Overview of Rice Production System in theMekong Delta-Vietnam

九州大学学術情報リポジトリ

Kyushu University Institutional Repository

Overview of Rice Production System in the Mekong Delta-Vietnam

Hien Nguyen, Thi Minh

Laboratory of Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Economics, Devision of Industrial Organization of Agribusiness, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University

Kawaguchi, Tsunemasa

Laboratory of Quantitative Analysis of Agricultural Economics, Devision of Industrial Organization of Agribusiness, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University

https://doi.org/10.5109/24474

出版情報：九州大学大学院農学研究院紀要. 47 (1), pp.221-231, 2002-10-30. 九州大学農学部 バージョン：

権利関係：

」． Fac， Agr．， Kyiishu Univ．， 47 （1）， 221i−231 （2002）

Overview of Rice Production System in the Mekong Delta−Vietnam Hien NGUYEN Thi Minh＊ and Tsunemasa KAWAGUCHI

Laboratory◎窒Qua王枕重乞a揺v磁ARa璽y＄量s oぎA蔀r圭eu茎tKra圭￡co捻◎獄lcs， D孟v量s童（）登of王践d登＄tr圭al Organization of agribusi，ness， Department of agricultural and Resour￠e Economics，

        猟。蹴yo∫Agr重心画嚢re， Kyus穀疑Unlv黛rs叙爵k慧◎k換812−8581       （」R8《，￠tvθd June 28，2002α？z（iα（：1（；θptθ（ムノZtly 12，2009）

    Rice production is of major importallce to Vietnam．正t concerns 70％of玉abor force， the cou．ntry holds at present， arouxxd 1096 of woyld rice market． Half of production and 7090 of exported rice eome frora the MekoRg Delta． Since the eltd of the deeade of 80s， VietRara has changed its economic policy to rnarket−oriented economy and has got a rapid econornic growt，h，

茎）欲r纏α圭．三重r至yrice茎）ro（SuctloR鼓as gai．Re（蛮重iRP◎rt／alrlt＆（）hievemexit，s． Fr◎va a fbod−d奪貸。誌co㎜憲ry，

Vietnam beeome＄ the second largest riee exporters in the world （since 1996， over 3 million ton＄

per year has been exported）． However， nowada．ys， rice production fuces a lot of difficulties such as zzatura｝ d重sas腰s，飾。漁tめ捻of i囎湛a認◎競tp櫨顛cesj◎w export pri￠e， sm認farm sca蓋e，

1ack of capital， degraded equipment fQr pre−and pQ＄レharv㈱ting． Furthermore，伽ctuation of 諏．ce類the輝◎r歪d market韮RfiueRces d重rec晦◎勲rice productioη叢織蟹ek繊g D磁a． Besides，

weakness of rice exporting systorn ＄tili restrains domestic product；ion， and not only reduces profu of larrning households but also loses national budget． ln this eontext， like in othe r Asian COURtr重es， ana｝ysis a貰d重（至ent重fieatioR◎f 垂秩揩ю翌?f◎R C（）蕊， P側聞dyα）st−pr匪cc｝， eCORO瀟。 e童難（譲e蓋｝cy of different agents in riee marke． ting ehannel are necessary amd very important for the reliable and appr◎pr圭at，e poljcy◎f Vie宅撒1鷺ese a乱曲◎r童t短s in sを峯磁a予めP9−r｛ユ．ぎ｝・devel◎卿繊．

IN TROPUCTION

    Ric．e occupies a main part of agricultural land in Vietnam． For the whole country，

哉沿proximaもe墨y 42 m搬韮。捻s hec捻res◎f 79搬泌i◎簑s hectares◎fも◎tal agricultura｝ ｝afid is coverecl by rice； of which 1．95 million，s hectares concentrated in the Mekong Delta， where oniy 22．3 ／o of tetai ，populatieR live （Sanh， 1998； GS， O， 2000a）

    In receRt years， thanks to the renovation of Vietnamese economic policy， agricultural pr◎d出品濾液he Mek◎㎎Del捻has been greaも1y developed． Rice pmd戚io曲as beCQ撚e a very important income souree for riee farming households who contribute to more than 5◎％ofも◎もal paddy pr◎（董蕪。雛◎箕andも◎Rear玉y 70％Qf exp《）】［‡e（桑rice v◎1ume． GeRera lly，難fe of peasants is clear．ly improved （GSO， 2000b； Minot， 2000）

