* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
2006 ॷ 7 31 ؝Њ, 2006 ॷ 11 7 ؝ჿ
̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᨆᲞܩɴȲȿʳᦶക္ᅣɹࣙᬖ
ᦏǵᚹǵǵǵر*
Slash-and-Burn Cultivation as Forest Management: The Invention of
Indigenous Agroforestry in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
Kondo Fumi*
This study focuses on a unique mode of slash-and-burn cultivation utilizing artifi cial forest of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii), which is formed on grass-covered hills in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Black wattle was introduced into this area from Aus-tralia for the purpose of tannin extraction in the mid-20th
century. This fast-growing tree came to be grown by the native Bena people as fuel wood or as a marker plant of private land. With the penetration of the market economy since the 1980s, the Bena have invented an agroforestry system, with forestry technologies integrated into their indigenous slash-and-burn cultivation system, in order to benefi t from the increasing economic value of black wattle.
The new system enables sustainable use of the black wattle forest. Forest regeneration begins just after clearing and burning, as the fi re accelerates black wattle germination. Skillful forest management allows the intercropping of fi nger millet or maize between well-ordered trees for three years. Also, fuel wood and charcoal can be acquired once every ten years when the forest is cleared. Charcoal and local beer brewed from fi nger millet provides the Bena with cash income. The enormous biomass produced by black wattle, which fi xes nitrogen, enriches the soil fertility without the use of expensive chemical fertilizers.
This innovation by the Bena was created through various attempts based on their experience and knowledge accumulated in the process of coping with the socio-economic changes brought by globalization. This case study provides some notable suggestions for endogenous development in rural areas of Africa facing serious environmental degradation and shortage of arable land.
ɐɄɭɻᮑɌȼ⏋ᦅᓚܩɹᑘࢸɴࢪɐʳзɹؙᇍɻඨകϟɹಔؖˁߺɁɩȷɛ⏏
Υ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏᨆ⏋˓͠ͲˤिͲ˻͚Ͳ̾ላɹᲞɫɻ⏋зȵഀปዛˁዩෑᇕɴ؝ ȿԂʶɩ⏋ɗɹᔒଁˁܧഀɹᦅᓚкᏙɴᏼʛᦉʞɭȦȩხɌȦࣙᬖȵᣱɄɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹܩݖ
写真 1 調査地の景観
ɻ⏋Գ༳ྂ࿅ɲຩᢒИɹʢɭȼȴʰᬖޕȵɐɐʠʰʶɩȷɛȵ⏋߃းകɹԗᅊɻᧆȼ⏋ᗷ ༳ɭɌɛᗳȵঃȵɤɩȦɤɛ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏Υᖔɴ္ᅣɭȦȭɽ߃းകɹᬖޕˁਲ਼Ȧ༝ȴʏʳ ȵ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɴ࣎зɐʳ̠̾ɻᅊᬏɹȦഀปዛ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏ⏃Acacia mearnsii⏋ᗔ ؿ⏧black wattle⏆ˁᦶകɌɩ⏋ɗɹϺूകɫ္ᅣˁȲɄɲɤɩȦʳ⏏৳ʰɻʚɛ⏋ปೠɹᬚ Фʦഘଠɠɲɰɴʭɤɩകɹԗᅊˁ᧟ɴ፬ჿɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ปᬚɫс႒ˁൕݛɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ ᖪᣒɲᚩသകˁᔒଁɌ⏋ඨᅊˁᄩᇕɴգᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏ ፆᓔɻɄɹᦅˁȋᦶക္ᅣȍɭؿЊȿ⏋ɗɹ͍ˡ̢̀͌ˁՕഓɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋̠̾ȵ͐͠ ˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁᅎȦɩృɛɲᦅˁօՏɌɛ̺ͦ́˽ˁЦᐁཕᇕɲɴ၇ʰɌɲȵʰៗഓ Ɍɛ⏏ᨆឹ܍ɹɴࢪਝɌɩృɛɲᦅȵօՏɇʶɩȦȼ̺ͦ́˽ɹድɻ⏋ඨᅊգᅎɹ ჼБᇕɲȡʱɹΥёˁரኍɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳᦅᮃᏝɭܩݖɹԒᇍᇕɲᇍ ࣙɹكਸˁ෯ɐʳɛʠɹᣂషɭɲʸȩ⏏ ჼܩᠭീɻ⏋2000 ॷ 3 ⑯2001 ॷ 2 ⏋2002 ॷ 11 ⑯2003 ॷ 5 ⏋2003 ॷ 10 ⑯ 12 ⏋2005 ॷ 1 ⑯3 ʚɫɹ 24 Ͷᬚ⏋˓͠ͲˤिͲ˻͚Ͳ̾ላ˥̶ˎ̢͑ɹɲȴ ɴȡʳ 8 ךɹʁɭɦ⏋͌˗Ͳˤ̨ךɴྡྷܧɌɩȲɄɲɤɛ⏃ܒ 1⏆⏏ᦅɹៗഓʦܤޚɹ ՕഓɭȦɤɛᦅᇕɲᠭീɭшɌɩ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɹرʦЦᇕᐁཕᇕɲүᯆɴɦȦɩз ʍɹᓬȷʱᠭീɭ៎࢘ˁȲɄɲɤɛ⏏
2．調査地の概要
ᠭീܩɹ˥̶ˎ̢͑ɻ⏋Ͳ˻͚Ͳ̾ላɹላংଘܧܩȴʰ 50 km ʓɰɴеᒞɌɩȦʳ⏏ ฌᲞȵ 1,700 m ɭᲞȼ⏋ॶܯຩཧɻॷᬚˁɭȲɌɩௌລ 15 մɭԳ༳ɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Υॷ ɻᮒೝɭϗೝɴՕȴʶɩȲʱ⏋ᮒೝɹ 11 ȴʰ 4 ɴɻ 1,000 mm ˁᣳȭʳᮒȵᭇʳ⏏ ݖɻആី 19 km⏋ 15 km ɹঃȵʱˁʢɦȵ⏋ɗɄˁɴȼॻᐻ᧑ᤉɹθүᏝ 1 km ɹ፴ܑԒɴᏝ 800 γय़⏋3,350 ϺȵࢌᮃɌɩз˃ɫȦʳNational Bureau of Statistics 2005⏏ɄȩɌɛ࣎з০ɻ⏋1974 ॷɴ⏋తзɐʳϺʃɭˁըᇕɴॻᐻ᧑ᤉȦɴᮃʠɛ⏋ ᮃకፑɹؿɫȡʳ⏏ʃɭɹ߂ץɻ̠̾ɫ⏋عγय़ɻз࣎ȴʰ 6 km ዐɹ፴ܑԒɫᦅ കˁۊʛ⏋ʓʖԃɴᰩషˁᕶᐌɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ᦅകᅋ႒ˁެɌɩᅊˁʚȴɲɤɩȦ ʳ⏏ɹಕ៎ˁ႕ਐЊȿɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ᗳɴុʼʶɛε᭙ɭ⏋ɗɹዘᐻᨆɴɦȼʰʶɛ͐͠˹ ͇ˏˡ˹ˏʦ̮͇̓̓͞⏃Pinus patula⏋ᗔؿ⏧patula pine⏆ɭȦɤɛഀปዛɹᦶകܩɫȡ ʳ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏1955 ॷɴ৯ɇʶɛዷμԠሎɴʭʶɽ⏋ɗɹয়ಁȴʰ߃းകɻཙᢆɹ྇ᰄᨆɴ ʛʰʶʳɞȿɫ⏋Ʉʶˁ᭑ȦɛԃݖɴɻᗳȵঃȵɤɩȦɛ⏏ላԒɹගകѳᡸךɴɻܩകȵ ɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ȴɦɩɻɄȩɌɛගȵε᭙ܩԃкˁុɤɩȦɛɹɫȡʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ ɗɹಕˁ៨ૡɐʳᓔɻȲʰɑ⏋ɹΥय़ȵᗳܩɌɩȴʰሂয়ɲॷȵᐁɤɩȦʳɴ᧓Ȧɲ
