɴɻࡱఠᇕ˹Ͳ ̓͡ɹॄʛɲգᅎГΫɹઝ٢‫غ‬ȦȵᦉʠʰʶɩɻȦɲȴɤɛ⏏˓Ͳ̝ɹณ֐ɴʛʰʶʳɄȩɌ ɛкᣒɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽ˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹక໠య‫׋‬ᇕᔘಕˁՕഓɌɛ B. ˏͲ̋ͻ̅Ͳɹଘᠦˁද២ ɐʳɭȷ⏋ՠးɭɛɠჼʼʶɩȼʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏͲ̋ͻ̅Ͳɴʭʶɽ˽ˡ̨͡ȵ⏋ᮊ޽ɲ˓̚ ˠͦ˧ͻɫᕶʰɹкըˁᓩ‫׋‬Ɍ⏋ɇʰɴᢔᘠɲࡾຒˁলɩ⏋ɗɄɴᒭߨˁɻʏʰɓɛɹʢ⏋ໆ Ɍɩณ֐ɹᔼఞˁᝠɐʢɹɫɲȼ⏋˓Ͳ̝̦˹ˏɹШᐏᇕɲయ‫׋‬ɴៀࡴɇʶɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ ɗʶɻΥՖɹჼᢒɹᔘ৿ɴ‫܋‬๖ӯᇕɫኜዃᇕɲ֐⏮͇̠ɹӈȷˁឿՏɇ˃ɭɐʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɹక໠ ᇕᝠჼɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ழៜɐʶɽ˽ˡ̨͡ȵᕶʰɹٞʱɴநȷᮃʠɛ႒ਕθᯆɹᮊ޽ɹឹᏬ ɻ⏋˽ˡ̨͡ᕶ᤹Ʉɹ‫܋‬๖ӯᇕγᅠɹμਕɴеᒞɌɩȦʳɄɭ⏋ɐɲʼɠኜዃᇕɲٟ֐ˁԏɷ 14.

(15) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. ҺȭɩȦʳɄɭˁᝠჼɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ␩Anderson 1972␭⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ౛ȼȴʰᓩѯθณȵ ՕᮐɌɛ˓Ͳ̝ɫɻɄȩɌɛక໠ɻᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍɩȼʳо‫ܩ‬ȵɲȴɤɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ ɍɍɦˏ̝ʹˎ̢ᕶ᤹⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵณ֐ɹএɴɦȦɩʓɰɲȼɌɩȋకঌȵȴȴʼʳ޽ ȼɹ᯿‫ݖ‬ɫɻ⏋‫ܕ‬຦ᇕգᇰɭȦȩ೎ӦӴɹ؅հˁ᭑Ȧɩ⏋˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ̆̆Ȧȴɲʳ˓̚ˠͦ ˧ͻʢ̆̆ʓɭ˃ɰᬠѥˁ୫ɛɲȦ⏏ɍɤɇȦ‫ܕ‬຦ɹᅊ༎ɹʓɭ˃ɰԃɩɹՕᩃɫ⏋ᖪȷᐏ໠ (Good Governance) ɻ⏋ᔵ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ‫⏋׋‬ᔵక໠‫׋‬ɇʶɩɄɗ‫خ‬ᔨɭɲʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭɴ⏋ɗ ɹೣഀᇕɲᩂឹਸɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ʢɌɲ˃ʰȴɹϝဣȵ˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻᇕਸൔˁय़ʃ⏋ᦹጓక ณ⏋Ɍɛȵɤɩ࡫ࡴɌɛక໠ˁ‫ܐ‬ᮑɲʰɌʠʳʓɰ৔ȼɲʳɭȷɴɻ⏋ɗʶˁ‫؜‬ʱΫɁɲȦɄ ɭȵ᧟Ֆɫȡʳȍ␩Jaffrelot 2001: 340-341␭ɭᦚʏ⏋Ȧɠɻʦȼര᥉ɲࠒֳʍɭ᥊ழɌɩȦʳ⏏ ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝క໠ȵ߂ᝓక໠ʍɭ᥊ழɌɩʪȼɴɦʶ⏋క໠ɹᖏ‫د‬ʍɭᇎ‫ݭ‬Ɍ ɩȷɛ޽ȼɹˏ˪̊ͻɛɠɴʢ⏋ɄȩɌɛγѯςᒶᇕɲక໠៎ɻԊ೑ɇʶɩȦɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ ͖͐̚Ͳɴʭʶɽ⏋ტɭ̫͐͞Ͳɭɹᬠѥɻ⏋೴ᘺԒᨆɫɻ೴ᘺɹఌᨗˡͻ̜ɭɗɹࢃЊȷ ‫ص‬ኢɭɹᬠѥɭ̮ͤ͞͡ɫȡʳ␩͖͐̚Ͳ 