タイ語の名詞補語節標識 wâa の用例分析: TNC コーパスを使った予備調査

ーパスを使った予備調査

著者 高橋 清子

雑誌名 神田外語大学紀要

号 31

ページ 355‑376

発行年 2019‑03

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1092/00001600/

ࢱ࢖ㄒࡢྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑

wâa

TNC

㧗ᶫ ΎᏊ

㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

ᮏ✏ࡢ⪃ᐹᑐ㇟ࡣྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑

wâa

ࡀ㛵ಀ⠇ᶆ㆑ࡸືモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑࡜࡝࠺༊ูࡉࢀࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ከ⩏ㄒ/ከᶵ⬟

ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ

thîi

relative clause marker

noun complementizer

ࡿ (Kullavanijaya 2008: 448-449)¹ࠋ㛵ಀ⠇ᶆ㆑

thîi

ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⠇㉳※ྡモ

clausal noun, nominalized clause

ྡモ࡟౫Ꮡࡋࡓಟ㣭せ⣲㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᶆ♧ࡍࡿ㸦౛㸸

khruu thîi rúu rѧըaƾ

▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᩍᖌ

[

]

rѧըaƾ thîi khruu rúu

1

Kullavanijaya 2008

ࡢືモ࡜๓ࡢྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ୺ㄒࡸ┠ⓗㄒ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᩥἲ㛵ಀࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸦౛㸸khruu thîi rúu rѧըaƾヰ

ࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᩍᖌࠊrѧըaƾ thîi khruu rúuᩍᖌࡀ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿヰ [ĸᩍᖌࡀヰࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ]㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊྡモ

⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ࠿ࢀࡿ⠇ࡢ୰ࡢືモ࡜๓ࡢྡモࡢ㛫࡟ࡣఱࡽᩥἲ㛵ಀࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸㸦౛㸸

rѧըaƾ thîi khruu laa

k

2

Shibatani 2018

verbal-based grammatical nominalizationࠖ

࡜࿧ࡪࠋࠕ‽యゝ

nominalizationࠖࡣࠕ᥮႘ⓗ࡟᝿㉳ࡉࢀࡿࢥࢺࡸࣔࣀࡢᴫᛕ㸦஦ែࠊ஦ᐇࠊ࿨㢟ࠊ஦

㇟ཧ୚⪅ࠊ⏕⏘≀࡞࡝㸧ࢆ⾲♧ࡍࡿゝㄒᙧᘧࢆ⏘ࡴ㐣⛬㸹ྡモ࡟㏆࠸ࡶࡢࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࠊ㸦ࢥࢺ/ࣔࣀ

ᴫᛕࢆ⾲♧ࡍࡿ㸧ྡモ㢮ࢆ㉳※࡜ࡍࡿࠕྡモ㢮ᇶ┙

nominal-based

ࢆ⾲♧ࡍࡿ㸧ືモ㢮ࢆ㉳※࡜ࡍࡿࠕືモ㢮ᇶ┙

verbal-based

యゝࡣࢥࢺࢆ⾲♧ࡍࡿࠕࢥࢺ

event

argument

lexical

grammatical

ࣔࣀ‽యゝࡢಟ㣭⏝ἲ㸦ࢥࢺ/ࣔࣀᴫᛕࢆ⾲♧ࡍࡿ

denotation

┙ࡢᩥἲⓗࢥࢺ‽యゝࡢಟ㣭⏝ἲࠖࠊືモ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡣࠕືモ㢮ᇶ┙ࡢᩥἲⓗࢥࢺ‽యゝࡢྡモྃ⏝ἲ 㸦⌧ᐇୡ⏺࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣྍ⬟ᛶୡ⏺࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࢥࢺ/ࣔࣀࢆᣦ♧ࡍࡿ

reference

ࢀࡿࠋShibatani ࡣ㛵ಀ⠇ࡶྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡶ➼ࡋࡃಟ㣭⏝ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࠊ୧⪅ࡢ౫Ꮡᗘ/⮬❧ᗘࡢᕪࢆၥ 㢟࡟ࡣࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

࠸ࡿヰ

[

]