   However socio一一ecoRomic problems have been raised for some recent years in the Mekong Delta which is not only the concern of the government but a｝so of economic researe．h institut，ion，s．： ecoitoraie disparity be｛weeR agricultura｝ sector and others； between peasants and other professional groups anct among peasants． Although living standard of the most part of population has been improved， the average GDP per capita has remained

｝ow （250 USD）． ln the rural region＄， the percentage of poor households i，s stili high at a

＊ Laboratory of Quantitative Analysis of Agricult，ural Emonomicts， Division of Tndusmial Organ，ization of  Ag肋usin黛＄s， Deρartme瓢（）f a暮rieultural and Res◎uree Econo．mic＄， Graduate Sch◎◎．10f B重◎res⑪ul℃e  and Bioenvironmental Seiences， Kyushu University．

221

222 H． NGUYgN and T． KA wnGUCNI

level of 20．90／o （World bank in Vietnam， 1999）． Most of farmers， especiully rice producers，

have coiitikued faeing a difficult anct poor ，｝ife． MeaRwha，le a part of fur．mers has beeeme rieher and significantly improved their life conditions thanks to benefits coming from a 獄arkeもe￠◎RO類y whe欝抜ey畿re th愈Wil膿蕪rs盈competi重しi OR． M◎reO艶r，1a難く薫aec慧：m嚢1a−

tion by a part of farrning households has been raised in some recent：ears and become S◎cio−ec◎難◎勲Cρr◎ble獄．

   The objectives of the paper are as follows： 1） To overview the status of agricultura｝

production and the role of rice㎞r職tional economy；2）To describe the hi就ory of rice production in the Mekong Deka； 3）  ro assess the current situatieR of rice production in Mekong Delta for future development．

OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

   Being one of the developing nations， Vietnam is still poor． Basically， Vietnam econ−

omy has depended on agricultural production at low−developed ｝evel， of whieh cultivatioR of foed crop for mationa］． security has always beefi an importaRt issue． ｝Iowever， in recent

years， under new economic policies towards market−oriented economy applied from

1986， there has beeR aehieved a ｝ot of prcgress．

   Agriculture is st皿the mo＄t important economic sector since there are 7796 inhabi一 もa簑ts living iR rural areas a汽d agric山川re p◎P慧1滋重◎R occupies 68％of whole c◎難瞭y population （GSO， 2000a）． Agriculture is also responsible for a remarkable share of total expert value that coRtributes to nationa｝ capital accumulatio．lt needed for strRctural change of ecenomy towards industrial，isation and modernisation．

   Over fifteen years of tmplementat，ion of renovation， agriculture has generated impor−

taR．重；achievemexts a欝d grea綴y c◎r慮r重b嚢もed iR◎verCOft．糠rI9もh．e（liffiCU至ties（iuri貧慕もhe financial crisis in the region， as well as creatjng an mitial base for sustainable development

and c◎嚢ti撒。纏s gr◎w凱The撫sも㎞porもa魏iss疑e is頓aもVie漁獄agr韮culture has⑩ckly moved from self−sufficie， nt economy to commercial production system． ln 2000， total food output reaehed 34．5 millioR tons （of which paddy rice accounted for 32．6 rrti｝｝ion tons） with an average increase of 1．3 millioii tons per year． The average fooci availabtiity was 435kg per eapita in 2000． The areas of crops with high−economic value have increased remarkably． Agric kura｝ expert value has increased from 1745．8mruioRs USD to 2833 million USD during 1995−2000 （GSO， 2000a）．

   Tota｝ gltRual agricu｝tural expcrt xya｝ue has increased by 1696， ttccouRting for 4eC／） cf agricuitural GDP． Many Vietnamese agricultural products have a strong marketing poten−

tial in regiona｝ and intemationai markets． agriculture cozztinues to play a dormaRt role in the economy， aecountiitg for about； 53 ／o of eruploy， ment and 50C／o of GDP．

IMPORTANCE OF RICE AND TRENDS IN RICE PRODUCTION AND TRADE

   無Vie頓蹴， r重ce is thεsもa脚f60d croP謙d 1◎c認y o噂盤a￡ed油。鷺帥ma数y費ew va！歴一 eties have been adopted． The Vietnaxnese culture has developed with rice growing prac−

tice＄． Generally， there are three rice crops in the year： the wirtter−spring （Doi｝g Xuart−

