ー67−
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion’
KazuhiroKUMO… Comt8ntS lIntrodu（：don 2Geogr叩hicalnstributionofNaturalResourcesandMarketsintheSovietUnion 3D即elopmentPolicyintheFom∝USSR 3lChangesinDevelopmentPolicy 32RegionalDevelopmentCo血011edbytheCe血alGoverrLment 3」3R￠由oml以s扇b血onof■Govmne血1ⅠⅣe血Ie血 4Tねtdsh旭u血idLoeation 4“1Es血donM血s 42R￡餌ぬand坤∞ ●Thisstudywasfinanci叫ysupportedbytheMatsushitaInternationalFoundation，Special Research Expensespresentedby theF＆CultyofEconomics＆t払gawaUmiversity，且nda ResearchGrantpresentedbythePzeSidentofⅨagawaUhiversityPartsofthisstudywere presentedattheUTbanEeonomiesWbrksllOpOfノ均ro七otJmiversitⅥddedas‘Pbli血dEαnOmy ofSovietIndustrialI．ocation：AGeographicalApproadl’ 愉 AssociatehofessorofRegionalScience，FaculbTOfE00nOmi（S，KagawaUhiversi軌JapanI gratefullyacknodedgehofMasahisaF亜ta，ProfSad叩OShiOhtsu，ProfShin・idhiroThbata， Prof Ri・ichiTabata，ProfⅨatshuhiroMiyamoto andProf T8tSuhikoI竜wAShimafor theirgenerouscomments，SuggeStions，COntinuousencouragement，andassistance Tb contactthe authoz：Phone＆Fax：＋81−87−832−1908；e・majl：k・kurno＠ec．kagawa・uaCjp； autI10rもWbrldWideⅥ屯bsite：ht申：〟weloome．b瓜umosrOOm
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 一6さトーー ご（互九） 5Condu血喝Remark Abstract ThispaperexaminesregionaldevelopmentpoliciesintheFormer SovietUnion andactualindustrial1ocationpattems”Byrestructuring limitedmaterials，thisstudyestimatedregionalindustrialoutputinthe formerSovietUnion．．Inaddition，interregionaldi飴rentialsinindustrial developmentandthee飴ctsofdistancefromMosoovY，thelargestmarket， wereinvestigated 1．Introduction Ingeneral，thegeographicdistributionofnaturalresourceshascritical e脆ctsonindustriallocationinacountryThereisnodoubtthatthiswasone
ofthe main fhctors determiningcurrentlocationalpattemsintheformer SovietUnion，aShasbeendeterminedbyvariousstudies
王tis stillnot clearlhoweveれ What role physical＾nstitutional transportationcostsandag由omerationeconomiesresultingfromtheextentof
themarketplayedintheSovietindustriahzationprocessTbemainreason forthismaybethelimitedregionalstatisticsoftheUSSRthatareavailable However，the couapse oftheformerSoviet Umionenabledaccessto more regionaldatahl Theinterrelationshipbetweentransportcosts，agglomerationeconomies， naturalresourcelocation，andindustriallocationhaslongbeeninvestigated inmanynelds．Inrecentyears，however，theirrelationhasbeenclari丘edin morere丘nedforminthe丘eldof”neweconomicgeography”（馳ugman，1991； Fuljita，Kmgman，and Mori，1995；Ftljita，1996；Flljita，Kmgman，and lゐnables，1998）Bycontrollingthee鮎ctsofagglomerationeconomiesorother
variables，these researchers showedthat extremely hightransport costs
1mlboniwa■s（1996a，1996b）一山storicd叩andta仕veanaレsis■00n（治rn血gCen吐血Asianstabs oftlle愈〉rmerSoviettJ山onisbasedonsud18Situadon
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion −6：9−
Obstructindustrialconcentration，While decreasesintra亀ccostrea上zethe
COnCentrationofmanufacturingindustriesincertainregionsInadditionto this，itwasclarifiedthatpopulationdistributionandotherinitialconditions
Or SOme 仕ather accidental）historicalconditions play critioal rolesin
determiningthedevelopmentalpatternSOfspeciiicregions
Some authors have already verifiedtheir hypotheses empirical1y
Fu鱒aandlもbuchi（1997）havepointedoutthatthereaLzationoftheTbkyo
monopolarsysteminJapancanbe regardedasaconcentrationprocessof
knowledge−intensiveindustries，inwhich agglomeration economies play a
Criticalrole Comparingthelocationalbehaviorofsemiconductorindustriesin
JapanwiththatintheUSA，AritaandFtljita（1997）clari＆edthatdecreases intransportcostsandpolitical瓜istoricalconditionshavesigniacantef粘ctson
thesedi脆rencesIntheReldofgeography，anumberofstudiesinvestigated theinterrelation between tranSpOrt COStS，naturalresourcelocation，and
regionaldevelopment，eSpeCiallyfocusedontheUnitedStates2 0ntheotherhand，itcanbesaidthat，reSearChontheSovietUnionf−om SuChaviewpointisrelativelyscarceThissituationmayhaveresulted鈷・Om thegeneralviewthatdecisionsconcerningthelocationofindustriesinthe USSRaremadebythe centralgovernmentbasedonpolicyconsiderations ratherthanoneconomice凪ciencyOfcourse，thismightbepartidlytrue： Tblepko（1963），Dienes（1972），and Nakamura（1988），amOng Others， investigatedsuch decision−makingprocessesIn addition，ithasbeenvery
difficu止tostudyactuallocationalpatternSinthe SovietUnionbecauseOf
limitationsconcemingthepublishedregionaldatah8
2Forexample，SeeBof血ert（1967）。
9Ruble・basedstadstics were notpublishedun也veryrecendyThe o山y且C伐SSible d＆ta COnCerninggrossindustrialoutputconcernedgrowthrateshQu且ndtyindicesofspeci＆carticles
basedontonnage orotherindicatorswerepublished．Examplesofstudieslldizingthese
一花L 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 2（フ0∂ IdeologyormiBtaryconsiderationsmighthaveplayedacriticalrolein determiningindustriallocationpolicyintheSovietUnion。Inadditiontothis， howevenitmaybequitenaturaltoconsiderthatthefouowingfactorshadan innuenceinthewritingofdevelopmentpolicies：（1）geographicaldistribution Ofnaturalresources，（2）agdomerationeconomiesrepresentedbythelarge marketarollndtheUnioncapital，Moscow，（3）centralizeddecisionmakingin industriallocation，and（4）longdistanCebetweentheeasternpartsofthe
Union and European Russia，the most advanced areah Experiences of develqpmentin the Siberian and far−eaSt regions may shedlight onthe
e脆ctivenessofgovernment−initiatedregionaldevelopment
WheninvestigatingtheSovietregionaleconomy，introducingthepointof dew of neⅥ7即OnOmie評Ography suggests tIle S短ni丘eance of bi或0血d
COnditionsIfpopulationwereinitia皿ylocatedvezyunevenly，theneconomic agents maybe attractedtothelargermarket小Itiswenknownthatthe majorityofthepopulationintheSovietUnionislocatedin軌IrOpehOnthe Otherhand，regionaldevelopmentwaspromotedmainlyinSiberia，Whichis fhrawayfromEuropeanRussia，thelargestma正etAtthesametime，this Can be regarded as an attempt to examine the e飴ctiveness ofpo批ical
incentivesinre由onaldevelopment Consideringtheresultsofthesepokeies
mayclarifyhow toinvestigatethe relationship between naturalresource
location，tranSpOrtCOSt，ag由omerationeconomies，andre由onaldevelopment
Thus，thisstudyaimsatexaminingtherelationshipbetween development policiesandactualindustriallocationpatternsintheforrnerUSSR
The struCture Ofthis paperis asfo1lowslFirst，the geographical
distribution ofnaturalresourcesinthe Soviet Unionis describedbasedon
SOmetablesand丘guresInSection3，developmentpohciesoftheUSSR血・Om
industz・ialworkers as a proxyforindustrialoutput．EBuy（1974）invesdgatedindust3・ia1 loeadonpatねrns血払et侶SR，亡血mgtlleprOdlle妓onofele￠扇d砂丘s血eilldusbidoutput一
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion ー7ヱー
the1930stothe1980sarereviewed。Inreviewingdevelopmentpohcies，We focusedontheregionaldistributionofgovernmental（centralized）investment
Then，industriallocation patternS reSultingfrom developmentalpolicies
dudngtheSovieteraare血scussedPrevi0usStudiesonSovietindustriallocation（Keuy，1974；Hoyt，1959）
utilizedindividualindustrialproduct statistics，SuCh as granulated sugar， cement，andcoal，because ofdatahmitation．Basedonrecentbrpublished
statistics，thispaperestimatesandexaminesregionalindustrialoutputinthe
USSR鉦om1940to1990asthe丘rststepforfurtherresearchりProductionstatisticsbybranchofindustryhaveonlybeenpublishedsince19911Thus，
thescopeofthispaperishmitedtogrossindustrialoutput
Duetoitsideologyandpolicyconsiderations，theSovietgovernmentat 丘rstintendedtodistributemanufhcturingindustriesevenbracrossitswhole temitoryThis can be seen鮎⊃m the re由onaldistribution ofper capitagovernmentalinvestmentHowever，itis evident that agglomeration
