初級段階における依頼表現「～テクダサイ」の使用に関する一考察 : 「人間関係」と「コスト」の視点から

ೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߦ߅ߌࠆଐ㗬⴫⃻

ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩ૶↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻⠨ኤ

㧙ޟੱ㑆㑐ଥޠߣޟࠦࠬ࠻ޠߩⷞὐ߆ࠄ㧙            ർ᧛ ዏሶ ޣࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ޤ ೋ⚖ޔޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠޔㆇ↪⢻ജޔᓙㆄ⴫⃻ޔ    ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠ

㧝㧚ߪߓ߼ߦ

 ㄭᐕޔᄙߊߩೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒⃻႐ߢߪޔᢥᴺⓍߺ਄ߍᑼߩࠪ࡜ࡃ ࠬߦࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠞ࠹ࠖࡉ࡮ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߩℂᔨࠍขࠅ౉ࠇޔታ㓙ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩਛߢ૶߁ߎߣࠍᗐቯߒߚᜰዉ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߘߩਛߢޔቇ⠌ ⠪ߪ⸒⺆ᒻᑼߩޟᱜߒߐޠߛߌߢߪߥߊޔ႐㕙߿ੱ㑆㑐ଥߦวࠊߖߚㆡಾ ߐߢ޽ࠆㆇ↪ߩޟᱜߒߐޠ߽⠌ᓧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߒ߆ߒޔ ೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߢቇ߱ߴ߈ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆቇ⠌㗄⋡ߢ޽ࠆ⸒⺆ᒻᑼߦ㑐ߒߡߪ ᢎᏧ߿ᢎ᧚ߩ㑆ߦ߶߷౒ㅢߩ⹺⼂߇޽ࠆߩߦኻߒޔቇ⠌㗄⋡ߩㆇ↪ߦ㑐ߒ ߡߩޟᱜߒߐޠߦߟ޿ߡߪߘࠇ߇ߥ޿ߚ߼ޔߤߎ߹ߢࠍޟᱜߒ޿ޠߣ⹺߼ ࠆ߆ߪᢎᏧછߖߦߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆ޕ หߓᢥᴺ㗄⋡ߢ޽ߞߡ߽ቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߦࠃߞߡᦼᓙߐࠇࠆㆇ↪⢻ജߪ⇣ߥࠆ ߪߕߢ޽ࠆޕೋ⚖೨ඨߢߪቇ⠌㗄⋡߇ዋߥߊޔઁߩ⴫⃻ᒻᑼࠍ⍮ࠄߥ޿ߚ ߼ߦᣢ⠌ߩᒻᑼࠍ૶↪ߔࠆ߶߆ߥߊߡ߽ޔቇ⠌Ბ㓏߇ㅴߺޔᣢ⠌ߩ⸒⺆ᒻ ᑼ߇Ⴧ߃ࠇ߫ޔ႐㕙߿ੱ㑆㑐ଥߦวࠊߖߡޔࠃࠅㆡಾߥ⴫⃻߇૶↪ߢ߈ࠆ ߎߣ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕᣣᧄ⺆ߢߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠬࠠ࡞߇㜞 ߊߥࠆ߶ߤޔߘߩಽޔᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦߪ⥄ὼߥ⴫⃻ࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣ߇ᒰὼ ߛߣᕁࠊࠇࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߚ߼ޔਇㆡಾߥ૶↪ߦࠃߞߡޔᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߦᄬ ␞ߛߣᕁࠊࠇߚࠅޔ⺋⸃ࠍ᜗޿ߡߒ߹߁ߣ޿ߞߚᕟࠇ߽޽ࠆޕቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߦ ࠃߞߡޔࠢ࡜ࠬߢߪ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲߩਇ⥄ὼߐߪ⸵ኈߣߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿߇ޔߘ ߩޟ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲޠߦߪᜰዉߔࠆᢎᏧߦࠃߞߡ᏷߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕቇ⠌ Ბ㓏ߏߣߩᢥᴺ㗄⋡ߩㆇ↪⢻ജߦ㑐ߔࠆ⋡቟ߣߥࠆ߽ߩ߇ߥ޿ߚ߼ޔቇ⠌ 䋭㪌㪊䋭

⠪ߪቇ⠌߇ㅴࠎߢ߽⸓ᱜߩᯏળ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߕޔ㑆㆑ߞߚㆇ↪߇ቯ⌕ߒߡߒ ߹߁น⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆޕቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߏߣߦㆇ↪⢻ജߩ⋡቟ߣߥࠆ߽ߩ߇޽ࠇ߫ޔ ᢎᏧߪቇ⠌⠪ߩቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߦวࠊߖߡㆡಾߦ⸓ᱜࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߪ ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆ޕ ᧄⓂߢߪೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߩቇ⠌⠪ߦᔅⷐߥޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩਛߢߩቇ⠌㗄 ⋡ߩㆇ↪⢻ജࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ⿷߇߆ࠅߣߒߡޔੱ㑆㑐ଥ߿⹤ߔౝኈޔ⁁ᴫ ߦࠃߞߡᒻᑼ߇ᒝߊᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌࠆଐ㗬⴫⃻ߦᵈ⋡ߒޔߘߩਛߢ߽ೋ⚖ߩᣧ ޿Ბ㓏߆ࠄᛒࠊࠇࠆ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠍขࠅ਄ߍޔೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߦ ߅ߌࠆޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩㆇ↪ߦߪߤ߁޿ߞߚߎߣ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍ ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ޿ޕ

㧞㧚వⴕ⎇ⓥ

ጟᧄ㧔1988㧕ߪᢙ޽ࠆଐ㗬⴫⃻ࠍขࠅ਄ߍޔߘࠇࠄߩ૶޿ಽߌߦߟ޿ߡታ 㛎ࠍⴕ޿ޔޟ⹤ߒᚻߩዻᕈޠޟ⹤ߒᚻߣ⋧ᚻߣߩ㑐ଥޠޟ․ቯߩଐ㗬ߦ㑐 ㅪߔࠆ੐㗄ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⹤ߒᚻߩ⹺⍮ޠߩ3ߟߩⷐ࿃ࠍਥ⌒ߣߒߡ⠨ኤࠍ߅ߎ ߥߞߚޕBrown&Levinson㧔1987㧕߇1967ᐕߦGoffman߇ឭ໒ߒߚޟ㕙ሶ㧔face㧕ޠ ߩ᭎ᔨࠍ↪޿ߡޔ⋧ᚻߦኻߔࠆࡐ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡀࠬࠍⷙቯߔࠆⷐ࿃ߣߒߡޔ⹤ߒ ᚻߣ⋧ᚻߣߩⷫ⇹㑐ଥޔ࿾૏㑐ଥޔߘࠇߙࠇߩ⸒⺆ⴕേ߇⋧ᚻߩ㕙ሶ㧔face㧕 ߦ⢿ᆭࠍ߽ߚࠄߔᐲว޿ࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ߇ޔጟᧄߪߘߩޟ⢿ᆭޠࠍ⋧ᚻ߇ଐ㗬 ࠍጁⴕߔࠆࠦࠬ࠻㧔cost㧦⽶ᜂ㧕ߣ⸒޿឵߃ޔࠦࠬ࠻߇ᄢ߈޿߶ߤ⴫⃻ߦࡐ ࡜ࠗ࠻ࡀࠬ߇෻ᤋߔࠆߣߒߡ޿ࠆޕଐ㗬⴫⃻ߪଐ㗬ߩ⋧ᚻߩ࿾૏ߣࠦࠬ࠻ ߩᄢዊߦࠃߞߡ᳿߹ࠆߣߒޔᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩᄢቇ↢ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡޔหᕈ࡮ หቇᐕߢᭂ߼ߡⷫߒ޿ੱ‛㧔หⷫ㧕ޔหᕈ࡮หቇᐕߛ߇ߘࠇ߶ߤࠃߊ⍮ࠄ ߥ޿ੱ‛㧔ห⇹㧕ޔหᕈߩవヘߢⷫߒ޿ੱ‛㧔਄ⷫ㧕ޔ↵ᕈߩᄢቇᢎ᝼ߢ ߘࠇ߶ߤ⍮ࠄߥ޿ੱ‛㧔਄⇹㧕ޔหᕈߩ㜞ᩞ↢ߢࠃߊ⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆੱ‛㧔ਅ ⷫ㧕ߩ5ㅢࠅߩੱ㑆㑐ଥߦ߅ߌࠆଐ㗬⴫⃻ߩ૶޿ಽߌߩ⠨ኤࠍⴕߞߚޕߘߎ ߢޔࠦࠬ࠻߇ᄢߩࠪ࠴ࡘࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢ޽ࠇุ߫ቯ⇼໧ᒻ㧔̆ߡߊࠇߥ޿㧫ޔ ̆ߡ߽ࠄ߃߹ߖࠎ߆㧕ߥߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㑆ធ⊛ߥ⴫⃻߇Ⴧ߃ޔࠦࠬ࠻߇ዊߩࠪ ࠴ࡘࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢߪ⋥ធ⊛ߥᒻ㧔̆ߡޔ̆ߡߊߛߐ޿㧕߿⢐ቯ⇼໧ᒻ㧔̆ ߡߊࠇࠆ㧫ޔ̆ߡ߽ࠄ߃߹ߔ߆㧕߇ᄙ↪ߐࠇࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚޕ ߘߩઁߦޔੱ㑆㑐ଥߣଐ㗬ߩౝኈߩⷞὐ߆ࠄଐ㗬⴫⃻ࠍᛒߞߚ⎇ⓥߣߒߡޔ 䋭㪌㪋䋭

⫱⼱࡮Ꮉญ࡮ဈᧄ㧔1993㧕ߢᓙㆄ⴫⃻ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆଐ㗬⴫⃻ߩᣇ⇛߇޽ࠆޕ ޟଐ㗬⴫⃻ޠࠍޟ⥄Ꮖߩታ⃻ߒߚ޿੐ᨩࠍઁ⠪ߩᅢᗧߦࠃࠆⴕേߦࠃߞߡ ฟ߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁௛߈߆ߌࠆ⴫⃻ⴕὑޠߣቯ⟵ߒޔޟ⋧ᚻޠߣޟ↪ઙޠߣ޿ ߁ੑߟߩⷞὐ߆ࠄಽᨆࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆޕߘࠇߙࠇߦޟ⋧ᚻ࡟ࡌ࡞ޠߣޟ↪ઙ ࡟ࡌ࡞ޠߣࠍ⸳ቯߒޔߘࠇࠄࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߚ߽ߩࠍޟࠦ࡯࠼ޠߣߒߡޟৼ ካߐޠࠍᢙ୯ൻߒߡ␜ߒߚޕߎߩޟ↪ઙ࡟ࡌ࡞ޠߪޔଐ㗬ࠍฃߌࠆ⠪ߩ␠ ળ⊛ߥᓎഀߣߘߩᨐߚߔߴ߈઀੐ߣ޿߁ὐ߆ࠄޔଐ㗬ࠍฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ᒰὼ ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ޔଐ㗬ߐࠇߚ઀੐ࠍㆀⴕߔࠆ⽶ᜂ߇㊀޿߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⠨߃ޔ-1 ߆ࠄ+2ߩ4Ბ㓏ߢ␜ߒߚ߽ߩߢޔవߦ⸅ࠇߚጟᧄ㧔1988㧕ߩޟࠦࠬ࠻ޠߩ᭎ ᔨߦㅢߕࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ એ਄ߩవⴕ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄޔଐ㗬⴫⃻ߪⶄᢙߩⷐ⚛ߦࠃࠅⷙቯߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ ࠆ߇ޔੱ㑆㑐ଥ߿ଐ㗬ߩౝኈߦࠃߞߡㆡᒰߥଐ㗬ߩᒻᑼ߇⇣ߥࠆߣ޿߁ߎ ߣߪࠊ߆ߞߡ߽ޔߘࠇ߇ߤߩቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߢりߦߟߌࠆߴ߈ߥߩ߆ߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢ ߪߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒޔታ㓙ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⃻႐ߢଐ㗬⴫⃻ࠍᛒ߁㓙ߦ߽ޔੱ㑆 㑐ଥ߿ଐ㗬ߩౝኈߣ޿ߞߚⷰὐ߆ࠄଐ㗬⴫⃻ߩ૶޿ಽߌࠍᜰዉߔࠆߎߣߪޔ ቇ⠌㗄⋡ࠍᱜߒߊㆇ↪ߔࠆ⢻ജࠍりߦߟߌࠆߩߦ᦭ലߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕߘߎߢޔ ᧄⓂߢߪߎࠇࠄߩⷰὐ߆ࠄޔቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߦࠃߞߡᦼᓙߐࠇࠆޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ ߩㆇ↪⢻ജࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ

㧟㧚⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߦߟ޿ߡ

䋳䋮䋱㩷 ኻ⽎ᢎ᧚ ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߪೋ⚖೨ඨߢᣂ಴ᢥဳߣߒߡᛒߞߡ޿ࠆᢎ᧚߇ᄙ޿߇ޔ ታ㓙ߪળ⹤ᒻᑼߩᧄᢥ߇޽ࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߢ޽ࠇ߫ቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߦ㑐ଥߥߊᄙ ߊ⷗ࠄࠇࠆᢥဳߢ޽ࠆޕߣߪ޿߃ޔೋ⚖೨ඨߢዉ౉ߐࠇߡએ㒠ߪޔขࠅ਄ ߍߡ⺑᣿ߐࠇࠆߎߣߪᄙߊߪߥ޿ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕߘߎߢޔㆇ↪⢻ജࠍᲑ㓏⊛ ߦりߦߟߌࠆߚ߼ߦቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߦࠃߞߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦᜰዉߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ ࠆ߆ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߚ߼ޔೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߩਛߩળ⹤ᒻᑼߩᧄᢥߦ⊓႐ߔࠆ ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠍ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߦಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ޕ ᣣᧄ࿖ౝߢ⊒ⴕߐࠇߚೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠࠃࠅޔ㧕৻⥸ᚑੱࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ ߅ࠅޔ㧕ᢥဳⓍߺ਄ߍࠍᗧ⼂ߒߡ૞ࠄࠇޔ㧕ᣣᏱળ⹤߿ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯ࠪ ࡚ࡦജߩ⢒ᚑࠍ⋡ᮡߣߒޔ㧕޽ࠆ႐ߦ߅޿ߡⶄᢙߩෳട⠪ߦࠃࠆળ⹤߇฽ 䋭㪌㪌䋭

߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩޔߣ޿߁4᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔ߽ߩࠍ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ᢎ᧚ߣߒߡㆬቯߒߚޕ ߘߩ⚿ᨐޔᧄⓂߩ⺞ᩏߩኻ⽎ߣߒߚᢎ᧚ߪޔ1994ᐕ߆ࠄ2007ᐕ߹ߢߦ⊒ⴕ ߐࠇߚએਅߩ5ౠߢ޽ࠆޕ㧔⊒ⴕᐕઍ㗅㧕 Ԙ ޡೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ ᣂⵝ ޢ㧔1994㧕       ᧲੩ᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇ⇐ቇ↢ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒࠮ࡦ࠲࡯✬ ಠੱ␠ ԙ ޡߺࠎߥߩᣣᧄ⺆Σ࡮Τޢ㧔1998㧕ࠬ࡝࡯ࠛ࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ✬                      ࠬ࡝࡯ࠛ࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ Ԛ ޡೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ߍࠎ߈Σ࡮Τޢ㧔1999㧕ဈ㊁᳗ℂઁ  The Japan Times ԛ ޡᣂᢥൻೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆Σ࡮Τޢ㧔2000㧕ᢥൻᄖ࿖⺆ኾ㐷ቇᩞ✬

                       ᢥൻᄖ࿖⺆ኾ㐷ቇᩞ Ԝ ޡJAPANESE FOR BUSY PEOPLEΣ࡮Τ࡮Υ ᡷቯ╙ 3  ޢ㧔2007㧕

         ࿖㓙ᣣᧄ⺆᥉෸දળ⪺ ⻠⺣␠ࠗࡦ࠲࡯࠽࡚ࠪ࠽࡞ 䋳䋮䋲㩷 ଐ㗬⴫⃻ 㪊㪅㪉㪅㪈㩷 ଐ㗬䈫䈲㩷 ⫱⼱࡮Ꮉญ࡮ဈᧄ㧔1998㧕ߢߪᓙㆄ⴫⃻ࠍ⴫⃻ᗧ࿑߆ࠄ3ߟߦಽ㘃ߒޔ⋧ ᚻࠍᗧ⼂ߖߕޔߚߛ⥄Ꮖߩᗵᖱ߿⹺⼂ߥߤࠍ⴫಴ߔࠆߎߣࠍ⴫⃻ᗧ࿑ߣߔ ࠆ⴫⃻ࠍޟ⥄Ꮖ⴫಴⴫⃻ޠޔℂ⸃ࠍଦߔߎߣࠍ⴫⃻ᗧ࿑ߣߔࠆ⴫⃻ࠍޟℂ ⸃ⷐ⺧⴫⃻ޠޔ⋧ᚻ޽ࠆ޿ߪ⥄ಽ߇૗ࠄ߆ߩⴕേࠍ⿠ߎߒߡ૗߆߇ታ⃻ߐ ࠇࠆߎߣࠍ⴫⃻ᗧ࿑ߣߔࠆ⴫⃻ࠍޟⴕേዷ㐿⴫⃻ޠߣߒߚޕߘߩਛߢޟⴕ േዷ㐿⴫⃻ޠߩޟৼካߐޠࠍޟⴕേޠޟ᳿ቯᮭޠޟ೑⋉ޠߩ3ߟߩⷐ⚛ߢ⺑ ᣿ߒߚޕߘߎߢߪޟଐ㗬⴫⃻ޠߪ⋧ᚻ߇ޟⴕേޠߒޔ⋧ᚻ߇ⴕὑࠍߔࠆ߆ ߤ߁߆ߩޟ᳿ቯᮭޠࠍᜬߜޔ⥄ಽߦޟ೑⋉ޠ߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⺑᣿ߐࠇ ߡ޿ࠆޕ ᧄⓂߢߪ⫱⼱࡮Ꮉญ࡮ဈᧄ㧔1998㧕ߩ᭎ᔨࠍេ↪ߒޔޟⴕേዷ㐿⴫⃻ޠߢ ޽ࠆޟଐ㗬ޠߪޔ⋧ᚻ߇ޟⴕേޠߒޔߘߩⴕേࠍߔࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߩޟ᳿ቯᮭޠ ߪ⋧ᚻ߇ᜬߜޔ߹ߚޔޟ೑⋉ޠߪ⥄ಽߦ޽ࠆ߽ߩߣߔࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔଐ㗬ߣ ߪ⋧ᚻߦ௛߈߆ߌࠆ⴫⃻ߩ߁ߜޔޟ⥄ಽߩ೑⋉ߩߚ߼ߦޔ⋧ᚻߩᅢᗧߦࠃ ߞߡޔ⋧ᚻߦ૗߆ࠍߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߎߣࠍ᳞߼ࠆ߽ߩޠߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ 䋭㪌㪍䋭

㪊㪅㪉㪅㪉 ଐ㗬⴫⃻ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇࠆᢥဳ㩷  ᢥဳߩᗧ๧࡮ᯏ⢻߇ಽ㘃ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆԘޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢥဳㄉౖޢ㧔ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠫ ࡖࡑࠪࠗ1998㧕ޔԙޡߤࠎߥᤨߤ߁૶߁ᣣᧄ⺆⴫⃻ᢥဳㄉౖޢ㧔෹᧻ᖝሶޔ ችᧄᷕޔ๺ᩙ㓷ሶ2007㧕ޔԚޡᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജ⹜㛎಴㗴ၮḰޣᡷ⸓ ޤޢ㧔࿖ 㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄࡮ᣣᧄ࿖㓙ᢎ⢒ᡰេදળ2006㧕3࡮4⚖ߩᢥဳ࡮ᢥᴺ㗄⋡৻ⷩࠍ ኻᾖߒߥ߇ࠄޔଐ㗬ߩᗧ๧࡮ᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟߣߐࠇࠆᢥဳࠍขࠅ਄ߍߡߺࠆߣ એਅߩ⴫1ߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޕ ⴫䋱㩷 ଐ㗬⴫⃻䈮↪䈇䉌䉏䉎ᢥဳ㩷 ᢥဳ Ԙ ԙ Ԛ Nࡥ ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗ 㧙 ٤ ٤(4⚖) V࠹ ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗ ٤ ٤ ٤(4⚖) V࠽ࠗ࠺ ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗ 㧙 㧙 ٤(4⚖) Nࡥ ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗࡑ࠮ࡦࠞ 㧙 ٤ ٤(4⚖) V࠹ ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗࡑ࠮ࡦࠞ ٤㧔࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨ࡞㧕 ٤ ٤(4⚖) ࠝVࠢ࠳ࠨࠗ 㧙 ٤ ٤(4⚖) V㧔ࠨ㧕࠮࠹ ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗ 㧙 ٤ ٤(3⚖) V㧔ࠨ㧕࠮࠹ ࠢ࡟ࡑ࠮ࡦࠞ 㧙 ٤ 㧙 V㧔ࠨ㧕࠮࠹ ࡕ࡜ࠛࡑ࠮ࡦࠞ 㧙 ٤ 㧙 ࠝVࡀࠟ࠙ ٤ 㧙 㧙 Nࠟ ࡎࠪࠗࡦ࠺ࠬࠟ ٤ 㧙 㧙 V࠹ ࠢ࡟ ٤ 㧙 㧙 V࠹ ࠢ࡟࠽ࠗ㧔ࠞ㧕 ٤ 㧙 㧙 V࠹ ࠴࡚࠙࠳ࠗ ٤ 㧙 㧙 V࠹ ࡎࠪࠗ㧔ࡦ࠳ࠤ࡟࠼㧕 ٤ 㧙 㧙 V࠹ ࡕ࡜ࠛ࠽ࠗࠞ ٤ 㧙 㧙 V࠹ ࡕ࡜ࠛࡑࠗࠞ ٤ 㧙 㧙 V࠹ ࡕ࡜ࠛ࡞ࠞ ٤ 㧙 㧙 䋭㪌㪎䋭

 ޟଐ㗬ޠߩᗧ๧࡮ᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩਛߢޔ3ౠߦ౒ㅢߒߡ޿ ࠆ߽ߩߪࠊߕ߆2ߟ㧔ޟV࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߣޟV࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗࡑ࠮ࡦࠞޠ㧕ߢ ޽ߞߚޕ߹ߚޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߢ޽ࠆ5ౠߩೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߦߡขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ߁ߜޔ5ౠߦ౒ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆᢥဳߪޟV࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠޟV࠽ࠗ࠺ࠢ ࠳ࠨࠗޠޟࠝVࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩ3ߟߢ޽ߞߚ㧔⴫2㧕ޕߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ ࠨࠗޠߪଐ㗬ߩᯏ⢻ࠍ߽ߟ߽ߩߣߒߡޔᐢߊ⹺⼂ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ 䋭㪌㪏䋭