2011

thîi

ࡢ⠇ࢆࢥࢺྡモ࡟㌿᥮ࡋࠊࡑࡢ⠇㉳※ྡモࡀ๓ࡢྡモࡢ⿵ㄒ㸦๓ࡢྡモ࠿ࡽ⊂❧

ࡋࡓ⿵඘せ⣲㸧࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᶆ♧ࡍࡿ㸦౛㸸rѧըaƾ thîi khruu laa

ঃэ̖э k

ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ヰ [ヰࠊᩍᖌࡀ㎡⫋ࡍࡿࢥࢺ]㸧ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᎰࡋ࠸࡞࡝ࡢ᝟ືࡢព࿡ࢆ

⾲ࡍືモ࡜⠇ࡢ㛫࡟⏕㉳ࡍࡿ࡜ࡁࡢ

thîi

verb complemenizer

2017, Takahashi to appear)ࠋືモ⿵ㄒ

⠇ᶆ㆑

thîi

ᶆ♧ࡍࡿ㸦౛㸸chán s΃a cay thîi khruu laa

ঃэ̖э k

࠺[⚾ࡣṧᛕ࡟ᛮ࠺ࠊᩍᖌࡀ㎡⫋ࡍࡿࢥࢺࢆ]㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⠇ࢆᚑ࠼ࡿ

thîi

㉳※ྡモࢆὴ⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡜

——

/

/

㆑ࡢ

thîi

nominalizer

㆑

(‘clause nominalizer’ Matisoff 1992: 237; ‘clausal nominalization’ DeLancy 2002:

56; ‘clausal nominalizer’

2017, 2018, Takahashi to appear)

࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࢱ࢖ㄒ◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏝ㄒࡢ౑࠸᪉ࢆ㋃くࡋࠊྡモ࡜⠇ࡢ 㛫࡟⏕㉳ࡍࡿ

thîi

⏕㉳ࡍࡿ

thîi

Langacker (2008: 202-205)

complement

ㄒ⠇࡞࡝ࡢ඲࡚ࡢ⿵඘せ⣲㸧࡜ಟ㣭ㄒ

modifier

඲࡚ࡢಟ㣭せ⣲㸧ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ⿵ㄒ࡜ࡣࠕ୺せ㒊ࡢᇶ♏ᵓ㐀ࢆヲ㏙ࡍࡿᵓ ᡂ㒊ศ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ

(ibid., 203)

the head

ἲⓗ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᵓᡂせ⣲ࠖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ඲య⾲⌧ࡢ᰾࡜࡞ࡿព࿡ෆᐜࢆỴ

ࡵࡿㄒᙡ㡯┠࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ (ibid., 193-194, 360)ࠋ୺せ㒊ࡢᇶ♏ᵓ㐀ࢆヲ㏙ࡍࡿࡢࡀ⿵

ㄒࡢᙺ๭࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⿵ㄒࡣ⮬❧ࡋࠊ୺せ㒊ࡣ⿵ㄒ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦୺せ㒊ĺ⿵ㄒ㸧ࠋ

3 ࡓࡔࡋືモ㉳※ࡢືモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑

hây, wâa

thîi

⬟ࡣᣢࡓ࡞࠸㸦cf. ➨

4

๓⨨モྃ

near the door

near the door

๓⨨モ

near

near

the door

near

ĺ the door㸧ࠋླྀ㏙ᩥ

She sent him flowers.ࡢሙྜࠊ᰾࡜࡞ࡿព࿡ෆᐜࢆỴࡵ࡚࠸ࡿືモ sent

࠶ࡿࠋsentࡢᇶ♏ᵓ㐀ࢆヲ㏙ࡍࡿ⿵ㄒࡢྡモྃ

she, him, flowers㸦ࡓࡔࡋືモ sent

she, him

ࢀࡿ㸧ࡣ⮬❧ࡋࠊ୺せ㒊ࡢ

sent

ĺ she, him, flowers㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊಟ㣭ㄒ࡜ࡣࠕ୺せ㒊࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ヲ㏙ࡉࢀࡓᇶ♏ᵓ㐀ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ

ᵓᡂ㒊ศ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ (ibid., 203)ࠋ୺せ㒊ࡢᇶ♏ᵓ㐀ࢆಟ㣭ࡍࡿࡢࡀಟ㣭ㄒࡢᙺ๭࡛