economiescanonlybeimplementedwithinEuropeanRussiabecauseofits
large ma止etPer capitaindustrialoutputin Turknenistanandthe
Caucasian region aroundthe Caspian Seawas higher comparedtothe
nationalaveragein1940partlybecauseOftheircrudeoilorothernatural
resource output”However，their per capita productionlevelconsistently
decreased，andconcentrationofindustrialactivitiesinareasaroundMoscow
couldbeobservedhOntheotherhand，althoughheavyinvestmentinSiberia
andthefar−eaStregionswascontinuedbecauseoftheiraboundingnatural
resources，per CaPitaindustrialoutputinthese areas decreasedりItis suggestedthatthedistancefk）mEuropeanRussia，thelargestmarketofthe SovietUnion，m？ynegativelyinnuencedregionalindustrialactivity，although
itis stilldifncult to conduct statistical verification because of the
unavai1abilityofdatahItisclearthatthelocationofnaturalreso11rCeSmuSt
ごり（）（）
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40
一役−−
patternsh However，eVenin the Soviet Union，Where centralgovernment decidedindustriallocation，itwasonlynaturalthatlargeEuropeanmarkets shouldbe由vengreaterimportanceaslongaseconomice瓜ciencywastaken intoconsideration 2．GeographicalDistribution ofNaturalResourcesand MarketsintheSovietUmion TheSovietUnionhadlongsufferedfromregionaldisparityinvarious aspectsAlthoughEuropeanRussia（thewestsideoftheUralMountains，Se Figurel）occupiedoulylessthanathirdoftheterritoryoftheRussianSoviet FederationalSocialistRepublic（RSFSR），ityieldedmorethanthree− Figurel：RegionalDivisionoftheFormerUSSR EconomicRegionsinRussianFederationandUnionRepublics
l．Cen吐血皿aek Eaf血2＼わ1ga・1ケa也a3Nor仇CaueasllS 4EstoI血5h血血
6”Lithuania 7Belorus 8。t刀汀aine 9Moldova lOGeorgia llhArrnenia 12A2；efbaiian13nJrknenistan14．U2：bekistan15Kyrgy2＝St肌16T8jikistan
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion 一得−
quartersoftheindustrialproduct ofthe RSFSRin1980（estimatedfk・Om GoskomstatRF，1995，1997）Somenuctuationsoccurredinregionalgrowth
rates or naturalreso11rCe OutputPatternS due to changesin development
policies，buttheovera皿trenddidnotchangethroughouttheSovietera
Thewestpart oftheUSSRisgeneranymore developedanddensely
populatedthantheeastHowever，theeasternregions（Siberia，thefar−eaSt，
andCentralAsian stateg）are abundantin naturalresources suchas coal，
Crudeoil，andtinThesparselyinhdbited鈷r−nOrthre由ons，PartSOfwhich鈷11 in the Arctic Circle，also aboundinnaturalresources but are theleast
あveloped Forinstance，ithasalreadybeenpointedoutthat，intheeadystagesof theSovietperiod，COalwasfoundinSiberia，Ukraine，andKazakstan，While crudeoilwasfoundinAzerbaijan，ⅥもstSiberia，andtheCentralAsianstates ぐIbblel）Itisreasonablethat丘msshouldbelocatedinresource−eXtraCting areasforthiskindoffuelindustry，Itwillbeshownlaterthatthe Soviet
governmentalsoconsistentlypromotedthe developmentofspeci且c reglOnS
SPeCializingin resourceextractionHowever，traditionany，therewaslittle populationinthese areasIt was di瓜cult to settlelaborersin Siberia or
CentralAsianStateSbecause ofthe severity ofclimate conditions orthe
existenceofculturalconflict；therefore，developmentcostsinthese reglOnS
Werehigherthanthoseinthe Europeanpartsofthe UnionlAccordingto
KapustinandKuznetsova（1972），the costof】ivinginSakhah（fareast），
whereenormousoilfieldsarefound，istwiceashighasthatinCentralAsia
Ti1e COSt tO O飴et severe conditionsin developing areas，ie，Wage rateS
determinedbythegovernment，WaSalsohigherthanthatinotherregions Becauseoftheexhaustionofcrudeoilandcoaldepositsinthecentraland
northwesternreglOnSa鮎rthe1960s，COalandcrudeoiloutputinSiberian r叩OnSrapid毎払creased
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40
一指−−−− 二賀田（フ
locatedmainbTinEuropeanRussia，Whichcontradictsitsnaturalresource
locationpatternS（Figure2）hIncreasesinthepercentageofregionalpopulation
tothe Soviet Union totalare observedin Siberia，Ural，Kazakhstan，and
Uzbekistan，Whereintensivedevelopmentprqjectswerecarriedoutduringthe
SovieteraSuchtendenciesarenotseen，however，intheNorthCaucasusor
OtherpartsofCentralAsia
lもblel‥NaturalResourcesOutputinEachRegion
1）CrudeOi＝10∞t） 2）Coal（1000t） 3）Steel（1∞叫州 1913 1940 1誹50 1913 1940 1956 1940 1950 1960 Russia（CrudeoiI Ou中utwas COnCentratedin No付1Caucasus） North−West ★ 5767 15852 2179 ◆ 10093 42194 ■ 30011239 28205 ★ 252811956 52299 ★ 774 22487 66140 493 2185 4279 ★ 8479229 28847 3 1688 ★ 373721717279 〕kraine 10473532159 Be】0ruS 55120 Uzbekistan 13 119 1603 3 114119297 3410 Kazakhstan 118 697 1610 90 6972 32383 131 305 Geor9Ia 41 34 70 625 2850 02 77 1131 Azerbaijan 76692223117833 3502 Lithuania 2 La付ia 28 55 907 町「計器tan 24464 854 063 lbjikistan 103017 2 063 Armenia 0、01022 Estonia 07514 Turkmenistan 1295875278 2723 ★hdicatesthelackofdata★★Steelproductionsta仕sticslbrRussianEeonomicRegionsarenot pllblishedFiguresforEbonomicRegionsinRussiadenotesouq）utOfironore．Sources：TbSU SSSR，1969，ph205，1974，p262；TSSURSFSR1960，p”90，1961，p小93；GoskomstatRR1994， p624；SNGⅨomstat，1992
SovietIndustrialLocation： EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion ー75− Asindicatorsofeconomicdevelopmentstages，retailtradeturnoverand VOlumeofpublicamenities4are＄howninlもble2Therearelargermarketsin EuropeanpartsoftheSovietUnionthaninCentralAsiaorSiberia．Tbcope Figure2：PopulationinEachRe由on￠nthousand） 4＼もIumeofexpendituresonPub】icAmenidesfortherepairofshoes，dothes，fumittue，electric apphances，CarS，etC；eXpendituresondeaning，Photodevelopment，pliblicbaths，hairs8lons， 00mmudng，andotherexpensesbtbeseⅣieese血r
ご（）（丸）
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 一刀㌻一
Withthissituation，theSovietgovernmentStimulatedindustrialdevelopment
in Siberia，the far−eaSt regions，andthe Union republicsin CentralAsia， aiming at decreasinginterregionaldi飴rentialsin economic development
levels，aSWil1bedescribedinthenextsection Thble2：Retai1TradenlrnOVerandⅥ）1umeofPublicAmenities SoullCeS：TsSUSSSR，1965，p633，1976，p663，1981，p460，1986，p”488；TbSURSFSR，1959， pp393・394，1976，pp373・374，pp408・409，1982，pp247・248，1991，pp199・201 3．DevelopmentPolicyintheFormerUSSR Themoststrikingcharacteristicofdevelopmentpolicyinthefbrmer
SovietIndustr・iaユLocation：
EstimatingIndustria10utputbyRegion ー77」−
SovietUnionis，needlesstosay，CentralizedplanningRegionaldistributionof industriesshouldbe determined accordinglyⅥ1e SovietgovernmentCOuld
loca七emanufacturing＆rmsa止itrari1yThissituationandMarxismideology
might haveled Soviet development policy to eveuly distributeindustries
acrossthedi鮎rentregions However，itisobviousthatthegovernmentitself
WOuld eventudly be responsible fbr paying such developmentalcostsIn
addition，theextentofthemarketdi飴redfromregiontoregionintheUSSR Itisthusimportanttoinvestigatehowthesefactorsa飴ctedeachotherIn
thissection，regionaldevelopmentpoliciesduringtheSovieteraarereviewed
乱1Chang■eSinDevelopmentPolicy
Whenthesocialistpartyhadadministrativepower，industriallocation also was basically planned by the central government As Saushkin，
N蚊01’skogo，and Korovitsyn（1967）point out，the principles ofthe developmentpolicywere（1）equityacrossregions，G2）resource−Orientedandk）r
COnSumer−0rientedindustriallocation，（3）centrali2：ationofproduction，and（4）
regionalspecidizationNotonlyeconomicandteclmicalfactorsbutalsothe SOCiahstideologyled to these principlesReducing economic diffbrentials
between cities and ruralareas had been one ofthe mainaims of Soviet
socidismIn additiontothese，mihtaryfactorsalsohadvariousef粘ctson
tbesepo】icies5
Howeveちitisverydoubtfu1whether・thesepoLciescanbejustifiedh・Om