⴫䋲㩷 ฦᢎ⑼ᦠ䈮䈍䈔䉎ଐ㗬⴫⃻䈱ឭ಴⺖䎃 ᢥဳ 㽲ೋ㩷 㽳䉂㩷 㽴䈕㩷 㽵ᢥ㩷 㽶㪡㩷 㪥䊭㩷 䉪䉻䉰䉟㩷 䋼䋶䋾㩷_㪲䋶㪴㩷 㪲䋳㪴䇮㪲㪉㪌㪴㩷 㪲䋲㪴䇮㪲䋹㪴㩷 㩷 㩷 䋼㸇䊶䋴䋾㩷 㪲㸇䊶䋴㪴㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䉪䉻䉰䉟㩷 䋼㪈㪇䋾㩷 㪲㪈㪇㪴䇮㪲㪈㪈㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪉㪴䇮㪲㪈㪊㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪋㪴䇮㪲㪈㪎㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪏㪴䇮㪲㪉㪇㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪈㪴䇮㪲㪉㪉㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪊㪴䇮㪲㪉㪋㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪎㪴㩷 䋼㪈㪋䋾㩷 㪲䋳㪴䇮㪲䋸㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪋㪴䇮㪲㪈㪍㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪎㪴䇮㪲㪉㪊㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪌㪴䇮㪲㪉㪍㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪐㪴䇮㪲㪊㪇㪴䇮 㪲㪊㪉㪴䇮㪲㪊㪊㪴䇮 㪲㪊㪋㪴䇮㪲㪊㪏㪴䇮 㪲㪋㪇㪴䇮㪲㪋㪋㪴䇮 㪲㪋㪌㪴䇮㪲㪋㪏㪴㩷 䋼䋶䋾㩷 㪲䋶㪴䇮㪲䋸㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪈㪴䇮㪲㪈㪉㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪊㪴䇮㪲㪈㪍㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪊㪴㩷 䋼䋹䋾㩷 㪲㪎㪴䇮㪲㪐㪴䇮㪲㪈㪇㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪈㪴䇮㪲㪈㪉㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪊㪴䇮㪲㪈㪌㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪍㪴䇮㪲㪈㪎㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪏㪴䇮㪲㪈㪐㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪇㪴䇮㪲㪉㪈㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪉㪴䇮㪲㪉㪍㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪎㪴䇮㪲㪊㪇㪴䇮 㪲㪊㪈㪴䇮㪲㪊㪉㪴䇮 㪲㪊㪌㪴㩷 䋼㸇䊶䋴䋾㩷 㪲㸇䊶䋴㪴䇮㪲㸇䊶 䋵㪴䇮㪲㸇䊶㪈㪋㪴䇮 㪲㸇䊶㪈㪏㪴䇮㪲㸇䊶 㪉㪈㪴䇮㪲㸈䊶䋲㪴䇮 㪲㸉䊶㪋㪴䇮㪲㸉䊶 㪏㪴䇮㪲㸉䊶㪈㪊㪴㩷 㪭䊅䉟䊂㩷 䉪䉻䉰䉟㩷 䋼㪈㪇䋾㩷_{㪲㪈㪇㪴㩷} 䋼㪈㪎䋾㩷 㪲㪈㪎㪴䇮㪲㪉㪌㪴䇮 㪲㪊㪏㪴䇮㪲㪋㪌㪴㩷 䋼䋸䋾㩷 㪲䋸㪴䇮㪲㪈㪉㪴㩷 䋼㪈㪍䋾㩷 㪲㪈㪍㪄㪉㪴㩷 䋼㸇䊶㪉㪈䋾㩷 㪲㸇䊶㪉㪈㪴㩷 䉥㪭䉪䉻䉰䉟㩷 䋼㪉㪏䋾㩷 㪲㪉㪏㪴㩷 㪲䋷㪴䇮㪲㪈㪊㪴䇮 㪲㪋㪍㪴䇮㪲㪋㪐㪴㩷 䋼㪈㪐䋾㩷 㪲㪈㪐㪴䇮㪲㪉㪇㪴㩷 䋼㪉㪈䋾㩷 㪲㪈㪍㪄㪈㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪐㪄㪈㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪐㪄㪉㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪈㪄㪉㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪌㪄㪈㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪐㪄㪉㪴䇮 㪲㪊㪇㪄㪋㪴䇮 㪲㪊㪈㪄㪊㪴䇮㪲㪊㪌㪄㪉㪴 䋼㸉䊶㪋䋾㩷 㪲㸇䊶䋷㪴䇮㪲㸈䊶 㪈㪉㪴䇮㪲㸉䊶㪋㪴䇮 㪲㸉䊶㪈㪊㪴䇮㪲㸉䊶 㪈㪋㪴㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䉪䉻䉰䉟䊙䉶 䊮䉦㩷 䋼㪉㪎䋾㩷 㪲㪈㪍㪴䇮㪲㪉㪎㪴㩷 䋼㪋㪈䋾㩷 䇶㪈㪍䇷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䉟䉺䉻䉬䊙䉶 䊮䉦㩷 㪲㪉㪉㪴㩷 䋼㪉㪍䋾㩷 㪲㪉㪍㪴䇮㪲㪉㪏㪴䇮 㪲㪋㪈㪴㩷 䋼㪈㪍䋾㩷 㪲㪈㪍㪴䇮㪲㪉㪇㪴㩷 䋼㪊㪇䋾㩷 㪲㪊㪇㪄㪊㪴㩷 㩷 㩷 䉥㪭㩷 䉟䉺䉻䉬䊙䉶 䊮䉦㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪲㸉䊶㪈㪈㪴㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䉟䉺䉻䉬䊙䉴䉦㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪲㪉㪇㪴㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䉪䊧䊙䉶䊮䉦㩷 㩷 㩷 㪲㪋㪍㪴㩷 䋼㪈㪍䋾㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶㸉䊶䋷䇷㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䉪䊧䊅䉟䋿㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䋼㪈㪍䋾㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶㸉䊶䋷䇷㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䊝䊤䉣䊙䉶䊮䉦㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶㪈㪍䇷㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶㸉䊶䋷䇷㩷_{㪲㸉䊶㪎㪴㩷} 㪭䊁㩷 䊝䊤䉣䊙䉴䉦㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶㸉䊶䋷䇷㩷 㪭䊁㩷 䊝䊤䉣䊅䉟䋿㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶㪈㪍䇷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪭䋨䉰䋩䉶䊁㩷 䉪䉻䉰䉟㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶㪉㪉䇷㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪭䋨䉰䋩䉶䊁㩷 䉟䉺䉻 䉬䊙䉶䊮䉦㩷 㩷 㩷 䋼㪋㪏䋾㩷 㪲㪋㪏㪴㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪭䊁䇯㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䇶䋶䇷㩷 㪲㪈㪋㪴䇮㪲㪈㪌㪴䇮 㪲㪈㪏㪴㩷 㪲㪉㪉㪴䇮㪲㪉㪌㪴䇮 㪲㪉㪍㪴䇮㪲㪊㪈㪴㩷 㪲㸈䊶䋴㪴㩷 㪭䊅䉟䊂䇯㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㪲㪉㪊㪴㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ̪ᣂ಴ߩᢥဳ࡮⴫⃻ߣߒߡขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วߪ㧨㧪ޔᢥᴺ⺑᣿ౝߢ ขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߪޝ ޞޔᧄᢥߢ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ႐วߪ[ ]ߢ␜ߔޕ 䋭㪌㪐䋭

䋳䋮䋳㩷 ଐ㗬⴫⃻䈮䈍䈔䉎䇸䌾䊁䉪䉻䉰䉟䇹 㧟㧚㧞ߢߪޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇ଐ㗬ߩᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟᢥဳߣߒߡᐢߊ⹺⼂ߐࠇ ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⏕⹺ߒߚޕޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߪଐ㗬ߩ⴫⃻ߣߒߡೋ⚖ ߩᣧ޿Ბ㓏ߢᛒࠊࠇࠆ߇ޔޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߦߪޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻ߩઁߦ߽ޔ ޟ೑⋉ޠ߇⥄ಽߦ޽ࠆߣߪ⸒޿㔍޿ޟ൘߼ޠ߿ޔⴕേߩ᳿ቯᮭ߇⹤ߒᚻߦ ޽ࠆޟᜰ␜࡮๮઎ޠߩᯏ⢻߽޽ࠆޕߎߩޟᜰ␜࡮๮઎ޠߩᯏ⢻߽޽ࠆߚ߼ޔ ଐ㗬ࠍⴕ߁㓙ߦޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߣ߈ߪㆡಾߦ૶↪ߒߥ޿ߣ⋧ ᚻߦޟᄬ␞ߛޠߣ޿߁ශ⽎ࠍਈ߃ߡߒ߹߁ߎߣ߽޽ࠆޕታ㓙ߦޔᣣᧄ⺆Უ ⺆⹤⠪ߪଐ㗬ࠍⴕ߁㓙ߦޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠍ૶↪ߒߥ޿௑ะ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ వⴕ⎇ⓥߦ߅޿ߡᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔㑐ᩮޔ2007㧕ޕ ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇ޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟߎߣߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߢߪ޽ࠆ߇ޔ⺕ߦޔ ߤߩࠃ߁ߥଐ㗬ࠍⴕ߁㓙ߦ૶↪ߔࠆߩ߇ㆡಾߢ޽ࠆߩ߆ߪೋ⚖Ბ㓏ޔ․ߦ ೋ⚖ߩ೨ඨߩᲑ㓏ߢߪ⺑᣿ߐࠇߥ޿ߎߣ߽ᄙ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆ޕ⺞ᩏ ኻ⽎ᢎ᧚ԙߩޡߺࠎߥߩᣣᧄ⺆ޢߩޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩᢥᴺ⸃⺑ߪޔޡߺࠎߥ ߩᣣᧄ⺆ ೋ⚖Τ⠡⸶࡮ᢥᴺ⸃⺑ ⧷⺆ ޢߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ ޿ࠆޕޟThis sentence pattern is used to ask, instruct or encourage the listener to do something. Naturally, if the listener is one’s superior, this expression cannot be used for giving instructions to him/her.ޠ⋡਄ߩੱߦޟᜰ␜ޠߣߒߡ૶߁ߩߪਇ ㆡಾߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔଐ㗬⴫⃻ߣߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥߣ߈ߦ↪޿ ࠆߩ߇ㆡಾ߆ߣ޿ߞߚ⸥ㅀߪߥ޿ޕ߹ߚޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ᢎ᧚Ԛߩޡೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ ߍࠎ߈Σޢߢߪޔޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩ⸃⺑ߣߒߡޔޟUse a verbal te-form together with ߊߛߐ޿ to make a polite request to another person “please do …for me.”ޠ ߣ޿߁⸥ㅀߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔߎߎߢ߽ৼካߥଐ㗬ߣߒߡ૶߁ߣ޿ߞߚߎߣߛ ߌ߇⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ

ߢߪޔޟ㨪࠹ࠗ࠲࠳ࠤࡑ࠮ࡦࠞޠߦ㑐ߒߡߪߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߣޔޡߺࠎߥߩ ᣣᧄ⺆ ೋ⚖Τ⠡⸶࡮ᢥᴺ⸃⺑ ⧷⺆ ޢߢߪޟThis is a request expression that is politer than 㨪ߡߊߛߐ޿.ޠޔޡೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ߍࠎ߈ΤޢߢߪޟWe use the te-form of a verb 㧗޿ߚߛߌ߹ߖࠎ߆ to make a polite request. This is more appropriate than ߊߛߐ޿ when you request a favor from a nonpeer or from a stranger.ޠߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠃࠅৼካߥ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿ߞߚ ߎߣ߿ޔ⋡਄ߩੱߪⷫߒߊߥ޿ੱߦ૶߁ߣ޿ߞߚߎߣߪ᣿⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽

ߩߩޔߎࠇࠄߩ⸥ㅀߢߪޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥੱ㑆㑐ଥߦ߅޿ߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥ႐㕙ߢ ߤߩࠃ߁ߥଐ㗬ࠍߔࠆ႐วߦޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠃࠅޟ㨪࠹ࠗ࠲࠳ࠤࡑ࠮ࡦ ࠞޠࠍ૶ߞߚ߶߁߇ㆡಾ߆ߪߪߞ߈ࠅߣߪࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆ޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥੱ㑆㑐ଥߢޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥଐ㗬ߩౝኈߦ߅޿ߡߩ૶↪ ߇ㆡಾߢ޽ࠆ߆ߦ㑐ߒߡߪ޽߹ࠅᷓߊߪ⸅ࠇࠄࠇߥ޿ߩ߇ೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߢ޽ࠈ ߁ޕೋ⚖Ბ㓏ޔ․ߦೋ⚖೨ඨߢߪޔᣢ⠌ߩቇ⠌㗄⋡߇ዋߥߊᄙዋਇ⥄ὼߥ ૶↪ߢ޽ߞߡ߽઀ᣇ߇ߥ޿ㇱಽߪ޽ࠆ߇ޔታ㓙ߩㆇ↪ࠍ⷗ᝪ߃ߡᜰዉࠍⴕ ߁႐วޔߤߜࠄ߇ࠃࠅৼካ߆ߣ޿ߞߚߛߌߢߥߊޔࠃࠅౕ૕⊛ߦੱ㑆㑐ଥ ߿ଐ㗬ౝኈߣ޿ߞߚଐ㗬ߩ⁁ᴫࠍ␜ߔߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ ᄙߊߩ႐วޔቇ⠌⠪ߪޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠍৼካߥ⴫⃻ߢ޽ࠆߣᦨೋߦቇ߮ޔ ߘߩᓟᢘ⺆ߩ᭎ᔨߣ౒ߦޟ㨪࠹ࠗ࠲࠳ࠤࡑ࠮ࡦࠞޠߣ޿߁ᢥဳࠍቇ߱ޕߘ ߎߢޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߣߩㆇ↪㕙ߢߩᏅ⇣߇⺑᣿ߐࠇߥ޿㒢ࠅޔ⊒⹤ߩ⁁ ᴫߦࠃߞߡߪޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇ᄬ␞ߥ⴫⃻ߦߥࠅᓧࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪቇ⠌ ⠪ߦߪ⠨߃ߟߌࠆߪߕ߇ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁ޕ

㧠㧚ੱ㑆㑐ଥߣࠦࠬ࠻ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ

䋴䋮䋱㩷 ⺞ᩏᣇᴺ  ߹ߕޔᢎ⑼ᦠߩᧄᢥળ⹤ࠍޔ⫱⼱࡮Ꮉญ࡮ဈᧄ㧔1998㧕ߩ᭎ᔨࠍេ↪ߒ ߡޟⴕേޠޟ᳿ቯᮭޠޟ೑⋉ޠࠍゲߦޟଐ㗬ޠޟᜰ␜࡮๮઎ޠޟ൘߼ޠߩ ߤߩᯏ⢻ߣߒߡ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߦ㑐ߒಽ㘃ࠍⴕ޿ޔߘߩᓟޔޟଐ㗬ޠ ߩᯏ⢻ߣߒߡ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߒߚ߽ߩߦ㑐ߒߡޔጟᧄ㧔1988㧕߇ಽᨆࠍ ⴕ߁㓙ߦ↪޿ߚޟ਄ਅޠޟⷫ⇹ޠޟࠦࠬ࠻ߩᄢዊޠߩⷰὐࠍេ↪ߒޔೋ⚖ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߩᧄᢥળ⹤ߩಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ޕᧄⓂߢߩޟ਄ਅޠޟⷫ⇹ޠޟࠦࠬ ࠻ߩᄢዊޠߩၮḰߪએਅߩ⴫3ߩߣ߅ࠅߢ޽ࠆޕ 䎃 䋭㪍㪈䋭