2001: 143␭⏏ழៜɐʶɽ˓Ͳ̝ɹტȵγѯᇕਸൔ ˁय़ʃɩȦɛɹɭ‫ؾ‬෵⏋ఌᨗˡͻ˽̜ȵ೴ᘺԒᨆɫ᝔ьɐʳณ֐ʢɐȽʶɩγѯᇕɲʢɹɫ ȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ߂ᝓక໠‫׋‬ɴɭʢɲɤɩక໠ɹ᬴ϝ‫ݭ‬គʍɭᇎ‫ݭ‬ɌɩȷɛɹȵɄȩ Ɍɛఌᨗˡͻ˽̜ɫȡɤɛɭɌɛɲʰɽ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ȵႶጓГᭇ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹక໠ȴʰ ๖ፀɴᣧថǾɲգࢀ᬴ϝʍɭው᝔Ɍ⏋ ȋᓩᓔɹక໠ȍȴʰȋతయᇕɲక໠ȍʍɭ᥊ழɌɩʪȼ Ʉɭɭɲɤɛɹʢ⏋ɄȩɌɛ෯ᦶ޴‫׋‬ɴៀࡴɇʶɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢక໠ɹ߂ᝓ‫׋‬ɹɇʰ ɲʳᦽࣙɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍ̾˪̜͡ȵ೴ᘺ኏Цɹঈᦇʍɭ༡ᦩɌɩʪȼɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋̯Ͳ ̝˕ͻ‫ࢃܕ‬ˁল៯ɓ˃ɭɐʳ߂ᒶɻ⏋౗।ᇕɫతయᇕɲక໠ɴʭɤɩέుɴழᲓߥᔙɇʶɩʪ ȼ‫׶‬᭝ɴɇʰɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱȴɄʶʰɹక໠ֳ֐ȵᇿӴɹգᇰࡸჼɴਸਸ਼ɫ⏋ఌ୫క Ӿˁᰈᑢɴ‫؜‬ʱ್ȭʳɭȷ⏋ᦹጓˁᐣ୫ࡔᐚɇɓʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ȦȷȲȦ໬޺ɲ֗֐ȵឹᠱɇʶ ʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵ‫׬‬ႶɫिకঌˁɴȹɤɩȦɛ˫˻͑͞ͻ̜िɫɻ⏋Ȧɇɇȴϟ੻ȵ ᅵɲɤɩȦɛ⏏C. ˻̶͑ͦͻȵ୭௎ɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ɗɄɫɻ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿʓ˃ʰȦɹ˓̚ˠͦ ˧ͻᖬȵ࿣؄ɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɻिጓ࡝ോɫɹఠዀೆఒ៝ʍɭᐄࡸɌ⏋ɇʰɴिకঌ৲Ϻɹ຦౏ᒶ ֦܎ʍɹ֓ᇸ‫ک‬ᰍȵ߂ȷɲక໠‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩ༝ΫɌɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ 1986 ॷɴఒࡴɇʶɛ໬৾ɫ ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ɻకঌ৲Ϻɹ֓ᇸȵ៰ɇʶɲȦ 32 ܎кɹ 1 ɦɴ୭ࡴɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋Ʉɹ໬৾ ˁѹ๭ɓ˃ɭɐʳ֪ȷȵয়‫ܩ‬ɹ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ȴʰՏɇʶɩȦɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍɻᐄ࣌⏋຦ ౏ᒶ֦܎ȵឹິˁ‫؜‬ʱάɁʳɄɭɴʭɤɩໆመɌɛʢɹɹ⏋ɗɄɴឿՏɇʶʳɹɻɄʶʚɫឿ ɩȷɛμ߈ɫɹ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ɭɻᅵᣒɲక໠ɫȡʳ␩Jaffrelot 2001: 356-363␭⏏ ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɹఌ୫ᓔȵᲞˡͻ˽̜ɴ޽ȼ⏋ɗɹΥ౅ɫжˡͻ˽̜ȵక ໠ᇕɴៅᨮɐʳɹɴЫɤɩɗɹఌ୫‫ݜ‬ᇻȵѢ᜙ɇʶɩʪȼɴɦʶ⏋ɗɄɴɻ‫͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ᖬˁ৔ 15.