Ȧ⏏ ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɭ̮͇̓̓͞ɻ⏋ɰɠʰʢɄɹץγᏛɹȡȦɞɴ୫ɠᦉʚʶɩ⏋ᠭീܩΥ य़ɹԳ༳ྂ࿅ɲຩҌɴ᧟ਝɌɩᦶകȵୟ߂ɇʶɩȦɤɛ⏏͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶɛয় ՟ɹᇿᇕɻ⏋ปᇤɴيʚʶʳ̊Ͳ̢ͲɹୈՏɫȡɤɛȵ⏋̊Ͳ̢Ͳɹܕ᭬ѝൔȵάᘺɌɛɛ ʠ⏋ჼܧɫɻปᇤˁެɐʳɄɭɻࢹɲȼɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹΥɫ⏋̠̾ɻ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏ ɹॻˁᚩသೳɭɌɩգᅎ⏋ެɌ⏋ʚɛФᤄܩɫɻɤɛഘᘽˁᅎȦɩ္ᅣˁȲɄɲȩʭȩ ɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏ᚩသɹެӴɻ⏋ɴȡʳᏝ 40 ᥇ɹᰩݟʦμോɹࢊࢆᖇ⏋ॻᐻ᧑ᤉˁᦲ ɐʳᨊ॑зɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ̮͇̓̓͞ɻ⏋লೳᅎʦࢃԍೳᅎɭɌɩ୫ɠᦉʚʶɛ⏏ ೠȷɹଯˁʢɦʃɭʦ˛Ͳ˻Ͳᱤ֪িɹនೳลඁˁɐʳនೳᓔɴʭɤɩԒɫនೳ ɇʶɩ⏋នೳᓔʦЗᢷȦڧϺɴʭɤɩ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᐁཕᇕɲμਕᨊ॑̋͡˛˽˵͞ͻ͌ʍՏ ᗼɇʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩഘʦនೳɹጩೳɻ⏋ɫᚩʦলೳɭɌɩգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ Ʉɹܩݖɹᦅɻ⏋ᣱУɴ˃ɞܩ০ɭԳ༳ྂ࿅ɲຩҌИˁȦȴɌɩ⏋ᮒೝɹȡȦɞɻహ ᯆܩɹᅣˁᓚсɌ⏋ϗೝɹȡȦɞɻᢆܩɹᅣˁᓚсɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ਃഀɻɗɹؘɫ⏋ܒ 2 ɹʭȩɴ⏋ᖪȼᑢɤɛᗳܩɫᗳˁʱ⏋ɗʶˁ͇˗Ͳ̝ႥɴዩʛΫɁɩܤɫុȦ⏋μɹᗳɴတ ˁԂʶʳɫܩˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦɛ⏃Гάɫɻ⏋Ʉɹᦅˁ͇˗Ͳ္̝ᅣɭ٧ʉ⏆⏏ʚɛዎɴ⏋ 写真 2 丘陵の稜線部につくられたモリシマアカシアの造林地 図 2 マウンド焼畑の作付け体系
ᢆɹ྇ᰄᨆɴʳϠ๖കˁգᅎɌɩ္ᅣˁȲɄɲȩɄɭʢȡɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋హᯆܩᓚсɫɻς ᰩȲʭʃᨙɹషɴᅎȦʳ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕݛɌ⏋ᢆܩᓚсɫɻտᰩɴᅎȦʳ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍ˁൕ ݛɌɩȦɛ⏏ ɌȴɌᦏॷɴɲɤɩ⏋ЦᐁཕᇕɲႥɹɴɭʢɲȦс႒ɹዛᰖʦᦅȵ߂ȷȼʼɤ ɩȷɛ⏏1974 ॷɴɻᮃзకፑɴʭɤɩॻᐻ᧑ᤉȦɴᮃᘺȵɦȼʰʶʳɭ⏋ᔋషˁԂ ଝɌʦɐȼɲʱ⏋ʚɛ 1980 ॷБɴɻॻᐻ᧑ᤉȵᖋខɇʶ⏋ɇʰɴ 1980 ॷБץɴɻ̊Ͳ˸ ̢ˏᐁཕȵᕶᅓɇʶɩᨊ॑ᨆɭɹ༑ᦲȵᇵ˃ɴɲʳɭ⏋ᦅകᅋ႒ɹެลЦʢވȭɩȦɤ ɛ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ᢆܩᓚсɫɻ⏋ГմɻգᅎɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛԢອܩɹᓚܩ⏋ᗳܩХᬘ݀ɹ͇˗ Ͳ္̝ᅣȴʰᔋషˁᅎȦɛᦹсʍɹ᥊ழ⏋ጩޅೝɴؚዲɇʶʳ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍ɹڧڃɭ ȦɤɛȵᣱɄɤɛᦏᚹ 2003⏏Υ⏋హᯆܩᓚсɫɻ⏋ςᰩс႒ȵ˹˱˪̲˛ȴʰ̜˗ ͐ͦ˱˹ɴȴʼʱ⏋ᔋషˁᅎȦɛᦹсȵȲɄɲʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋͐͠ ˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁᅎȦɩᦶക္ᅣˁȲɄɲȦ⏋1 сᇿɴ˹˱˪̲˛ˁ⏋2⏋3 сᇿɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱ ˹ˁൕݛɌɩ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ɹᨙɭᦶകܩȴʰʰʶʳᚩသೳˁެɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏
3．モリシマアカシアを用いた造林焼畑の農法とその土壌肥料学的な効果
3.1 モリシマアカシアの特性 ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻ⏋ˠͻ˽̜͞͠ˏᅋɹ͇͍ዀ।ᐶปɫ⏋ᅊᬏȵȼ⏋ᅎȵࣦɴʼ ɛʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡʦᎦ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɫঃȼൕݛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ปᇤɴيʚʶʳᩄɹ ̊Ͳ̢Ͳɻ⏋إȼȴʰᇤɲʠɌɴ⏋ᦏɫɻᓘອਸɹஞመջɹషɭɌɩʢᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋ೠೳɻនᏨ̮̺͡ɴգᅎɇʶʳʓȴនသʢخᔨɫȡʳ͖̚ͻ˪ 1986⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ ɴɻᎰᘖȵࢊᅊɌɩዾᏬˁܔࡴɐʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ᔋషೠɭɌɩʢգᅎɇʶɩȦʳBerenschot et al. 1988⏏ଂȵܕɫʢ⏋̊Ͳ̢ͲୈՏʦܤޚఒᖪˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ 1930⑯50 ॷБɴϑिɫᇵ˃ ɴඨȭʰʶɛرȵȡʳةೠ 1968⏏ Jøker2000ɴʭʶɽ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻ⏋ၖय़ɫɻฌᲞ 1,500⑯2,500 m⏋ॷᬚᭇອᩄ 900⑯1,600 mm⏋ॶܯຩཧௌລ 12⑯18 ⏋жຩཧௌລ 5 ГΫɹᄩޅɴ᧟Ɍ⏋ᇍᗂȴʰᏝ 10 ॷɫปᲞ 6⑯20 m ɴᅊᬏɐʳ⏏ʚɛᑢຂȵȼ⏋ปᶲ 5⑯6 ॷȴʰຘॷᩄɹዛࡎˁᅊ ᅋɐʳ⏏ዛࡎɻᩃတɲɰɫ֓ၖɇʶʳɭᇍᗂȵѦᦽɇʶʳɛʠ⏋ᩃတȵᇍɐʳܩݖɫɻᏤക ˁ০ଁɐʳ⏏।ᐶɹകɻϗೝɫʢᩄɹອˁُȦΫɁɩᙜతɐʳɛʠ⏋ܩάອˁཝࢹɇɓɩɌ ʚȩɭʢȦʼʶɩȦʳVersfeld and Van Wilgen 1986; Samways et al. 1996⏏3.2 造林焼畑にみられる技術
͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁᅎȦɛᦶക္ᅣɹсЊȿкᏙˁܒ 3 ɴኍɌɛ⏏Ʉɹᦅɫɻ⏋ʚɑс ЊȿˁȲɄɲȩմɴ⏋ปᶲ 10 ॷዐɹ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകˁФɌ⏋ॻˁՖʱɞɌɩᚩသೳ ɭɌɩգᅎ⏋ެɐʳ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏋4⏆⏏Фᤄܩɫɻ⏋ɤɩȦʳഘᘽˁᮃʠɩᮒೝɹሁմɴတ
ˁԂʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹ᭬⏋ᅣɹܑٞɴ३ 1.5⑯2 m ɹᬿတय़ˁȿɩয္ɌɲȦʭȩɴɐʳ⏏္ᅣ 1 сᇿɴɻ˹˱˪̲˛ˁμਕɴ⏋2 сᇿɭ 3 сᇿɴɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁμਕɴ⏋ˏ̸̠͞ዀɹᘽ ᘛᰖʦ˗͠ᰖ⏋͇͍ᰖ⏋̯͇ͩ͠ɲɰˁཌྷсɐʳ⏏̠̾ɻ⏋္ᅣɴʭɤɩʢɛʰɇʶʳဒʦ⏋ ˹˱˪̲˛ɹс႒རȵՕɴɲʳɭᓒȭɩȲʱ⏋2 сᇿʚɫံేᔋɫᓚсɌ⏋3 сᇿɴɻࢹ ᩄɹᔋషˁᦠᔋɐʳ⏏ ɄɄɫɹတԂʶɴɻ⏋ᅣɴဒˁʢɛʰɐɭȦȩ֟ഗɭɻաɴ⏋കɹԗᅊˁѦᦽɐʳɭȦȩ֟ ഗȵȡʳ⏏Ӵɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹዛࡎɻ֓ၖɇʶʳɄɭɫᇍᗂȵѦɇʶʳɛ 図 3 造林焼畑の作付け体系 1⏆1 сᇿɴɻ˹˱˪̲˛ˁ⏋2⏋3 сᇿɴɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁൕݛɐʳ⏏ ǵ 2⏆1 сᇿɹዛಁɴɻ⏋᫊ɫᝠܤˁৄɤநȼʭȩɴؙ᥊ɇɓɩዛࡎɹុܤˁȲɄɲȩ⏏ ǵ 3⏆3 сᇿɹؚዲɴᓚсɻμɇʶʳ⏏ 写真 3 樹齢 10 年のモリシマアカシア林
ʠ⏋တԂʶɴʭɤɩ⏋ܩΫɴᘺɠɛዛࡎȵΥఱɴᇍᗂɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻᩄ ɹዛࡎˁᘺɭɐɹɫ⏋ɗɹʚʚఔᒞɐʶɽปೠȵࢌᅊɌɩɌʚȦ⏋с႒ɹᅊᔒˁߺɁʳɞȿɫ ɲȼปೠᕶкɹᅊᬏʢੲȼɲʳ⏏ɗɄɫ̠̾ɻ⏋ᅣɹᓚᣱʦ᭑ᗳɹɛʃɴоՕɲൎˁᬚৄȷ⏋ ปೠˁ᧟Ֆɲᬚ᭧ɫɌɩปᬚɫс႒ˁൕݛɐʳ⏏ᅊᬏȵȦൎɻ᭖ˁɦȼɤɩс႒ɹᅊᔒˁ ߺɁʳɛʠዩෑᇕɴᬚৄȴʶɩ⏋2 сᇿɹؚዲೝɫʢ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹปᲞɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ ʭʱʢжȼଵȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏3 сᇿɴɻ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏȵ 3⑯5 m ɹᬚ᭧ɫးɭᨗᒞɇ ʶɩ⏋ʦɻʱɗɹปᬚɫс႒ȵൕݛɇʶʳ⏃Ԡሎ 5⏆⏏ ɗɌɩ⏋တԂʶȴʰ 4 ॷᇿɴɻܩȵжάɌ⏋ʚɛ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏȵ߂ȷɲ᭖ˁɦȼʳ ʭȩɴɲʳɹɫс႒ɹൕݛˁμɐʳ⏏Хᬘμɻ⏋ᚩɹˁԏɷɛᬚФɭഘଠɠˁᑵʱᦐ Ɍɲȵʰॻɹᔋ߂ˁѦɌɩʪȼ⏏ɄȩɌɩတԂʶȴʰ 10 ॷʢᐁɩɽ⏋ॻɻသ္ɴњɓʳʚɫ ɴᅊᬏɐʳɹɫ⏋ԗʃകˁФɌɩ္ᅣˁᦶଁɐʳ⏏ɄɹʭȩɴсЊȿɭᦶകˁшɐʳɄɭ ɫ⏋ХᬘೝᬚȵቁᑘɇʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ɄȩɌɛсЊȿɭХᬘɹᩂភɻ⏋ၖय़ᮒകय़ɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɫʢʛʰʶʳ⏏܋2004ɻ⏋ ɗʶȵӵИάɫᅊᔒخᔨɲ̺͞Ͳ̘˓Ͳɹඨ႒ᇕ႕ᣒɭ⏋ඨȭЊȿሁɹᅣɹ᭑ᗳˁӦ ӴɐʳۊᦅкᏙɴћɌɛտ๖ᇕɲᐄഗɫɻȡʳʢɹɹ⏋Ϡ๖കɹᄩᇕɲգᅎˁࡸჼɌɩȦ ʳɄɭˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩᦶക္ᅣɻ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹඨ႒ᇕ႕ਸɴࢪɐʳ ̠̾ɹཉȦჿៗˁݜᇻɭɌɩ⏋ᕶးႥɫɻʓɭ˃ɰೠȵԗᅊɌɩɄɲȦᄩޅɹɲȴɫ⏋ʼɑ ȴ 10 ॷɹ˵˓˪͡ɫඨᅊˁᄩᇕɴգᅎɐʳᦅɞɭȦȭʳ⏏ ᦶക္ᅣɹʢȩʁɭɦɹ႕ਐɻ⏋ዩෑᇕɴᔒകˁȲɄɲȦകؚԂɹୟ߂ˁܒɤɩȦʳဣɫ 写真 4 モリシマアカシア林の伐採跡地 នသᅎɹ߄Ȧॻȵ᧧ʱՕȿʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
ȡʳ⏏̠̾ɻ⏋္ᅣˁȲɄɲȩɞȿɫȡʶɽсЊȿˁʠɩȴʰ 4⑯5 ॷ⏃တԂʶ 7⑯8 ॷ⏆ɴԗʃകˁФɫȷʳɭȦȩ⏏ɗʶˁ 7 ॷ⏃တԂʶ 10 ॷ⏆ʚɫযᬏɐʳɹɻ⏋ެ ᅎɹᚩသೳɴ᧟Ɍɛ߄Ȧॻˁʳɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ᔒകɹែဣȴʰᦶക္ᅣɹᦅˁʛʳɭ⏋တԂ ʶմɴᬿတय़ˁҺɌɩয္ˁᬿɌ⏋ʚɛсЊȿೝᬚɭХᬘೝᬚˁᦲɍɩปೠࢌʦป০ˁ ፬ჿɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋കɹᐁཕ֟რˁᲞʠɩȦʳ⏏͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁᅎȦɛᦶക္ᅣɹ 10 ॷɭȦȩ˵˓˪͡ɻ⏋ᦅɭകؘɹᅊᅋਸˁᦠؖɌɛᐄഗɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ ̠̾ɻ⏋ؾɍᯆዩɹ˹˱˪̲˛ᅣˁɦȼʳݭغ⏋ਃഀɹ͇˗Ͳ္̝ᅣʭʱʢ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ ˏകɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɹʓȩȵӦʶɩȦʳɭᦚʏ⏋ɗɹჿᅓɭɌɩГάɹ 4 ဣˁ୲Ɂʳ⏏1⏆͇˗ Ͳ̝ɹុܤɴɭʢɲȩᩂ֝ӈȵέឹɫȡʳ⏋ 2⏆ᅣɹԃᯆɴ᭫ɲȼዛɫȷʳɛʠ˹˱˪̲˛ ɹൎధȵȼɲɤɩؚᩄȵވ֓ɐʳ⏋3⏆˹˱˪̲˛ɹؚዲʢܩȵᲞȼ⏋ᓂॷɴ̜˗͐ ͦ˱˹ˁൕݛɫȷʳ⏋4⏆ඨᅊɹ܌ȵȼХᬘೝᬚȵቁȦ⏏ɄȩɌɛៜؖȴʰɻ⏋͐͠˹͇ ˏˡ˹ˏˁᅎȦʳɄɭɫඨᅊɹԗᅊɴɭʢɲȩܩɹ܌ˁቁೝᬚɫ᧒ଁɌɩ⏋ܤܩᅊᅋਸˁ Პʠʭȩɭɐʳዩෑᇕɲઝܒȵઢɍʰʶʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋с႒ɴ֓ȭɩެᅎɹᚩသೳˁʳɛʠ ɴ⏋Хᬘμɹ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɴʢᬚФʦഘଠɠɹଝᬚɭ֝ȵହԂɇʶʳ⏏ᦶക္ᅣɻ⏋ ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹᇵɲԗᅊɴћࡔɌɦɦ⏋ȼɹ֝ӈହԂɴʭɤɩɗɹԗᅊˁᠭɌ⏋ 10 ॷɭȦȩቁȦೝᬚɫᦅᅋ႒ɭകᅋ႒ɹθˁʳ⏋ᮃᏝᇕɲ္ᅣɭȦȭʳ⏏ ᦏॷ⏋ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ɹនೳᤄܩˁ္ᅣɴᅎȦʳลЦȵވȭɩȦʳ⏏នೳᅎɹ̮̓ 写真 5 モリシマアカシア林の焼畑 3 作目 ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹปᬚɫ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȵൕݛɇʶʳ⏏
͇̓͞ɻនသᅎɹ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏʭʱʢȼɹؚԂˁʢɛʰɐȵ⏋ਃഀɻនೳȵೠ ȷɴᭉʰʶɩȲʱ⏋Фɫȷʳʭȩɴɲʳʚɫ 15⑯20 ॷɹᔒകȵਖឹɫȡɤɛ⏏1) ɭɄʸȵ 2000 ॷГᭇ⏋˛Ͳ˻Ͳᱤ֪িɹនೳลඁȵࢷԂɇʶɛɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ปᶲ 10 ॷዐɹ̮̓ ͇̓͞ɫʢនೳɐʳɄɭȵخᔨɴɲɤɛ⏏ᔒകೝᬚɹቁᑘɻʚɛ⏋ᩃတȵᰈᇍɐʳɄɹܩݖɴ ȲȦɩ⏋̮͇̓̓͞കȵនೳմɴ္߉ɌɩɌʚȩ᭝ਸˁᥐཝɌɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋̠̾ɻ̮̓͞ ͇̓ɹᦶകˁዩෑᇕɴୟ߂ɐʳɭؾಁɴ⏋ปᶲ 10 ॷˁᣳȭɛകˁ๖ǾɭФɐʳʭȩɴɲɤ ɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛႥˁʛʳɭ⏋ᦏȦࢰഀ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ɫʢ 10 ॷ˵˓˪͡ɫᦶകɭ္ᅣˁ ᑵʱᦐɐ⏋ᦶക္ᅣȵಔؖɐʳخᔨਸɻᲞȦ⏏ 3.3 造林焼畑の土壌肥料学的な効果 ᠭീܩΥय़ɫɻɇʚɊʚɲ܍ɫᩃတȵᰈᑢɴᇍᅊɐʳɛʠ⏋ปɹᅊᔒɻᘿɌȼᭀࢀɇʶ ɩ⏋᭙ɴɻ̠̾ɫ͡˫̀ˑ⏃lugudzi⏆ɭ٧ɽʶʳᗳȵ০ଁɇʶʳ⏏̠̾ɻɄɹᗳɴ ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏʦ̮͇̓̓͞ˁᦶകɐʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ᦶക္ᅣȵܤޚʍήȭʳ֟ഗˁ౩ʰȴɴ ɐʳɛʠ⏋͡˫̀ˑɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳᗳܩɭ⏋ปᶲ 10 ॷГΫɹ̮͇̓̓͞കȲʭʃ͐͠˹͇ˏ ˡ˹ˏക⏋ɗʶʰˁᬖޕɌɛ္ᅣ 1 сᇿɹᅣɴɦȦɩܤޚɹՕႥˁᠭʏɛ⏏ ՕഓᅎɹܤޚܩɭɌɩ⏋ᗳܩ⏃͡˫̀ˑ⏆5 Ͷଘ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ɹക 8 Ͷଘɭ္ᅣ 1 с ᇿɹᅣ 7 Ͷଘ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹക 8 Ͷଘɭ္ᅣ 1 сᇿɹᅣ 6 Ͷଘˁ᧧ʃ⏋ɗʶəʶ 3 ؙ ɹܤޚ᠅షˁɌɛ⏏ɗɹ᭬⏋ඨ႒᧨кɹݡዩɌɛลᣒࣝɻ᭑ؑɌɩ⏋᩿ᣒܤޚɹᝠࣝ ⏃ཉɇ 0⑯10 cm⏆ˁɌɛ⏏̮͇̓̓͞കɫɻᘺᘽɹՕៗȵᧆȼ⏋ዷ᭫ɴ˃ɞลᣒࣝȵ 10 cm ГΫᇍ᧒ɌɩȦɛ⏏Υ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɫɻลᣒࣝȵᏝ 5 cm ȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴɻ ᔼᘽܤɭᇐᖬɹᘖᏗȵ៎࢘ɇʶɛ⏏ᗳܩɹลᣒࣝɻʼɑȴధ mm ɫȡɤɛ⏏ܤޚɹಁ ೝɻ 2005 ॷ 1⑯3 ɫȡʱ⏋ᅣɫɻ˹˱˪̲˛ȵᗳᲞ 15⑯30 cm ɴᅊᔒɌɩȦɛ⏏ ܤޚ᠅షɻೣɴ୫ɠॠʱ⏋।ɴਃɤɩԃသᏬيᩄ⏋ԃዾᏬيᩄ⏋pH⏃H2O⏆⏋ᮚຩШࢷ EC⏋Bray-2 خᐌ͠Ͳᨧيᩄ⏋ϯழਸݾݜيᩄ⏃ˡ͠˗͌⏋ˡ͡˹˗͌⏋͇˫̦˹˗ ͌⏆ˁՕഓɌɛ⏏ Օഓᐄഗˁܒ 4 ɴኍɌɛ⏏ʚɑ⏋ܤޚɹ pH ɭ EC⏋̦͊͞͡يᩄ⏃ϯழਸˡ͠˗͌⏋ˡ͡ ˹˗͌⏋͇˫̦˹˗͌⏋Ȳʭʃخᐌ͠Ͳᨧ⏆ɴɦȦɩද២ɐʳ⏏̮͇̓̓͞കɫɻϯழਸݾ ݜᰖɹيᩄȵʢжȼ⏋ɗʶɴɭʢɲɤɩ pH ʢȦᨧਸ⏃5.0⏆ˁኍɌɩȦɛ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌ ɩ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɫɻ⏋ϯழਸݾݜᰖɹيᩄɻᗳܩʭʱᲞȦʢɹɹ⏋pH ɻᗳܩʭʱᨧਸ ⏃5.3⏆ˁኍɌɩȦɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹകɫ္ᅣˁȲɄɲȩɭ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ɭ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹؘ 1) Ʉɹয়ಁȴʰ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ɹនೳᤄܩɫʢ္ᅣȵȲɄɲʼʶɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ȵӱՕɴᔒɤɛʢ ʚɭʚɤɛჼᩆȵਖឹɲݭغɴҺȭɩകˁѳ୫ɐʳɄɭȵȴɤɛɹɫ⏋ɗɄɴ္ᅣˁᦶଁɐʳลЦɻዎɫȡ ʱ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁᅎȦɛᦶക္ᅣɹʭȩɲٞೝਸɻɲȴɤɛ⏏̮͇̓̓͞ˁᅎȦɛ္ᅣɫɻ⏋2 сᇿɹ ᓚсಁɴปᶲ 1 ॷዐɹปˁውඨɐʳ⏏
ɫԃɩɹ̦͊͞͡ȵވ֓Ɍ⏋Ʉʶɴɭʢɲɤɩܤޚɹ pH ȵ 6.1⑯6.4 ʚɫΫɌɩȦɛ⏏ɭ ȼɴ⏋خᐌ͠Ͳᨧɹވ֓ȵᰒᘿɫȡʱ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ˁᅎȦɛ္ᅣɫɻ 944 mg/kg⏋͐͠˹͇ ˏˡ˹ˏˁᅎȦɛᦶക္ᅣɫʢ 699 mg/kg يʚʶɩ⏋ᗳܩ⏃83 mg/kg⏆ɹ 8⑯11 ҆ɫȡɤɛ⏏ ɄȩɌɛɻ⏋ปೠɴʭʳܤޚՕɹُؚܔࡴɭ⏋ᅊ႒ɴʭʳᘺᘽɹՕៗȲʭʃ္ᅣɹ တԂʶɴɭʢɲȩՕɹ᧰ӯȴʰᠦ౩ɫȷʳ⏏Υᖔɴകআɫɻ⏋ܤޚμɹՕȵปೠɴُؚܔ ࡴɇʶʳΥɫ⏋ᘺᘽɹՕៗɴɭʢɲɤɩՕȵܤޚɴ᧰ӯɇʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ̮͇̓̓͞കɫ ɻ⏋ᘺᘽȵՕៗɇʶɴȼȦɛʠ⏋ปೠɴُؚܔࡴɇʶɛ̦͊͞͡ȵܤޚɴ᧰ӯɇʶɑ⏋ܤޚɻ ᨧਸɌɩȦȼ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɫɻ⏋ᘺᘽȵՕៗɇʶʳʢɹɹ⏋Գ༳ɲຩ ҌɹʢɭɫɻՕៗȵᧆȼ⏋ɗɹዐɫลᨧȵᅊɍɩܤޚˁᨧਸɐʳ⏏ɄʶʰɹകˁФʱᬖ ȦɩတˁԂʶʳɭ⏋ဒɴيʚʶʳᩄɹ̦͊͞͡ȵܤޚɴད֓ɇʶ⏋ɗʶɴɭʢɲɤɩܤޚᨧ ਸȵμٮɇʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ᨧਸȵμٮɇʶɛܤޚɫɻ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ɹᅊᔒɴᩂឹɲخᐌ͠Ͳ ᨧȵܤޚɴُመɇʶɴȼȼɲʳɭؾಁɴ⏋с႒ɹᅊᔒɴࢀɲˏ̢͊͡˗͌ɹྒՏȵଵըɇʶ ʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ Υ⏋ഘᘽɴيʚʶʳዾᏬɭသᏬɻ⏋ၚ္ɐʳɄɭɫɗɹȼȵ߂ຩμɴ߉ʼʶɩɌʚȩ ȵ⏋ၚȭɤɛഘᘽɴيʚʶʳᨆՕȵዛಁɹុܤɴɭʢɲɤɩȷᦉʚʶ⏋ܤޚɹԃዾᏬي ᩄȲʭʃԃသᏬيᩄˁވ֓ɇɓɩȦɛ⏏ᗳܩɫɻዾᏬȵ 2.3 g/kg⏋သᏬȵ 30 g/kg ɫȡʳɹɴ ࢪɌɩ⏋̮͇̓̓͞കɹ္ᅣɫɻዾᏬȵ 2.8 g/kg⏋သᏬȵ 46 g/kg⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɹ္ᅣ ɫɻዾᏬȵ 5.4 g/kg⏋သᏬȵ 72 g/kg ɫȡʱ⏋္ᅣ⏋ɭȼɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹ္ᅣɫᲞȦғ ˁኍɌɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻകɹႥɫʢዾᏬȵ 3.9 g/kg ɭᲞȦғˁኍɌɛ⏏͐͠˹ ͇ˏˡ˹ˏɴʭʳᢌɲዾᏬњᐌɻ⏋ၚ္རɹȷᦉʛɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹ കȵၖय़ᮒകɴיపɐʳᢌɲᘺᘽˁᅋɌةೠ 1968⏋ХᬘμɴᩄɹᘺᘽʦᎰȵՕៗɐ ʳɄɭቁೝᔒଁകድჷ 1979ɴʢᣱ܍ɐʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲՕഓᐄഗȴʰ⏋ᦶകܩɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɻ⏋ᩄɹՕˁњᐌɌ⏋с႒ɹᅊᔒɴᖪ߫ ɲܤޚᄩޅˁсʱɞɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɭȼɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻ⏋с႒ؚᩄˁृزɐʳ ዾᏬˁњᐌɐʳဣɫʢ⏋ӦʶɛᔋషೠɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
4．世帯の生計に果たす造林焼畑の役割
̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɫɻ⏋1980 ॷБץȴʰ෯ᦶᠭᅙɴɹɤɭɤɩɐɐʠʰʶɛᐁཕᕶᅓక ፑɹ৯ᯱɴʭɤɩ⏋ᦅᨆɫʢ॑ݭᐁཕȵਸ਼ᦵɴᦽࣙɌɛ⏏ᦅᅊ༎ɴȲȿʳჼᩆᐁཕʍɹ ћࡔȵᲞʚʳɴɦʶɩ⏋Ϻʃɭɹ࣎зݖɻ॑ݭʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵࢅ౫ɲ᧑ȦɴᮃμɌ⏋ᓚ сܩʦХᬘܩȵႷࢸɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛɲȴɫ⏋̠̾ɻᦅɭകˁភغɌɛᦶക္ᅣˁ օՏɌ⏋ᰩషɹᅊᅋɭჼᩆؚԂɹተѳˁخᔨɴɌɩȷɛ⏏ ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋ࢃధȵ 4⑯5 Ϻɹॶܯᇕɲγय़ȵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁᕶᐌɐʳɴɻ⏋2 ˛ͻˡͻ᧑ᤉȦɫಬʰɌɩȷɛγय़ɻ⏋ஞؚˁ܌᧫ɐʳɛʠɴዩෑᇕɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏʦ̮͇̓͞ ̓ˁඨൕɌɩܤܩɹѳณˁተܔɛʳʢɹɴɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛܩςγय़ɻ⏋ຘॷ⏋ృɛɲ ္ᅣˁᦶଁɐʳɞȿɹӱՕɲঃɇɹകˁʢɤɩȦɩ⏋Ёɫɻᦶക္ᅣȵᅊɹݜᇻɭɲɤɩȦ ʳ⏏Υ⏋ᮃɴʭɤɩᮃзɇɓʰʶɛγय़⏃ውзγय़⏆ɻ⏋ঃȦܤܩˁʢɛɲȦ⏏Ʉɹɛ ʠ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ।ᅣˁᅊɹݜᇻɭɌɦɦ⏋ʼɑȴɲകˁుᐚᇕɴᬖޕɐʳȴ⏋ܩςγय़ ȴʰФᤄܩˁҏʱɩ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕݛɌɩȦʳ⏏ܩςγय़ȴʰܤܩˁҏᅎɐʳݭغ⏋ҏʱʰ ʶʳɹɻФᤄܩɞȿɫ⏋ೠೳɻܩςɹʢɹɭɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ҏᅎɻ္ᅣ 1 сᇿɴᭉʰʶɩȲ ʱ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ɹؚዲɻᅣˁᦐ᧰ɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ္ᅣᅎܩɹᢸҏᓃીɴ ʭɤɩ⏋ɐʏɩɹγय़ȵ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕݛɐʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋ɄɹɄɭȴʰ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ȵɄɹ ܩݖɴɭɤɩȦȴɴᩂឹɲс႒ɫȡʳȴȵȩȴȵȦሾʶʳ⏏ 2003 ॷ 12 ɴ͌˗Ͳˤ̨ךɴ࣎зɌɩȦɛ 80 γय़ˁࢪᢒɭɌɩ⏋2000/01 ॷȴʰ 2003/04 ॷʚɫɹ 4 ˹ͻ̀ͲɴȲȿʳᦶക္ᅣɹࡸేႥˁᠭീɌɛ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏3) ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ԃ кɹ 39⎾ɴȡɛʳ 31 γय़ɻᦶക္ᅣˁȲɄɲɤɩȦɲȴɤɛȵ⏋৳ʰɻᦅകᅋ႒ˁެɌ ɲȼɩʢЈɴჼᩆؚԂɹ᧑ˁʢɤɩȦɛ⏏4) ʱɹ 49 γय़ɻ⏋ᦅകᅋ႒⏃ᨙˁيʞ⏆ɹެˁ ςឹɲჼᩆؚԂ྇ɭɌɩ⏋Ȧɑʶʢ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏʦ̮͇̓̓͞ɹФᤄܩɴ္ᅣˁຘॷ⏋ ȡʳȦɻుᐚᇕɴᦶଁɌɩȦɛ⏏5) Ʉɹ 49 γय़ɹȩɠ⏋ܩςγय़ɻ 26 γय़⏋ውзγय़ɻ 23 γय़ɫȡɤɛ⏏ ܒ 5 ɻ⏋ȡʳܩςγय़ɭውзγय़ˁࢪᢒɭɌɩ 2003 ॷɹ 3⑯10 ɴȲɄɲɤɛᰩϟᠭീ ɹᐄഗˁʢɭɴ⏋ˡͦ͠ͻ྇ɭɲʳс႒ɹ༥ᢹᰈˁປᥒɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏A ɻܩςγय़ɫ⏋ ຘॷ 0.5⑯1 ˛ͻˡͻɹᦶക္ᅣˁᦶଁɌɩ⏋˹˱˪̲˛⏃1 сᇿ⏆ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏃2 сᇿ⏋ 2) 1 ˛ͻˡͻ⏃acre⏆ɻᏝ 0.4 ̼˪̊ͻ͡ɫȡʳ⏏ᠭീܩɴȲȿʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚᩄɻ⏋।ᅣ⏋္ᅣ 2 сᇿ⏋3 сᇿɹȦɑʶɫʢ 600 kg/acre ዐɫȡʳ⏏ 3) ᦏɻ̮͇̓̓͞ɫʢปᶲ 10 ॷዐɹകȵᰈᑢɴនೳɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȴʰ⏋ɄɄɫɻ̮͇̓̓͞ɹនೳᤄܩɴ Ȳȿʳ္ᅣʢᦶക္ᅣɭɌɩధȭɛ⏏ 4) ৳ʰɻᣀᩆ֝ӈ⏋ڧ⏋ᥥ⏋ോఠᡃ⏋႑ᅨ⏋នೳ⏋႑ढ़ɲɰɴਃϟɌɩȦʳγय़ȴ⏋ࡎɰʢɹؚԂ ɴћࡔɐʳᓑϺγय़ɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ 3 γय़ɻ͇˗Ͳ္̝ᅣˁుᐚᇕɴȲɄɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ 5) 1 γय़ɻ͘ͻˡ͠ɹФᤄܩɴ္ᅣˁᦶଁɌɩȦɛ⏏
3 сᇿ⏆ˁൕݛɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹγय़ɻ।ᅣʢ 1 ˛ͻˡͻଘɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ܩɹжάˁჿᅓɴ 2002/03 ॷȴʰХᬘɌɩȦʳɹɫ⏋ᰩϟᠭീμɴ༥ᢹɇʶɛ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɻʓɭ˃ɰᦶക္ ᅣȴʰњᐌɇʶɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏˹˱˪̲˛ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ༥ᢹᰈɻɗʶəʶॶܯ 19⎾ɭ 55⎾ɫȡʱ⏋ᦶക္ᅣȴʰњᐌɇʶɛᰩ႒ȵԃᰩϟ܌ధɹ 4 Օɹ 3 ˁװʠɩȦɛ⏏˹˱˪̲ ˛ɻॷᬚˁᦲɌɩ༥ᢹᰈɹ 2 ւˁװʠɩȦʳȵ⏋͇˗Ͳ္̝ᅣȵʓɭ˃ɰȲɄɲʼʶɲȼ ɲɤɛᦏॷɫɻ⏋ᦶക္ᅣ⏃1 сᇿ⏆ȵ˹˱˪̲˛ൕݛɹڞΥɹลЦɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ 表 1 ムウンガノ村区全世帯（80 世帯）における 2000/01∼2003/04 年の造林焼畑の実施状況 ⏃е⏧γय़⏆ γय़ɹࣚਸ ᦶക္ᅣɹᐁᱻʱ ᦶക္ᅣɹᐁᱻံɌ غ A B C AB ࢸ ܩςγय़ 16 2 0 8 26 3 29 ውзγय़ 11 5 1 6 23 28 51 غǵ 27 7 1 14 49 31 80 A⏧͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɹʛࡸే B⏧̮͇̓̓͞കɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɹʛࡸే C⏧͘ͻˡ͠കɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɹʛࡸే AB⏧͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɭ̮͇̓̓͞കɴȲȿʳ္ᅣɹθˁࡸే 図 5 ある 2 世帯における 3∼10 月のカロリー源作物の消費頻度（2003 年） 1⏆ γय़ A ɻঃȦ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകˁʢɠ⏋ຘॷ 0.5⑯1 ˛ͻˡͻɹᦶക္ᅣˁᬖޕɌɩȦʳ⏏ܒμ ɴኍɇʶɛ˹˱˪̲˛ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ߂ץɻ⏋ᦶക္ᅣȴʰњᐌɇʶɛ⏏ ǵ 2⏆ γय़ B ɻ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകˁʢɛɑ⏋ຘॷ 2 ˛ͻˡͻɹ।ᅣɫ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁᦹсɌɩȦʳ⏏ܒ μɴኍɇʶɛ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ߂ץɻ⏋।ᅣȴʰњᐌɇʶɛ⏏ ǵ 3⏆ γय़ A⏋B ɹȦɑʶʢ⏋3⑯4 ɴ༥ᢹɇʶɛ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɴɻᢆܩᅣȴʰњᐌɇʶɛʢɹȵᗐॵي ʚʶɛ⏏
ʢȦ 7 ɴؚዲɫȷʳɛʠ⏋7 ˁμਕɴ 5 Гᭇॶܯ 9⎾༥ᢹɇʶɩ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹጩ ޅೝɴᢵᩂɲᰩషɭɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴ˹˱˪̲˛ɻ̠̾ɹᰩᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲᰩೳɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹᇍᗂዛࡎɻܩᨙɹ ᨸᦶɴ๕ȴɓɲȦష6) ɫʢȡʱ⏋ЦᐁཕᇕɲઝᒶˁшɓʢɤɩȦʳ⏏ᨙɹᨸᦶɭެɻߨ ਸɹЇϟɫȡʳ⏏1 ܌ɹᨸᦶɫʰʶʳؚԂɻ 1.2 Ψ⏃ᮒೝ⏆⑯1.8 Ψ⏃ϗೝ⏆˹͠Ͳ˫7) ɫ⏋ ʁɭɦɹγय़ɻެᅎɴȲʭɗॷ 3 ܌ᨸᦶɐʳɹɫ⏋ɗɄȴʰɹᐵؚᇰɻ 4⑯5 Ψ˹͠Ͳ˫ɴ ɲʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ॶܯᇕɲγय़ȵΥॷᬚɹᅎڃˁʓʖʚȴɲȭʳᩆᰎɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ؾܩݖ ɫɻሂϣପ֖ˁᇿᇕɭɌɩᦅсȵԊؾɫࡸేɇʶʳ˭ͻ˽ȵȼ⏋ɗɹ᭬⏋ᅣɹଘᓔɻ֝ ˁɷȹʰȩɛʠɴᨙˁ୷ʳᖏȩɹȵીᓃɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛᨙɴਖឹɲ˹˱˪̲˛ɻॷᬚ 20 kg ዐɫ⏋Ʉɹᩄɻ 3 ॷɴ 1 ⏋4 Օɹ 1 ˛ͻˡͻɹ္ᅣˁᦶଁɐʶɽተѳɫȷʳ⏏Ɍɛ ȵɤɩ⏋ঃȦകˁʢɛɲȦውзγय़ɫȡɤɩʢ⏋္ᅣ 1 сᇿɹᓚсณˁҏʱʰʶʶɽ⏋˹˱ ˪̲˛ˁൕݛɌɩᨙˁɦȼʱ⏋ɗɹؚԂɫᔋషˁᣘԂɌɩ।ᅣᓚсˁᐚȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ ɹɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ᠭീɫɻԃγय़ɹᏝ 4 ւȵߨਸγय़ςγय़ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛγय़ɴ ɭɤɩᨙɻჼᩆؚԂʦ֝ӈˁተѳɐʳᢵᩂɲଝຍɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ ʚɛ⏋।ᅣɫ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁᦹсɐʳݭغ⏋ݜᔋɭᦠᔋɭɌɩ 1 ˛ͻˡͻȡɛʱع 50 kg⏃Ꮭ 1.5 Ψ˹͠Ͳ˫⏆ɹᔋషˁేɐ⏏ʁɭɦɹγय़ɻȲȲʭɗ 2 ˛ͻˡͻɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᅣˁ ᓚсɐʳɹɫ⏋ຘॷᏝ 6 Ψ˹͠Ͳ˫ɹᔋషБȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻμോɹᢹɴ๖Ƚ߂ȷ ɲఌՏɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɫɻᔋషɹѝൔȵॷǾΫɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹᣘԂɻᦅࢃɴ ɭɤɩʚɐʚɐ߂ȷɲᐁཕᇕᢦɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋।ᅣɫ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁൕݛɐʳ ᭬ɴʢʦʞˁȭɑݜᔋɹేᅎˁుਥɌɩᦠᔋɞȿˁేɐγय़ȵჼʶɩȦʳ⏏մ፲ɫᦚʏɛʭȩ ɴ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɻᩄɹՕˁњᐌɐʳɄɭȴʰ⏋္ᅣ 2 сᇿʚɫɻᔋషˁਖឹɭɓɑ⏋3 6) ̠̾ɹᨙɧȼʱɫɻ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ɹᇍᗂዛࡎˁ˽̊ͻ̊ͻɭɌɩᅎȦ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ̚Ͳ̺ͲˁᏋɌɩᇍ ᨥɇɓʳ⏏ᦲ।⏋1 ܌ɹᨸᦶɴɦȷ 120 ̜̒͠͡ɹܩᨙˁɦȼʱ⏋Ʉʶɴɻ˹˱˪̲˛Ꮭ 6 kg ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ Ꮭ 60 kg ȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ɠɲʛɴ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɴȲȿʳ˹˱˪̲˛ɹؚᩄɻ 200Æ50 kg/acre ɫȡʳ⏏ 7) ˹͠Ͳ˫ɻ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹᦲᢪеɫȡʳ⏏2005 ॷ 1 ɹဤ್ͤͻ̜ɫɻ⏋1 Ꭶ̝͡ɻȲʭɗ 1,000 ˹͠Ͳ˫ɴ ሂয়Ɍɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ೣዣɫኍɌɛ႒ѝɻԃɩ 2005 ॷ 1 ჼܧɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
сᇿʢᦠᔋɞȿɫ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁൕݛɐʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋ᔋషɹ፲ᏝɴᢨɌɩȦʳɹɫȡ ʳ⏏ ɇʰɴ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɹᬖᅣಁɴɻ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏʦ̮͇̓̓͞ɹೳȵެɇʶʳ⏏͐͠˹͇ ˏˡ˹ˏɹެ০ɴɻ⏋Фմɹปೠ⏃Ꮭ 1.5 Ψ˹͠Ͳ˫⏒˛ͻˡͻ⏆⏋Фཕʛೠೳ⏃Ꮭ 2.5 Ψ˹͠Ͳ˫⏒˛ͻˡͻ⏆⏋သ⏃Ꮭ 4.5⑯6 Ψ˹͠Ͳ˫⏒˛ͻˡͻ⏆ɹ 3 ᦲʱȵȡʱ⏋֝ӈɹ ହԂᩄɴʭɤɩؚԂɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳ⏏̮͇̓̓͞ɻФմɹปೠˁެɌ⏋ɗɹؚԂɻปᶲ 10 ॷɹകɫʢᏝ 10 Ψ˹͠Ͳ˫⏒˛ͻˡͻɭᲞᰎɫȡʳ⏏ೠೳެȴʰɹؚԂɻ⏋ϗೝɹᢵ ᩂɲჼᩆɭɌɩ⏋ᢆܩᓚсɴᅎȦʳᔋషʦᅎڃɹᣘԂᢹɲɰɴӱɩʰʶʳ⏏̮͇̓̓͞ ɹܤޚᔋݛɻ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɴ֔ʳȵ⏋ೠೳެؚԂɻμോɹᢹˁʚȴɲȭʳʓɰᲞ ȼ⏋ɗɹɄɭȵ̮͇̓̓͞ಔؖɹ߂ȷɲ֪ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴᦶക္ᅣɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹጩޅೝɴᰩషˁជȦ⏋ೠೳʦᨙɭȦɤɛჼᩆؚԂˁ ʢɛʰɌ⏋ɇʰɴݜॻс႒ɫȡʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ᅊᅋɴȴȴʳᐁᢹˁձཝɐʳɲɰ⏋̠̾ɹᅊ ɴɌɤȴʱɭᏼʛᦉʚʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
5．タンザニアの社会変化にともなう造林焼畑の展開
ᦶക္ᅣɹօՏɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹЦᐁཕᇕɲɭɌɩ⏋ᮃɭᐁཕ ᕶᅓɹ 2 ɦˁ୲ɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Гάɴ⏋ɗʶəʶɹෙឹɭ⏋̠̾ȵഀɹ͐͠˹͇ˏ ˡ˹ˏˁ؝ȿԂʶɩᦶക္ᅣˁօՏɌɛᐁᑅˁಁᬚɹ༑ʶɴɗɤɩᠦ౩ɐʳ⏃ܒ 6⏆⏏ Ͳ˻͚Ͳ̾ላɴȲȿʳ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏൕݛɹɻɍʚʱɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏȵ˓˧͠˽ɹࠇК ᐏ᯿ɫȡɤɛ 1930⑯40 ॷБʚɫ᧚ʳ⏏ɄɹܩݖɹԳ༳ɫྂ࿅ɲຩҌȵ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏ ɹᅊᔒɴ᧟ɌɩȦʳɄɭˁተ᠗Ɍɛ˓˧͠˽ɹᬚН⏋Tanganyika Wattle Company⏃Гά⏋ TANWAT ɭᅭ៨ɐʳ⏆ɻ⏋Ͳ˻͚Ͳ̾ɹᅘɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏᦅܟɭ̊Ͳ̢ͲୈՏूݭˁᬖ Ɍɩ⏋1949 ॷȴʰ̊Ͳ̢ͲɹୈՏˁɻɍʠɛ⏏ɇʰɴ 1953 ॷɴɻ⏋ܩݖзɴʭʳ͐͠ ˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏᦶകˁߣ֜ɌɩปᇤɹᢷȦʱˁɻɍʠɛNickol 1959⏏8) ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋ʁɭʱɹʃɭȵ 1940 ॷБɴ⏋ՏዠȹӴɹˏ͡ͻ˹͑ɫᅊᬏɹȦ͐͠˹͇ ˏˡ˹ˏˁሾɤɩ⏋ᚩೳʦলೳɭɌɩգᅎɐʳɛʠɴዛࡎˁ୫ɠॠɤɛɭШȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ ɫ՟ɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹᦶകˁଝȵȿɛ A ລɻ⏋ዛࡎˁယɤɩȴʰࢃ࣒ʦᅣɹܑٞɴᙔ ȷ⏋Ǿɴകˁୟ߂ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ য়ಁ⏋ᠭീܩɫɻɐɫɴඨᅊȵ֔ɌɩȦɛɛʠ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ɻʢɤɿʰ͇˗Ͳ္̝ᅣɫ ൕݛɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɹఠЦɫɻ⏋1930 ॷБȴʰఫܩԒɴនೳᅎɹ͘ͻˡ͠⏃Eucalyptus spp.⏆ 8) ɄɹᢷȦʱᅙᕶкɻ⏋̊Ͳ̢Ͳɹܕ᭬ѝൔȵάᘺɌɛɄɭɴʭɤɩଁഗˁȡɁɲȴɤɛȵ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ ˹ˏɻ⏋Ͳ˻͚Ͳ̾ላɴᕶᅊɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛAmend 2002⏏図