⴫䋳㩷 䇸਄ਅ䇹䇸ⷫ⇹䇹䇸䉮䉴䊃䈱ᄢዊ䇹䈱ၮḰ 㧨਄ਅ㧪 ਄ ␠ળ⊛ߥ┙႐߇਄ߩੱޔೋኻ㕙ߩੱ ଀㧕ቇ↢ߦኻߔࠆవ↢ޔᣉ⸳೑↪⠪ߦኻߔࠆᣉ⸳▤ℂ⠪ ห ኻ╬ߥ┙႐ߩੱ ଀㧕ห⚖↢ޔ෹ੱޔห௥ ਅ ␠ળ⊛ߥ┙႐߇ਅߩੱ ଀㧕ᓟヘޔቴߦኻߔࠆᐫຬ 㧨ⷫ⇹㧪 ⷫ ⷫߒ޿ੱޔࠃߊ⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆੱ ଀㧕෹ੱޔหߓࠢ࡜ࠬߩవ↢ߣቇ↢ ⇹ ⷫߒߊߥ޿ੱޔࠃߊ⍮ࠄߥ޿ੱޔ⍮ࠄߥ޿ੱ ଀㧕ೋኻ㕙ߩੱޔห௥ߛ߇りㄭߢߪߥ޿ੱ 㧨ࠦࠬ࠻㧪 ᄢ ⴕേߦᄢ߈ߥ⽶ᜂ߇઻߁߽ߩޔቢోߦ⋧ᚻߩᅢᗧߦଐሽߔࠆ߽ߩ ଀㧕⥄ಽߩ೑⋉ߩߚ߼ߦ⋧ᚻ߇⺕߆ߦ૗߆ࠍଐ㗬ߔࠆߎߣࠍଐ㗬ߔࠆ ਛ ߘࠇߥࠅߩ⽶ᜂߪ઻߁߇ޔߘࠇ߶ߤᄢ߈ߥ⽶ᜂߢߪߥ޿߽ߩ ଀㧕ᅚᕈߩ⩄‛ࠍ✂᫜߆ࠄ㒠ࠈߔߩࠍ↵ᕈ߇ᚻવ߁ޔ ౮⌀ࠍߣߞߡ߽ࠄ߁ޔዋ㗵ߩ୫㊄ ዊ ߶߷⽶ᜂࠍᗵߓߕߦⴕേ߇ㆀⴕߢ߈ࠆ߽ߩޔ઀੐ߩ৻ㇱߣ޿߃ࠆ▸࿐ߩ ߽ߩ ଀㧕ଐ㗬⠪ߩḰ஻߇⚳ࠊࠆߩࠍ⍴ᤨ㑆ᓙߟޔ ᖱႎࠍ᳞߼ߡ߈ߚቇ↢ߦᢎᏧ߇ㄉᦠࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ ଐ㗬ᯏ⢻ߣߒߡಽ㘃ߒߚ߽ߩߦኻߒޔ਄⸥ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߩ ᧄᢥળ⹤ߦ߅ߌࠆޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩ૶↪߇ࠝ࡯࠮ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢߥ߽ߩߢ޽ ࠆߩ߆ޔጟᧄ㧔1988㧕ߢㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆᣣᧄ⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߩޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ ߩ૶↪ߣᲧセߒಽᨆࠍⴕ߁ޕ 䋭㪍㪉䋭

䋴䋮䋲㩷 ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ 㪋㪅㪉㪅㪈㩷 䇸䌾䊁䉪䉻䉰䉟䇹䈱಴⃻࿁ᢙ㩷 5ౠߩೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߩᧄᢥળ⹤ࠃࠅޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ ࠆળ⹤ࠍ᛽಴ߒޔߘࠇߙࠇߩᢎ⑼ᦠߦ߅ߌࠆฦᯏ⢻೎ߩ಴⃻࿁ᢙࠍ⺞ᩏߒޔ ⚿ᨐࠍ⴫4ߦ߹ߣ߼ߚޕ ⴫㪋㩷 䇸䌾䊁䉪䉻䉰䉟䇹䈱಴⃻࿁ᢙ㩷 ᢎ⑼ᦠ ଐ㗬 ᜰ␜ ൘߼ ⸘㧔㧑㧕 Ԙ 䇺ೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆㩷 ᣂⵝ 䇻㩷 _{9 14 5} 28㧔23㧑㧕 ԙ 䇺䉂䉖䈭䈱ᣣᧄ⺆㸇䊶㸈䇻㩷 2 19 3 24㧔20㧑㧕 Ԛ 䇺ೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆䈕䉖䈐㸇䊶㸈䇻㩷 0 6 4 10㧔8㧑㧕 ԛ 䇺ᣂᢥൻೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆㸇䊶㸈䇻㩷 11 35 5 51㧔41㧑㧕 Ԝ 䇺㪡㪘㪧㪘㪥㪜㪪㪜㩷 㪝㪦㪩㩷 㪙㪬㪪㪰㩷 㪧㪜㪦㪧㪣㪜 㸇䊶㸈䊶㸉㩷 ᡷቯ╙ 㪊  䇻㩷 5 4 1 10㧔8㧑㧕 ว⸘ 㧔㧑㧕 27 㧔22㧑㧕 78 㧔63㧑㧕 18 㧔15㧑㧕 123 㧔100㧑㧕 ̪ 㧑ߪዊᢙὐએਅಾࠅ਄ߍߩᢙ୯ ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߪ5ౠߩ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ᢎ᧚ࠍㅢߒߡᧄᢥળ⹤ౝߢว⸘123࿁૶ ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚޕߘߩ߁ߜޔ৻⇟ᄙߊ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߩߪԛޡᣂᢥൻೋ⚖ᣣ ᧄ⺆Σ࡮Τޢߢో૕ߩ߅ࠃߘ41㧑ߦᒰߚࠆ51࿁߽ߩ૶↪߇⏕⹺ߐࠇߚޕઁ ߩᢎ⑼ᦠߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᦨૐ10࿁ߣޔޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߪ૶↪㗫ᐲߩ㜞޿ᢥဳ ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒޔᯏ⢻೎ߦޟଐ㗬ޠޔޟᜰ␜ޠޔޟ൘߼ޠߦಽ㘃ߒߡߺࠆߣޔޟଐ 㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻ߣߒߡߩ૶↪ߪో૕ߩ3ಽߩ1ߦ߽ḩߚߥ޿ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ߞߚޕޟᜰ ␜ޠߣߒߡߩ૶↪߇ో૕ߩ⚂63㧑ߢ޽ࠆ78࿁ߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒޔޟଐ㗬ޠߪ ⚂22㧑⒟ᐲߦㆊ߉ߥ߆ߞߚޕߐࠄߦޔԚޡೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ߍࠎ߈Σ࡮Τޢߢߪ ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇ᧄᢥળ⹤ౝߢޟଐ㗬ޠߣߒߡ૶↪ߐࠇߚ଀ߪߥ߆ߞߚޕ 䋭㪍㪊䋭

㪋㪅㪉㪅㪉 ੱ㑆㑐ଥߣࠦࠬ࠻㩷 ߢߪޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠍ฽߻ᧄᢥળ⹤ࠍ᛽಴ߒߚ߇ޔߎߎߢߪળ⹤ ߦ߅ߌࠆੱ㑆㑐ଥߣଐ㗬ࠍⴕߞߚ㓙ߦ⋧ᚻ߇ଐ㗬ࠍฃߌߡⴕേߔࠆ㓙ߦ⽶ ߁ࠦࠬ࠻㧔⽶ᜂ㧕ߣࠍޔጟᧄ㧔1988㧕ߩಽ㘃ᣇᴺࠍෳ⠨ߦߒߡੱ㑆㑐ଥࠍ ޟ਄⇹ޠޟ਄ⷫޠޟห⇹ޠޟหⷫޠޟਅ⇹ޠޟਅⷫޠߩ6⒳㘃ޔࠦࠬ࠻ࠍޟᄢޠ ޟਛޠޟዊޠߩ3⒳㘃ߦಽ㘃ߒޔએਅߩ⴫5ߦ߹ߣ߼ߚޕ ⴫㪌㩷 ੱ㑆㑐ଥ䈫䉮䉴䊃㩷 ਄ਅⷫ⇹䎃 ਄ⷫ䎃 ਄⇹䎃 หⷫ䎃 ห⇹䎃 ਅⷫ䎃 ਅ⇹䎃 ⸘䎃 䭺䮀䮏䎃 ᄢ䎃 ਛ䎃 ዊ䎃 ᄢ ਛ ዊ ᄢ ਛ ዊ ᄢ ਛ ዊ䎃 ᄢ ਛ ዊ ᄢ ਛ ዊ ᄢ ਛ ዊ䎃 䡾ೋ䎃 1 1 7 䡿䭎䎃 2 䢀䬡䎃 䢁ᢥ䎃 2 3 4 1 1 ᢎ䎃 䎃 ⑼䎃 䎃 ᦠ䎃 䢂䎭䎃 1 1 1 1 1 ዊ⸘䎃 1 1 4 5 1 8 4 2 1 1 9 17 䯲䎃 4 䯲 33 䯲 63 䯲 ว⸘䎃 1 5 13 2 1 5 27 䯴䯲䯵䎃 䯴4䯲䯵 䯴19䯲䯵 䯴48䯲䯵 䯴7䯲䯵 䯴4䯲䯵 䯴1䯲䯵 䯴101䯲䯵 ̪ 㧑ߪዊᢙὐએਅಾࠅ਄ߍߩᢙ୯  ߢ⷗ߚࠃ߁ߦޔኻ⽎ᢎ᧚ౝߩᧄᢥળ⹤ߦ߅޿ߡޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻ߣߒ ߡޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇ᧄᢥળ⹤ߦ⃻ࠇߚߩߪ27࿁ߢ޽ߞߚ߇ޔߘߩਛߢ৻ ⇟ᄙߊ⃻ࠇߚੱ㑆㑐ଥߪห⚖↢߿ห௥ߥߤ⹤ߒ߆ߌ߿ߔ޿⋧ᚻ㧔หⷫ㧕ߢޔ ో૕ߩ⚂48%ߦᒰߚࠆ13࿁ߩ૶↪߇⷗ࠄࠇߚޕ߹ߚޔࠦࠬ࠻ߦ㑐ߒߡߪዊߐ ޿ߣ߈㧔ࠦࠬ࠻ዊ㧕ߢޔో૕ߩ⚂63%ߦᒰߚࠆ17࿁ߢ޽ߞߚޕੱ㑆㑐ଥ߇ޟห ⷫޠߩࠪ࠴ࡘࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢߪࠦࠬ࠻ᄢߩଐ㗬ߦ߽ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇↪޿ ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ߞߚ߇ޔԘޡೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ ᣂⵝ ޢߢޟ⥄ಽߩ೑⋉ߩ ߚ߼ߦޔ⋧ᚻ߇⺕߆ߦଐ㗬ࠍߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ㗬߻ޠ1࿁ߛߌߢో૕ߩ⚂4㧑ߦㆊ 䋭㪍㪋䋭