(16) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. ʠɩʪȼߕลȵ̲̜͡͹˓ͲɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɍɍɦ 1990 ॷБɴˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɹ͐˽˪ˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ ᰍȵɴʼȴɴ˪ͦͻ̀͹ˏ̺̒ɇʶɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋ˡͻ˽̜ˁʠȽɤɩᅊᣱɌɛᐳᦗɌɛႥ໥ȵ ȡʳ⏏Ʉɹɭȷ⏋য়ಁɹ᱔ሂ V. P. ˹Ͳȵ‫د‬ᰄɐʳάࣝˡͻ˽̜ɹఌ୫ˁკ਄ɓ˃ɭɌɩ⏋࡝ ോʦకঌᓷʍɹӦӴᇕȋւʱয়ɩങȍˁɄʶʚɫɹ୭ࡴˡͻ˽̜⏋୭ࡴᨆ౏ȴʰʭʱΫеɹ ˡͻ˽̜⏮ȋЈɹ৿ᦽˡͻ˽̜ȍʍɭୟ߂ɓ˃ɭɌɛɭȷ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ᭐‫ۊ‬ɻሎɤϠɦɴՕ᝾ Ɍɛ⏏ழៜɐʶɽˏ̚͜ˑ͓ˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍɻ⏋ɗɹሺӴˁ͌˽͌͠ʍɭ‫ك‬ȿʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ̯ Ͳ̝˕ͻ᭐‫ۊ‬ɹᐄ೺ˁɻȴʰ˃ɭɌɛక໠፤᝗ɹᐄഗɫȡʳ␩Malik and Singh 1994: 86-87; Jaffrelot 1996: 412-424␭⏏ɇʰɴ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿȵ⏋ɗɹӾᏼᑩɹ᣸ᕆɭɌɩ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ɴћ ࡔɌ⏋ɌȴʢɄɹ຦౏ᒶ֦܎ȵᏺࠃΥ᢭ᮮᲓɲ‫͌ͻ͞˽˓ؙ‬కፑˁȴȴɁɩȦʳɭȷ␩Basu 2001: 163-169␭⏋ɗȩɌɛ‫׶‬᭝ɻћးɭɌɩံែɌȭɲȦɫȡʸȩ⏏. м̙ҁ̙Ѽ̙ѝ ɻɛɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɻȦȴɲʳɭɄʸɴ‫ك‬ȴȩɹȴ⏏ʢɭʭʱɄȩɌɛ‫ک‬ᰍɴተɛʳፐȭ ˁՏɐɄɭɻʞɑȴɌȦ⏏ᇿάɹɭɄʸ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋жˡͻ˽̜ɹఌ୫ˁკ਄ɐʳɛʠɴ ‫౅ܩ‬కӾ̆̆ɗɹ޽ȼɻఌ୫‫ݜ‬ᇻˁжˡͻ˽̜ɴЖȦɫȦʳ̆̆ɭɹᦹጓɴћࡔɓɊʳˁȭɲ Ȧȵ⏋ɗɹಁǾɹႥ໥ɴਝɍɩఌ୫కӾˁʠʚȽʳɌȼ޴ȭ⏋ɇʰɴᮐӾ⏋ᔵӾȵᰈᇍɌ⏋క Ӿሂϣᬚɹ‫غ‬ਃᦹ᝝ʢᐓȭɑ޴‫׋‬ɐʳ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠Ⴅ໥ˁᓒȭʳɭ⏋ɄȩɌɛక໠଍ᅭɻέ࡫ ࡴɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴɗɹ‫̠͖͊͡˱⏮͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ᇕкᣒɴ֓ȭʳɴ߂‫̝Ͳ˓ܕ‬ˁਚ‫ك‬Ɍ⏋ ৔ณᇕɲక໠᧊‫ۊ‬ɴӃహɐʳɄɹకӾɹɄʶʚɫɹ᥄ᤄˁᓒૅɐʳɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻћး ɭɌɩ˓Ͳ̝కᅠɹȋ‫د‬ᰟɹᇿȍɇɲȵʰɫȡʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ˓Ͳ̝ԃкɫ͌˽͌͠Ϻ‫ؤ‬ȵɌʠʳ ւ‫غ‬ɻ 12 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɫȡʳ⏏ɗȩɫȡʳɭɐʳɲʰɽ‫͌͠˽ؙ͌‬ઢ੻ɹၱᇍȵᑵʱᦐɇʶʳ ɭȷ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɻ‫ؚ‬୩ɹɦȴɲȦཌྷϕɴॎȷᦉʚʶʳɄɭɭɲʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ ʢɤɭʢ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɭɹࢪጓɹ؅‫܍‬ˁ⏋‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ȵ͌˽͌͠ ɴࢪɌɩ᧌঎ɹࡼ‫ٮ‬కፑˁɭɤɛɄɭɴឿՏɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ɌȴɌჼࡸɹ˱͖̠͊͡Ꮺϝɹᔘಕ ɻʭʱភᮊɫȡʳ⏏A. ʹˎ͡˹̢͖ˑɴʭʶɽ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɫ˱͖̠͊͡ᏪϝȵᰈᇍɐʳɭɄʸ ɻ⏋ςɭɌɩᨊ॑ɴᭉʰʶɩȦɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌȦɑʶɹᨊ॑ʢ˱͖̠͊͡ᏪϝɴນɇʶɩȦ ɛʼȿɫɲȴɤɛ⏏ɍɍɦ˱̢͖̘͊ˑሂϣᬚɴࢌஞɲ᏾̆̆‫ूڧ⏋ݖܩ‬ᅠ⏋֝ӈᏼ‫⏋غ‬኏Ц ༎֪⏋కӾ⏋ˁЂɐʳ᏾̆̆ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳɭɄʸɫɻ⏋˱ֳ͖̠͊͡֐ɹӈȷȴȿɴʢȴȴ ʼʰɑ⏋ಮ֪ȵ֤ᇍɌɩɄɲȴɤɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋ɗȩɌɛ᏾ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦᨊ॑ɫɻ⏋ᑵʱᦐɇ ʶʳಮ֪ɴʭɤɩ޽ȼɹϺǾȵ٨ˁᘺɭɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɹᬚɴ৓ ʱीʰɇʶɩȦʳ኏Цᇕ⏋క໠ᇕɲ᏾Ʉɗȵ⏋๷༎ᇕɴᩂឹɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛ᏾ ɻ⏋ɗʶˁᐣ୫ɓ˃ɭɐʳ֗֐ȵɲȦȵɌʸɴɇʶʳɭȷ⏋޽ȼɹɭɄʸɫՖుɇʶʳɄɭɭ ɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ 16.

(17) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. Ʉɹဣɫˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻኍ‫ڗ‬ᇕɲ᥄ᤄˁயȦɩȦʳ⏏ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻ⏋᧿޺ɹ˵ͻ̫͡ ͇̘ˑɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɹˏ˹͖͌͞ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȲʱ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻɹ༎֪୞ဣˁɲɐʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ Ɍɛȵɤɩ‫׵‬͹̮ɹՕᮐႶጓɴ᭬Ɍɩ͌˽͌͠ᦹᇸɻয়‫ܩ‬ˁఓ௖ɹฌᇕɭɌ⏋ɄɄɫ˱͖̠͊ ͡ಮ֪ˁᣱɄɗȩɭᅙፑɌɛʢɹɹ⏋ɌȴɌɄɹɭȷ⏋Ʉɹᨊ॑ɫ৔Ȧֳ֐ˁ᠔ɤɩȦɛˤͲ ̚ˑͻςᒶᓔɹ኏Ц༎֪܎к⏋֝ӈᏼ‫⏋غ‬ɗʶɴ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɻ⏋ಮ֪ˁ೎ࢸᭉɴଵȭᦉʞɄɭ ɴଁ֒Ɍɛ⏏ɗʶɻɄʶʰɹ܎к͹ᏼᑩȵ˓Ͳ̊ͻ͹˱͖̠͊͡ɲ෯ଁˁɭɤɩȲʱ⏋ɗȩɌ ɛ᏾ɴћ୞Ɍɩ՟ೝɹຍ᭥ɫϝȦɹတˁ༥Ɍ਄ɛȵɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩ 80 ॷБГᭇɄ ʶʰɹᏼᑩȵȴɦɩɹ༎֐ˁ߉ɤɩʪȼɭȷ⏋ˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɻ঎ᩂɲʳ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ɴॎ ȷᦉʚʶʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻႶጓГᭇᅊᣱɌɛঀ޽ɹ኏Цᐁཕᇕ⏋క໠ᇕ޴‫׋‬ɹ ភ‫غ‬ᇕɲᅋ႒ɴʓȴɲʰɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɫᇵ˃ɫȡɤɛᐱू෌ɻ⏋ႶጓГᭇᝢ ᦡɌ⏋ɗʶɴБʼɤɩɇʚɊʚɲᅋ෌Օᩃɫμࢸɹू‫ݭ‬ȵ‫د‬ᰄɌɩȷɛȵ⏋ɗɄɴӈȼᓔɻೡ ᏼᑩ֝ӈᓔɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ౗Ǿɹ؏ɌȦᅊ༎ɹɲȴɫȴɦɩɹႶጓ᧊֪ɹെӵȵᰟ‫׋‬Ɍɩʪȼɭ ȷ⏋ɄɄˏͻ͍̫̋ͻ̝ɴȲȦɩʢˤͲ̚ˑͻɹࠓӵȵᖬឡɓɩʪȷ⏋ɌɛȵɤɩˤͲ̚ˑͻ ςᒶᓔɹ኏Ц༎֪ɴʢਸ਼ᦵɲᓌʱȵᅊɍɩȷɛ⏏ɗʶɴ֓ȭɩ‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ʢ⏋ᬏॷɹը঎ᆌ ֝ɴ֓ȭɩ⏋˓Ͳ̚ˑ͞͹ˤͲ̚ˑͻȵ৔ณᇕɲ̴͖͠ͅ˽̜ᇕଝ໬̆̆ɗʶɻӾᏼᑩˁᰧ ʃᣴȭɩሁஞɴ຦ᝓɴ៲ȭȴȿʳΥ౅⏋‫౅ܩ‬ӾᏼᑩɴᕶʰɹࡎᰲȦˁᨗɓ˃ɭɐʳʢɹɫȡɤ ɛ̆̆ɴ៲ȭȴȿɛɭȷ⏋ɗɹ᣸ᕆɻਸ਼ᦵɴ৑к‫׋‬ɌɩʪȼɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ␩Varshney 2002: 219-261␭⏏ ȦɑʶɴɓʭГΫɹႥ໥ȵఠȭʳʢɹɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝኏Цɹᐏ‫غ‬ɴɭɤɩਖឹɭɇʶɩȦʳɹ ȵ⏋Ϋȴʰɹ৔ณᇕఌᨗɫɻɲȼɩ⏋͐̚˪͞˹ͻɴћ୞Ɍɛάȴʰɹ‫᧑ܩ‬ɲ֗֐ɫȡʱ⏋ɗ Ʉɴ෯፷ɇʶʳ኏Цᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ɫȡʳɄɭ⏋Ʉʶɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɽȴʱɫɲȼ޽຦౏‫ࢃܕ‬ ˓Ͳ̝ɹჼࡸˁሁែɐʳɭȷ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ɻ⏋ਖɑɌʢ᧟‫غ‬ᇕɫɻɲȦɫȡʸ ȩ⏏Ʉɹઝ٢ɫ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ȵ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫ܔ‬೑ɹШᐏɴћ୞Ɍɛ‫ࢃܕ‬ল៯ˁฌ෡ Ɍɦɦʢ⏋˓Ͳ̝‫ܕ‬຦ˁࡴᒶɐʳɴȡɛɤɩ᯿‫ܤ‬ˁմᯆɴେɌՏɌ⏋ɗɄɴзʞϺǾɹ‫ؾ‬ᣒ‫׋‬ ˁ့ሉɹਸ਼֭ɭ୼ȭʳဣɫ⏋ɗɹࡸ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒༑ɹ‫ܕ‬຦‫ࢃܕ‬ɹ္ȷሁɌɴɐȹɲȦɭుɑʳ S. 3) ɻ⏋ኍ‫ڗ‬ᇕɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩȋਲ਼઎ɭ߀ ˥̠͡ͻ̢ɹ୭௎␩Khilnani 1997: 188-189␭. ઎ȵঀࣝɴʢʼɛɤɩೆȷᦉʚʶɛɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋Гմɴೆȷᦉʚʶɛʢɹȵ࡭ԃɴ᭯ʶʳ Ʉɭʢɲȿʶɽ༥ɌؑʰʶɩʢȦɲȦ⏋‫إ‬ȷᒫᇤᏨȍ␩Khilnani 1997: 169␭ɇɲȵʰɹ˓Ͳ̝ ɫɻ⏋޽෵ਸɹ᠗ᡫɻȡʰʪʳకፑɹέ‫خ‬๕ɹմரɫɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ʢɤɭʢ˛˽̨͹̠˹͚̠̀͌͠ȵγᅠɹ‫ܩع‬ɫᗷʶႨȩЁ౗ɹႥ໥ˁᇿ௖ɐʳɴɦʶ⏋޽. 3) ɲȲᦏБɹ‫ࢃܕ‬ȵ᯿‫ܤ‬ˁᩂែɌ⏋ɗɄɴȲȿʳ‫ؾ‬ᣒᇕɲ‫ܕ‬຦ɹ০ଁˁ৔ᠭɌɛɄɭɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋cf.,␩Parekh 2000: 179-195␭ ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌɩմᦏБ‫ࢃܕ‬ɴȲȦɩᩂែɇʶɛɹɻ⏋̮ͤͻ˪ɴʭʶɽᅊ༎෵িɫȡʳ⏏. 17.