theeconomicpointofview Forexample，regionalspecia止zationresukedin
risingtransportcostsAlthoughtheincrease oftransportcostsin alarge
6Thispape王dDeSrLOteXaminepoliciesa飴ctedbym揖taryconsideration．Itiscertainthat ev＆Cuationoffirms赴om勘此OpetOUralorSiberi且regionsorothermihtary−relatedchangesin industri且1locationdeeplya飴ctedregionaleconomicconditionsduringthe1940sASterthe 1960s，however，manyStudiespoihtOutthatthee飴ctsoftheseunusualpo】iciesceasedto a飽ctgeneralindustriallocationpatternsevenintheUSSR恥oson，1972；Rodgers，1974； Dienes，1972）
20（）∂
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40
ー；巧トー
COuntry may beinevitable，regionalspecializationfurther worsened this
sittlation
The Soviet government also recognized the problems of regional
SPeCidization．Inthe1930s，the communist partyalready assertedthe
neeess卸orre血血gtransporteosもs（Nakamura，1985）1A鮎rthe1950s，h
Ordertoavoidlong−distancetranSPOrt，thegovernmenttriedtosettlelaborers
indeveloplngareaS，givingvahousincentivessuchashigherwagesThese
measureswere app】iedtothe fhr−nOrth regions，PartSOfwhichfe11inthe
ArcticQrcle（Mar’anskiy，1969）Thispohcywascontinuedinthe1960s，and e叩1dizat血namor唱regbnswasreg訂血dasoneぱ仇em由npnne鴎1esof
industriallocationhItwasverynaturalforre由onalequalizationpoliqytolead
toindustriallocationinthe丘ontiersuchasinSiberiaorthefar−nOrthregions
It shouldbe notedthat，duringthe same period，aCampa喝n Cdled rVirgin Lands Program’was conducted This propagandistic program was imindedtopromoteregionaldevebpmentinKazakhstan，Trhrkmenistan，and OtherCentralAsianrepublics（Durgin，1962）Investmentprioritywas由ven
totheseareas，andalotofyoungmanpowerimmigratedintoCentralAsia， especial1y KazakhstanThese policies may haⅦreSultedfrom sociahs七
山sistenceondecreasingre由ond血spadties
Regiondequdizationpolicy，however，reSukedinintensiveirrvestment in1essdevelopedre由ons，Whichthenledtolowinvestmente瓜ciencyinthe 1960s Ojienes，1972）Onthe other hand，the problems oflong−distance
transportremainedunsoIved．Ti1eSeeVentSforcedthecentralgovernmenttO Changeitsdevelopmentpo】icy A氏erthe1960s，devekpingsped鮎reg10nSbeoameOneOftheguidelines forgovernmentalpohcyThistendencyhasbeenobvioussincethe1970sThen， aaerthe1970s，greaterPnOritywasgiventodeveloplngCitiesinEuropean RussiasuchasMoscowandrepublicsintheBahcarea
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion −79」−
governmentinvestedindevelopingregionsHowevenitwasverydi亀cultto settlelaborersin鉦ontierareasHigherwagesweresetintheseareasbythe government，butthatwasnotenoughtoo脆etinsufficientin＆astruCtureIn addition，developing the 鉦ontieritself cost much because of severe
environmentalconditionsInordertoavoidmaintainingin鉦astruCtureandto
promoteshort−rune臨ciency，thegovernmentintendedtoutili2：edayworkers throughwagerateincentivesinfar−nOrthregionsO4ilovanov，1994）Atthe sametime，tOraisereturnSOfcapital，investmentprioritywasshiitedfromthe 鉦ontiertothewestsideoftheUralmountains恥mo，1997b，1999）
In the second half of1970s，SOme Studies advocated‘regional speciahzation’basedon the‘e組cient relocation ofproductive factors’The
moststrikngistheresolutionmadeatthe25thcommunistpartymeeting
heldin1975闇pSS，1978）Thisresolutionprimarilyemphasizedtheneedfor e侃ciencyconsideration；itwastheninevitabletoinvestinBalticStatesorthe CentralreglOn，Wherein蝕・aStruCturealreadyexisted
Intheearlierstage，developmentpo】icyinthe SovietUnionattached greatimportance to equahty among regionsHowever，e瓜ciency
COnSiderationsrequireddevelopmentinspecincregionsthatwereabundantin
naturalresourcesandinwe】ユーdevelopedEuropeanRussia Thegovernment
decidedwhichregionstodevelop，andlaborersweresuppliedbywagerate
hcentivesorotherpo址icalmeasures
3．2 RegionalDevelopment Controlled by the Central Government
The regionaldevelopment priorities were determinedby the central
government，aS mentioned aboveh Ofcourse，there were mi血stries and governmentofacesineachUnionrepubhc，However，itisdoubtfu1thatthese
mimistrieshadanypowerto decidedevelopmentpohcyconcernlngitsown
−β0− 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ご（）（互）
policyintheSovietUnion；however，thepohticalsystemitselfisnotthemain concern of this paper
EachUnionrepubhchadministriesconcerningindustr3ちagriculture，Or OtheractivitiesanditsownoriginalCabinet．However，itisappropriateto
thinkthattheirauthoritywasveryhmitedThecentralgovernmentOfthe UniondecidedthedistributionofinvestmentamongreglOnSanditspuzposes TheCabinetofeachUnionrepubliccouldexaminethedetailsoftheplan，but thislocalpower was vahd only withinthe budget set by the Moscow
government（NoveandNewth，1967，Chapter2）
ForinstanCe，Soviet statistics oninvestment were divided into ‘centralizedinvestment by the government，’‘investment by municipal
administration，’and‘privateinvestment’Among them，‘centrahzed investment by the government’always occupied80 percent or more throughouttheSovieteraぐrbSUSSSReachyear）Theprimeministerofeach Unionrepublicwaschosenbythecommunistparty酢IVernmentinMoscow
How can one expect that this communist party spokesman would revolt
agalnStMo5COW？ MembersoftheDietwereelectedineachrepublichHowever，thenumber ofcandidateswasthesameasthecapacityoftheDiet，thatis，Onlyavoteof con丘dencewascamiedout，andthehstofcandidateswaspreparedbythe COmmunistpartyofthe SovietUnion（ⅠくPSS，KommunisticheskayaParbiya SovetskogoSoyuza）Inaddition，nOn−COmmunistpartymemberscouldnotbe putonthelistatal1，andthecommunistpartywasanevenmorecentraLzed organizationthanthegovernment6Repub】icangovernmentSCOuldbeseenas branchesofthecentraladministrationinMoscow
Soviet economic plannlng WaS based on‘Material−Goods Balances，’
6Each Union repubuch＆dits owh‘★★☆soviet socidistrepubliccommumistparty，but a Russian soviet socialist republic communist party’per se did not exist ¶1e‘R11SSian communistparty’was，a氏erdl，nOneOtherthan‘SovietUnioncommumistparty’
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustria10utputbyRegion −＆ ト
Whichthegovernment−planningbureau（Gosplan）madeInmakingeconomic
plans，the demandandsupply ofrepresentative goods andthe necessary
amOunt Ofinvestmentswere estimated，andthe‘Balances，foreach article
WerepreParedIfthedemandandsupplydidnotmatch，thenthe￠entral） government−Planningbureau andUnion−1evelministries discusSedhow to
eliminatethegapIfnecessawtheexpansionofproductionwasdetermined
（Nove，1977）‘Balances’weremade up as aresult ofthese discussionsIn
these processes，Union−1evelministries and Republicanministries held deliberations；therefore，One mightthinkthatrepublic−1evelmhistriesand individual丘rmscouldnegotiatewiththecentraladministration；hence，they
haddecision−makngauth0rity
However，itis accurate to assume t・hat republican ministries or
individual丘rmscouldrecognizetheneedforexpandingproductionTheagent
Who pointed outtheimbalances betweenthe demand and supplyin the plannlngPrOCeSSeSWaSthecentralplanningbureauProfitsshouldbelongto theUnionbudget，andexpansionofproductionwasnotrelatedtothe丘rm’s OWnearn1ngSNo丘rmorrepublicanministryhadanyincentivestoproduce morethandirectedIfaspecific丘rmshouldplantoconstruCtaneWfactory， thisactivitywasprobablynotbasedonthis鮎m’sinitiativebutoncentral planning7Morethan95percentoftheheadofenterprisesweremembersof the communistparty，andthe communistpartyhadthepowerto appoint
them（Granick，1960）
Ofcourse，itis also unredistictothinkthatthe centralgovernment decidedeverythingindetai1However，developmentpoliciesineachregionor Umionrepublicwereheavnydependentupondevelopmentpri0ritiessetbythe