߉ߥ߆ߞߚޕࠦࠬ࠻ਛߩଐ㗬ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚߩߪో૕ߩ⚂33㧑ߦᒰߚࠆ9 ࿁ߢ޽ߞߚޕ 䋴䋮䋳㩷 ⠨ኤ ߢߺߚࠃ߁ߦޔޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩ૶↪ߦ߅޿ߡޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻ߣ ߒߡ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ߽ߩߪ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ో૕ߩ⚂22%⒟ᐲߦㆊ߉ߕޔ⚂63㧑ߪ ޟᜰ␜ޠߣߒߡ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߢߪޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ ߩ૶↪ߦ㑐ߒߡޔቇ⠌⠪ߪޟᜰ␜ޠߣߒߡ⸅ࠇࠆᯏળߩ߶߁߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ߇ ࠊ߆ࠆޕߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔᢎᏧߪޟଐ㗬ޠߣߒߡ૶߁㓙ߦߪᵈᗧ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ␜ߔᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕߒ߆ߒޔೋ⚖೨ඨߢߪ⵬ഥേ⹖ࠍ ૶߁⴫⃻㧔ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࡟ࡑ࠮ࡦࠞޠޔޟ㨪࠹ࡕ࡜ࠛ࡞㧫ޠ╬㧕߿㗿ᦸࠍㅀߴ ࠆߎߣߢଐ㗬ࠍ⴫⃻ߔࠆ㧔ޟ㨪࠲ࠗࡦ࠺̖̖ࠬࠟޠߩ㧕ࠃ߁ߥ㑆ធ⊛ߥ⴫ ⃻ߪቇ⠌㗄⋡ߢߪߥ޿ߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ߚ߼ޔઁߩ⴫⃻ߣߩ૶޿ಽߌߪ㔍ߒ޿ߣ ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕೋ⚖೨ඨߢߪޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍℂ⸃ߒޔߘߩᯏ⢻ ߣߒߡ૶↪ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔઁߩଐ㗬⴫⃻߇૶߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆೋ⚖ᓟඨߢߪޔ ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߦߪޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻߽޽ࠆ߇ޔޟᜰ␜ޠߣߒߡ૶ࠊࠇࠆ ߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ᢥဳߢ޽ࠅޔଐ㗬ߩ⁁ᴫߦࠃߞߡㆡᒰߥ⴫⃻ߩ૶޿ಽߌ߇ߢ߈ ࠆࠃ߁ᜰዉߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߛߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ ߢ⷗ߚࠃ߁ߦೋ⚖ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⑼ᦠߩਛߢޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩޟଐ㗬ޠ ߣߒߡߩ૶↪ߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔࠦࠬ࠻ዊߩ႐วߦᄙߊ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ ߞߚ߇ޔߎߩ⚿ᨐߪጟᧄ㧔1988㧕߇ㅀߴߚࠦࠬ࠻ዊߢߪ⋥ធ⊛ߥᒻ㧔̆ߡ ߊߛߐ޿㧕߿⢐ቯ⇼໧ᒻ㧔̆ߡ߽ࠄ߃߹ߔ߆╬㧕߇ޔࠦࠬ࠻ᄢߢߪุቯ⇼ ໧ᒻ㧔̆ߡߊࠇ߹ߖࠎ߆ޔ̆ߡ߽ࠄ߃߹ߖࠎ߆╬㧕߇⋧ᚻߦࠃࠄߕㆬ߫ࠇ ࠆ௑ะ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁߽ߩߣ৻⥌ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ߢ޽ࠆᧄᢥળ⹤ߦ߅ߌ ࠆޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩ૶↪߇ࠝ࡯࠮ࡦ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ߹ ߚޔߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔೋ⚖೨ඨߢޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠࠍޟଐ㗬ޠߣߒߡઁߩ⴫ ⃻ߣ඙೎ߖߕߦ૶↪ߐߖࠆ႐วߦ߽ࠦࠬ࠻ዊߩࠪ࠴ࡘࠛ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍឭ␜ߔ ࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿ߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕᄙዋߩਇ⥄ὼߐߪ⸵ኈߢ޽ߞߡ߽ޔ႐㕙✵ ⠌ߥߤߩ㓙ޔ޽߃ߡਇ⥄ὼߥ⁁ᴫߢ⊒⹤ߐߖߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦᗧ⼂ߔࠆߎߣߪᔅ ⷐߢ޽ࠆޕೋ⚖ᓟඨߢઁߩ⴫⃻ߣߩ૶޿ಽߌ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠇ߫ޔߘߩ 㓙ߦߪࠦࠬ࠻ߩ᭎ᔨࠍ␜ߒޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥଐ㗬ߢ޽ࠇ߫ޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇ 䋭㪍㪌䋭

⥄ὼߥ૶↪ߣߥࠆ߆ࠍឭ␜ߒߡ߽޿޿ߛࠈ߁ޕ એ਄ㅀߴߡ߈ߚೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߩቇ⠌⠪ߦᦼᓙߐࠇࠆޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩㆇ↪⢻ ജࠍ⴫6ߦ߹ߣ߼ߚޕ ⴫㪍㩷 ೋ⚖Ბ㓏䈮䈍䈇䈩ᦼᓙ䈘䉏䉎䇸䌾䊁䉪䉻䉰䉟䇹䈱ㆇ↪⢻ജ㩷 ೋ⚖೨ඨ ࡮ޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅޔଐ㗬ߩ႐㕙ߢ૶↪ߢ߈ࠆ㧔႐ 㕙ࠍ⸳ቯߔࠆ㓙ߦߪࠦࠬ࠻ዊߩ႐㕙ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿㧕ޕ ̪ઁߩଐ㗬⴫⃻ߩ߶߁߇߰ߐࠊߒ޿႐㕙ߢ޽ߞߡ߽ޔޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ ࠍ૶↪ߒߡޟଐ㗬ޠ߇ߢ߈ࠇ߫ࠃ޿ޕ ೋ⚖ᓟඨ ࡮ޟଐ㗬ޠߩᯏ⢻߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅޔࠦࠬ࠻ዊߩଐ㗬ߩ႐㕙ߢ૶↪ ߢ߈ࠆޕ ࡮ޟᜰ␜ޠߣߒߡ૶ࠊࠇࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅޔޟଐ㗬ޠߣߒߡ૶ ߁႐วߦߪޔ⋧ᚻߦኻߒߡᄬ␞ߥ⴫⃻ߦߥࠄߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦੱ㑆㑐ଥ߿ ࠦࠬ࠻ߩᄢዊࠍ⠨ᘦߒޔᣢ⠌ߩઁߩଐ㗬⴫⃻ߣ૶޿ಽߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ ߈ࠆޕ

㧡㧚੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴

ᧄⓂߦ߅޿ߡଐ㗬⴫⃻ߩ৻ߟߢ޽ࠆޟ㨪࠹ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠߩ૶↪ߦ㑐ߒߡೋ⚖ Ბ㓏ߢᦼᓙߐࠇࠆㆇ↪⢻ജߣߒߡ৻ߟߩ⠨߃ᣇ߇ឭ␜ߢ߈ߚ߇ޔ߹ߛ߹ߛ ਇචಽߥὐ߽޽ࠅޔ⺖㗴߇ᱷߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ ߹ߕޔᧄⓂߢߪೋ⚖೨ඨᲑ㓏ߦ߅޿ߡߪઁߩ⴫⃻ߣߩ㆑޿ࠍ໧ࠊߕޟ㨪࠹ ࠢ࠳ࠨࠗޠ߇ޟଐ㗬ޠߣߒߡ૶↪ߢ߈ࠇ߫ࠃ޿ߣߒߚ߇ޔߤߩ⒟ᐲߩਇ⥄ ὼߐߢ޽ࠇ߫⸵ኈߥߩ߆ޔቢోߦࠝ࡯࠮ࡦ࠹ࠖࠪ࠹ࠖࠍήⷞߒߡ߽޿޿ߩ ߆ߤ߁߆ޔ੹ᓟޔଐ㗬ࠍߔࠆ㓙ߩੱ㑆㑐ଥ߿႐㕙ߥߤߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᬌ⸛ࠍ㊀ ߨޔࠃࠅౕ૕⊛ߥᜰዉᣇᴺࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ޿ޕ ߹ߚޔᧄⓂߢಽᨆߩၮḰߣߒߚࠦࠬ࠻ߩ඙ಽߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔታ㓙ߦߪ3Ბ㓏ߩ ඙ಽߢߪഀࠅಾࠇߥ޿߽ߩ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇޔߐࠄߦߪ⺞ᩏ⠪ߩਥⷰ ߦࠃߞߡ඙ಽ߇Ꮐฝߐࠇࠆߣ޿ߞߚߎߣ߽ ᔨߐࠇࠆߚ߼ޔ੹ᓟߩ⎇ⓥߢ ߪࠃࠅቴⷰ⊛ߥၮḰߣߥࠆࠃ߁ᡷ߼ߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇⺖㗴ߢ޽ࠆޕ ᦨᓟߦޔೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߩቇ⠌⠪ߦᔅⷐߥࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩਛߢߩቇ⠌㗄⋡ 䋭㪍㪍䋭

ߩㆇ↪⢻ജࠍߐࠄߦ᣿⏕ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ࠍᐢߍࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨ ߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ੹ᓟߪ⺞ᩏኻ⽎ࠍᐢߍޔ৻ጀ᏷ᐢ޿ⷰὐߢಽᨆࠍ⹜ߺߡ޿߈ߚ ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆޕ

ෳ⠨ᢥ₂

Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1987) Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.

ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊࠫࡖࡑࠪࠗ㧔1998㧕ޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢥဳㄉౖޢߊࠈߒ߅಴  ⫱⼱ብ࡮Ꮉญ⟵৻࡮ဈᧄᗆ㧔1998㧕ޡᢘ⺆⴫⃻ޢᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ ̆̆̆̆㧔1993㧕ޟଐ㗬⴫⃻ᣇ⇛ߩಽᨆߣ⸥ㅀ̆ᓙㆄ⴫⃻ᢎ⢒߳ߩᔕ↪ߦ ะߌߡ̆ޠޡᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇᣣᧄ⺆⎇ⓥᢎ⢒࠮ࡦ࠲࡯♿ⷐޢ5ภ pp.52-69 ⫱⼱ብ㧔1998㧕ޟޟ޽ߚ߆߽⴫⃻ޠ : ޟ⴫⃻ᗧ࿑ޠߣޟᢥ⹤ޠߣߩޟߕ ࠇޠޠޡᣧⒷ↰ᄢቇᣣᧄ⺆⎇ⓥᢎ⢒࠮ࡦ࠲࡯♿ⷐޢ11ภ pp.19-33 ̆̆̆̆㧔2003㧕ޟޟᓙㆄࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦޠߩ⎇ⓥߣᢎ⢒ޠޡᓙㆄࠦ ࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦᢎ⢒ޢഃೀภ pp.1-6 Ꮉญ⟵৻㧔2003㧕ޟ⴫⃻㘃ဳ⺰߆ࠄ⷗ߚᯏ⢻ߩ᭎ᔨ̆̆ޟ௛߈߆ߌࠆ⴫⃻ޠ ߩ᭎ᔨߩឭ໒ޠޡ⻠ᐳᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ39ภ pp.29-41. ̆̆̆̆㧔2004㧕ޟ⴫⃻ᢎ⢒ߣᢥᴺᜰዉߩⲢว ޟ௛߈߆ߌࠆ⴫⃻ޠߣޟ⺆ ࠆ⴫⃻ޠ߆ࠄ⷗ߚೋ⚖ᢥᴺޠޡࠫࡖ࡯࠽࡞CAJIEޢ6ภ pp.57-70 ࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄࡮ᣣᧄ࿖㓙ᢎ⢒ᡰេදળ㧔2006㧕ޡᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജ⹜㛎಴㗴ၮḰ ޣᡷ⸓ ޤޢಠੱ␠ ጟᧄ⌀৻㇢㧔1988㧕ޟଐ㗬⴫⃻ߩ૶޿ಽߌߩⷙቯ࿃ޠޡᗲ⍮ቇ㒮ᄢቇᢥቇ ㇱ♿ⷐޢ 18ภ pp.7-14 㑐ᩮ๺ᳯ㧔2007㧕ޟޟ㨪ߡߊߛߐ޿ޠߩᯏ⢻ߦߟ޿ߡ㧦ޟ㨪ߡߊߛߐ޿ޠ ߪଐ㗬߆ޠޡᤘ๺ᅚሶᄢቇᄢቇ㒮⸒⺆ᢎ⢒࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪ ࡦ⎇ⓥޢ2ภ pp.81-95 䋭㪍㪎䋭

㜞ᧁ⟤ཅ㧔2004㧕ޟޟળ⹤ޠߣ޿߁ᓙㆄࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩߒߊߺ̆ળ ⹤ᢎ⢒ߩၮ␆ℂ⺰ߩ⠨ኤ̆ޠޡᓙㆄࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⎇ⓥޢ2 ภ pp.17-32 ෹᧻ᖝሶ࡮ችᧄᷕ࡮๺ᩙ㓷ሶ⪺㧔2007㧕ޡߤࠎߥᤨߤ߁૶߁ᣣᧄ⺆⴫⃻ᢥ ဳㄉౖޢࠕ࡞ࠢ 䋭㪍㪏䋭