(18) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. య‫׋‬ɲȦɌ޽຦౏‫ࢃܕ‬ɹࢰഀɴɻ⏋ঀ޽ɹ‫ܐ‬ᮑȵ৺ɠȩȿɩȦʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ޽຦౏ɹԊࡔ ˁ‫ܒ‬ʳȩȭɫ৔ณᇕఌᨗɫɻɲȼɩ͐̚˪͞˹ͻɄɗȵ⏋᧟‫غ‬ᇕɲక໠˹˽̘͌ɫȡʳʢɹ ɹ⏋য়ɹ˛˽̨͹̠˹͚̠͠˽̜ɹ଍᝗ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̊ͻ͹˛˽̢̒˪ɲ᏾ˁಮ֐ɴʭɤɩՖు Ɍ⏋᭰Ϻ‫ަؾ‬ˁέҜଔ߃ɹపɴЇጓɩΫɁʳɄɭɴȡɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ␩˓˫̠̘ˑ˛̶ 1999: 47-90␭⏏ɗȩɌɛႥ໥ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ʁɭɛʃ˱͖̠͊͡ಮ֪ȵ࿠ɌȼᗷʶႨȩʦ⏋ ޽ȼɹଘɫ៎ཀྵɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻςɭɌɩ޺ȴʰʦɤɩȷɛႢᒜᓔᮃ܎ɹЇ෌ɫȡʳȵ⏋Ɍ ȴɌ৳ʰɴʭɤɩзʞࢃˁቑ‫ޙ‬ɇʶ⏋ࢃϺȵ᭙ᦄ⏋ຏࢀɇʶɛ͌˽͌͠⏃ȡʳȦɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏆ ɴɭɤɩ⏋ʢɻʦ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏃ȡʳȦɻ͌˽͌͠⏆ɹ᭰Ϻɻ⏋ȴɦɩɹ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ⏃ȡʳȦɻ ͌˽͌͠⏆ɫȡʱ਄ɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱɄȩɌɛಮ֐ɴɻɗɄɴ৓ʱीʰɇʶɛ኏Цᇕ̦̜̒ͩͻ˪ ˁՖుɌ⏋ୡȦؑʱᮑȦӂᤄˁਕɴխʛᦉ˃ɫʪȼߕลȵዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ ˡͻ̸́͡ˎ˪. ȋЁ‫⏋܌‬༎֪ࢃȵȡɛȴʢ᧧୲Ϻ‫ؿ‬᎗ˁଝɴ୫ɤɩ๰ȷʚʼɤɛȴɹɅɭȼ⏋͌˽͌͠ɭ৳ ʰɹᢧᅋȵᏼᑩᇕɭȦɤɩʭȦᰟɴఓ௖ɇʶɛɭȦȩϟࡸȵ⏋ɄɹᅘȚˏ̚͜ˑ͓țˁɻɍ ʠɩࡱఠɹᐻɴ໤ɤɩՕ᝾ɇɓʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ⏏8 ॷᬚɴʢʼɛʳࡺШ༎֪ȵɲɌ਄ɲȴɤɛ Ʉɭˁ⏋ɄɹᅘɫᣱɄɤɛ೎՟ɹಮ֪ȵɲɌᧅɁɩɌʚɤɛ⏏ŔΥɦɹԊ‫ؾ‬кɭɌɩɹˏ͜ ̚ˑ͓̆̆ᩂភɌɛኜ᠌⏋Шᠦ⏋ᅊ༎෵ি⏋ɄʶʚɫɹԊ‫ؾ‬ᅊ༎ȵᔒ˃ɫȷɛԊᦲɹᐁᱻˁᔘ ಕɭɌɩ⏋̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɭ͌˽͌͠ɹȦɑʶʢȵɗɄɴΥɦɹȚᅊ༎ɹț‫⏋ݭ‬Ȳɗʰȼɻᓩ‫׋‬ɇ ʶɛ‫ݭ‬ˁԊ೑ɌɩȦɛᓩɲʳᨊ॑ɭɌɩɹˏ̚͜ˑ͓̆̆ɻ⏋Ȧʚɞ࡭ԃɴȩɠɄʼɇʶɩɻ ȦɲȦȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ተࡸɴᝢᦡɌɦɦȡʳ⏏ˏ̚͜ˑ͓ɴȲȿʳԊ‫ؾ‬኏Цɻ⏋।ɴέ࡭ԃ ɲʢɹɫȡɤɛȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋ɗʶɫʢԊ‫ؾ‬кɫȡɤɛɄɭɻʚɠȵȦɲȦ⏏ɭɄʸȵȦʚ ʦϣȦɴȲɗʶ⏋ᆄȦ⏋ɗɌɩ᤹෯ȭɛ⏋Ϡɦɹሂᅵɲʳᮃ܎ɴաǾɹ̚ͻ͐ͲȵɭʱɦȦɛ ‫ݭ‬ଘɭɲɤɩɌʚɤɛ⏏̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠͠˽̜ɭɗɹԋަɛɠɻ⏋ʛɑȴʰɹЇϟˁɲ ɌᧅɁɛɹɫȡʳȍɭ⏋ˏ˹˹͖͹̠Ͳ̚ˑɛɠɹᠭീ˫͡ͻ̺ɻೆȦɩȦʳ␩Nandy et al. 1995: 203␭⏏ ʢɤɭʢ 1990 ॷБ՟ᰄɴᐁཕᕶᅓ‫׋‬కፑɴ᥊ழɌɩГᭇɹ˓Ͳ̝ɻ⏋ॷრ 3 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜ɹ ᐁཕଁᬏრ⏃Ȧʼʪʳ Hindu Rate of Economic Growth⏆ˁᔵɌɩ⏋6 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜մ৿ɹଁᬏ რˁ᧒ଁɌɩȦʳɹɻϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴʢɄȩɌɛଁഗˁᇿ௖ɌɩԒ޺ȴʰ˓Ͳ̝ɹೡഀɴ ූ៎ᇕɲೝ৺ȵࢊɓʰʶɻɍʠɩȦʳʢɹɹ⏋ɗɄɴʢਲ਼ʼɵᘺɭɌዴȵ᭯ɇʶɩȦʳɫȡ ʸȩ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢɛɌȴɴᐁཕଁᬏɻ኏Цˁ༎ਸ‫׋‬Ɍ༑֪‫׋‬ɌɩʪȼɄɭɭɲʳʢɹɹ⏋зʛ ીʶɛ‫ݖܩ‬኏Цȴʰ༑ʶՏɛϺǾˁ‫؝‬ȿ๬ʠʳ኏Цը঎ɹল៯ȵᬚɴ‫غ‬ʼɲȦ‫̢̒˽˛⏋غݭ‬ ˪͹˫͡ͻ̺⏋ȡʳȦɻˡͻ˽̜ᬚʦࡱ༐ᬚɹ᥃᥶ˁ৔ʠʳɄɭɴɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ␩Connor 1994: 29-66␭⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ˓Ͳ̝ɹక໠ɻɄʶȴʰʢঀ޽ɹ‫ܐ‬ᮑɴሁᯆɌɩʪȼʭȩɴਲ਼ʼ ʶʳ⏏ɻɛɌɩ˓Ͳ̝ɻ˱͖̠͊͡ᱺఁɴৄȷ᝾ȴʶ⏋ȡʳȦɻᕸʳଘɫ֤ᇍɐʳˡͻ˽̜ᬚ ɹࢪጓɴᗑ‫ن‬ɐʳɹɫȡʸȩȴ⏏ɗʶɭʢԗʃˤͲ̚ˑͻ༑ɹక໠ɹ༒‫֪᧊׋‬ȵȲɄʳɹȴ⏏ 18.