6
ʦ˽˧⏃Cypres spp.⏆ˁᦶകɌɩ⏋ʃɭɴʢɄʶˁַʠɩȦɛȵ⏋ᗈɹውඨɭഘଠɠɹଝ ᬚˁȴȿɲȵʰ 50 ॷʢᔒଁɐʳਖឹȵȡʳɛʠ⏋Ʉʶʰɹᦶകˁၖਕɴ᠅ʛʳʃɭɻȦɲ ȴɤɛ⏏1958 ॷɴ̮͇̓̓͞ȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶɩᔒകೝᬚȵ 15⑯20 ॷɴቁᑘɇʶɩʢ⏋នೳᅎ ɹᦶകɻ༎ᇍɴɲʰɲȴɤɛ⏏ ɄɹʭȩɲႥɹɲȴɫ⏋A ລȵ 1950 ॷɴϠ๖കɫɹ္ᅣɴɲʰɤɩ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏക ɫ္ᅣˁ᠅ʛɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ɹൕݛɴଁ֒ɐʳɭؾಁɴ⏋တԂʶɴʭɤɩ͐͠˹͇ ˏˡ˹ˏɹዛࡎȵᇵɴᇍᗂɐʳɄɭˁᇍឿɌɛ⏏A ລɻɄɹᇍᗂ႕ਸˁਖ਼ࡎʦ⏋ᅌɛɠ ɴఠȭ⏋1951 ॷɴ A ລȵϭȼɲɤɛʢ⏋ࡎਖ਼ɛɠȵ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɫɹ္ᅣˁᐙମɌ ɩȦɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋1953 ॷɴ TANWAT ɴʭʳปᇤɹᢷȦʱȵɻɍʚʳɭ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ ˹ˏɹᦶകɻɄɹܩݖΥय़ɴࢹɌɑɦঃʚɤɩȦɤɛ⏏1958 ॷɴ A ລɹᅌɭᐄࠦɌɛ B ߅ Ϻɻ⏋ɗɹয়ಁ⏋ᒶທȴʰ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹᅎਸˁ๖ɹʭȩɴᠦȴʶɛɭȦȩ⏏ፀ 1 ɴ⏋ ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻᅊೠɫʢᖪȼၚȭʳɹɫ⏋᧙ʚɫᚩˁஜɌɴȼਖឹȵɲȼɲʳɄɭ⏏ ፀ 2 ɴ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻࢃ࣒ɹলೳʦ൯ೳɭɌɩᅎȦʳɄɭȵɫȷ⏋ɗʶɻਃഀգᅎɌ ɩȦɛጭೳʭʱʢᓘχਸɴӦʶɩȦʳɄɭ⏏ፀ 3 ɴ⏋ɗɹകɫ္ᅣˁȲɄɲȦ˹˱˪̲˛ˁ ൕݛɫȷʳɄɭ⏏ፀ 4 ɴ⏋ปᇤȵჼᩆؚԂ྇ɴɲʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏នೳᅎปዛɹᦶകɴ༥ෑᇕ ɞɤɛ̠̾ȵ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁ؝ȿԂʶɛჿᅓɻ⏋ɗɹᦶകɹࢅ౫ɇɭؾಁɴ⏋ΫᦚɌ ɛʭȩɲᅊ༎ɴࢌመɌɛᅎɴȡʳ⏏ ɌȴɌ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകȵ္ᅣᅎܩɭɌɩঃȼգᅎɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʳɹɻ⏋ɗʶȴʰ 20 ॷʓɰᐁɛɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏1961 ॷɴႶጓˁഗɛɌɛ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɻ⏋1969 ॷȴʰ 82 ॷ ʚɫɹȡȦɞ⏋ᠭീܩɹȡʳ˓͠ͲˤिˁيʞȦȼɦȴɹܩݖˁ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ވᅋɹᩂဣܩݖ ɴ୭ࡴɌɩ⏋ᔋషˁȦѝൔɫњᐌɐʳɭؾಁɴ⏋తܧɐʳϺʃɭˁըᇕɴውзɇɓɩ ˁলɌɛᩃ 1996; Kikula 1997⏏ᠭീܩɫʢ 1974 ॷɴᮃȵȲɄɲʼʶɩ⏋Ϻʃ ɭȵॻᐻ᧑ᤉȦɴᮃʠʰʶɛᐄഗ⏋కঌȵᦽɐʳᔋషˁᅎȦɛ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᦹсȵ ಔؖɌɛ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ϻʃɭɻςᰩˁ˹˱˪̲˛ȴʰ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ʍȴȭʳɭؾಁɴ⏋оրɹ̜ ˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁެɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏Ʉɹɭȷ⏋ውзɴɭʢɲȩܤܩѳɹൔेˁ౸ ɐʳɛʠɴᡴЦɻܤܩɹஞؚɭԗᨗՕˁȲɄɲɤɛȵ⏋Υɫ⏋ปೠɹඨȭʰʶɩȦʳݭ ଘɻஞؚɹࢪᢒȴʰɇʶɩȦɛ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ʢɭʢɭᮃᘺɹٞᦇɴз˃ɫȦɛϺʃɭɻ⏋ᕶՕ ɛɠȵգᅎɌɩȷɛܤܩɹѳณˁςɐʳɛʠɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁඨȭʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋9) ɗɹകɻਸ਼ᦵɴୟ߂ɌɩȦɤɛ⏏10) ʚɛ⏋ϺؤࢌȵᲞʚɤɛɄɭɫ⏋ᮃᘺɹٞᦇɫɻᨙɧȼ 9) ᦶകɹɻ⏋͇˗Ͳ္̝ᅣˁȲɄɲȩ᭬ɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹዛࡎˁᙔȦɩȴʰတˁԂʶʳ⏋ȡʳȦɻယɤ ɛʱᗰɫɛʱɌɛ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹዛࡎˁХᬘܩɴᙔȼɭȦȩʢɹɞɤɛ⏏ 10) Υᨆɫɻ̮͇̓̓͞ʢඨȭʰʶɛȵ⏋ᅊᬏɹɇɭᩃတʍɹୄਸɭȦȩ៎ဣȴʰ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏȵӦӴ ᇕɴඨȭʰʶɛ⏏
ѝњᐌըȵঘɇʶɛɄɭɫᔋషɹేᅎᩄȵཝʱ⏋।ᅣɴȲȿʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹؚᩄɻ ཝɌɛ⏏11) ɗɄɫ̠̾ɻ⏋ਃഀɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ެɴȴʼʳృɛɲჼᩆؚԂ྇ɭɌɩ⏋ปೠ ˁΥࡴɹᬚ᭧ɫඨȭɩ߄ȼᔒɩʳɭȦȩଯˁᅎȦɛ⏋̮͇̓̓͞ɹᦶകɴመଝɌɛ⏏12) ʦȵ ɩ⏋ɗɹଯɻ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɴʢਝᅎɇʶɩ⏋ปೠɹඨൕࢌˁ᧟ɴ፬ჿɌɲȵʰ⏋ នသɴ᧟Ɍɛ߄ȦॻˁᔒଁɐʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏏ɄȩɌɛปೠࢌɹ፬ჿɻ⏋˹˱˪̲˛ ɹؚዲɴปᬚɫ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁൕݛɫȷʳɄɭʢઝܒɌɩȦʳ⏏ᮃɹ᭬ɴ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ ˹ˏɴృɛɲѝғˁЊήɌɩɗɹകˁୟ߂ɌɩȦɛɄɭȵ⏋॑ݭᐁཕɹᦽࣙɭȦȩˁ؝ ȿʠʳɄɭɴɦɲȵɤɛɭȦȭʳ⏏ ɗɌɩ 1990 ॷБץɽɴɻ⏋ᔋషɹѝൔȵਸ਼᱿Ɍɩɗɹьᅎᩄɹɇʰɲʳձཝˁоәɲ ȼɇʶɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɻᔋషˁ፲ᏝɫȷʳᦅɭɌɩ⏋ʚɛᨙɹެˁᦲɍɩ ᔋషɹᣘԂᢹˁՏɐʳଝຍɭɌɩ⏋ɄɹܩݖɴࡴመɌɩȦɤɛ⏏ Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋̠̾ɻЦᐁཕᇕɲᄩޅɹɴࢪਝɐʳɲȴɫ⏋ᕶʰɹᅊᅭɴ͐͠˹͇ ˏˡ˹ˏˁᏼʛԂʶɲȵʰ⏋ృɛɲᦅˁօՏɌɩȦɤɛ⏏̠̾ȵഀɹ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏˁ ؝ȿԂʶɩ⏋ɗɹᦶകˁਃഀɹ္ᅣɭᜨغɌɩȦɤɛᔘಕɴɻ⏋͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹᦶകȵࢅ ౫ɫȡʳɄɭ⏋̠̾ȵإȼȴʰនೳᅎɹᦶകˁሾɤɩȦɛɭɭʢɴ⏋ೠȷˁᩂឹɲᅊɹʁ ɭɦɭɐʳɲȴɫ⏋ೠɴࢪɐʳᬠਕˁᔒʛᢌɲሾᡫˁᙢȭɩȷɛɄɭȵȡɤɛ⏏
6．まとめと考察
