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[様式-学5甲]

博士論文要旨

論文題名:その場での X 線吸収微細構造測定用電気化学セルの開 発とリチウムイオン二次電池正極の反応分布解析

立命館大学大学院生命科学研究科 生命科学専攻博士課程後期課程

ミヤハラ リョウタ 宮原 良太

本研究では、充放電過程におけるリチウムイオン二次電池正極活物質の化学状態を、電池が駆 動しているその場(in situ)でX線吸収微細構造(XAFS)を解析するためのin situ XAFS測定用 電気化学セルの開発を目的とした。さらに、開発したin situ XAFS測定用電気化学セルをLiFePO4

正極とLiNiO2正極に適用し、それらの充放電過程で発生する電極面内での不均一な反応分布の発

現メカニズムの解明を目的とした。

硬X線領域を透過法で XAFS測定するための電気化学セルとして、電極へ適切な圧力がかけ られるようなデザインで開発を行い、電気化学的には一般的な試験用セルと同等の充放電特性を 示すことを確認した。LiFePO4正極を用いたin situ二次元イメージングXAFS測定を行った結果、

不均一な反応分布を観測した。また、軟X線領域を蛍光収量法でXAFS測定するための電気化学 セルとしては、広い開口を有する窓剤に Au を蒸着することで集電体としての機能をもたせ、そ こに正極合剤を塗布する仕組みとした。実際に充電を行いながら、LiFePO4正極について PのK 吸収端での XAFS測定を行った結果、LiFePO4からFePO4へ変化するXANES スペクトルの取得 に成功した。

LiFePO4正極の充放電過程に現れる正極面内における不均一な反応分布について、in situ二次

元イメージングXAFS法を用いて解析を行った。その結果、充電過程と放電過程の両方に共通し て電極反応が優先的に進行する起点が存在し、その起点を中心として電極反応が周囲へ広がる挙 動を観測した。また、繰り返し充放電を行った場合に反応起点の位置は変化しないことを明らか にした。さらに、正極合剤内の導電助剤の割合や塗布厚を変えた LiFePO4正極の解析から、正極 面内における電子伝導性の違いが不均一な反応分布を発現する要因であると結論した。

LiFePO4よりも電気伝導性が高いLiNiO2正極についてのin situ二次元イメージングXAFS測定

を行った結果、やはり不均一な反応分布を生じるが、その空間スケールがLiFePO4正極の時より 小さく、充電が優先して進行する位置は遅れて放電が進行することを明らかにした。電子顕微鏡 での正極表面形態の充放電に伴う変化から、電解液の分解物が正極表面に被膜を生じることによ り、Li+の拡散が制限された結果として不均一な反応分布が発現したと結論した。

(2)

[様式-学5甲]

Abstract of Doctoral Thesis

Title: Development of Electrochemical Cell for In Situ X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Measurement and Analysis of Reaction

Distribution in Lithium Ion Battery Cathode

Doctoral Program in Advanced Life Sciences Graduate School of Life Sciences

Ritsumeikan University

ミヤハラ リョウタ MIYAHARA Ryota

Two types of the electrochemical cell for in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements were developed to clarify the chemical state of the active material in cathode of lithium ion secondary battery under the operating conditions. One was for the transmission measurements in the hard X-ray region, and the cell was designed so as that the electrodes were pressed with an adequate pressure. It was confirmed for the developed cell to show the battery capacity comparable to that measured using a conventional test cell. The inhomogeneous reaction distribution in the LiFePO4 cathode was observed by in-situ 2-dimentional (2D) XAFS imaging method using the developed cell. The other type of cell was for the XAFS measurements by the fluorescence yield detection, and was designed for light elements, which have the absorption edge in the soft X-ray region. A large polyimide window was deposited by Au to work as the current corrector for the cathode, on which the cathode material was directly applied. The XANES spectral change was successfully observed for the LiFePO4 cathode at the K edge of P during the charge processes.

The in-situ 2D XAFS imaging measurements for the LiFePO4 cathode revealed that there were some spots (reaction channels) at which the electrode reaction was initiated and that the reaction was propagated radially from the reaction channel. The cyclic measurements clarified that the position of reaction channels were kept for the successive charge-discharge cycles. The 2D XAFS measurements for a series of LiFePO4 cathodes with different carbon composition and thickness evaluated that the reaction channel corresponded to the position with low electronic resistance.

The in-situ 2D XAFS imaging measurements for the LiNiO2 cathode with higher electronic conductivity than LiFePO4 revealed that the LiNiO2 cathode showed that the preceding area for the charging process was delayed for the discharging process (vice versa) in contrast to the reaction distribution observed in the LiFePO4

cathode. It was concluded on the basis of the observation by the scanning electron microscope that the decomposition products of the electrolyte solvent covered the cathode surface and limited the diffusion of Li+ between the cathode material and the electrolyte solution, leading the inhomogeneous reaction distribution.

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