䇼⾗ᢱ䇽㩷 ᧄᢥળ⹤䈮䈍䈔䉎ੱ㑆㑐ଥ䈫䉮䉴䊃 ᢎ⑼ᦠ䎐⺖䎃 㗁䎃 ੱ㑆㑐ଥ䎃 䭺䮀䮏 ᧄᢥ䎃 䡾䎐䎔䎓䎃 䎃 䎛䎔䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬜䭖䬕䬾䬕䭢䬸䬕䬧䭖䬕䬶䬮䬓䬓䬞䬽䬧䭔䬝䭖䬕䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䬼䫻䎃 䮥䮑䎃 䰆䭞䬮䬦䬾䬜䭖䬕䬾䬧䭔䬝䭖䬕䭡ભ䭎䭍䬨䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬸䬕䬦䬵䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮥䮑䎃 䰆䭂䭖䬕䬜䬶䬨䬚䭘䫺䬙ක⠪䬤䭢䬽䬷䬢䭜䭇ⴕ䬜䭍䬨䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺వ↢䬺⸒䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䡾䎐䎔䎓䎃 䎃 䎛䎖䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ 䭩䮱䎃 䰆䬜䭖䬕䬾䬑䬳䬚䬲䬮䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬳䬚䭛䭍䬦䬮䬼䫻䬳䭐䬮䬓䭿䮬䯃䮀䭡䬽䭎䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 䭩䮱䎃 䰆䬓䭍䫺䬙㊄䬛䬑䭙䭍䬪䭢䫻䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺䬚䬦䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬓䬓䬶䬨䭗䫻䬸䬕䬭䬢䬽⊖౞₹䭡䬳䬚䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䭩䮱䎃 䰆䬸䬕䭑䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䬙㊄䬾䬑䬷䬶䬚䬗䬦䭍䬨䫻䎃 䡾䎐䎔䎔䎃 䎜䎔䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ ዊᨋ䰆䭩䮱䬤䭢䫺䬿䭢䬣䬾䭢䭍䬶ᤨ㑆䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䬚䭘䫺䎃 䬤䭢䭌䬺ⴕ䬜䭍䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻䎃 䭩䮱䎃 䰆䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䬬䬕䬦䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䬶䬾䫺䭇䭓䭇䭲䮨䮰䭡䬷䭙䬺䎃 ⴕ䬜䭍䬨䬚䭘䫺䬡䭢䬚䭢䬶䭍䬲䬵䬓䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ዊᨋ䰆䭩䮱䬤䭢䫺䭇䭓䬽䭍䬸䭡㐽䭐䭍䬦䬮䬚䫻䎃 䭩䮱䎃 䰆䬾䬓䫺䭇䭓䭡䬶䭚೨䬺㐽䭐䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䬬䭛䬚䭘䫺䮍䮳䮚䭑䬠䬦䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䡾䎐䎔䎖䎃 䎃 䎔䎓䎛䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䭓䭍䬯䬤䭢䫺䬰䭖䬲䬷䬬䬕䬯䭢䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䬛䫺䬓䬓䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆䬾䬓䫺૗䬶䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬪䭢䬦䭔䬕䬚䭘෹䬯䬰䬛ᣣᧄ䬺᧪䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 ੹䫺෹䬯䬰䬺䬑䬡䭚‛䭡䬤䬛䬦䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 ૗䬚䬓䬓‛䬾䬑䭙䭍䬪䭢䬚䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆䬮䬷䬗䬿䫺ᤨ⸘䬾䬸䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬬䬕䬶䬨䬼䫻ᣣᧄ䬪䬓䬽ᤨ⸘䬾䫺䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 ቟䬞䬵䫺䬓䬓ᤨ⸘䭡ᄁ䬲䬵䬓䭚ᐫ䭡⍮䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆䬪䭢䭑䭢䬽ᐫ䬾⍮䭙䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺䮎䮘䯃䮏䬾䬦䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䬝䭢䬥䬺䬑䭚ᐫ䬾䬸䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䬬䬽ᐫ䬺䬾䭞䬮䬦䬽෹䬯䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䬰䬛䬳䬷䭐䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬬䬽ᐫ䬾䬸䬢䬺䬑䭚䬚䫺႐ᚲ䭡䬙䬦䬗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆䬗䬗䫺䬓䬓䬶䬨䭗䫻䬢䬢䬺䬝䭢䬥䬽࿾࿑䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䫻䎃 䬢䬽࿾࿑䬺ᐫ䬛䬑䭚႐ᚲ䭡ᦠ䬜䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 䮆䮺䎃 䰆䬬䬽ੱ䬾૗䬷䬓䬕ੱ䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆䭗䬦䬯䬷䬓䬕ੱ䬶䬨䫻䎃 䬑䬹䬮䬽ⴕ䬞ᣣ䭡䬶䭢䭞䬶⍮䭘䬪䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 䡾䎐䎔䎗䎃 䎃 䎔䎔䎘䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ ዊᨋ䎃 䰆䮴䯃䮰䬤䭢䬽䬦䭔䭎䬾૗䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆䭞䬮䬦䬽䬦䭔䭎䬾౮⌀䭡䬷䭚䬢䬷䬶䬨䫻䎃 ౮⌀䭡䬷䭚䬢䬷䬾䭊䭢䬷䬕䬺䬮䬽䬦䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ዊᨋ䎃 䰆੹䫺૶䬲䬵䬓䭚䭲䮨䮰䬾䬸䭢䬹䭲䮨䮰䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆䬰䭖䬲䬷ฎ䬓䭲䮨䮰䬶䬨䫻䎃 ੹䫺䬑䬮䭘䬦䬓䭲䮨䮰䭡䬚䬓䬮䬓䬷䬙䭑䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 ዊᨋ䎃 䰆䬸䭢䬹䭲䮨䮰䬛䬚䬓䬮䬓䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆ో⥄േ䬽䭲䮨䮰䬛䭊䬦䬓䬶䬨䫻䎃 ዊᨋ䎃 䰆䬰䬚䬞䬺䬓䬓ᐫ䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䬛䫺ⴕ䬲䬵䭎䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆ⴕ䬲䬵䭎䬮䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䬳䭛䬵ⴕ䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䡾䎐䎔䎗䎃 䎃 䎔䎔䎙䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ᄢ 䮴䯃䮰䰆䬢䬽䬦䬿䭄䬾䬜䭛䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䬦䬿䭄䬺౉䬲䬵䭑䬓䬓䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ዊᨋ䰆䬗䬗䫺౉䬲䬵䭑䬓䬓䬶䬨䫻䎃 䬶䭑䫺䬦䬿䭄䬽਄䬶ㆇേ䬦䬮䭙䬦䬵䬾䬓䬠䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆ዊᨋ䬤䭢䫺䬑䬽䮗䮰䬽⧎䬽೨䬺䬚䭞䬓䬓ᅚ䬽ሶ䬛䬓䭍䎃 䬨䬼䫻䬑䬽ሶ䬽౮⌀䭡౮䬦䬮䬓䬶䬨䫻䬑䬽ሶ䬽䬙Უ䬤䎃 䭢䬺䬮䬽䭢䬶䭎䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䋭㪍㪐䋭

䡾䎐䎕䎔䎃 䎃 䎔䎛䎘䎃 ቇ↢䜮_వ↢䎃 ਄_ⷫ ዊ 䮴䯃䮰䰆⑳䬽ṽሼ䬽䬧䬦䭖䬾䫺䬧䭔䬞䬣䬽ᗧ๧䬽⺑᣿䬛ዋ䬹䬓䎃 䬽䬶䬨䬛䫺䬸䬕䬦䬮䭘䬓䬓䬶䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻䎃 ጊᧄ䎃 䰆䭑䬲䬷ᄢ䬜䬓ㄉᦠ䭡૶䬲䬮䭘䬓䬓䬶䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 ዁᧪䫺ᄢቇ䬶䭑૶䬕䬹䭘䫺䬞䭞䬦䬓䬽䬛䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䬢䬽ㄉᦠ䬾䬸䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆䬢䭛䬾⺑᣿䬛䬞䭞䬦䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ጊᧄ䎃 䰆䬗䬗䫻䬼䬯䭢䬾ዋ䬦㜞䬓䬶䬨䬛䫺ଢ೑䬶䬨䭗䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆ଢ೑䬹䭘䫺㜞䬞䬵䭑䫺⾈䬓䬮䬓䬷ᕁ䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 䬸䬢䭇ⴕ䬠䬿䫺⾈䬗䭚䬶䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻ᢎ䬗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ጊᧄ䎃 䰆⍮䬲䬵䬓䭚ᦠᐫ䬺䬮䬽䭢䬶䭎䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 䬼䬯䭢䬛ዋ䬦቟䬞䬹䭚䬚䭑䬦䭛䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆䭗䭜䬦䬞䬙䬼䬛䬓䬦䭍䬨䫻䎃 䡾䎐䎕䎖䎃 䎕䎓䎔䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ ዊᨋ䎃 䰆䭎䭢䬹䬶䬓䬲䬦䭖䬺ᣏⴕ䬨䭚䬽䬾ೋ䭐䬵䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆੹ᣣ䬾䭊䭢䬷䬕䬺䬕䭛䬦䬓䬶䬨䫻䎃 ዊᨋ䎃 䰆䭊䬚䬽ੱ䬮䬰䭑䫺䬕䭛䬦䬬䬕䬹㗻䭡䬦䬵䬓䭍䬨䬼䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆䭊䭘䫺䭩䮱䬤䭢䬮䬰䭑䫺ᭉ䬦䬬䬕䬺䭹䯃䮧䭡䬦䬵䬓䭍䬨䭗䫻 ዊᨋ䎃 䰆䭍䭚䬶ሶ䬸䭑䬽䭗䬕䬺䬤䭞䬓䬶䬓䭍䬨䬼䫻䎃 䎃 ዊᨋ䎃 䰆䭑䬕䬨䬟੩ㇺ䬺⌕䬜䭍䬨䭗䫻㒠䭙䭚↪ᗧ䭡䬦䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 䮴䯃䮰䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺䬑䭎䬯䬹䬚䭘⩄‛䭡㒠䭜䬨䬽䭡䬵䬳䬯䬲 䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䡾䎐䎕䎗䎃 䎕䎔䎔䎃 ቇ↢ห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ 䮥䮑䎃 䰆䬢䬽ᧄ䬺䬾ᱜ᦬䬛ᄢಾ䬹ⴕ੐䬯䬷ᦠ䬓䬵䬑䭙䭍䬨䬼䫻 䭓䭍䬯䰆䬗䬗䫻䬮䬓䬵䬓䬽ኅ䬾䫺䬢䭛䬚䭘ᣂᐕ䬽䬧䭔䭢䭂䬶ᔔ䬦 䬞䬹䭙䭍䬨䫻䎃 䮥䮑䎃 䰆ᱜ᦬䬾ฎ䬓ⴕ੐䬛䬓䭜䬓䭜䬑䭙䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆䬗䬗䫻․䬺࿾ᣇ䬺䬾ᤄ䬽ⴕ੐䬛䬬䬽䭍䭍ᱷ䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻 䮥䮑䎃 䰆᧲੩䬽䭗䬕䬹ㇺળ䬺䭑䫺䬙ች䭓䬙ኹ䬺䬙䭍䬓䭙䬨䭚䬦䭔 䬕䬚䭢䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆䬗䬗䫻䬙䬙䬫䬓䬽ੱ䬛䬙䭍䬓䭙䬦䭍䬨䫻䎃 䭞䬮䬦䭑෰ᐕ䬾ⷫ㘃䬽ሶ䬸䭑䬮䬰䭡ㅪ䭛䬵ⴕ䬜䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 ᄢ䬜䬹␹␠䭇ⴕ䬲䬮䬽䬶䬨䬛䫺䭁䬸䬓⋡䬺䬑䬲䬵䬦䭍䬓 䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䮥䮑䎃 䰆䬸䭢䬹䬢䬷䬛䬑䬲䬮䬽䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆ੱ䬛ᄙ䬨䬝䬵䫺ᄢᄌ䬯䬲䬮䬽䬶䬨䫻䎃 㐳䬓㑆䬩䬲䬷┙䬲䬮䭍䭍䬶䬦䬮䫻Ꮻ䭙㆏䬶䬾⢛ਛ䭡᛼䬤 䭛䬮䭙䫺⿷䭡䭄䭍䭛䬮䭙䬦䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 ሶ䬸䭑䬮䬰䬺ᵅ䬚䭛䬵䫺䭊䭢䬷䬕䬺࿎䬲䬵䬦䭍䬓䭍䬦䬮䫻 䮥䮑䎃 䰆䬬䭛䬾ᄢᄌ䬶䬦䬮䬼䫻䎃 䭓䭍䬯䰆੹ᐲ䬾䫺ㄭ䬞䬽ዊ䬤䬹䬙ኹ䬺䬙䭍䬓䭙䬨䭚䬳䭑䭙䬶䬨䫻 䮥䮑䬤䭢䭑䬓䬲䬦䭖䬺䬓䬚䬛䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮥䮑䎃 䰆䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䬫䭁䬤䬬䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䡿䜓䎐䎖䎃 䎕䎖䎃 ቴ䜮ᐫຬ ਅ_⇹ ዊ 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䬬䬽䮶䭫䮺䭡⷗䬪䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䎃 䰆䬾䬓䫺䬸䬕䬭䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬢䭛䬾䮜䮰䮺䮀䬽䮶䭫䮺䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䎃 䰆䬓䬓䬗䫺䭫䮆䮱䭩䬽䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䎃 䰆䬓䬞䭘䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䎃 䰆䎕䫺䎘䎓䎓౞䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䎃 䰆䬧䭒䫺䬢䭛䭡䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䋭㪎㪇䋭