࠶ࡿࠋ୺せ㒊ࡣ⮬❧ࡋࠊಟ㣭ㄒࡣ୺せ㒊࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦୺せ㒊ĸಟ㣭ㄒ㸧ࠋྡ

モྃ

a table near the door

a table near the door

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྡモྃ

a table

a table

near the door

a table ĸ near the door

⠇㉳※ྡモࡣࠊ㸦୺せ㒊ࡢືモ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸㸧ືモ⿵ㄒ⠇㸦౛㸸

I know ĺ that

he resigned.

the fact

ĺ that he resigned

the fact ĸ that I know

ࢱ࢖ㄒࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ࢆᢅ࠺◊✲࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛୺࡟ືモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑

hây

thîi

wâa

thîi

(e.g. Kullavanijaya 2008; Matisoff 1991: 398-399, 437; Prasithrathsint 2009; Ransom 1986: 49, 101, 138)

Thai National Corpus (TNC) [http://www.arts.chula.ac.th/~ling/tnc3/]

ࡽྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡢᐇ౛ࢆ཰㞟ࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࠊwâaࡀྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑࡜ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸

ࡿ౛ࡶከࡃ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗࡓࠋTNC ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠿ࡽᣠࡗࡓྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ࢆྵ

ࡴලయ౛ࢆ(1)–(3)࡟ᣲࡆࡿࠋ(1)࡜(3)࡛ࡣ

thîi

wâa

(2)࡛ࡣ」ྜᙧࡢ thîi wâa

(1) khwaam ciƾ thîi kháw yaƾ mây rúu càk

truth

COMP PRON yet NEG be.acquainted.with

thΩΩ dii phээ

PRON be.good be.enough

ᙼࡀᙼዪࢆࡲࡔࡼࡃ▱ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺┿ᐇ

(2) khwaam ciƾ thîi wâa mѓըѓ rák ph΅m mâak

truth COMP mother love PRON be.plentiful

ẕࡀ൅ࢆ࡜࡚ࡶឡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺┿ᐇ

(3) khwaam ciƾ wâa khon mák càঃ dan thuraƾ

truth COMP people be.prone.to IRR be.stubborn

thâa hàak thùuk tham hây s΃a nâa

if PASS do COMP lose.face

㠃┠ࢆ₽ࡉࢀࢀࡤேࡣ㡹ᅛ࡟࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺┿ᐇ

ࡇࢀࡲ࡛

wâa

࠶ࡿ࡜ぢ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦౛㸸

chán b э̖э k phѧըan wâa kháw laa ঃэ̖э k

㎡⫋ࡋࡓ࡜࿌ࡆࡓ㸧ࠋືモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ࡢ

wâa

Ingkaphirom 2005: 259-268; Matisoff 1991: 398-399; Prasithrathsint 2009: 150-151;

Ransom 1986: 101)ࠊ౛(3)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ࡢ wâa

ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ⟶ぢࡢ㝈ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ

wâa

◊✲ㄽᩥࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⁴ࠋ

ᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊணഛㄪᰝ࡜ࡋ࡚

TNC

ᶆ㆑

wâa

1㸧ࢆ㑅ࡧࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢྡモࢆྵࡴࠕྡモ

{thîi / thîi wâa / wâa}

TNC

ᩘ཰㞟ࡋࠊ㔞ⓗཬࡧ㉁ⓗ࡞ศᯒࢆヨࡳࡓࠋ௨ୗࠊ➨

2

3

4

wâa

5

ㄒࢆ㏙࡭ࡿࠋ

4

Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom (2005: 266) ࡟ࡣྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ wâa

4

㸰㸬ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫㄪᰝࡢ᪉ἲ

ㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓྜィ

11

1

TNC

thîi, wâa

⯡ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍྡモࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࠋࡓࡔࡋព࿡ⓗ࡟೫ࡾࡀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃከᵝ

࡞ព࿡ࡢྡモࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊ⏕㉳ᩘࡀᑡ࡞࠸㸦

1

ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౽ᐅⓗ࡟(a)–(e)ࡢ

5

⾲

1:

wâa

(a)Ⓨヰࢱ࢖ࣉ

э̖э p

(b)ᛮ⪃/Ẽᣢࡕࢱ࢖ࣉ

ѧ̖ k

(c)ㄽ⌮ࢱ࢖ࣉ

(d)ฟ᮶஦ࢱ࢖ࣉ

(e)▱ぬࢱ࢖ࣉ

wâa

⠇ᶆ㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ౑⏝㢖ᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊ௒࡞࠾ࠕゝ࠺ࠊᩥྃࢆゝ࠺ࠊ࿶ࡵࡿࠊ

㏙࡭ࡿ⁶ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞ືモࡢព࿡࡛᪥ᖖⓗ࡟౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ

(a)Ⓨヰࢱ࢖ࣉձղࡀ᭱ࡶྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ wâa

ࡓࠊືモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑

wâa

࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍືモ (‘communicative verbs: verbs of saying, thinking and cognition, feeling,

seeing, hearing, and acting’

Prasithrathsint 2009; ‘verbs of perception, cognition, and

5 ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠕ࡜࠸࠺ࠖࢆྵࡴྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ࠕ⿵ㄒ⠇㸩࡜࠸࠺㸦ྡモ㸧ࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿከࡃࡢ◊✲ (e.g. ኱ᓥ

2010; Takahashi 1997; ᑎᮧ 1992: 261-296; ᪥ᮏㄒグ㏙ᩥἲ◊✲఍ 2008: 67-84; ┈ᒸ 1997: 25-46; ┈ᒸ

2002)

6 ౛࠼ࡤࠕÁ®˜»Ÿ¨š¸Éªnµœ¸ ÊࠊÁ®˜»„µ¦–rš¸Éªnµœ¸ Êࠊ—εÁœ·œÁ¦ºÉ°Šªnµࠖ࡞࡝ࡢ

wâa

㸦ඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍືモ࡜ࡋ࡚౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

7

Prasithrathsint (2009: 157-158)

communicative verbs

saying: „¦³Ž· „¨nµª „¨nµª®µ „ε´ Á„ÈŠ …°¡¦ Á…oµÄ‹ Á…¸¥œ ‡´—‡oµœ ‡µ— ‡µ—®ª´Š ‡»¥ ‹µ¦¹„ ‹oŠ ˤ˜¸ ¤ ¸Ê‹Š Ž´„¢°„ ˜°„„¨´ ˜° ˜n°ªnµ ˜³Ã„œ ˜´ÊŠ‡Îµ™µ¤

˜´ÊŠºÉ° ˜Îµ®œ· ˜·Š ˜¸‡ªµ¤ Á˜º°œ Řn­ªœ ™µ¤ ™º° Á™¸¥Š ššªœ šµ¥ šÎµœµ¥ š¹„š´„ œ´ œ³ nŠ°„ nœ ¦¦¥µ¥ °„ ´Š‡´ ´´˜· ž¨°Ä‹ Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥ Áž¦¸¥ªnµ

Áž·—ž¦³Á—Èœ Áž·—ÁŸ¥ ¡¥µ„¦–r ¡¦Îɵ¡¼— ¡·‹µ¦–µ ¡·­¼‹œr ¡¼— ¢o°Š ¥Î ʵ ¥ºœ¥´œ ¦ª¦´— ¦o°Š ¦³» ¦³ÂªŠ ¦´ ¦´ž¦³„´œ ¦´¦°Š ¦µ¥Šµœ Á¦¸¥„ Á¦¸¥œ ¨Š‡ªµ¤Á®Èœ ¨Ššoµ¥ Á¨nµ

speech’

2017, Takahashi to appear)

(b)

/

࢖ࣉճմյࠊ

(c)

(d)

(e)

モ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑

wâa

ྡモձ㹼ջࢆྵࡴࠕྡモ㸩thîiࠖᙧᘧ࡜ࠕྡモ㸩wâaࠖᙧᘧࡢ⏝౛ࢆ

TNC

ࣃࢫ࠿ࡽ཰㞟ࡋࡓࠋྛྡモ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕᕥ㞄

0

2

thîi

wâaࠖ࡜࠸࠺᮲௳᳨࡛⣴ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᙧᘧ࡛᭱኱ 100

㸦᳨⣴ᮇ㛫㸸2018 ᖺ

3

{thîi / thîi wâa / wâa}㸩⠇[⠇㸻(୺ㄒ+)

㛵ಀ⠇ࡣ㝖ࡁࠊྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡔࡅࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࠋ」ᩘᢳฟࡉࢀࡓྠ୍⏝౛ࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ

1

⾲

2

㸱㸬ศᯒ⤖ᯝ

཰㞟ࡋࡓศᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࢆᇶ࡟௨ୗࡢࠓ

1

2

3

ᶆ㆑ࡢ౑⏝ഴྥࢆศᯒࡋࡓࠋ

ࠓ

1

1

11

ࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ๭ྜ࡛౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋ

wâa

2

wâa

ࠓ

3

wâa

ࡲࡎࠓ

1

3

——

thîi

thîi

⠇ࠖࠊϩ㸸

thîi wâa

thîi wâa

wâa

wâa

——ࡢ⏝౛ᩘ㸦ࢺ࣮ࢡࣥᩘ㸧࡜ྡモࡈ࡜࡟ぢࡓ 3

ᤞ஬ධ㸧ࢆ⾲

2

ª·Šª°œ ­¤¤˜· ­¦»ž ­°œ ­´ÉŠ ­´µ ­´œœ·¬“µœ ­µµœ ­µ¦£µ¡ ­Îµš´ Á­œ° Á­¦·¤ Ä®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ °›·µ¥ °£·ž¦µ¥ °ª—°oµŠ °ª¥¡¦ °°„˜´ª °°„žµ„ °°„°»µ¥ °oµŠ °»šµœ

°»ž¤µ Á°n¥ °°oµŠ °›·¬“µœ; thinking: °›·¬“µœ ‡·— ‹ÎµÅ—o Œ»„‡·— ´ÉŠÄ‹ ÁºÉ° ÁºÉ°™º° ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ ˜¦³®œ´„ š¦µ œ´™º° œ¹„  ´œ ¥°¤¦´ ¦¼o ª·Á‡¦µ³®r ª·˜„ ­Š­´¥ ­´ŠÁ„˜

®¥´ÉŠ¦¼o; cognition: ŗo‡ªµ¤ ž¨ ®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤; feeling: „¨´ª Á„¦Š ‡Îµœ¹Š œnċ ž¨„Ä‹ £¼¤·Ä‹ ¤´ÉœÄ‹ ¦¼o­¹„ ®ª´Š ®ª´ÉœÂ„¦Š °´°µ¥; seeing: ‹´˜µ ´—Á‹œ —¼

—¼Á®¤º°œ ˜¦ª‹®µ ž¦µ„‘ ¡ Á¡nŠÁ¨ÈŠ ¤°Š Á®Èœ; hearing: ŗo¥·œ ¢´Š; action: Á­Â­¦oŠ „¨´„¨µ¥ „¨µ¥ÁžÈœ …nŠ…´œ

⾲

2:

3

Ϩthîi ϩthîi wâa Ϫwâa ⥲ᩘ

(a)

э̖э p

0 (0%) 2 (4%)

6 (6%) 8 (14%)

87 (94%) 47 (82%)

93 (100%) 57 (100%) (b)

մkhwaam khít⪃࠼/ពᚿ յkhwaam rúu s

ѧ̖ k

10 (7%) 19 (16%) 15 (13%)

26 (19%) 15 (12%) 6 (5%)

102 (74%) 87 (72%) 94 (82%)

138 (100%) 121 (100%) 115 (100%) (c)

շƾѧըaƾ kh΁y᮲௳

39 (26%) 9 (9%)

23 (15%) 3 (3%)

90 (59%) 88 (88%)

152 (100%) 100 (100%) (d)

չhèetkaan஦௳

4 (22%) 8 (100%)

0 (0%) 0 (0%)

14 (78%) 0 (0%)

18 (100%) 8 (100%) (e)

ջs΁mphàtឤゐ/ឤࡌ

8 (100%) 2 (50%)

0 (0%) 1 (25%)

0 (0%) 1 (25%)

8 (100%) 4 (100%)