DX）， the summer−autumm （He Thu一 HT）， and wet iong season （lua rnua一 M）． Commonly，

farmer practice蜘ter−spring rice and su㎜．er ric＄on the貸elds． The＄easena1 calendars

dre？e2］ietx？ ofRice Proci？scgieri S．ystem in・ the Meko7eg Delta・ 223

for these rice erops greatly vary among regions （North， Central， South） and among the ecosystems （irrigation， rainfed lowland， upland， and deep−water or flood prone areas）．

There were yield gaps axiiong these regions， rice seasons， and ecosystem＄． ln 2000 total rice  growing area was 7，670 thousand ha， with average paddy yield of 4．3ton per ha， zmd gross production of 32，700 thousand tons （GSO， 2001）． Both the rice growing area and rice yield increased cont血uQusly． H⑪wever befQre 1989， the increase in rice yield was faster than that in the growing area． ln the year ．1990s increase in yteld was slow do￥vrt and similar with that in ri￠e growing area．

   In 1989， Vietnam became a net rice exporter． The rice product，ion exported increased rapidly between 1995 and 1999 （Table 1）． ln 2000， the exported production reached level of 4，050 thQus㎜d tons of肌med rice（GSO，2001）．

Table 1． Rice production in Vietnam （1980一．19． 99．1

Indicator Unit

1980

Total output Sown area Paddyiand

Yield Net Export Population Rice production per caplta

M皿ion ton looo ha looo ha Ton／ha MillioR ton Million． Per Kg／capita

 11．6

，E 576．9

  2．08  −O．2  53．6 146

  15．9 571分．4

4297

  2．78  −O．3  59．9  178

  19．2 6018．8

4270

  3、珊   1．6  65．9 195

 25．0 6775．0 4225

  3．69   2．0  72．1

232

 34，1 7648，1

4200

  壌．11   屡。5  76．6 275

SQL［rce： GSO， stati＄tical yearbooks 1990， 1995， 1996， i 999， GTSO， IID 2eOO

｝・IISTOR￥ Ofii RICE PRODUCTION IN THE MEKONG DELTA

   Rice production has been taking place a leng time iR Vietnam， particularly in the Mekong Delta along with the developrnent of the farming systems， settlement process，

lartd reclamation， canal excavatioR， socio−economic situatior｝ as we｝1 as the policies of governmeRt （Sanh， 1998）． Art ovewtew of the raajor eveRts affect，iRg to the rice produc−

tion systems i＄ presented in table 2．

THE SITUATION OF RICE PROI）UCTION SYSTEM IN TE｛E MEKONG DELTA

Land distributioR for rice production

   In 1999， the total agricultura｝ lancl area is 9．340  miMon hectares， while total rice area o￠cupies 7．655 millioR hectares． As ri￠e bow｝ of the country， Mekong De｝＃a takes 490／， of もG三厩ce c慧1もivaもed la嚢d a数d c磁rib囎s 50．5％of甑al paddy醸麟， c◎醗spo飛（慧㎎慰0 17搬illionも◎嚢s while ther叡s◎nly 23．3％ofも◎もa王agricu1綴四川popu至a敏）簑1iv魚g頭重滋e Mekong Delta （GSO， 2000a）． The paddy output of the Mekeng De｝ta has rerrtarkab｝y increased due tOもhe new pr◎gress◎f c嘘ivaも三物￠c㎞010gy幡ch has b曾en inもe瞬v⑯ apP｝ied paral．1ek t◎もhe㎞μove照e魏◎f irrigaもi◎R sysもems縣at認（）wも。 grOw疑Pも。 three r重ee crop a year． The（薮s鞭薫bぴti◎R of r童（）e pr◎d嚢。穏。鷲system重捻子e瓢ek（》数g De琵a is pre−

se黙te（iintheF嬉猿re l

224 H．ム9GVYEN and T．κ4剛σび（：HI

Tab｝e 2． History of rice preduction arid related evens in the Mgkong Deita

㌘erio｛量 Ri￠奪ρrω ￠tio盤μogress and evO】購

10000years a慕。 一 FQrmation of the Mekon蔀Delta

『 OひEo stage a臓d pione磁r Vietnam駐s愈settleme雛t：rice coRectlon for 雛綴Pre1㎞畿ry r重ce cu蕪量vaも重。難

170卜1858 The蘇arly stage of the exp1Qitation of th醸Mekollg D㊧1ta under the Nguy dynasty， excavatiQn of thre黛main canals， Iand reclamation alld development of負◎atillg rice cultivatio職．