䡿䜓䎐䎔䎙䎃 䎔䎖䎔䎃 ቴ䜮ⴕຬ ਅ_⇹ ዊ 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺䬰䭖䬲䬷૶䬓ᣇ䭡ᢎ䬗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ㌁ⴕຬ䰆䬙ᒁ䬜಴䬦䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬬䬕䬶䬨䫻䎃 ㌁ⴕຬ䰆䬧䭒䫺䭍䬩䬢䬢䭡᛼䬦䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 ㌁ⴕຬ䰆䭴䮪䮊䭾䮬䭲䯃䮐䬾䬑䭙䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬾䬓䫺䬢䭛䬶䬨䫻䎃 ㌁ⴕຬ䰆䬬䭛䭡䬢䬢䬺౉䭛䬵ᥧ⸽⇟ภ䭡᛼䬦䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 ㌁ⴕຬ䰆ᰴ䬺㊄㗵䭡᛼䬦䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䰆䎘ਁ౞䬶䬨䬛䫺䎘䚆䚆䫻䎃 ㌁ⴕຬ䰆䬢䬽䬄ਁ䬅䬄౞䬅䭡᛼䬦䭍䬨䫻䬬䭛䬚䭘䬢䬽⏕⹺䮣䮆䮺䎃 䭡᛼䬦䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮥䮱䭩䰆䬾䬓䫻䬸䬕䭑䬑䭙䬛䬷䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䢁䜓䎐䎜䎃 䎚䎙䎃 ᣉ⸳೑↪ ⠪䜮ᣉ⸳ ▤ℂ⠪䎃 ਄ ⇹ ዊ 䮶䮺䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 ᣂ౉↢䬽䮶䮺䯂䭾䮬䯃䮦䮺䬶䬨䬛䫺䎃 ㇱደ䭡ᢎ䬗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬗䬗䬷䫺䎃 䮶䮺䬤䭢䫺䎃 䮶䮺䬤䭢䫺䎃 䚆䬑䬑䫺䎃 㚅᷼䬽䮶䮺䬤䭢䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬾䬓䫺䎃 䬬䬕䬶䬨䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䮶䮺䬤䭢䬽ㇱደ䬾䎖㓏䬶䬨䫻䎃 䎖㓏䬽䎖䎓䎕ภቶ䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬸䬕䭑䬑䭙䬛䬷䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬓䬓䬗䫻䎃 䬑䫺䎃 䮶䮺䬤䭢䫺䎃 䎖ᤨ䬚䭘ቇ↢ળ㙚䬽⺑᣿䭡䎃 䬦䭍䬨䬚䭘䫺䮴䮚䯃䭇᧪䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 䢁䜓䎐䎜䎃 䎚䎜䎃 ᣉ⸳೑↪ ⠪䜮ᣉ⸳ ▤ℂ⠪䎃 ਄ ⇹ ዊ ㆙⮮䰆䬢䭛䬚䭘ቇ↢ળ㙚䬽ⷙೣ䭡⺑᣿䬦䭍䬨䫻䎃 䭗䬞⡞䬓䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ቇ↢䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆㐷㒢䬾䎔䎓ᤨ䬶䬨䫻䎃 䎔䎓ᤨ䭍䬶䬺Ꮻ䬲䬵᧪䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 ㆃ䭛䬵䬾䬓䬠䭍䬪䭢䫻ฦ㓏䬺ᵞ㕙ᚲ䬷บᚲ䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䫻䎃 ⥄↱䬺૶䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䬶䭑䫺䎃 䬬䬽䬑䬷䭡䬜䭛䬓䬺䬬䬕䬧䎃 䭡䬦䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻ㇱደ䬽ਛ䬶ᢱℂ䭡䬦䬵䬾䬓䬠䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 䬬䭛䬚䭘䫺ᵞ㕙ᚲ䬺䭺䭫䮺䮰䮺䮐䮱䯃䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬗䬲䰋䎃 䬄䭺䭫䮺䚆䬅䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫺䎃 䭑䬕৻ᐲ⸒䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䭺䭫䮺䮰䮺䮐䮱䯃䬶䬨䫻ᵞữᯏ䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬑䬑䫺䎃 ᵞữᯏ䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䬑䬽䬕䫺䎃 ᦺ䫺䎃 䬙䭄䭜䬺౉䬲䬵䭑䬓䬓䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬓䬓䬗䫺䎃 䬙䭄䭜䬾ᄛ䎛ᤨ䬚䭘䬶䬨䫻䎃 䎃 䢁䜓䎐䎜䎃 䎛䎕䎃 ᣉ⸳೑↪ ⠪䜮ᣉ⸳ ▤ℂ⠪䎃 ਄ ⇹ ዊ 䮶䮺䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 䭺䭫䮺䮰䮺䮐䮱䯃䬽૶䬓ᣇ䭡ᢎ䬗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 䭍䬩䫺䎃 䬢䬽ਛ䬺ᵞữ‛䬷ᵞ೷䭡౉䭛䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬬䭛䬚䭘䫺䎃 䭄䬮䭡䬦䬵䫺䎃 䎔䎓䎓౞₹䭡౉䭛䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫺䎃 䬸䬢䬺౉䭛䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬢䬢䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬑䬑䫺䎃 䬢䬢䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䬢䭛䬶䬓䬓䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬗䬗䫻䎃 䮶䮺䰆䬸䬕䭑䬑䭙䬛䬷䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 ㆙⮮䰆䬓䬓䬗䫺䎃 䬸䬕䬓䬮䬦䭍䬦䬵䫻䎃 䢁䜓䎐䎔䎘䎃 䎔䎖䎓䎃 ቴ䜮ਇേ_↥ደ䎃 ਅ_⇹ ዊ ᢘሶ䎃 䰆䬢䬽ㇱደ䬾บᚲ䬛ᐢ䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䬬䭛䬺䫺䬢䬽ㇱደ䬾ਃ㣔䬽ㇱደ䭗䭙㚞䬚䭘ㄭ䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ਇേ↥ደ䰆䬗䬗䫻䎃 䬬䭛䬺䫺䎃 䬢䬽ㇱደ䬾䭎䬲䬳䬽ਛ䬶䬓䬰䬿䭢䎃 ᣂ䬦䬞䬵䬜䭛䬓䬶䬨䭗䫻䬢䬽ㇱደ䬾䮠䮰䮺䮇䭑䬑䭚䬚䭘䎃 䬓䬓䬷ᕁ䬓䭍䬨䭗䫻䎃 ᢘሶ䎃 䰆䬧䭒䬑䫺䎃 䬢䬽ㇱደ䭡⷗䬪䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ਇേ↥ደ䰆䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䬶䬾⷗䬺ⴕ䬜䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 䋭㪎㪈䋭

䢁䜓䎐䎔䎚䎃 䎔䎘䎗䎃 䜮෹ੱ䎃 ห_ⷫ ዊ ᱞ䎃 䰆⦟ሶ䬤䭢䫺䎃 ᣿ᣣ䬾ᥜ䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ⦟ሶ䰆䬗䬗䫻䎃 ᱞ䎃 䰆䬑䬽䬕䫺䎃 ᣂ䬦䬓ゞ䭡⾈䬲䬮䭢䬶䬨䬛䫺䎃 䮐䮰䭫䮝䬺ⴕ䬜䭍䬪䭢䬚䫻䎃 ⦟ሶ䰆䭞䬑䫺䎃 䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䬸䬢䭇䰋䎃 ᱞ䎃 䰆⦟ሶ䬤䭢䬽ᅢ䬜䬹ᚲ䭇ⴕ䬜䭍䬦䭖䬕䫻䎃 ⦟ሶ䰆䬧䭒䬑䚆䫺䎃 䬬䬕䬶䬨䬼䚆䫺䎃 ᶏ䭡⷗䬺ⴕ䬜䭍䬪䭢䬚䫻䎃 ᱞ䎃 䰆ᶏ䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䬧䭒䬑䫺䎃 ᳯ䮕ፉ䬾䬸䬕䬶䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻䎃 ⦟ሶ䰆䬗䬗䫺䎃 䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䬑䬽䬕䫺䎃 䬙ᄤ᳇䬾䬸䬕䬶䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻䎃 ᱞ䎃 䰆ᄤ᳇੍ႎ䬺䭗䭚䬷䫺᣿ᣣ䬾᥍䭛䬷䬜䬸䬜䬞䭑䭙䬯䬬䬕䬶䬨䭗䫻 ⦟ሶ䰆䬧䭒䬑䫺䎃 䬯䬓䬧䭖䬕䭅䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ᱞ䎃 䰆䬮䭅䭢䫺䎃 㔎䬾㒠䭘䬹䬓䬯䭜䬕䬷ᕁ䬓䭍䬨䭗䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䬑䬽䬕䫺䎃 ⦟ሶ䬤䭢䬽ᒉ䬤䭢䭑䬓䬲䬦䭖䬺䬸䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ⦟ሶ䰆ᒉ䬾෹㆐䬷㊁⃿䭡⷗䬺ⴕ䬞䬷⸒䬲䬵䬓䭍䬦䬮䬚䭘䫺䎃 ⴕ䬚䬹䬓䬯䭜䬕䬷ᕁ䬓䭍䬨䭗䫻䎃 ᱞ䎃 䰆䬬䭛䬾ᱷᔨ䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ⦟ሶ䰆䬗䬗䫺䎃 ᒉ䬾䭍䬮䬢䬽ᰴ䫺䎃 ⺃䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ᱞ䎃 䰆䬧䭒䬑䫺䎃 ᣿ᣣ䎔䎓ᤨ䬣䭜ㄫ䬗䬺ⴕ䬜䭍䬨䫻䎃 ⦟ሶ䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 ᓙ䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 䢁䜓䎐䎔䎛䎃 䎔䎘䎜䎃 䜮ห௥䎃 ห_ⷫ ዊ ૒⮮䎃 䎃 ᱞ䰆ㆃ䬞䬹䬲䬵䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁᐘሶ䰆䬑䬲䫺䎃 ૒⮮䬤䭢䫺䎃 䬙䬾䭗䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 ૒⮮䰆䬙䬾䭗䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆ㆃ䬚䬲䬮䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䬸䬕䬦䬮䭢䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ૒⮮䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 ታ䬾䫺䎃 䭕䬕䭈ㆃ䬞䭍䬶䮘䮄䭺䮺䭡ᛂ䬲䬵䬓 䬮䬽䬶䫺䎃 ᦺ䬼䭋䬕䭡䬦䬮䭢䬶䬨䫻䎃 䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆૒⮮䬤䭢䬛⃟䬦䬞ㆃೞ䭡䬦䬮䬽䬶䫺䎃 ᔃ㈩䬦䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䬬䭛䬺䫺䎃 ᦨㄭ䫺䎃 㗻⦡䭑ᖡ䬓䬶䬨䭗䫻䎃 䬯䬓䬧䭖䬕䭅䬶䎃 䬨䬚䫻䎃 ૒⮮䰇䬾䬓䫺䎃 䬯䬓䬧䭖䬕䭅䬶䬨䫻䎃 䎃 䬓䬳䭑䫺䎃 ᄛㆃ䬞ኢ䭚䬽䬶䫺ᦺ䫺䬰䭖䬲䬷㘩᰼䬛䬹䬓䭢䬶 䬨䬛䚆䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆䬬䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ᦺ䬣䬾䭢䭡㘩䭈䬹䬓䭢䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ૒⮮䰆䬗䬗䫻䎃 㘩᰼䬛䬹䬓䬦䫺䎃 㘩䭈䭚ᤨ㑆䭑䬹䬓䭢䬶䬨䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆ᦺ䬣䬾䭢䭡㘩䭈䬹䬓䬽䬾૕䬺䭗䬞䬑䭙䭍䬪䭢䭗䫻䎃 ૒⮮䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆䭊䭘䫺䎃 䬢䬽⸥੐䭡⷗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ૒⮮䰆䭇䬗䫻䎃 䬄ᦺ䬣䬾䭢䭡㘩䭈䬹䬓ੱ䬛Ⴧ䬗䬵䬜䬮䬅䬶䬨䬚䫻 䢁䜔䎐䎔䎜䎃 䎔䎚䎃 䜮⡯႐䬛 ⇣䬹䭚ห ௥䎃 ห ⇹ ዊ ᐫຬ䎤䰆䬾䬓䫺ᇚੱ᦯ᄁ႐䬶䬨䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䎥䰆䭑䬦䭑䬦䫺Ᏺሶᄁ႐䬽ฎ⼱䬶䬨䬛䫺ㅅሶ䬽䬙ሶ䬤䭢 䭡䬢䬰䭘䬶㗍䬚䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻ጊፒિ䬰䭒䭢䬶䬨䫻ㄫ䬗䬺 ᧪䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䎤䰆䬾䬓䫺䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䬸䬕䭑䫻䎃 䬙ቴ᭽䫺⷗䬳䬚䬲䬮䬬䬕䬶䬨䫻䎃 ቴ䎃 䎃 䰆ᧄᒰ䬶䬨䬚䫻䬑䬑䫺䭗䬚䬲䬮䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䎤䰆Ᏺሶᄁ႐䭇ㄫ䬗䬺䬓䭘䬲䬦䭒䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 Ᏺሶᄁ႐䭡䬣ሽ䬧䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ቴ䎃 䎃 䰆䬓䬓䬗䫺⍮䭘䬹䬓䭢䬶䬨䬛䚆䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䎤䰆䬢䬢䭡䭍䬲䬨䬟ⴕ䬞䬷䫺䭯䮀䭲䮳䯃䮆䯃䬛䬣䬥䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 䭯䮀䭲䮳䯃䮆䯃䬽ᚲ䭡ฝ䬺ᦛ䬛䬲䬵䫺䭍䬲䬨䬟ⴕ䬞䬷䫺䎃 Ꮐ஥䬺䬣䬥䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 ቴ䎃 䎃 䰆ᧄᒰ䬺䬸䬕䭑䬑䭙䬛䬷䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䢁䜔䎐䎕䎙䎃 䎚䎜䎃 䜮෹ੱ䎃 ห_ⷫ ዊ ᐢ↰䰆䭑䬕䬨䬟⌕䬜䭍䬨䬼䫻䎃 ጊᧄ䰆䮥䮱䯃䬤䭢䭡⿠䬢䬦䭍䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻䎃 ᐢ↰䰆䬬䬕䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ጊᧄ䰆䮥䮱䯃䬤䭢䫺䮥䮱䯃䬤䭢䫺⿠䬜䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䋭㪎㪉䋭