(19) ೠ೴⏧˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳᓩɭѯ⏧క໠ณ֐ɴᬠɐʳᗐॵɹᓒ࢘. ʢɭʭʱˤͲ̚ˑͻȵៗȷɻɲɤɛੇʳʏȷ˛̦͡˧ͻɻ⏋ˤͲ̚ˑͻᕶ᤹ɹ҅Ϻᇕɲˡ͠˽ ͇ɴћࡔɌɩɻȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴˤͲ̚ˑͻɹਲ਼઎ɭ᧊֪ȵ˓Ͳ̝ɹᏄኜయ‫׋‬ᇕШ ᐏɹμਕɴеᒞɌɩȦɛɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋ɄȩɌɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸʢໆɌɩံែɌؑʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦɫ ȡʸȩ⏏ɌȴʢɗɄɴɻգᇰɭณ֐ˁʠȽɤɩ࿠Ɍȼϝȩక໠ˁ༒‫׋‬Ɍ⏋క໠ࢃˁ‫ي‬ʠɩϺǾ ΥᖔˁᇿӴɹգᇰɹகЈᇕɲᦠິȴʰៗȷɻɲɦɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋˓Ͳ̝͹͐̚˪͞˹ͻɹ˓Ͳ ̶͞˽̜͞˪͖̍ˏɹԗ෯፷ɴᣂɐʳߕลʢዃʠʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡʳ⏏. ǵೣዣˁᔵዣɌɛɹɻ⏋2003 ॷ 8 ೐ɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹ৿⏋2004 ॷ 4 ೐ȴʰ 5 ೐ɴȴȿɩᐵ᧧୲ȵ୲᝔ɇʶ Цᡴ༐ȵకณɴ਋ॠɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌ˓Ͳ̝Ϻ຦Ӿɻ਄ኡრɫឿʳᭉʱ 22.2 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜⏃‫ܕ‬຦Цᡴ༐ɻ 26.7 ̮ͻ́Ͳ̜⏆ɫ⏋ћးɭɌɩ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ‫د‬ᰟɹᇿɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛೣዣɻ˓Ͳ̝క໠ɹ႕ᣒˁ؅ჿᇕɴᓒ࢘ ɐʳɄɭˁᇿᇕɭɌɩȦʳɹɫȡȭɩ‫ݚ‬ፆয়ಁɹʚʚɴɌɩȲȦɛ⏏. ‫̙ۀ‬ᄽ̙ည̙ज़ Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. 1972. The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture. In Claire Holt ed., Culture and Politics in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Anderson, Walker K. and Shrindhar D. Dalme. 1987. The Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism. Boulder: Westview Press. Basham, A. L. 1967. The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian SubContinent before the Coming of Muslim, 3rd and rev. ed. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. Basu, Amrita. 2001. The Dialectic of Hindu Nationalism. In Atul Kohli ed., The Success of India’s Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bondurant, V. 1988. Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, new and rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Brown, Judith M. 1989. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. New Haven: Yale University Press. Connor, Walker. 1994. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Davis, Richard H. 1996. The Iconography of Rama’s Chariot. In David Ludden ed., Making India Hindu: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ͖͐̚Ͳ⏋͡˓⏏2001⏏ȏ́͐͹̯˛͞͡˥˪˽̆ˡͻ˽̜кᏙɭɗɹઝ٢ŅȑᅒμᮂΥ͹ཡᦇԇΪ៱⏋ ʛɐɑೆଗ⏏ ̶ˑ̒˹͑ͻ⏋͡˓˽⏏1966⏏ȏˤͲ̚ˑͻȑ‫إ‬ᢽ֯ᨀ៱⏋ᏛР‫࣒ܕ‬ೆঊ⏏ Golwalkar, M. S. 1966. Bunch of Thoughts. Bangalore: Vikrama Prakashan. Heesterman, J. C. 1985. The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays in Indian Ritual, Kingship, and Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ˓˫̠̘ˑ˛̶⏋͇˓˭͡⏏1999⏏ȏϼᒶɲȷ଍‫̆ݭ‬຦౏ᏪϝɭჼБϺɹҙჿ̆ȑሎᩃ౩ង៱⏋ຘ౗ృᓬ ኏⏏ Iyer, Raghavan ed. 1986. The Moral and Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1996. The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics 1925 to the 1990s: 19.