1868−1954 『 La轟d recla職a雛◎難：incr愈asξ｝◎f c縫1織v四囲垂d area￡◎r r沁e d慧e℃o獄aRy canals excavated

一 1）ouble transp正anting and＄tngle tran＄planting of rice with Ioc翫1 rice

  零        ． 魔≠窒撃?狽撃?刀D

一 昏蒙（コ《｝ρ茎a嚢もati（）ぎi esもab圭is】臨ぎ識e旧悪by Fζ黛鍛C熱COk）R重＄凱S

1954一・1975 The war period

一 1966： introduction of high yielding varieties （IR，5 and IR8） ．from    Int，ernationa！ Rice Research lnstitut，e （IRRI）

一S撫醗968：s｝滋塘◎r縦s鎗慕le r童ce cro麺蓑9も。嬢（）ミ王ble r重ce￠rO砂蓑g o難    室畑a銭uvia1＄o蕪段ndもhe．㎏h topogra鋤y are翫S

Machines have appi．ied for land preparati，on and irrigation in riee cult，ivation Brown plant hopper （BPH） outbreak in ，1972

Some r．ice areas are left fallow because o．f war s destro，y

1975−1979 翫dofζhe war， peasaRts re撫r捻ed沁撫総farm a蕪d was c◎R漁漁9も。

   produce rice

一 1977：browii plant hopper damaged the local rice varieties 一 1978：very serious floodirenytg and damage rice prod， uction

1979−1981 Cokectixse farm establisiment stage

，1979： shifting frorn BPII sensitive riee varieties to BPH tolerantrice varleties

Area of double rice crop inereases 翫圭我rged康磁rrigat垂◎R・caita｝

Rea玉1◎caも重0獅撫麟も。 nO一一・一コ口Rd anci＄raalレ至叙滅ρeasaRts

Large fallow land areas were exploited for rice production （including the acid sulphnte soil and forest）

1982−i988

1

Break o虞ofもhe c◎慮acもρ◎嚢cy a簸d carr画g o雛もthe・ref◎rm

1989−now

王）e一．c◎二王ect重v捻我橿（）礁◎f fa．r欺s ar【（量red童＄tr玉巽）白田。難Of la難d t◎peasant Reform of lanct policy （199， 8）

Shifting from centrally planned economy to market oriented economy Free domestic rnarkets for eQmmercialized rice and agricultural

撚哉悪酒ria圭S

Shift；fr◎∫椴do繋ble cr◎p t◎鞭童p蓋e rice（乱数議v轟糠。簑（：b￠ghミrliRg o￡1986）

Fixed land t，ax system

Vietnam has exported rice in 1989 and became the second largest rice exporter in the wcrld

199レ1993：r曾＄短。転沁難○劔ce exp磁a鍼◎ft・qミユ◎t盆慕r蹴ed f◎r Staもe Owned Enterpris． es

199， O−1994： Diversification of cropping pattern in agriculture besides thee trudition of ricte intensive cultivation

至礁◎ducti◎R a難d re隻eas1㎎醒many｝嬉野重e｝磁r篭菖照◎dem rice var三et量e＄，

integrated pestL mawagen｝，ent （II M）， ineckai ｛izatiou aRd ba｝anced fertilizer application

Applieation of floor price for paddy （i995）

19． 9，． 5−1996： releaxation of quota level for rice exportation and private C（）ご戦panles

19≦｝6−i997：i『蹴額三ra至d重sast（翼damaged縫housaft（叢＄Qf hectar｛≧◎罫r重ce 1998： Vietnamese rice gain＄ the good price competitiveness in the world ritte market and rernain a ＄econd po＄ition in t，he rice exporta，t，ion in 5 yのars

So2mree  Sy？z伽sicedfro？rb va吻側磁ta・and魏ノb潮騙 i偽1995−1998

Overview ofRice Prod2Lctio？z System in the Mekong DeZta 225

Arable land（10090）

2，897，80（｝ hec！ares

Agr韮。韓韮緯raHa訟d（89％）

2579，pa2 hectares

A麗n謡qゆP（7壁％）

Q，037，443h㏄tares

Ri㏄bas￠d systems（73％）

P．487β33hec嘘es

蓋r盛g滋磁6㏄5ンs霊￠鵬 i55。1％）819，520hectare5

飛3…籠艶d∫蚕￠緯（439鶉）

U52．940heα鍵es

懇◎a嚇鍍9∫蓋ごesy51陰矯

i1％）14，873h㏄臨

Fig． 1． Distribution of rice produetion system iR the Mekoltg Delta

Rice Crepping Systeras in the MekeRg Delta

   There are three main rice seasons in the Mekong river delta （Table 3， figure 2）． Two of the seasoRs （HT and M） coincide with the raiRy season which typically starts in May aRd lasts uRtil Noveraber． The aRRwal rainfa｝1 iR the study area varies frorrt 1600 to 2000 mm． The three rice seasons， in various combinations governed by hydrology， rainfall pattem and availability of irrigatioR， constitute the variety of rice−based cropping systems praetieed in the Mekong river delta．