䢁䜔䎐䎕䎚䎃 䎜䎖䎃 ቴ䜮ᒁ䬲_⿧䬦ᬺ⠪ ਅ_⇹ ዊ ળ␠䬽␠ຬ䰆䬢䭢䬺䬰䬾䫻㐳⼱Ꮉᒁ䬲⿧䬦䭼䯃䮚䮀䬶䬨䫻䎃 ᢘሶ䰆䭗䭜䬦䬞䬙㗿䬓䬦䭍䬨䫻䎃 ␠ຬ䰆ᆎ䭐䬵䬓䬓䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ᢘሶ䰆䬾䬓䫻䬢䬰䭘䬚䭘䬙㗿䬓䬦䭍䬨䫻䎃 ␠ຬ䰆䬑䬲䫺䬢䬽䬮䭢䬨䬺ਛ䬺䬾૗䬚౉䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䭗䫻䎃 ᢘሶ䰆䬑䭛䬲䫺䬬䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ␠ຬ䰆ਛり䭡౉䭛䬮䭍䭍ㆇ䭅䬷ෂ䬹䬓䬶䬨䭗䫻䎃 ᢘሶ䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䬨䬟಴䬦䭍䬨䬚䭘䫺䬰䭖䬲䬷ᓙ䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ␠ຬ䰆䬾䬓䫻Ბ䮣䯃䮲▫䬾䬑䭙䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 ᢘሶ䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 䎃 ᢘሶ䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫻䬢䭛䫺㊀䬞䬵ᜬ䬵䬹䬓䭢䬶䬨䬛䚆䫻䎃 ␠ຬ䰆䬬䭛䬾䬢䬰䭘䬶ㆇ䭂䭍䬨䬽䬶䫺⟎䬓䬷䬓䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ᢘሶ䰆䬾䬓䫻䎃 䢁䜔䎐䎖䎓䎃 䎔䎔䎖䎃 వ↢䜮_ቇ↢䎃 ਅ_ⷫ ዊ ᷰㄝ䎃 䰆⑳䬺䬾䭗䬞䭞䬚䭙䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺૒䫽ᧁ䬤䭢䬾䬸䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ૒䫽ᧁ䰆⑳䭑䬫䭢䬫䭢䭞䬚䭙䭍䬪䭢䫻䎃 ᷰㄝ䎃 䰆䭩䮲䮺䬤䭢䬺છ䬪䭍䬨䬚䭘䫺૗䬚ᵈᢥ䬦䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䭩䮲䮺䰆䬾䬓䫺䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䢁䜔䎐䎖䎕䎃 䎔䎖䎖䎃 ෹ੱห჻ ห_ⷫ ዊ ㋈ᧁ৻㇢䰆䮈䮺䬤䭢䫺ᰴ䬽ㅳᧃ䬾૗䬚੍ቯ䬛䬑䭙䭍䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮈䮺䰆䬓䬓䬗䫻䭍䬯᳿䭐䬵䬓䭍䬪䭢䬛䚆䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆䬧䭒䬑䫺䬙⑂䭙䬺ⴕ䬜䭍䬪䭢䬚䫻䎃 䮈䮺䰆䬙⑂䭙䬶䬨䬚䫻䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻೨䬚䭘ⴕ䬜䬮䬓䬷ᕁ䬲䬵䬓䬮䎃 䭢䬶䬨䭗䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆䬬䭛䬾䭗䬚䬲䬮䫻䎃 䮈䮺䰆䬸䬢䬶䬑䭚䭢䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆ᵻ⨲䬶䬨䫻䬢䬽㔀⹹䬺䬓䭜䬓䭜ᦠ䬓䬵䬑䭙䭍䬨䭗䫻䎃 䮈䮺䰆䭇䬗䫺䯿ᣣ㑆䭑⛯䬞䭢䬶䬨䬚䫻䬑䬲䫺䬢䭛䫺䬙䭎䬢䬦䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆⷗䬮䬢䬷䬛䬑䭚䭢䬶䬨䬛䫻䎃 䮈䮺䰆䬾䬓䫻೨䬺䮍䮳䮚䬶⷗䭍䬦䬮䫻ᭉ䬦䭎䬯䬹䬑䫻䎃 䬑䫺቟ㇱ䬤䭢䭑⺃䬓䭍䬪䭢䬚䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆䬓䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䬶䭑䫺ᦨㄭᔔ䬦䬓䭎䬮䬓䬶䬨䭗䫻䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 వㅳ䬽ᣣᦐᣣ䭑ળ␠䬶઀੐䭡䬦䬮䬲䬵⸒䬲䬵䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䮈䮺䰆ᣣᦐᣣ䭑䫻ᄢᄌ䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆䬰䭖䬲䬷ήℂ䬚䭑䬦䭛䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺㔚⹤䬦䬵䭎䭍䬦䭖䬕䬚䫻䎃 䮈䮺䰆䬬䬕䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ㋈ᧁ䰆䬰䭖䬲䬷ᓙ䬲䬵䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䢂䜓䎐䎗䎃 䎕䎛䎃 ቴ䜮ᐫຬ ਅ_⇹ ዊ 䭎䬪䬽䭁䬷䰆䬓䭘䬲䬦䭒䬓䭍䬪䫻䎃 䮀䮦䮀䎃 䎃 䰆䬬䭛䭡䭎䬪䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䭎䬪䬽䭁䬷䰆䬾䬓䫺䬸䬕䬭䫻䎃 䮀䮦䮀䎃 䎃 䰆䬑䭙䬛䬷䬕䫻䬢䭛䬾䎃 䬓䬞䭘䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䭎䬪䬽䭁䬷䰆䬢䭛䭑䎖䫺䎓䎓䎓䬗䭢䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮀䮦䮀䎃 䎃 䰆䬧䭒䫺䬬䭛䭡䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䭎䬪䬽䭁䬷䰆䬾䬓䫺䬑䭙䬛䬷䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬨䫻䎃 䎃 䢂䜓䎐䎕䎔䎃 䎔䎜䎘䎃 ෹ੱห჻ ห_ⷫ ਛ 䮈䮪䮺䎃 䰆䬢䬽䭄䬧䬤䭢䬽䬗䬾䬷䬵䭑䬜䭛䬓䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䬹䬚䭏䭘䰆䬬䬕䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 䮈䮪䮺䎃 䰆䬹䬚䭏䭘䬤䭢䫺䬢䬽䬗䬽䭍䬗䬶䭞䬮䬦䬽䬦䭒䬦䭢䭡䎃 䬷䬲䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䬹䬚䭏䭘䰆䬾䬓䫺䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䬷䭙䭍䬨䭗䫻䎃 䭂䬧䭔䬳䬚䭢䬽䭁䬷䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫺䬢䬢䬶䮜䮰䮊䭾䮬䭡䬳䬚䭞䬹䬓䎃 䬶䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䬹䬚䭏䭘䰆䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䫺䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䎃 䋭㪎㪊䋭

䢂䜔䎐䎕䎃 䎔䎛䎃 ቴ䜮ᐫຬ ਅ_⇹ ዊ ᐫຬ䰆䬓䭘䬲䬦䭒䬓䭍䬪䫻䎃 䮦䮲䮁䰆䭕䬚䬮䭡䬚䬓䬮䬓䭢䬶䬨䬛䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䰆䮞䮳䮃䮺䮏䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮦䮲䮁䰆䬾䬓䫺䬓䭑䬕䬷䬺䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䰆䬢䬰䭘䬾䬓䬚䬛䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 䮦䮲䮁䰆䬑䬽䬕䫺䭑䬲䬷ᄢ䬜䬓䬽䬾䬑䭙䭍䬪䭢䬚䫻䎃 䬓䭑䬕䬷䬾⑳䭗䭙䬪䬛㜞䬓䭢䬶䬨䫻䬢䬽䬟䭘䬓䬶䬨䫻䎃 ᐫຬ䰆䬑䬑䫺ᄢ䬜䬓䬚䬮䬶䬨䬼䫻䬢䬰䭘䬛䬓䬰䬿䭢ᄢ䬜䬓䭼䭫䮁 䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮦䮲䮁䰆䬧䭒䫺䬬䭛䬺䬦䭍䬨䫻䮞䮳䮃䮺䮏↪䬺䬳䬳䭢䬶䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䢂䜕䎐䎗䎃 䎙䎗䎃 ઀੐㑐 ଥ⠪䯴ೋ ኻ㕙䯵䎃 ਄ ⇹ ਛ 䮥䮲䮆䮺䰆䬢䭢䬺䬰䬾䫻వᣣ䬙㔚⹤䬦䬮䎤䎥䎦䮜䯃䮁䬽䮥䮲䮆䮺䬶䬨䫻 ਛ㊁䰆䮥䮲䮆䮺䬤䭢䬶䬨䬼䫻䎃 ਛ㊁䬶䬨䫻䎃 䮥䮲䮆䮺䰆੹ᣣ䬾䬙䬪䭞䬺䬹䭙䭍䬨䫻䎃 ਛ㊁䰆䬢䬰䭘䬢䬬䫻䎃 䮥䮲䮆䮺䰆቟ో䬹㊁⩿䭡૞䭚䬢䬷䬾䫺䬮䬓䬪䬳䬹䬢䬷䬯䬷ᕁ䬓䭍䬨䫻 ੹ᣣ䬾䬫䭁䬓䭜䬓䭜ᢎ䬗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ਛ㊁䰆䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻૗䬶䭑䬣⾰໧䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 䮥䮲䮆䮺䰆䬑䭙䬛䬷䬕䬣䬥䬓䭍䬨䫻䬤䬲䬬䬞䬶䬨䬛䫺䬢䬰䭘䬽㊁⩿䬾 ోㇱήㄘ⮎䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ਛ㊁䰆䬗䬗䫺䬬䬕䬶䬨䫻ㄘ⮎䭡䭍䬲䬮䬞૶䭞䬹䬓䬶૞䬲䬵䬓䭍䬨䫻 䎃 䎃 䎃 䎃 䬶䬾䫺䬾䬮䬠䬺䬣䬑䭢䬹䬓䬦䭍䬨䫻䬸䬕䬭䫻䎃 䢂䜕䎐䎔䎔䎃 䎔䎜䎖䎃 ห௥䎃 ห_⇹ ዊ ㋈ᧁ䎃 䎃 䰆䬑䭛䫺䎃 ട⮮䬤䭢䬾䰋䎃 ട⮮䬽⒁ᦠ䰆వ䭊䬸಴䬚䬠䭘䭛䭍䬦䬮䬛䫺૗䬚䰋䎃 ㋈ᧁ䎃 䎃 䰆䬬䬕䬶䬨䬚䫻䎃 ട⮮䬽⒁ᦠ䰆૗䬚䬑䬲䬮䭘䫺ㅪ⛊䬨䭚䭗䬕䬺⸒䭞䭛䬵䬓䭍䬨䬛䫻 ㋈ᧁ䎃 䎃 䰆䬧䭒䬑䫺䬨䭎䭍䬪䭢䬛䫺䮗䮳䮺䮆䭫䮺䯂䮜䭮䭩䬽ઙ䬶ᕆ 䬓䬶䬣䬬䬕䬯䭢䬦䬮䬓䬢䬷䬛䬑䭚䬽䬶䫺㔚⹤䭡䬓䬮䬯䬜䬮 䬓䬷વ䬗䬵䬞䬯䬤䬓䫻䎃 ട⮮䬽⒁ᦠ䰆䭞䬚䭙䭍䬦䬮䫻䬙વ䬗䬦䭍䬨䫻䎃 䋭㪎㪋䋭

On the use of request expression “~te kudasai” at the

elementary level

㪄from the viewpoint of “human relationships” and “cost”㪄

KITAMURA Naoko

Key words: elementary level, “~te kudasai”, ability , Taigu Hyogen, Japanese textbook

The understanding of the learning subjects that is considered students should learn in an early stage has a basic consistency between teachers and teaching materials however no specific command of that has been given. In order to discover the command of learning subjects necessary for the early learners, this writing takes up the request expression of “~te kudasai” (please do~) and analyzes from two sides; the human relationship of the communicators such as hierarchy and the strength of the friendship, and the cost that the person who received the request needs to take, using the conversation written in elementary level Japanese textbook as the investigation object.

As a result of the investigation, we found that it is important for the students in first half of the elementary level to be able to understand that “~te kudasai” has the “request” function and is used in situations when people ask requests. For the students in the second half of the elementary level, they need to be able to understand the “request” function in the word and be able to use it when they ask a small cost request. They also need to understand that the word is also often used as “order” and be able to differentiate this word from other requests words in different situation to not to be excuse to people, considering the hierarchical relationship and the size of cost.