7Inhisfamousstud沸Gramick（1960）pointsthatheadsofenterprisesintheUSSRandthose inthe USAfo1lowthe same modelofbehavi0王AlthoughsudleXamples can begiven individualbutishardtoexplainwhytheSovieteconomicsystemcollapsed，ifthatwasthe generaltrend
ご（∴）（九）
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ー＆a−
Moscowgovernment，anditmaybeappropriatetothinkthattheobservable development pohcy directlyindicates theintention ofthe Union−1evel
government
3．3RegionalDistributionofGovernmentalInvestment
Tb examine development policies reviewedin previous subsections，
regionaldistributionofcentralizedinvestmentwillbeshownandperc叩ita governrnentalinvestmentwillbeexamined8Aspointedouteadiencentral governmenthvestmentalwaysoccupiedmorethan80percentofthetotal investment；thus，itisassumedthatregionaldistribution ofgovernmental investmentdenotesthedevelopmentpriorityofthecentraladrninistration RegionaldivisionshouldbementionedinthissectionRussiawas dividedintolOeconomicregions，Whichhavebeenu＄edasastatisticalbasis， andeachUnionrepublicexceptRussiawasindividuanyexamined＠eeFigure l）9・10Theperiodexaminedhereisfrom1959to1990hInvestmentineach economicregionwasnotpublishedbeibre1957andcanthereforenotbe tracedfurtherOfncialstatisticsarebasedonconstant1965，1975，Or1985 pricesForconsistency，al1thedataaremodi丘edaccordingtoconstant1985 priceshResultsareshowninAppendixl，andsummarizeddataarepresented 8Ratherthanpercapita，Perindustrialworkerm耶rbemore appropri且te”However，the numberofindustrialworkersineconomicregionsinRussiahasbeennotpublishedsinoe 1960s；仇ere鈷re，pere叩itaindieesare11d立ed 9AlthoughthereexistssmdladministrativedivisionwithinUnionrepubhcs，publicationof tllekstadsdcsisvery地点鹿d 10someoblast，（administradvedivisionscompardbletoprefectures；eCOnOmicre由onsconsistof 5・10dblastりdl且ngedtheeoonomicregiontowhidltheybelongedduringthestlbjectperiod ThenorthⅥ℃SteCOnOmicregionisdividedintothenortheconomicregionandthenorthwest economicregionintheeaLrherperiodanda氏erthesecondhalfofthe1970s．Therearemany
Other且uctuadonsin administr＆dve division．h this paper，On prindple，administ3・ative
divisionsareadjllStedtothosein1990，butthenorthwesteconomicregionisnotdividedinto
thetworegionsmendonedabovebecallSeOfdatalimitations．Industridoutputda七色ine且dl
SovietIndustrialLocation： EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion
Figure3：Governmentalhve或mentperCaPita（in10dKyuSandrubles）
ご（互）（） 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 Figure3：Governmentalhvestmentpa’CaPita（COntimes） −∫J− Inve＄ble鵬perc叩itaimけ75 E：；ヨ ー03ほ7 E≡≡ヨ031す7−040g7 囚0．40Z7−04427 Eヨ‡冒04ヰZ7−05007 四0“5007−0．5437 旺10，．鋸ぎ7−0“57（栢 ■057㈹−0．78決 ■0．7￠斜− Inve8血Ientper￠呼i也hけSO
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustr−ia10utputbyRegion ーβ5−
hFigure311
WhatcanbeseenthroughouttheexaminedperiodisheavylnVeStment
intheSiberian，far−eaSt，Ural，andnorthwestregionsThisclearbTShowsthe Significance ofresource−0rientedre由onaldevelopment policyinthe Soviet
Union
Onthe other hand，the comparativeinvestment amountin Central Asian decreased after1975The relative significancein1965and1970
0bservedintheseareasmayindicatethee鮎ctsoftherVirginLandsProgram’
Campaign conducted duringthe1950s andthe1960sin Kazakhstan and TurkmenistanThis was an attempt to decrease regionaldisparityln
economic conditionsInvestmentin CentralAsiawas，however，ine瓜cient
becauseoflackofin鉦astructure（Dienes，1972），andtheinvestmentshareof theseareasconsistentlydecreaseda氏erthesecondhalfof1970s
In general，these丘gures showtheimportanCe Of resource−0riented
industriallocation principlesin Sovietinvestment pohcyTheinvestment prioritygiveninCentralAsiauntilthe1960s mayindicate anattemptto equaLze regionaleconomy，Whichwasmentionedin Section8hlAfterthe
1970s，however，enforcement ofequahzation policies cannot be observed
explicitlyaslongasgovernmentalinvestmentisexamined：heavyinvestment in CentralAsian statesstoppedbecauseofdecreasesinreturnsofcapital
accordingtopreviousstudiesのienes，1972）Furthermore，agreaterpri0rity
WaSgiven to resource−rich Siberianregions AlthoughSoviet politicians
dishkedtheⅥもber⊥tyPelocationthe6rybecauseitinevitablyresultedinthe concentrationofindustrialactivityinspeci丘cregions，itmaybesaidthatthe observeddevelopmentpoliciesafterthe1970sareeconomicdlyrational BasedonthepointofviewthattheSovietgovernmentCOuldarbitrari1y 11popula仕onin1960ineacheconomicregionisnotavai1able；therefore，invc＄tmentperCaPit＆ in1960iscalculatedasfo1lows：［GovernmentalInvestmentin1960／Populationin1959］
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40
ーβ6−− 2（フ00
locateindustrial丘rms，manyStudiesadvocatedre由onalequa止zationledby
the governmentaldevelopment policy untilthe1960s（Moskvina，1959）
However，afterthe1970s，equa止zationthroughincomeredistribution，nOtby
regionaldevelopment pohcies，is more often asserted OⅧ1’ner，G and E Gilinskaya，1975）Greater signi丘canceininvestment amountin the northwestregionandBalticstates，themostadvancedareasintheUSSR，
after1975mayindicatetheintentionofthegovernmenttOutilizetheexisting
infk・aStruCtureintheseregions”Thegeographicaldistributionofgovernmental
investmentinthe Soviet Union observed here shows the changeSinits
developmentpohcies：intheearlierstages，ideologyledtothepnncipleof regionalequahtythroughtheuseofheavyinvestmentinperipheralareas HoweventhedecreasesinreturnsofcapitalforcedtheSovietgovernmenttO placegreaterimportanceone臨ciency 4．Trend5inIndustrialLocation 4．1EstimationMethods PreviousstudiesonSovietindustriallocationutilizedquantityindicesof SpeCific artieles（払rinstanee，elect血ity，eement，eOal，Orin血ddud agriculturalproducts）becauseofdatahmitationAftertheconapse ofthe SovietUmion，howeveIlregionalstatisticsbecamemoreaccessibleandenabled thecalculationofruble−basedindustrialoutputhThelocationanalysisbased
On Valueindices may show diffbrent aspectsthanbeforeininvestigating Soviet regionaldevelopment policiesIn this section，regionalindustrial Outputisestimatedaccordingtothemethodsdescribedbelow Industrialoutputindicesfor1985andafterwerepublishedbytheWbrld Bank（1993）andGoskomstatRF（1997）andareexpressedinconstant1985 pricesBasedonthese丘gures，grOSSindustrialoutputfゝom1940to1990is estimated”InpublishedSovietofRcialdatabooks，OnbTthegrowthratesof grossindustrialoutput鉦om1940areshown Simplycalculatingbackward，
SovietIndustrialLocation： EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion −β7− theindustrialoutput＆guresineachyearareobtainedhTherelativeamountof OutputisthemainconcernOfthispaper，andthe軸urescalculatedaregross industrialoutput．，12RegionaldivisionisexactlythesameaSthatusedinthe Previoussection 4．2ResultsandInterpretation
The resultsforal1theyearswhose datawasaVai1able areshownin
Appendix2 Ⅵ1eSe reSults were divided by re由onalpopulation，and a
summaryofpercapitagrossindustrialoutputtrendsisshowninFigure418
Whatshouldbenoted丘rstistherelativelylarg・eamOuntOfpercapita industrial outputin CentralAsia CT＼1rkmenistan）andthe Caucasus 仏zetbaijan）in1940CentralAsianStateSandCaucasusstatesaresaidtobe lessdevelqped，and，inSoviethterature，itisoftenassertedtllat‘sociahstic regionaldevelopmentpohcyendbledtheireconomicgrowth’Contrarytothis kindofobservation，thesetworegionsshowthehighes七色gureSOfpercapita industrialoutputin1940，neXttOthenorthwest伽ICludingLeningrad）and CentralGncludingMoscow）regions TurknenistanandA2ietb如janhadprominentondepositsbeforeWbdd WarII14BeforethisperiodinAzerbaijan，andinthe1930sinrnl止menistan， Crudeoiloutputgrewrapidly（T旨UNKhGosplana，1934，1935），andthese regionsproducedalmostal1thecrudeo止producedintheSovietUnioninthis period．15Thehighscoresoftheseregionsareattributabletolargemining 120bshiyOb，yomPromyshlerLnOyProdddsiiT鮎sdoesnotmeannetproductbtAgrossproductTheremay besomeproblem＄Su血asd呼出00d叫bl叫U随以血nd■alt和也Ⅷm朗Su澤Si＄V町y】i血tdノAdd貼omuy，k ShouldbenotedthattheUSSR’sde丘nitionQfindusbyi＄di丑故切止丘Dm也atoftheⅦゐstLThemostsbiking diifbrenceisthattheSovietdehtionofindustryincludeselechicityproductionandmining l＄percapitaindtlStrialoutputin1960iscalculaねdbyPldus出血Ou申utin1960nppuladon in1959】 14Atth＆ttime，Azerbaijanproducedtheworld，sbiggestamountOfoilinoneonfield 16Itisonly8氏e一也e1950stbattlleCrudeo辻mhhgstarbd血11・SedehSiもe血orotller peripIlerd群eaS