   The major rice cropping systems in this area are the single rice crop （SC）， double rice crcp （DC） and triple rice crep （TC） systems （Table 4）． The single rice crop is iRvariably in the MzLa （M）， which has traditionally been the rairrfed rice cropping system using loeal，

traditional varieties with a longer growth period． lt is practiced mainly in the tidally−inun−

daもed c◎asもal area s醐ecもed t◎sa銭Riもy漉欝siO鍛priorも◎もhe ra㎞y seas餓The d◎慧ble

Tabie 3． Riee seasoR iiKhe Mekong Delta

Season

∠）o鴛9灘㈱の幻

     Ue Th？i （HT）

     MZLα （ルの

W重Rter−S茎＞r塗9

Summer−Autumn Rainy Season

Nov／Dec MayfJun JuVAug

Feb／M3r Aug／Sep Dec／Jan Source： Cuu LoRg 1）e｝ta Rice Research IRstitute， 2eel

226 裁くSGび盟ム編擁磐κ《開αノ（溜

R頴ny season

Dry s￠ason

DX 柵

M

1 2 4 5 ¹ 2 Month

F㎏．2．R童ce seaSQR撚the鋼［ekor鷹D￠1もa

creppiRg system raay be iri the Do xp．q Xzean−He Thze （DX−HT） or the ffe Thze−M？ta

（HT−M） system． The DX crop， which plan ted at the end of the rainy seasoR， needs to be irrigat］ed． ln areas affeeted by deep fiooding during the rainy season， the second crop

（HT） is piaRted earlier iR April， depeRd＄ gR purap−irrigatieik fer its water， aRd is har−

vested before the onset of the flood． ln areas where flooding is not severe or commences later， the HT erop is planted in MayfJune and by use of rain water． The HT−M system is もypica璽y prac糠ced㎞もh愈sa蕪r盛もy affecもed areas aRd i難撚rea＄where鋤riga雛◎R is嚢◎t av滋1−

able． Both crops are rainfed． Hence the crop calendar varies each year， depencling on the onset of the rainy season． The rice erops may be planted using the transplanting or the dWeCt See伽g meもh◎d． IR撫e d漉CもSee（嚢㎎meth◎d，むhe S黛edS、are醗her SO職0難も◎d ry fields prior to the start of the rainy season （dry direct seedimg） or pre−ge rminated seeds may be sown onto wet felds （wet direct seeding）． The HT erop is general｝y wet or dry direct seeded while the M crop may be transplanted or wet direct seeded． The triple erop systern combin．es all three rice seasons （DX−HT−M） and is practiced in  limited riverine areas with favorable hydro｝ogica｝ eenditions and availability of iiirigation for the DX ￠rop．

Table 4． Major rice cultivating systems in the Mekong Delta

   Double lrrigated    Dotibie Rairifed Triple lrrigate．d−Rainfed

Riee Seasons

     Do r？，g Xuan （DX） 一 He Th ca （HT）

     He Th？m （HT） 一Msua （M），

Dong Xztan （DX） 一 Ue Thzk （HT） 一 Mzt，a （M）

Source： （ uu Long ）elta Rice Research lnstitute， 2000

Rice production practice in the Mekong Delta

   Rice is the major armual crop in Vietnam． ln reeent years， rice has become Vietnam s

Overview ofRice Production Sgstem in the Mekong Delta 227

principal agricultural export commodity and a chief source of foreign exchange． Vietnam has becQme the secoiid largest experter of rice in the world， traimg oniy Thallarid． The Mekekg River Delta is the most ・fertlle rice gyowiRg area of Vietkam aRd accollRts for Rear｝y half of Vietnam s tetal rice prodttctieft （Pingali， 1998）．

   Two general type＄ of rice varieties are grown． Traditional leng duration rice varieties generally require longer growing seasons but produce higher quality grain． Modern short duration rice varieties require shorter growing periods but produce lower quality rice．

Short duration rice varieties are normally grown in the winter一 spring season to take advantage of the longer daylight hours and shorter maturation time． Long duration rice varieties are usuaky plastted in the swrwner−autwm seasoR wheri shorter daylight hours require the erepptag seascR tg be loRger． Hcgsehg｝ds that are clgser to rivers cr have access to irrigatioxx can plaftt a t｝rtird rice crep of short duratioR varieties．  ］］hose with ade−

quate capita｝ and access to water sometimes plant waterrnelons or vegetables in the third season tnstead df a short duration rice crop， Otherwise， fields are left f包llow dur血g this third season．

   Traditional rice variety seeds are typically germ血ated血rice nurseries． Seedhngs are subsequently transp｝anted． Rice fields are usually cieared Prler to transplanting． Paddy straw aRd stubble are efteA bumed during thi＄ ＄tage te jmprove field sanitatibp aRd kill weed plaRts a簸d weed seeds． The二二s繍ow f6r◎貧e or獅。 days be圭bre p1◎職g o欝 harrowlrig． Fields are theR fiooded， usvtally by rainiraR， wtth some fariRers supplementiftg water supplies by irrigation． The water is then drained， leaving fields wet for trans−

planting． Transplanting is labor intensive and has to be completed within a very short period in order to ensure uniform crop maturity． Fertilizers are broadcast． Weeds can be pulled by hand or treated with herbicides． lnsecticides and fungicides are applied peri−

odically during the seasoR， typically by one person usiRg a backpack sprayer． Additional breadcast applicatious of fertilizers are ofteR irltade dgriir｛g the seasoR as well． Rice is harvesもed by haR（i whe嚢網aもure，重he鼓もhreshed and dried蟄もhe◎peR． WheR ra童㎡滅is heavy and drying is infeasible， farmers oftelt sell their entire harvest to millers oR site．

   Modern rice variety seeds are sown by broadcast rather than grown in nurseries and then transplanted． Water is let into the neld as the seeds germ血ate． Seedhngs that have been sown too close together are uprooted and replanted to ensure sufficient space for adequate growth． ln other respects， modern short duration rice varieties are cultivated in the sarne way as traditioRal leng duration varieties． Direct seeding has advantage in sav呈Rg labor cosも、 F慧rther， the ad◎pも孟。難of herbicide has bee鍛1R associaもio嚢withもhe adoPも沁R◎f direcもs◎wing． The co】【㎜oR c（）蓑stra拠も。もhe ad◎PもまoR of（薮recもseeding三sもhe eonsistertcy oR crop establislxment．

：EqUipment and meCha皿izatiOn fOr riCe prOdUCtiOn

   The owned equipments and facilities for rice production are still poor in the Mekong Delta． Most of farmers own the simple tools as sprayer， water pump with low value of investment because rice productioll in the Mekong Delta is priorities for family con−

su憩pti◎R， theRもhe s疑rp1嚢s is used for excharag熱9◎R the】饅arkeも． As a resu1も，敏e parもof outp t used for re−investmeRt of r｛｝aehine is limited． Further， the cultivated ｝aRd is scarce and lirnited， especially in the poor farming household． However， facing with lack of labor in the peak time， the rich farmers invest on machines such as tractor， plough

228 ff一〈濯び四1〉α箆認T．、1〈A W4GUCHf

machne， threshing machine， and others． They are usually concerned with off−farm activ−

ities or provide agricultural services  as land preparation， threshing， drying or water

pumpng・

Table 5． Popular High Yielding Rice Varieties in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam （1998）

Variety Napae ^erigiii

DuradeR

（Gays）

頚【arひes重ed Area     （e／e）

IR50404−57

0MCS94 0MI490

0蟹17◎6 1R64

0M1723

0MI27i

IRRI

IR59606−119 （IRRI）

OM606ER44592

0き護9◎一9／0難韮33一一1

1RRI

OM554AR50401

IR斑

0蟹554／至】罠5◎4◎1

1RRI IRRI

MRC19399（P］臨ppi血es）

NN6A／IR32843

0M89RR68

    1    1    11

11一 エー    α住獄

Source： Cuu Long Rice Research lnstitute， 2000

Adoption of new rice varieties

   Rice varieties were changed year by year． The introduction of short−term modem rice varieもieS iS Sig懸C畿叢もも◎SwitCh登0蟄S撫9艶1Cr（）Pも◎d◎嚢ble◎r t】〔壌P三e riCe Cr（）pS per yearS．