⾲

2

,

,

(c)

hèet ph΅n

152

ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣ

(e)

s΁mphàt

/

4

ࡈ࡜࡟ぢࡿ࡜ࠊ⿵ㄒ⠇ࢆᚑ࠼ࡿᙧᘧࡢ⏝౛ᩘࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓ㸦

100

(b)

/

(c)

20

(d)

(e)

thîi

wâa

3

࡟ࡣ

thîi

wâa

ࢆศࡅ࡚♧ࡋࡓࠋϩࡢ⏝౛ᩘࡀ㔜」ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊϩࡢ⏝౛ࡀ࡞࠸ոչպࢆ㝖ࡁࠊ

⏝౛ᩘࡢྜィࡣᐇ㝿ࡢ⥲ᩘࡼࡾከ࠸㸦ⓒศ⋡ࡢྜィࡀ

100

⾲

3: thîi

wâa

thîi㸦Ϩ࡜ϩ㸧 wâa㸦ϩ࡜Ϫ㸧

(a)Ⓨヰ

э̖э p

6 (6%) 10 (28%)

93 (100%) 55 (96%)

93 57 (b)ᛮ⪃/Ẽᣢࡕ

մkhwaam khít⪃࠼/ពᚿ յkhwaam rúu s

ѧ̖ k

36 (26%) 34 (28%) 21 (18%)

128 (93%) 102 (84%) 100 (87%)

138 121 115

(c)ㄽ⌮

շƾѧըaƾ kh΁y᮲௳

62 (41%) 12 (12%)

113 (74%) 91 (91%)

152 100

(d)ฟ᮶஦

չhèetkaan஦௳

4 (22%) 8 (100%)

14 (78%) 0 (0%)

18 8

(e)▱ぬ

ջs΁mphàtឤゐ/ឤࡌ

8 (100%) 3 (75%)

0 (0%) 2 (50%)

8 4

wâa

(b)

/

ࡢճ

khwaam ciƾ

128

౛ࢆ཰㞟ࡋศᯒࡋࡓヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵṇ☜࡞ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁ ࡣࠊ

wâa

(a)

(b)

ᛮ⪃

/

(c)

wâa

wâa

⾲ࡍ࡜ࡁ㸦Ⓨヰࢱ࢖ࣉࡢྡモ࡟⥆ࡃ࡜ࡁ㸧ࡼࡾࡶࠊ㢌ࡢ୰࡟࠶ࡿᛮ⪃/Ẽᣢࡕࡸ

ㄽ⌮ࡢෆᐜࢆ⾲ࡍ࡜ࡁ㸦ᛮ⪃/Ẽᣢࡕࢱ࢖ࣉࡸㄽ⌮ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢྡモ࡟⥆ࡃ࡜ࡁ㸧࡟

౑ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏫࡟ࠊ≀⌮ⓗୡ⏺࡟⏕㉳ࡋᐈほⓗ࡟ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ

ල㇟ⓗ஦㇟ࡢෆᐜࡣ

wâa

࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋල㇟ⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍչhèetkaan஦௳࡜պrót࿡ࡣ

wâa

࠸⁸ࠋ

8

Frajzyngier (1991: 220) ཬࡧ Frajzyngier & Jasperson (1991: 135) ࡣࠊㄆ㆑ࣔࢲࣜࢸ࢕ࡢୗ఩ศ㢮࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ

Ⓨヰ㸦ࡢ୰࡛ヰ⪅࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⣔⤫❧࡚ࡽࢀࡓୡ⏺㸧࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕde dicto㡿ᇦࠖ(e.g. definite that-clausesࡀ

⾲ࡍෆᐜ) ࡜⌧ᐇୡ⏺࡟㛵ࡍࡿࠕde re㡿ᇦࠖ(e.g. gerundive -ing-clausesࡸ

infinitival to-clauses

Ϩ㸦

thîi

hèet ph΅n

39

khwaam khít

19

khwaam rúu s ѧ̖ k

15

ph΅n

/

ϩ㸦thîi wâaᙧᘧ㸧ࡢ⏝౛ᩘࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊճkhwaam ciƾ┿ᐇ㸦26౛㸧ࠊն