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40
ーββ− ご（）（）（）
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustr・ialOutputbyRegion −β9−
ー9（）− 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ご（フ（フ（フ
industriesintheserepubhcs
In1940，thehighestlevelofpercapitaindustrialoutputwasobservedin
northwestand centralregions，andthe northCaucasus，Azerbai5an，and Tudくmenistanshowedthesecondhighest軸ures Thepositionsofresource−
abundantCentralAsiaandCaucasusstatesarenoticeable
However，this pattern changedwithconsistent tendencies afヒerthe 1960sFirst，theUralre由onstartedtogrowduetoevacuation丘omGerman
OCCuPationandnewlydiscoveredrawmaterialproductionOnthecontrary， theTurkmenistanandnorthCaucasusregionsshoweddecliningtendencies
Inthesecondhalfofthe1970s，therelativepositionofthefar−eaStre由onalso declined A仁thesametime，CentralAsianstatesfurtherdeteriorated，and，in
1985，perCaPitaindustrialoutputin Turkmenistan was surpnsinglythe
lowestinthe Soviet Union．It shouldbe notedherethatlarge per capita
industrialoutput areas werelocatedinnorthwestern，SOuthwestern，and easternareaSOftheSovietUnionintheearlierperiod，but，aStimewentby，
suchareasbecameconcentratedinthenorthwesternpartOftheUnionThis Canbeclearlyshownbycomparingthemqpsof1940and1985inFigure4
Byrough1yestimatingthedistancebetweenMos00Wandthelargestcity ineachregion，COrrelationcoefacientsbetweenthisdistanceandpercapita
industrialoutputineach re由on are calculated to clarifythe relation mentionedabove16ResultsareshowninTable4 Thecorrelationcoe瓜cient，Whichwaspositivebutnotsignificantin1940， showednegativesignsatal1timesafter1960，anditsabsolutevalueincreased consistently Excludingthedataforthefar−eaStreglOn，afurtherstrong correlationcanbeobserved17Whatcanbeseenwiththeseanalysesisthe 16Foredculations，See郎pen血Ⅹ3．
17In asense，仇k means血attlle丘脚e Of瓜e触・eaStre由on00山dberegar血d as an
abnormalvalue However，thisinterpzetadonismisleadingRather，thelazgefiguresthatthe
SovietIndustrialLocation： EstimatingIndustria10utputbyRegion ー．9J」− 1もble4：Correlation Coe臨cients：PercapitaIndustrialOutputandDistance betweenMoscowandLargestC止yinEachRe由on 1940 1960 1舗5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Distance O．357 −0．049 −0．080 −0．134 −0．212 −0．299 −0，376 −0．431’ （EnthecaseexcludingdataforFarEastregion） 1940 1錐0 1舗5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 ＿0．410．0．4好 一0．亜祈・0．56㌢ −0．62伊 −0．673★ Distance −0。057 −0，334 ★denotesthatsigni丘cantat5％1evel…TheF肛Eastヱe由onshowsveryhighper capitaindustrialoutputcontrarytoitsdistancefromMoscow，thereforeits 丘gufeSなeng血合nspositiveoorreladon ag由omerationprocessesintheEuropeanPartSOftheUnion，Where，initiany，
thepopulationwasremarkablyhighcomparedwiththatinotherareasofthe
USSRConsideringthe uneveuly distributed population（Figure2），the
overwhelming amount ofindustrialoutputin European Russia may be
SuggeStedTheseresultsshowaclearcontrastwithpreviousstudiesdboutre由onal disparityintheSovietUnionForinstanCe，SagersandGreen（1979），Sagers （1980），Bond，Belkindas，andTreyvish（1990，1991），andJbnesandGrupp （1984）pointthat，COmParing丘gures before andafterthe WorldWarII，
regionaldiffbrentialsintheUSSRrapidlydecreasedCrable5）Thefo1lowing
facts are genera皿y accepted：regionaldisparityin the USSRconsistentlydecreaseduntilthe1960s；then，itincreasedinthesecondhalfofthe1960s， andsomenuctuationswereobserveda鮎rwards；丘nal1y，inthesecondhaMof
1980s，itincreasedbecauseofpnvatizationwithinthePerestroikaframeWOrk
Ontheotherhand，theanalysisinthispapershowedconsistentconcentration
towardEuropeanRusSia：thatis，agglomerationinareasaroundMoscowGtyTbclarifythediffbrencesbetweenthesuggestionsofthisstudyandthoseof
lo（）adon−．玖2」− 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ごり（）り previousones，COefRcientsofvariationsoftheestimatedpercapitaindustrial OutPutareCalculated恥ble6）Ascanbeobserved，theyshowgreatdecreases duringtheWWII，Stabilityin1960−1970s，andincreasesa鮎r1980s，Which arecomparableresultswiththoseofotherauthors Concerningthispoint，theindustrialoutput丘guresestimatedinthis Studydonotdi鮎rfゝomthestatisticsusedinpreviousstudieshIntroducingthe geographicalview，however，theconcentrationtowardEuropeanRusSiawas Clarified Thelevelofdiversitymaybedecreasedcornparedwiththatbefbre theWWII，aSCanbeseenfromthecoefncientofvariation丘gures”Howeven thecomparativeadvanCementOftheEuropeanpartSOftheUnionresulted 丘omtheseprocesses Thble5＝伽aluationofRegionalDisparityinPreviousStudies 1940 1959 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1988 S喝訂S8ndGr能n（1979） RegionaHnequaFtyMeasure S喝訂S（1980） M田SureOfLivlngStandad B00d，Be【kindas爪印励（1990） P針旬血Ndbna仙∞me（α） 0239 022402310258 Jα憺引狛dGrupp（19糾） Q）mPbtedSecondaYEducatk）n 0893 0549 S匹daEstintheE00nOmy 0605 - 0441 0391 Note：MesuresusedbySagersandGreen（1979）andSagers（1980）aredefinedbytheauthors Thesm亜ervduedenoねSmOreequa上身あra皿tllemeaSureS ¶1ble6：（：be亀eientorⅥ1dation PercapitaIndustrialOutputes止mated 1940 1≦拓0 1！お5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1閑0 CV O．56 0．諮3 0．諮2 0．韮1 0∪謂0 0．30 0．329 0．諮2 DataSource：Appendix2，Appendix4
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion ー．9三トーーー
Theseresultswouldbediscussedtakinginvestmentdistributionpo】icies investigatedinSection3into accountInvestmentpri0ritiesweregivento
Siberia or other eastern areas ofthe USSR and CentralAsia untilthe
beginningofthe1970s Siberiamayberegardedasaresourcebaseofthe UnionIncontrast，heavyinvestmentinCentralAsiamayindicate，although thereweresomeotheraspectssuchasreclamation，thee鮎ctsoftheregional equalizationpolicybasedonsocialisticideologyHeavyinvestmentinCentral Asiastoppeda氏erthe1970sbecauseoflowproductivityinthisarea，and， afterthat，nOrthwest andUralregionsbecameinvestmentpnorityre由ons togetherwiththeSiberianregions In1940，nOrthwestandcentralregions，themostadvancedareas，and the Caucasus region，¶血kmenistan，and the far−eaSt reglOn，areaS SpeCializin琶1nreSOurCeeXtraCtion・Showedthelargestpercapitaindustrial outputE臨￠iencyconsiderations，howeverlStimulatedinvestmentintheUral
andwestern Siberian regions，Where naturalresources are abundant and
EuropeanRussiaiscloser；Sincethen，thesere由onshaveexpandedindustrial
productionIncontrast，therelativelevelofpercapitaindustrialoutputin
（溢ntralAsia andthe Caucasus continuously decreased．Behind these processesmustliesuchafhctorasresource−Orientedindustriallocation，and
this can explain heavyinvestment and comparativelylarge per capita
industrialoutputintheUral，Siberian，andfar−eaStregions
However，in addition to them，COnCentration ofindustrialactivityin
EuropeanpartsaroundMoscowcanberegardedastheresultofthefactors
emphasized bythe‘new economic geography，’such as unevenlylocated
population Gnitiauhistorical conditions）and agglomeration economies
resultingfromlargepopulationinEuropeanRussia”Ofcourse，themodelby F叫jita，Krugman，andMori（1995），Whichistheheartoftheneweconomic geography，isbasedon丘eedecisionmddngof丘msandconsumersundera marketeconomyHowever，theonbrdecisionmakerintheUSSR，thecentral