ᦶക္ᅣȵˏ̶͠ˡɹΥᖔᇕɲ္ᅣɭໆࡴᇕɴᅵɲʳɹɻ⏋ɗʶȵϺूᇕɴըਉɇʶɛඨᅊ ɹɲȴɫۊʚʶʳᦅകភغ݀ɹᅊɭȦȩဣɫȡʳ⏏ᦶക္ᅣɻ⏋ඨᅊɹᄩᇕɲգᅎɹᯆȴ ʰ⏋ʚɛܩɹᐣ୫ɭȦȩүᯆɫʢ୫ᐚخᔨɲ္ᅣɫȡʳɭȦɤɩʭȦɞʸȩ⏏ᦶക္ᅣɴᅎ Ȧʰʶʳ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɻ⏋ᩄɹዛࡎˁᅊᅋɌ⏋ዛࡎȵ֓ၖɇʶʳɭᇍᗂȵѦɇʶ⏋ʚɛ ᇍᗂɹᅊᔒȵȦɲɰɹ႕ਸˁʢɦ⏏̠̾ɻ⏋ɗɹ႕ਸɴࢪɐʳཉȦሾᡫˁݜᇻɭɌɩ⏋ᬿ 11) ᔋషɹేᅎᩄȵཝɤɛʢȩʁɭɦɹឹ܍ɭɌɩ⏋।ᅣɹܩȵжάɌɛᐄഗ⏋ᔋషˁହɌɩʢɗʶ ɴឿغɤɛވؚȵឿᦉʠɲȼɲɤɛɄɭȵ୲Ɂʰʶʳ⏏ 12) ɗɹ᭬⏋ެᅎɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁൕݛɌɩȦɛ।ᅣɹΥᨆȵ̮͇̓̓͞കɴ᥊ழɇʶɛ⏏တय़ɹᦶଁʦᬚৄȷ⏋ᬚФ⏋ഘଠɠɭȦɤɛଝᬚɭ֝ˁᢹʦɌ⏋ɇʰɴсЊȿɭХᬘˁш ɇɓɩᅣɹܩ܌ɴȴȴʳಁᬚˁቁᑘɐʳɲɰ⏋ɲᇿᇕˁ߂ᭉɴৄȷɞɐɛʠɴඨᅊ ˁ˱Ͳ̜ͦͻ͡ɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ਸ਼ᦵɲϺؤވ֓ʦ॑ݭᐁཕɹᦽࣙɴɭʢɲȩᓚܩέɭᄩޅ֔ɴሁᯆɌɩȦʳˏ̶͠ˡ ɫɻ⏋ᰩషɹተѳɭᄩޅɹѳԃˁθጓɐʳɛʠɴᦅɹᮃᏝȵਸ਼֭ɫȡʳɭɇʶɩȷɛȵ⏋ ɄʶʚɫܧഀᦅˁᦏБᦅɴᒞȷழȭʭȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛɻଁ֒ɌɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏Ʉɹکᰍɴࢪ Ɍɩᢆ1998ɻ⏋ܧഀᦅɹᯃᮃᏝਸɻܩݖɹᕶးᄩޅʦᅊ༎িɹԃкɴᬠʼʳʢɹ ɫȡʱ⏋ཧय़ݖɫᔒʚʶɛᦏБᦅˁɗɹʚʚˏ̶͠ˡʍࢷԂɐʳɄɭɻέ᧟Ֆɞɭ୭Ɍɩ Ȧʳ⏏̠̾ɹᦶക္ᅣɻ⏋ృɛɲඨᅊˁօʱՏɌɩ⏋ɗʶˁ୫ᐚᇕɴգᅎɐʳЇᏼʛˁԒ׃Ɍ ɩȲʱ⏋ɗɄɴɻᦏБᦅȵʢɦᄩޅˁըਉɐʳɭȦȩਚكɭ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹܧഀᦅȵʢɦܩ ᐣ୫ˁඨᅊɹԗᅊɴʪɞɷʳɭȦȩਚكɹᜨغȵʛʰʶʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ܩݖɹᅊʦయɴ ɊɌɛˏ̶͠ˡᇕɲᦅᮃᏝɹʁɭɦɹكਸˁኍɌɩȦʳϟёɭɌɩɭʰȭʳɄɭȵɫ ȷʳ⏏ ʢɠʸ˃⏋ᅊᏙɹѳԃɭȦȩ៎ဣȴʰɻ⏋ᑢຂɹᇵɲ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏȵɭʱɭʠʢ ɲȼୟ߂ɐʳ᭝ਸLowe et al. 2000ʢਛʶɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ჼܧɻᬿတय़ɹᦶଁɴʭɤɩ ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏඨᅊɹୟ߂ȵըਉɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉɹܩݖɫᦶക္ᅣȵȲɄɲʼʶʳჿᅓɻ ᅊᏙɹѹɫɻɲȼ⏋ᐁཕᇕɴᩂឹɲᚩသೳˁʳɭؾಁɴ⏋యᇕᐁཕᇕɴᩂឹɲ˹˱ ˪̲˛ˁᅊᅋɐʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʪȭɴ⏋ЦᐁཕᇕɲႥɹɴʭɤɩɻ⏋ɗɹඨᅊȵ ਸ਼ᦵɴୟ߂Ɍ⏋ЈɹᅊᏙˁቑޙɐʳϟɴʢɲʱȴɷɲȦ⏏Ё⏋ᅊᏙʍɹ৯ᯱɻᬏೝᇕ ɴᠭീɌɩȦȼਖឹȵȡʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ჼຍ᭥ɫɹံዊইɲୟతɴɻᡰˁᴡʰɐʏȷȴʢɌʶ ɲȦ⏏ ᦶക္ᅣˁ̠̾ɹγय़ᐁۊɴɗȼɌɩȭሁɓɽ⏋ɗʶɻɴࡴɌɛᰩషᅊᅋˁࡸჼɐʳ ɞȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ೠೳɭᨙɭȦȩ 2 ɦɹჼᩆؚԂˁᅊʛɞɌɩ⏋৳ʰɹᅊˁఌȭɩȦʳ⏏̊ Ͳ˸̢ˏɫɻ⏋1980 ॷБץɽɴɻɍʚɤɛᐁཕɹᕶᅓకፑɴʭɤɩ⏋ᦅɻܕࢃɴ௩ᡸɇ ʶɛкըȴʰɹᔵˁȦʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ȼɹܩݖɫɻ⏋ڧڃс႒ˁൕݛɐʳɛʠɴᦏБᇕɲ ᦅˁȲɄɲȩΥɫ⏋ᕶᐌс႒ɹൕݛɴɻᔋషɴʰɲȦ౬ɲȵʰɹᦅˁաɹᅣɫᐚ ȿɩ⏋ɗɹ 2 ɦˁшࡔɇɓʳɄɭɴʭɤɩᅊˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦʳРᢆ 2002⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋ ̠̾ɻܧഀᦅɴഀɹ̨͐ʦଯˁॄʛɴʱԂʶɲȵʰ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɭȦȩృɛɲᦅˁօ ՏɌ⏋ᨆᐁཕɭɹᦹொˁݜᇻɭɌɛඨᅊɹᄩᇕɲգᅎ˹˽̘͌ˁ෯፷Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ رᇕɴʛʳɭ⏋ᦶക္ᅣȵօՏɇʶɛሁஞɹȷɤȴȿɻ 1980 ॷБץɽɴȲɄɤɛ॑ݭᐁ ཕɹᦽࣙɫȡɤɛɭȦȭʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹࢷԂȴʰᏝ 40 ॷʢᐁɛɹɄɭ ɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᬚɴ⏋Ǿɲұးɭਖးɴʭɤɩ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏɹѝғȵɐʳɴɦʶ ɩ⏋ᮃᏝᇕɲଯᯊృɹᏬܩȵᨸଁɇʶɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏1930⑯40 ॷБɴ̊Ͳ̢ͲୈՏˁᇿ
ɄȩɌɩᦶʰʶɛঃ߂ɲ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ˏകɻ⏋ᗳܩʦϠ๖കɴ್ʼʳ္ᅣᅎܩɭɲɤɩȦɤ ɛ⏏കɹࡔܧɻɇʰɴ⏋ɄʶˁនသɴգᅎɐʳɭȦȩᇍˁࢷȷɞɐ⏏1980 ॷБץɴɻ⏋ ॑ݭᐁཕȵᦽࣙɐʳɲȴ⏋ౖሾɹᔒകଯˁ᧟ᅎɌɩകɹᐁཕᇕѝғȵᲞʠʰʶɩȦɤɛ⏏ းɭɌɛകˁɦȼʱɞɐඨᅊɹ˱Ͳ̜ͦͻ͡ɻ⏋ปೠɹᔋ߂ᅊᬏˁᇿᇕɭɌɩȦɛɞȿɫɲ ȼ⏋ปᬚɫс႒ˁൕݛɐʳɄɭˁʢઝܒɌɩȲʱ⏋ᔋషɹᐁཕᇕᢦɹވ֓ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱ ˹ᅣɹܩжάɹکᰍˁᥐཝɐʳɛʠɹ֝ӈᮃᏝᇕɲଯᯊృɫȡɤɛ⏏ ᠭീܩɫɻ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɹʓȴɴʢᢆܩᓚсɴȲȦɩృɛɲᦅȵօՏɇʶɩȦʳᦏᚹ 2003⏏ɗɄɫʢᮃˁߕลɭɌɩ֝ӈᮃᏝᇕɲଯᯊృȵᣱɄɤɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ੈ।ᇕɲ கອᤉɹձɭཉᓚɴʭɤɩྂܩܤޚˁϗȴɌ⏋ᔋషˁьᅎɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ᢆܩɹԃᯆȵ। ᅣɇʶɛ⏏Ʉɹࣙᬖɻ⏋ϠϺɹӴᱤᓔȵݡᔋˁᅎȦɛᦹсɴଁ֒ɌɩȦɛɄɭɴʭɤɩϺʃ ɭɹઝᡫȵǾɴၓଁɌ⏋ɗɄɴᔋషɹࢷԂʦϺؤܦɹᲞʚʱɴɭʢɲȩᢆܩέɭȦɤ ɛ܍ȵ֓ʼʳɄɭɫᦽ˃ɞ⏏ᦅɭകɹᜨغɭȦȩ⏋ܧഀɹ္ᅣɴഀɹ͐͠˹͇ˏˡ˹ ˏɭᦶകଯˁᏼʛغʼɓɛᦶക္ᅣɹօՏɻ⏋ɗʶГմɴᢆܩᓚсɹᮃᏝɴଁ֒ɌɩȦɛ ᐁᱻˁᤑʚȭɩࢷȷɞɇʶɛɭȦɤɩᖪȦɞʸȩ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ᦶക္ᅣɹօՏɻ⏋।ɴᨆឹ܍ ɹɴᇍɇʶɲȵʰ⏋ܩݖɴᙢዩɇʶɩȷɛሾᡫɭᐁᱻɴݜɧȦɩȲɄɲʼʶɩȷɛ⏋᠅ ᪻ᠡɹᐄഗɲɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉɹଁ֒ɻ⏋˛Ͳ˻Ͳᱤ֪িនೳลඁɹࢷԂɴʭɤɩ⏋ʭ ʱᐁཕ֟ഗɹᲞȦ̮͇̓̓͞ɫʢٞೝᇕɲᦶക္ᅣˁᅊʛɞɗȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛሾᡫɭ ᐁᱻɹᏲዩȴʰᅊɍɛࣙᬖɴ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᦅɹԒᇍᇕɲᇍࣙɹخᔨਸˁឿȦɞɐɄɭȵɫȷʳ ɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ 引 用 文 献
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