hèet ph΅n

s΁mphàt

khàaw lѧѧ

Ϫ㸦wâa ᙧᘧ㸧ࡢ⏝౛ᩘࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊճkhwaam ciƾ ┿ᐇ㸦102 ౛㸧ࠊյ

khwaam rúu s ѧ̖ k

౛㸧ࠊձ

kham t э̖э p

87

khwaam khít

87

࡜ࠊձ

kham t э̖э p

94%

ƾѧըaƾ kh΁y

88%

khàaw lѧѧ

82%

khwaam rúu s ѧ̖ k

82%

rѧըaƾ

_/

79%

khwaam ciƾ

74%

khwaam khít

72%

ண ㏻ࡾ

wâa

(a)

(b)

/

ࣉճմյࠊ

(c)

(d)

kham t э̖э p

wâa

‡Îµ˜°ªnµ ŤnÁ‡¥

࠺⟅㸧ࠋ

thîi

wâa

thîi wâa

ᇦࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡣ┤᥋▱ぬࡸ┠ⓗ࡞࡝ࡢෆᐜࢆ⾲ࡍ (Frajzyngier 1995)ࠋࡇࡢศ㢮࡟ᚑ࠼ࡤࠊwâa ࡣ

de

dicto

9 մkhwaam khít ࡣࠊϨ㸦౛㸸‡ªµ¤‡·—š¸É‹³‰nµ¡n° ∗ࢆẅࡍពᚿ㸧࡛ࡣࠕពᚿࠖࡢព࡟ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࠊϩ㸦౛㸸

‡ªµ¤‡·—š¸Éªnµ š¸É Ó —¸š¸É­»—

┠࡟࡞ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼㸧࡛ࡣࠕ⪃࠼ࠖࡢព࡟ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

10

յkhwaam rúu s

k

ࡢព࡟ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࠊϩ㸦౛㸸‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„š¸Éªnµ˜œÁžÈœ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š»¤œ ⮬ศࡣඹྠయࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᛮ࠸㸧࡜Ϫ 㸦౛㸸‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„ªnµ˜œÁ°ŠÅ¤nŗo¦´‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ›¦¦¤ ⮬ศࡣබᖹ࡟ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᛮ࠸㸧࡛ࡣࠕᛮ࠸ࠖࡢព࡟ゎ㔘 ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

11

ջs΁mphàt

­´¤Ÿ´­š¸Éªnµ˜œÁ°ŠÁžÈœš¸ÉÁ…oµÄ‹ ÁžÈœš¸É¥°¤¦´

࡝ࡇ࡟㑇యࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺≉ู࡞ឤࡌ㸧࡛ࡣ(b)ᛮ⪃/Ẽᣢࡕࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟㏆࠸ࠕឤࡌࠖࡢព࡟ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

㸦౛㸸

‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉªnµÁ›°‹³šÎµ°³Å¦„ÈߨnÁ…oµ¤µ˜°œ„ε¨´Š¨oµŠ‹µœ°¥¼n

─Ὑ࠸ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁ࡟✺↛ࡸࡗ࡚ࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺⟅㸧ࠊ

thîi

1

୍᪉ࠊն

hèet ph΅n

wâa

Á®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµšÎµÅ¤Ÿ¤‹¹Š˜´—­·œÄ‹ª´œœ¸ Ê

thîi

Á®˜»Ÿ¨š¸ÉŞ°¥¼n°¥nµŠ¨´Ç

⾜ࡗ࡚₯అࡍࡿ⌮⏤㸧ࡶ࠿࡞ࡾከࡃぢࡽࢀࡓ㸦41%㸧ࠋ

ண ࡟཯ࡋ࡚

wâa

஦௳࡜(e)▱ぬࢱ࢖ࣉպrót ࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏝౛ᩘࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࡝ࡇࡲ୍࡛⯡໬࡛ࡁࡿ

࠿ࡣ୙᫂☜ࡔࡀࠊջs΁mphàt ឤゐ

/

ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ㸦౛㸸­´¤Ÿ´­¡·Á«¬ªnµ˜¦ŠÅ®œ¤¸«¡ ࡝ࡇ࡟㑇యࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺≉ู࡞ឤࡌ㸧