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40
−94− ご（）0（）
government，COuld not be free from budget constraints eitherIfthe governmentCOuldlocatenrmsarbitrari1y，thentranSPOrtCOStSCOuldnotbe lookedatasnegligibleonesEventual1yitisthegovernmentthatwouldpay thetranSPOrtCOStS Ofde辻veringgoodsItisverynaturalthatthisfactor shouldbetakenintoconsiderationinlocationdecision Ontheotherhand，iftransportcostsweresohighbetweenMoscowand CentralAsiaorMoscowandSiberia，then anewindustriallocationpoint COuldbeestablishedinperipheralareasunderFlljita，馳ugman，andMori，s （1995）鉦ameWOrk，dependingoninitialconditionsHowevenifthepopulation intheperipherywastoosmal1，nO鮎mswouldbeattractedtherelmporting goods鉦omotherregionscostsmuch；therefore，COnSumerlocationshouldalso behInited18 Neweconomicgeographyemphasizestheimportanceofagglomeration
economiesUnderthese conditions，eVenthougheachindividual丘rm has
decreasingreturnSteChnology，aggregatedproductionfunctioncanShowan
increasingreturnSCharacter”Thatis，aSituationinwhichadvancedregions
furtherdevelopandlessdevelopedareasfurtherdeterioratecanberea止zed
Thisisthemoststrikingdi鮎rencebetweenthe‘neweconomlCgeOgraPhy’and neo−Classicaleconomic growththeoryNeedless to say，the neo−Classical
PrOductionfunctioninevitably resultsinnegative correlation betweenthe
initialpercapitaoutputanditsgrowthratesinsucceedingperiodsBaumol
（1986）observedsucharelationamOngSOCialiststatescleadybuttheinitial
PerCapitaindustrialoutputestimatedinthispaperanditsgrowthratesin
SuCCeedingperiodsdonotshowsuchcorrelation，eXCePtfor1970−1980ぐrbble 9）AsBarroandSala−i−Martin（1995）pointout，theconvergencehypothesis m？y be more applicableamOng homogeneous economic structures（β−
18Hoyt（1959，p48）pointsoutthatthepopulation王edistributioncostintheUSSRisnedi由ble
becausethecentral紗VernmentCanarbit3・arnyplaceworkersHowever，tOSettlelaborersin developingiuFeaSCOStSmudl，andthegovernmentitselfmustp耶rthiscost
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion ー95−−−−
COnVergenCe）Inthispaper，however，negligiblecorrelationwasonbrobserved When using the‘Soviet Union republics’group，Which may be more homogeneous than‘COMECON states’utiLzed by Baumol（1986） Consideringthe signi丘cantnegativecorrelationbetweentheinitialincome anditsgrowthinsucceedingperiodsfoundbyBaumol（1986），Barro（1991）， andBarroandSala−i．Martin（1995），theobservationsinthispapercouldnot be explainedifneo−Classicd conditions were satis鮎dThis also may be
COnSidered as supporting evidence offurther developmentin already
advaneedre由ons Table9：CorrelationCoe瓜cients：PercapitaIndustrialOutputin1960andits growthRatesinSucceedingPeriods 1960injtia】 60−70 70−80 8ひ舗 1960initia】 ー0136 ・0428織・0208 ★☆：Signi鮎antat5％ ThblelO：IndustrialOutputby団anchinEachRegionin1991（％） Eb（血叫 Fueb Fer†℃u Non−
fm Ma地雨b Nαth・Wed 3 4 19 2 （おnねl 2 3 34 2 3 17 3 0∋n廿al 2 29 4 Bkd（∈訂仇 Vob8 4 4 12 17 4 Nαth 2 6 4 5 C乱に甜」S Ur8l 3 3 WestSiぬja 3 4 East Siberia 6 7 22 5 15 4 14 FarEast 4 4 19 2 15 9 7 4 32 2 Souヱ伐：GoskomstatRossii，1992，pp81・93
−96− 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ご（永）（）
Ideology−1edre由onalequahzationpoⅡciesimplementeduntilthe1970s
might be rationalaccording to theiraimHowever，these economicalbT irrationalpolicieswereforcedtochange，andthenintensive utili2iation of
exitingindustrialbase，EuropeanRussia，WaSadvanced
LookingattheindustrialstructureinRussiain1991，thelastyearofthe
Sovietera，the Ural，Siberian，andfar−eaStregions specializedin resource extraction，and highbT−develqped Eurppean Russia engagedin machine
buildingandlightindustryCrablelO）ThispatternOfdivisionoflaboralso
indicates 鈷ctors of resource−0rientedlocation and industriallocation
accordingtore由onalprod11Ctivitydiffbrentials
5．ConcludingRemarks
Thispaperexmiesregionaldevelopmentpo】iciesintheFormerSoviet
Union and actualindustriallocation patternS”By restructuring止mited
materials，thisstudyestimatedre由onalindustrialoutputintheformerSoviet UnionInaddition，interregionaldi脆rentialsinindustrialdevelopmentand thee鮎ctsofdistance＆omMoscow，thelargestmarket，Wereinvestigated
Inthe earlierstages，Peripheralre由onsalso showedhighpercapita industrialoutput，pe血aps because ofthe miningindustryThe Soviet
governmentfurtherheavuyinvestedinCentralAsiaorotherless−developed
areas to decrease regionaldifYbrentials This was economicaⅡyirrational， however，and e脆ciency considerations forced the government to shift
investmentpri0rityregionstonorthwestorcentralregions，Whichwerethe
mostadvanced，andtoUral，Siberian，and払r−eaStregionsofrichnatural
resourcesafterthesecondhalfofthe1970sAtthesametime，areaSShowing highpercapitaindustrialoutputhavebeenconcentratingonEuropeanparts
OftheUSSR，tOgetherwithresource−richUralandWbstSiberianregions However，the data utilizedin this paper are hig叫y aggregated， COnCerningmostlyindustrialoutputh Therefore，anydiscussion re匝ngon
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustria10utputbyRegion ー．97−
the results presentedinthis paper could bemisleading More detajled
statistical analysis is needed
That developmentinSiberiaand UralreglOnSis attributdble toits naturalresourcesiswenrecognizedinpreviousstudies，andthereisnodoubt aboutthesignificanceofsuchinterpretationhHowevenfurtherincreasesin therelativelevelofpercapitaindustrialoutputinEuropeanareas，Where large population groups have beenlocated sincethe earlier stages，may
indicatethatagglomerationeconomiesa脆ctedindustriallocationpatternsin theSovietUnion，inthesamewayasinCommunistChina，theUSA，Japan， orotberwesterneountdes References ●Adta，TandMFllj止a，上〃α豆4如e摺血8月dGわぁd胸fI和dお（ガぬe 肋血∽血cぬr血血ざ卸了ACb叩a摺出作劇打め′ぱ打ぶ∂刀d卸8月郎e伽昂 DiscussionPaperNo A−3，InstituteofEconomicResearch，KyotoUmiversity， Japan，1997 ●Barro，EconomicGrowthinaCrossSectionofCountries，Quaziezか。わzLmal ガ肋α血喝1991，pp65−101
● Barro，RJand XSala−i−Martin，月払∽Omjb伽wth，1995，New Ybrk，
McGraw−Hill
・Baumol，WJリProductivityGrowth，Convergence，andW占1払re：Whatthe IJOng−Run Data Show，Amezj由n jおonomlとjねTjeTV；VO176，No”5，pP1072−
1085 ・Bond，A，BelkindasandAITreyvish，EconomicDevelopmentTrendsin theUSSR，1970−1988，SbTj占tGe卯々刀VOl31，No10，1990，Pp705−731／ VOl32，No1，1991，pp1−57 ・Borcher仁，JRl，AmericanMetropolitan Evolution，Geqg7qPhjtdRbTj占w， VOl57，1967，pp30ト332
2（フ00 ー災i」一 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ・Denenbrant，JA，SbTj占t物bTZal属漬加HumanitiesPress，Sto永holm， 1980 ・Dienes，L，InvestmentPrioritiesinSovietregions，Annabo｛theAssvciadbn 正加は地肌銑喝呵血鱒VO162，1972，pp437−454 ・Durgin，FA，TheⅥrgin LandsProgramme1954−1960，励vibtShdi毎 VOl13，1962，pp255−280 ・Flljita，M，TheSelf−OrganizationandEvolutionofEconomicGeography， く毎∂月館e肋α由bjお房占町VOl47，1996，pp34−61
・Flljita，M，PKrugman andT Mori，Ch tbe」訊dudbno｛m由血ノ 助n紗夢tem＄，DiscussionPaperNo419，InstituteofEconomicResearch， KyotoUmiversity，Japan，1995 ・Ftljita，M，PKrugmanandAJV6nables，乃e勒atjdEbonoD？刀1999，MIT Press ・F叫jita，MandTTabuchi，Re由onalGrowthinPostwarJapan，勧al 助由α8月♂地刀肋血ねvol27，1997，pp643−670 ・Granick，D，T2zeRbd肋ud一喝NewYork，Doubleday，1960 ・Hooson，D，TheOutlookforRegionalDevelopmentinthe SovietUnion， ぷ由磁jお房占町VO131，No3，1972，pp535−554 ・Hoyt，JS，A乃血闇∠垣a出血ば班e肋00】J由8′戌，d占fム㍍血d助ね 触8月♂伽edとe血塊劫血坤∂点蓮α】触り′血血頭γunpu址shed PhDDissertation，AmericanUniversity，1959
・Jbnes，EandF GruPp，ModemizationandEqualizationinthe USSR， 励祓飢知慮毎vol36，1984，pp159−184 ・Kapustin，EandNhKuznetsova，物bnalわブやCkobenno＄d榊eni搾 Z鮎血色n乃聯肋叩搾油β廟，EkonomicIleSkye Nau払1972，VOl1， pp49−58GnRussian） ・KelbJC，彪≠femぶ血段，房占f血dび加以上β毘出血′Cbβe励び‘ガ由ガ虎e CbL22enちα笥nuh2tedSzwandBbcbjと1も帽・血dbstzj由unpublishedPhhD Dissertation，BostonCollege，1974