With maturity duration is shorter than l l 5 days， tkese varieties can avoid the early fiash flood in the Mekong Delta， so that can 1mit the reduction of paddy yield． With the wide−

spread adoption of modern rice varieties， the paddy yield is relatively high and stable，

se1｝i㎞9 Price is reas◎鍛ab韮e． A㎞◎sもa昼v鍵ieもies j㎞tr◎d嚢ced壷もhe Mek◎Rg De猛a ca嚢be grouped iRto 4 main categories： Modem rice−short・ term； Modern rice−medium term；

Traditional rice （local rice）； Glutinous rice／aromatic rice． The popular high yiel（img vari−

eties in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam is presented in the table 5．

   TraditioRal riee varieties stlll reiiiair｝ to be grcwn in some regioRs due to good quality，

high selling price and high adapt abihty to the annual cycle of fiood waters， and are reliant on the fbod s s且t and nutrients to maintatn son fert血ty． These traditional rice cropping systems produce stable retur繋s yet re（茎慧三罫e htも至e t◎noもii至age a捻d use liもtleも◎no of expemsive puts such as chemical fertilizers aRd pesticides． ｝lewever， the area under fioat−

ing rice has decreased over recent years from 500，000 ha血1975 to less than 50，000 ha in 1995．

   Farmers trt the MekoRg Delta have develeped irtore thaR 1，000 traditiomal rice vari−

eties． These are highly valued for their taste， fetc｝whg higher prtces thaR high−yield rice

Ove7 z，魏ノ（〜ズRioe、Pグod襯伽a勘s θ？n in the Mekong Deltα 229

va艶飴s， aRd◎f纈form撮1 esse磁撮． n㎎redieRt・◎f tra（litiona豆dishes aも。嘘ura1艶sもivals，

such as Tet （Vietnamese New Year）． However， these traditiona｝ varieties have been rapidly replaced by high−yield riee varieties promoted through agricultural extension pr◎grams；1ess th畿漁150もrad誌i◎nal v哉rie麺es are n◎w be㎞g cu．撮vaもed in撫￠鍛ek◎R慕Delta．

Rice yield

The aガea und翻em rice varieties凪he舳ter鋤g， s…一autumn， and a

pa齢f撫e wet season−1◎ng durati◎n crop has increased by 15−2◎％i熟r￠cenもye畿rs．0鼓 the average， winter−spring rice yields are highest （5．27t／ha） followed by yields of sum−

mer−autumn （3．72 t／ha） and wet season−long duration rice （3．18t／ha）． Floating rice 諏elds a艶1◎wα翫魚a）． The area撒d麟eld（）f rice a蓋s◎varies．by prov泌◎￠s． The漁b圭e 6 presents the area， yield and out put of rice by each province in the Mekong Delta in 1999．

Table 6． Area， yie｝d， aRd gross output o￡ rice by provinee iR the MekoRg l＞elta

     Area

（thousa灘d熱ectare）

Paddy yield

（towhectare）

  Output

（M皿o織to漉）

Mekong Delta

     Long An      Dong Thap      A糞（｝三a盤9      Tien Giang      Vinxli Long      Ben Tre      K墨磁G重aRg      Cari Tho      Tra Vinh      Soe TraRg      B畿cLleu      Ca Mau

3985．2 441．2 442．7 462．9 286．4 224．2 王Ol．ユ 521．．

466．6 232．6 356． r 205．9 243．8

4． 09 3．45

喉、．69 4．．騒

4．55 4．31 3．23 3．89 4．24 3．61 4．23 3．9i

，3．46

16．295 1．523 2．076 2．liOO l．301 0．966 0．327 2．026 1．979 0．839 1．508 0．805 0．844

Souree： Stat2＄tical year book 2000

Market薫無g syst｛｝搬of riee in Meko難9 De豆ta

   More than two−thirds of the paddy harvested in the Mekong Delta is sold． Private assemblers account for more than 95 ／o of paddy purchases from farmers （Minot， 2000）．

Then asse舳lers gerieraliy sell paddy．も◎贈d重撚and三arge−sc蜘翻1ers， whdesa沁rs and state owned eftterprises． Whoiesalers frequentiy reported buying rice from aRd seimg rice to other wholesalers． Wholesalers also supply retail traders． State owner enterprises