(20) ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬. Strategies of Identity Building, Implantation and Mobilisation. London: Viking. 㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2001. The BJP at the Center: A Central and Centrist Party? In Thomas Blom Hansen and Christophe Jaffrelot, eds., The BJP and the Compulsions of Politics in India, 2nd ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Khilnani, Sunil. 1997. The Idea of India. London: Penguin Books. ೠ೴ᮂ౶⏏1996⏏ȏ˓Ͳ̝ჼБక໠̆ɗɹӵɭ৯̆ȑγᅠਲ਼઎኏⏏ Kohli, Atul. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India’s Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2001. Introduction. In Atul Kohli ed., The Success of India’s Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ࢸᢆແψ⏏1993⏏ȏ͞ͻ͌ኜ᠌ɭႍႌ̯̆Ͳ̝˕ͻ਋‫إ‬ςᒶɭ˓˽͌̆͞ȑॶՂ኏⏏ Lannoy, Richard. 1971. The Speaking Tree: A Study of Indian Culture and Society. London: Oxford University Press. Morris-Jones, W. H. 1967. The Government and Politics of India, 2nd ed. London: Hutchinson University Press. Malik, Yogendra K. and V. B. Singh. 1994. Hindu Nationalists in India: The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Boulder: Westview Press, Boulder. μऄࣰਚ⏏2002⏏ȏ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻ͹̠˹͚̠̀͌̆͠ශࡄ✕ᒛߩ⢛᥊̆ȑμԇృೆ⏏ Nandy, Ashis, Shikha Trivedy, Shail Mayaram and Achyut Yagnik. 1995. Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and the Fear of Self. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Organizer, Dec. 20, 1992 Parekh, Bhikhu. 1989. Gandhi’s Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination. Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press. 㨋㨋㨋㨋⏏2000. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press. Shills, Edward. 1975. Center and Periphery: Essays in Macrosociology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Smith, Donald E. 1974. Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics. In D. E. Smith ed., Religion and Political Modernization. New Haven: Yale University Press. Upadhyaya, Deendayal. 1965. Integral Humanism. New Delhi. Varshney, Ashutoshu. 2002. Ethnic Conflict amd Civic Life: Hindu and Muslim in India. New Haven: Yale University Press. Weber, Max. 1966. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Riligionssoziologie, Bd. II. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr. Zimmer, Heinlich. 1969. Philosophies of India. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.. 20.

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