SovietIndustrialLocation：
EstimatingIndustria10utputbyRegion −99−
・KPSS，OsnovnyyeNapravleniyaRasvitsiyaNarodnogoKhozyayStVaSSSR na1976−1980gody，mV勧頑励1髄enbW，tOm12，Moscow， Politizdat，1978，pP175−257￠nRussian）
・馳ugman，P，Increasing Returnsand Economic Geography，亡わLU7Zalof 鋸dぬJ肋叩〃VOl99，pp483−499，1991 ・Kuboniwa，M，肋α加ゎ伽Ⅳ娩血月好古坪箸r忍びぷ血Jjお血8掬卿 DiscussionPaperNo D96−10，InstituteofEconomicResearch，Hitotsubashi University，Japan，1996a ，∧なdbnalhのJかeih蝕t一陥m臨地扉Asjb DiscussionPaper NoD96−6，InstituteofEconomicResearch，HitotsubashiUniversityJapan， 1996b
・Kumo，K，Economic System Conversionand MigrationTransitionin Russia，jお房占Ⅳガこ地点a刀d物血d加I如e乃吉成打d由vol9，Nb1，
1997a，pp20−36
，StudiesonInterregionalMigrationintheFormerSovietUnion
andRussia：ASuⅣey，風エヱね出力（ガ班eA鰍フdム出血dr地点招出搾肋α血￠
励打晦vol34，1997b，pp72−80
，ANote on RegionalEconomy underTransition，Am2abo｛the
A∬りdム出血描∽血刀∂刀d励β古物朗刀段びd由vo126，1998，pp164−73 ，月p抽出血助d占加ゐ血血血塊eと湖∴・那加か馳甜血皮極点α】 htezlth2jbnlkpzlbD由n物tionii2theSbvjet肋，Wb血ngPaperNo29， Angust1999，InstituteofEconomicResearch，KagawaUniversity，Japan ・Marian一gkiy，A，Sbl々℃meZ2L？ye伽tsii＾なse軸，Moscow，Statistika， 1969qnRussian）
・Millner，Gand EGilinskaya，Mezhraionnoe Regulirovamiye UrDVnya ZhizniNaselen料a，月払刀0閃e戯嘲拶f叩，1975，pp56−63￠nRussian）
・ Milovanov，EⅤ，Problemy Osvoemiya Dal一nyego Ⅵ）StOka， 肋α山地e如γa肋扇■上ねノわγ聯 椛拶ぬ，VOl3，pp．37−41，1994 伍n
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ごり／）（ノ ーJOO−一一 ・Moskvina，D，ProblemyRazmeshcheniyaProizvoditel■nykh SilvSSSR， 均叩呵′伽om血；1959，pp155−164￠nRussian） ・Nakamura，T，Sbz？DPOU nO（niikj’ぬ鰻atsu，Kokin−Shoin，1985Gn Japanese） ●Nove，A，乃eSbvjbt肋oLnib伽tem，GeorgeAllen＆Unwin，hndon， 1977 ・Nove，AandJANewth，The SbTj占t Mddlb 励st：A肋（ねJ伽 加I卸班fアbndon，GeorgeAnen＆Unwin，1967 ・Rodgers，Ah，TheIJOCationalDynamicsofSovietIndustry Annabo｛tbe A郎∝由血Ⅵ血血刀銑耶頭耶Vd64，No2，1974，pp226−240 ・Sagers，MJ，物血d血e卯a地由j力班e乙湖‥・Jβ4β−ブタ符unput血shed PhDhDissertation，OhioStateUhiversity，1980 ・Sagers，MhJandMBGreen，IndustrialDispersionintheSovietUnion：An Application of Entropy Measures，戌）Vibt Ge呼昭p々y volh20，No10，1979， pp567−586
・Saushkin，YuhG，IhVN赦01−skogoandVPKorovitsyn，肋以刀ibheskqJ唱 Ge昭n噂わ SbvetskqgD Sbw，Moscow，Izdatel−stvo Moskovskogo
Universiteta，1967GnRussian） ・Stauley，EJ．，R＊bnalDjibjbudbnofSbTjbt血dusbjdMbzpowez7New Yb屯Praeger，1968 ・Tbl叩ko，LN，触搾肋血d威e励α1アぷ∬現Izdatel−stvo EkonomicheskoyRiteratuI≠Moscow，1963￠nRussian） ・Ⅵ）rObryevIBhB，∧なsehnjb椛拶tOChnQY戯肋；Novosibirsk，Nauka，1977￠n Russian） DataSources（Statistics） ・Goskomstat Ross立，肋ね〟肋α血塊軸励g房軸物ひ雌 度亘搾TfObねs卸Pbssj励j屯d開励Moscow，RosInform7盲entr，1992 ，地軸′蝕ょぉ血頭金気組′胞娩確り血盟∫瑚Moseow，
SovietIndustrialLocation： EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion 一九）ノー GoskomstatRoss並，1995 ，蜘′地；Moscow，GoskomstatRossii，1997 ・GoskomstatSSSR，∧な〝血oe戯聯J登f叩ぷSS好yl物′地αfI昭ガ刀のr Vqyne1941−19458g：，Moscow，Informatsionno−Izdatel−skiyTsentr，1990 ・SNGKomstat，蝕LWChhzvぷ八喝Moscow，FinansovyyInzhiniring，1992 ，伽（汝升打（由 y蝕刀a丘力励地甜f招Ⅴ肋娘J 刀由卵mmahA，Moscow，Statistiche軸KomitetSNG，1994、￠nRussian） ・neWbddBank，蝕鮨出血ノ助刀戯わ（汝J戌好・ぷねねぎガ班e伽αと嘲 Ⅵ払sIlin酢On，WbddBank，1993
・TbSU SSSR，伽（血oe R220myStVO S5SWl触statisticalyearbook， Moscow，Statistika，19ⅩX＋1h￠nRussian） ，伽血oe励om押tT70甜1922−フ筍Moscow，Statistika，1972 ，∧抜和血oe彪omyst叩S5mza60kちMoscow，Statistika1977 ，伽血oe戯α卵メ登吉和ぷ毀況J彪g・J瑚Mos￠OW，凱加速t汰a， 1982 −，Nazv血oeRhomJ登tVOぷ毀況za7Ubt，Moscow，Statistika1987 ・TbSURSFSR，伽血oeRZzomt叩RSFSGl軸statisticalyearbook， Moscow，FinanCyiStatistika，19xx＋1 ，∧坂町血oe励呵軍J碍吉和兄毀現存2a乃ゐちMoseow，FhanwI Statistika，1987 ・rIbUNIQIUGOSPLANASSSR，ぷSS貿v旭娩，Moscow，Soyuzorgychet， 1934／1935
ー」℃g− 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ご0（互） Appendixl：GovernmentalInvestmentineadlUnionRepliblicandEconomicRegion （h198500nStantprioes；millionrubles；別anksin血eatethelaekofda叫 4仇 5仇 1940 194＆50 1951・56 1950 195（；1957 1958 1959 1g60 1961 RUSS】A Nαth帽 Cαt帽1 肋Iga叫dka C即l帽IBl誠kE訂th 肋l卵 No止hCauca別S Ural WedSib由 E翁t∫触れa F訂Easl 〕KR創NE BELOR〕＄ uZB∈K15†洲 KÅ乙AKHSⅦ朗 GEORGIA AZ〔RBAIJAN L汀HUA州A MOLDO＼仇 L用VIA mmSlÅN ⅦJ肌ISl九N ARMENIA T〕RKMEN】SIAN ESl℃N賦 49046 33335 6モ1089 4柑6 750古 8243 14885 1196 2497 1030 1666 37（〉4 10556 2918 5235 4416 9452 2571 6200 1983 4592 25モi5 5202 10474 10219 16235 2076 1208 1g69 2270 1002 畑49 2938 1956 4891 1493 1055 1662 1862 1361 2527 22 277 599 100 279 513 122 483 759 470 291 6モ〉2 506 256 589 564 365 588 473 425 861 36．1 459 71g 9000 194亜 21417 24568 27473 29213 29826 985 2238 2579 2823 2973 1935 4792 5273 5729 6044 353 950 1023 1268 1323 345 956 1106 1312 1249 1068 2908 3（）73 3360 341（； 876 1970 2249 2399 2522 1435 3828 3862 4297 4447 674 2291 2528 2809 2964 531 づ569 2059 23！16 2472 643 1422 1585 1788 1949 2546 4918 5832 6592 7（；36 7996 8295 304 644 724 855 955 1086 1228 335 773 856 1061 1138 1257 1369 5開 1gO7 1977 2255 2687 3202 3675 296 402 391 473 545 598 604 385 461 530 619 693 711 741 76 210 266 322 361 3g6 495 83 197 249 328 401 420 455 102 218 252 305 377 486 469 94 205 227 265 312 335 365 87 206 212 252 304 328 353 114 174 204 262 309 326 364 134 1g8 238 286 332 3モI6 400 g7 172 200 232 274 310 344 1982 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1g68 1969 1970 1971 RUSS】A Nαlh川東 C餅1ぬ1 肋IgaWdka Cα11血馳血E訂th VoI9a NαthCauca別S 〕ral WedSib由 E王威Si抽a F訂Ea貞 UKR創NE BEしOR〕S U認EKISTAN K佗AKHS■隕N GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN L汀HUAN】A Mα．DO＼仇 L＃rVIA KYRGMSTAN lÅJIKISlれN ARM〔N】A TURKMENlmN ESTONIA 31163 32630 35260 37758 40193 43亜7 47316 4＄600 54586 58910 4927 5177 5717 6110 8880 9049 99丁4 11012 2044 2112 2420 2687 2250 2352 2458 2885 5g50 6169 7247 7393 4339 4487 5101 5421 6中柑 糾72 7281 7779 4939 4985 5754 6483 3688 3889 4266 4482 3487 3712 4109 4454 13293 13558 14694 15809 2476 2610 3021 3192 3157 3154 3486 3669 5261 5468 6082 62g6 1113 1143 1238 1286 1130 1202 1332 1327 1110 1144 1281 1377 893 925 105t； †帽2 842 902 990 1025 720 722 808 864 653 661 715 806 764 794 934 9郎 760 771 891 945 589 582 654 682 3255 331モ1 3677 40モ12 6248 6360 6943 7354 1349 1393 1530 1540 1351 1428 1624 1778 3631 3952 4320 4604 2741 2910 3222 3477 4559 5032 5107 5322 3083 3356 3532 3826 255モI 2878 3053 3141 2146 2083 2318 2592 8795 9181 99モ！0 10639 1273 1412 1554 1713 1413 1624 1953 2300 3827 3914 4174 4696 649 682 733 854 797 809 840 922 551 579 687 761 478 502 591 656 511 551 62S 6モ‡0 374 440 4餌 542 379 416 476 578 410 453 513 598 413 446 508 592 350 381 416 4柑 4072 4402 7802 モ1276 1709 1874 1908 2032 5044 54古3 3805 3892 5543 6056 4115 4865 3270 3486 2720 3084 11465 12324 1g69 2232 2708 3007 4870 5210 960 1047 1005 1051 859 g72 713 833 710 781 56モ！ 6一拍 5gO 604 664 700 724 749 455 512
SovietIndustr・ialLocation： EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion ーヱ掛− （00止i几IeS） 1972 1g73 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 91333 92298 94299 99071 9865 RUSSIA Ndh肌Je或 Cenlml 肋Ig計Wdka C血相IBl訪kEath Volga N血hCau協別S E感S弓b細a
U柑I We或Sib由 F訂Ead
UKR創NE BELORUS UZBEKISIAN KAZAKHS■帆N G【ORGIA AZ∈RBAi洲 し汀HUANIA M乱DO＼仇 L何■VIA ARMENIA
KYRGYZSl袖 mJIKIS■仇N TURKMENISlÅN