（SOEs） play aR import，ant  role in w holesale trade． The SOEs operate on a rRueh larger

＄cale than private traders， in terms of volurrie of trade， size of as＄ets and storage faeilities．

SOEs also are important s叩phers to wholesalers in the food一く1eficit regions． The mar−

ketiRg channel in MekoRg Delta is illustrated in the Figure 3

Some main problem in production and marketing of rice in the Mekong Delta    There are many constraints for rice production in different agro−ecological regi，ons in

230 H．ノ＞G乙1｝XE2▽an〔t T．κ4職σび㎝1

Farmers

Asse鵬bleどs

Mil1￠欝

Wholesaler State owned￠ntelphs￠s

Retailers

Other regions

Consumers in th e

lekQng Deka

Consume岱in other  ●「eg10熟S

鷺xpor捻

F量9．3．Rlce搬激e蝕9 ehanne｝S圭鼠he鍛ek◎ぎi9 Delta

Mekong Delta such as the shortage labor in peak ttme， sliortage of rnachines for mecha一 瓢zaもめ識盈ma勲a蕊1viも董．◎s簸ke lan（蓬preparatioR，◎r harvest． Pめt of agricu｝もura｝1a簑d in general and that of paddy in parti，cular are small， and they create rnany difficulties in mecha短zaもめ勲as well as irriga￡重o塗．

   Facilities for grading， storage and processing are in shc）rtag e． Processing tectmology i＄ very ebsolete， axxd it ｝eads to highe／r cost， artd 1，0wer qualjty Abeut， I OC／e ef harvested rice have been lost in farmers， preservation facilities and 3C／） at State facilities． Farmer blamed poor processiRg axxd storage teehne｝ogy for seriously affect；｝ Tig the qua］［ity and qi．iaRtity of the remaining harvest．

   Th｛∋po◎r qua批y ofもhe r主ce exported and繊e出践ited capaeity◎f do搬￠st韮c a（こもiviも紬s are main reasons to expand export markets． Sixty four percent of rice exported is， of low a簑dm愈diUm qUa批y． Theref◎re歳e priCe IS 1◎W aR（i撫e eXp◎rも犠1mOVer iS疑繋SaもiS搬Cも◎yy．

Commercial and concentrated zones for rice export in order to produce better quality rice

撫dも◎「合q細zeμod戚呈Q登a＄we1捻s t撚sp◎rtati◎薮cos撫ave数◎t b￠愈n es愈ab姦sh奪d臓．

In order to expand the nxarket＄ and earn more from export， both exporters and producers

Opterzjiew ofRice Prodzectio？z Sysgem i？z She Meko？zg Pegta 23i

will have to work oR improving the quality of the rice． Suggestions on how to improve the quality of rice for export includes the idea that rice cultivation region Gxclusively for exports should be developed． Rice processing and presewtng techniques should also be irnproved．

   Rice yie｝ds are stgl iow corapared with other ccgRtries like Chjka， IRdoikesia， JapaR．

EveR though riee is the main product and 700／o of rice export of VietRarrt eome from the Mekong Delta， but rice growers are st皿poor and very poor． Farmers did not want to expand their rice production， and as the result， larger number of farmer have already stopped their rice cropping and shifted out of rice into more high value added crops such as fiowers， vegetables aRd fmit＄．

   Farmers comp｝ained ab◎魏も1◎w ねf搬gaもe priee compayedも（）pr〈）d嚢。もio難cosも． Fo◎d prices rose higher， but remained low in comparison with price of other commoedties artd services． Low and fiuctuated rice price and high input price， adding with other problems，

have been constrained to riee growing farmers． After the bumper crops， farmers are still not happy because they do not know whom to sell or how much to sell．

   Ariother remamiiig Cgffieulty is， as usual， capital shertages． Due to capital shertages，

rice experters 脚rchas圭㎎capaciもy was res頴cted， L翻もed accessも◎credit， i㎡◎r灘aもio鼓 for marketing and under−developed private marketing are also main problems．  There is st皿1ack of farmer s access to market㎡o㎜ation on price． Addition， due to㎜comfbrt−

able weather and natural calamity， weakness and inefficiency in introduction of new technology and limitation of kRowledge of a part of farming households resu｝t maRy risks tg the rice prodgcers． A＄ a ceRsequeRce， their income airid beAefit of ptee produetioR are stru ｝ow axxd unstable．

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   ｝｛（）use， H：哉簑◎重．

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