ESTON】A 63285 663S4 71409 7閃24 モ〉2965 85846 6507 6719 7214 モ1058 11875 12279 13348 1414ア 2g32 3080 3372 3483 3207 3283 3566 3867 7939 8284 8929 10309 5634 5881 6266 （S843 さ292 9046 9捕 101朗 7273 7927 8562 9467 4762 4898 5272 5975 4609 4763 5188 6091 16581 ヰ360 4117 10242 7g88 11780 14529 7231 7451 21325 4838 6197 9048 20糾 2241 1767 1657 1428 1132 1090 1286 1381 934 猫用730棚087501977666550107憫勅願925 21569221111イ11 ㈹嘲5925897。1961認髄働1。8。1。99126。闇抑 00舶56288865憫m18331−22髄1090Ⅷ欄1384獅 慧㈹軌Ⅷ㈲脚16711418個1。7。欄133。隅 8992428539g685 7 肌用50980216717180160141ぷ108123−7 17112 17676 18705 19848 3477 3691 3975 4131 3874 4241 4460 485モ1 6723 6921 7439 7763 1325 131（S 1392 1463 1320 イ朝2 1539 1759 1446 1534 1557 1709 1210 1350 1494 1535 1109 1171 1301 1414 906 914 970 973 871 873 903 955 1006 955 1010 1096 1051 1194 1338 1315 698 751 762 794 19モ蓼2 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 19モ！9 1990 107297 110957 12836213モ1210 10147 19747 5337 5364 12103 8330 13512 21007 7897 8963 143895 143971 14046 RUSS仏 NαlhWed Cenねl 肋1ga叫よka Cenl椅1Bl茶kE甜th Volga NαthCauca乳IS Ura】 WedSibe血 E戚S伽血 F訂【ad 〕KR川NE BELORUS UZBEKlm K佗AKHSⅧ GEORG帆 佗ERBAtJAN し汀H〕ANIA MOl．DOWL LmlA mmSIAN 一肌JIKlm ARMENIA TURKME佃SlÅN ESTONIA 102837 1072gO 4438 25114 6440 6090 7145 6引1 0050 1（〉495 2644 2825 3001 3328 2293 2449 2064 2005 1716 1894 1315 13＄2 1277 1363 1518 1602 1809 1826 1060 什†0 28318 29447 7723 7708 7170 756モI 2145 130鳩 22177 24371 5220 5537 6886 7423 9601 10109 2356 2403 2（S30 3003 2087 2275 1801 1946 1610 1619 1170 1315 1096 1197 1404 1443 1603 1790 g29 1000 29銅 301イ 297ヰ 2545 3466 3469 2970 2863 2966 3192 3133 2809 2258 2347 2486 2474 1955 1952 2034 1867 1498 1577 1638 1823 1598 1726 18亜 1856 1770 1568 3908 3727 1955 2045 2093 2249 1侶2 1282 伯6イ 1398
香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 2（フ00
ー封り・−・
Appendix2：UnionRq）ublic／EconomicRegionhdustrialOutput，：EstimationResults （h1985constantPrices；thousandm山ionrubles；Blanksindicatethelackofdata）
SovietIndustr・ialLocation： EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion （∽止im蜃） Sou】・CeS： PercentageIndicesofRSFSREconomicRegionsfor1940comparedwith1913：TbSURSFSR， 1961，Pp81・82；PercentageIndicesofPUnionRepublicsfor194000mparedwith1913：恥SU SSSR，1973，p．135；PercentageIndiccs ofRSFSR E∞nOlnic Re由onsfor1950and1955 COmparedwith1940：TbSURSFSR，1968，pP44・45；Percentagehdice＄OftJnionRepublicsfor 1953compaqedwith1940：TsSUSSSR，1959，p141；PercentageIndicesofUnionRepublicsfor 1954comparedwith1940：T§SUSSSR，1960，p227；PercentageIndicesofUhionRepublicsfor 1955，195さ，1959∝〉mparedwi仇1940：TbStJSSS札1960，p227；Per捷ntageIndicesfbr1960 COmparedwith1940：恥SUSSSR，1971，p188；Foz1960・64：TbSUSSSR，1966，P129；For 1965・1967：つもSUSSSR1969，p189；For1968・69：T§SUSSSR1970，p149；For1970・74：取StJ SSSR′1976，p199；FoT1975・79：T盲SUSSSR，1981，p，129；For1980・83：TsSUSSSR，1985， p137；For1984・85：TbSUSSSR，1986，p101；For1985realprod11CtS：TheWorldBank，1993， pp−64，112，160，208，256，304，352，400，448，496，544，592，640，68き，736；For1985real products ofRussian E00nOmicRegions：Goskomstat Rossii1997，pp183・185；Percentage
Indices ofUnion Republics fbr1986comparedwith1985：GoskomststSSSR，1987，P135； PercentagehdicesofUnionRq）ublicsfo工1987comparedwith1985：TkSUSSSR，1988，p91； PercentageIndicesofUnionRepubhcsfbr1988compal・edwith1985：恥SUSSSR，1989，P839； Per恍ntageIndi捷SOfthionRepublies丘〉と198900mparedwi仇1985：恥SIJSSSR，1990，p」357； PercentageIndicesofUhionRepubkcsibt1990comparedwith1985：TbSUSSSR，1991，p357； PercentagehdicesofRusSianEconomicRe由onsfor1987・90compaJ・edwith1985：Goskomstst Rossii，1992，pp．851・355
】J（）（← 香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40
Appendix3：
DistancebetweenMoscowandtheLargestGtyinEaohRe由on19 ご（）（）（）
Region Largest Ci Latitudeand km
North〉Vest Sankt−Peterburg Central Moscow Volga−Vyatka Go（kむ CentraEBlackEarth Voronezh 嶋Iga Sama「a No付1Caucasus Rostov−na・Donu U椅I Sverdlovsk WestSibena Novosibirsk EastSibeha Krasnoyarsk FarEast 〉la血ostok UKRAINE Kiev BELORUS Minsk UZBEKISTAN Tashkent KAZAKHSlnN Alma・Ata GEORGJA Tbi［isi AZERBAIJAN Baku LlTHUANlA Vilnius MOLDOVA Kishnev L椚V肌 Riga KYRGYZSTAN Frunze TAJIKISTAN Dyushanlbe ARMENIA Erevan TURKMENtSTAN Ashkhabad ESTONIA Tallinn 59 55N 3015EE 6341 5545N3735E O 5620N4400E 4036 5138N3912E 4699 5312N5009E 8584 4714N3942E 958 5651N6036［ 14183 5502N8255E 28122 5601N9250E 33519 4308N13154E 64159 5026N3031E 7555 535朴J2734E 673 4120N6918E 27931 4315N7657E 31084 41 42N 44 45E 1646 4023N4951E 19298 5441N2519E 7859 4659N2852［ 11452 5657N2406E 8399 4254N7436E 29897 3833N6848E 29949 4011N4430E 18034 3757N5823E 25127 59．25N24．45E 864．7 Sourぐe：Jones∴DB eds．Oxh（d点vnomk＾血0（［JleけbzM 払ー血e血丘on，0Ⅹ飴rdてJnive錯i吋ness，1972。 19Iflatitudeandlongitudeoftwopointsontheearth（AB）areNa，Ea，Nb，凱respec伝veb tllく〉nWeeanget Distance＝aCOS［sin（Na）×sin（Nb）＋cos（Na）×cos（Nb）×00S（Ea・Eb）】×￠adiusof tlleeartb） Inealcula岨on，血eでa血usof血eea王也wasassumedbequalto6370km
SovietIndustrialLocation： EstimatingIndustrialOutputbyRegion Appendix4：PopulationinEachUnionR印ublic／EconomicRegion −J（）ト 伯13 19咄 19591960196119621983 1964 1965 1966 伯67 19朗 89902 110098 117534 12055 124700 125788 126555 12791 11204 10863 270朝 25718 8848 ∂253 9093 7769 15649 15981 10494 11601 10520 14180 9177 11251 4914 6473 3155 4834 35210 41340 41869 6899 9046 8￠55 4368 6645 82引 5585 6054 9154 2（SO1 3612 4044 2339 3274 3698 2828 2925 2711 2056 2468 2885 2493 1886 2093 864 1528 2066 1034 1525 198イ 1000 1320 1763 1042 1302 1516 1174311901 11519 11（S49 1171モ1 11855 26009 26146 26407 26545 266滋 26763 さ3（〉2 8312 モ〉292 8298 8282 モI288 7875 7902 79モ〉2 7972 7g65 7948 128朋13039 13661 13822 139印 14217 124詑12723 13018 13228 13451 138訂 180訂18343 18778 18887 18938 19049 116佃11モ；23 12016 12069 12148 12201 6731 6852 7084 7190 7251 7321 4g31 5043 5278 5427 5536 5709 4309143527 44636 451∝） 45516 46381 8226 さ316 8455 8533 8633 甜20 8665 8986 9818 10130 10569 11266 1038710934 11511 11853 12124 12678 4200 4271 4415 捕3 4547 465g 3g73 4117 4382 4518 4664 4917 2引）4 2852 2908 2949 29モ‡6 3064 3040 3106 3242 3303 33（58 34糾 2142 2170 2217 2241 2262 2298 2225 2318 2492 2569 2851 2836 2イ04 2188 2346 2482 257き 2736 1893 195モ〉 206g 2134 2193 2306 1626 1683 1803 1862 1913 2029 954 1054 1197 12211235 1259 1273 1285 1304 1969 1970 1g711972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 19781979 1980 128526 130079 13069713143132181329113374 134650 136引β1375513838 5597 5635 7679 7736 28944 29077 8343 モほ52 7797 7762 1554615590 1548815617 1941619468 1295813081 8157 8246 6819 6920 49478 49755 499労 9488 9580 9611 14モi391539115765 146アイ1468414858 5030 5015 5041 5865 6028 6112 3366 3398 3420 3914 3947 3968 2529 2521 2529 3511 3529 35モ‡8 3691 3801 3901 2g50 3031 3074 2722 2759 2827 14601466 1474 5436 7463 28513 8289 丁828 15235 151∝〉 19182 12539 7879 6朋7 49075 9371 14079 14337 4954 5689 3315 3850 2497 3368 3486 2834 2581 1438
787芸
793 馴慧7823㈹脚個闇77。。⋮舶甜闇闇椚551〝諾矧32193283諾1418 闇慧7889職朋憫闇76526168脚農憫鵬矧32。。m抑㈹31882667236。憫 脚脚83。6諾酬闇冊7579榊澗㈹憫脚㈹5326深淵3。743。9626。6慧 闇慧閑職側馴冊75。4即㈹9。7〝Ⅷ闇撒52193166361923863。。3抑制票 珊㈹瑚7998憫㈹醐㈹蒜㈹冊側聞榔51173128謝236〝293329。。賊21591356 89 8273 5香川大学経済学部 研究年報 40 ー封裾」− 2（フ〟 1981 1982 19ち3 19糾 1985 1986 1g87 1988 1989 1990 13gO28 139165 1400†714211143091438314531 146450 147400 148041 5897 5959 8035 8091 29721 29841 8339 8372 7708 7702 1592（；16035 16230 16347 197餅）19882 14146 14364 8725 8834 7510 7581 50840 50994 9942 10008 17974 18487 15842 16028 5201 5234 6614 6708 3570 3603 4111 4147 2604 2622 3967 4051 4499 4848 3317 3362 3189 3270 1530 1542 6123 6149 8284 8299 30386 30467 8457 8473 7740 7751 16410 16500 16751 1（S869 20279 20345 15003 15095 9155 9207 7941 8008 51704 5183g lO200 10259 19908 20322 16538 16691 5小泊 5456 7029 7131 3690 3723 4341 4362 2681 2687 4291 4367 5112 5248 3283 3293 3534 3622 1573 1583 50135 50307 50867 9875 9744 9878 16158 1659117亜8 15053 15253156亜 5071 5100 5167 6202 6303 6506 3445 3474 3539 3995 4025 4080 2539 2552 2587 3653 3724 3886 4007 4119 4365 3119 3169 3267 2897 2970 3118 1485 14g6 1518 51201 51377 10078 10141 19026 19569 16244 16470 5268 5297 6811 （；921 3641 3682 4185 4224 2647 2673 4143 4238 4807 4969 3412 3459 3361 3455 1556 1571 ￠nThousand：Blanksindicatethelackofdata：atthebeginningofrespectiveyear）