ࡼࡾࠊthîi ࡜ඹ㉳ࡋ࡚ල㇟ⓗ࡞ࠕឤゐࠖ࡟ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ㸦౛㸸­´¤Ÿ´­š¸É nµÁšoµ„¦³š¡º ʜ

㊊ࡢ⿬ࡀᗋ࡟ࡪࡘ࠿ࡿឤゐ㸧ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

ḟ࡟ࠓ

2

wâa

wâa

࡜ࡢඹ㉳ࡀከࡃぢࡽࢀࡓձ㹼ոࡢྛྡモ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢྡモ࡟ᚋ⥆ࡍ

ࡿ

thîi wâa

wâa

⯡ⓗ࡟㛗ࡃㄝ᫂ㄪࡢᩥ❶࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ▷࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶ໚ㄽ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ௬ᐃ

⠇࡞࡝ࡢᚑᒓ⠇ࢆྵࡴ」㞧࡞ᩥ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾ㸦

cf.

1

(3)

࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀከ࠸ࠋᩘ⾜࡟ࢃࡓࡿㄒࡾࡀ⥆ࡃࡇ࡜ࡶ⌋ࡋࡃ࡞࠸ࠋ

ϩϪࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡢࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ

(a)

(b)

/

ࣉճմյࠊ

(c)

(d)

࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸦౛㸸

‡Îµ˜°ªnµÁºÉ°®¦º°Å¤n „´Á¦ºÉ°Š¦µª˜nµŠÇš¸ÉÁ¨nµ

…nµª¨º°ªnµ¤µ‹µ„ÁªÈÅŽ˜rė

‡ªµ¤‹¦·Šªnµ ‡·—°¥nµŠÅ¦„´Á…µ

ேࢆ࡝࠺ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡢ┿ᐇࠊ

‡ªµ¤‡·—ªnµÁ®˜»Ä—¡n°‹¹Š„¨nµª„¦³œ´Êœ

࠶ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡢ࠿࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࠊ

Á®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµÁ…µšÎµÁ¡ºÉ°°³Å¦

⏤ࠊ

Á¦ºÉ°ŠªnµÁ¤ºÉ°Å¦ š¸ÉÅ®œ ¨³‹ÎµœªœÁšnµÅ¦š¸É‡ª¦‹³‹´—˜´ÊŠ®œ´Š­º°¡·¤¡r…¹Êœ

Ⓨ㊊ࡉࡏࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ヰ㸧ࠋ୍᪉ࠊthîi ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ࠿ࢀࡓ⿵ㄒ⠇㸦Ϩ㸧࡟ࡣࠊ

୙ᐃ⏝ἲࡢ␲ၥモ㸦౛㸸

ć¦Ç

࠿ࡗࡓ¹²ࠋ

௨ୗࠊಶࠎࡢྡモࡢ⏝౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚≉࡟┠❧ࡘⅬࢆᣲࡆࡿࠋ

(a)Ⓨヰࢱ࢖ࣉࡢձkham t э̖э p

direct quote㸦Ⓨヰࢆࡑࡢࡲࡲᘬ⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢ㸹୺ほⓗ/㛫୺ほⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍ⤊⤖ᑠ㎡

final particles

‡Îµ˜°ªnµ „ÈÁ¦·É¤š¸É‹³™nµ¥šÎµ˜n°Â¨oª‡¦´

‡Îµ˜°ªnµ …°Áª¨µ„n°œÅ—oÅ®¤ Á¦µ¥´ŠÅ¤nœnċ˜´ªÁ°Š

…nµª¨º°š¸Éªnµ “Á…µÁžÈœÁ„¥r”

wâa

wâa

direct quote marker,

quotative marker

wâa

ྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡀ┤᥋ᘬ⏝࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜࡞࠿ࢁ࠺࡜ࠊྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋ࠿ゝ࠸

ࡼ࠺ࡀ࡞࠸¹³ࠋ

ձ

kham t э̖э p

thîi wâa

‡Îµ˜°š¸Éªnµ š¡·š.š·¥Î š»„.…Î èÁ„

ࢀࡿ␲ၥෆᐜ㸦౛㸸‡Îµ˜°š¸ÉªnµšÎµÅ¤š¸É…o°¤º°Žoµ¥…°ŠŸ¤‹¹Š¤¸Áº°„—ŠÁ­oœ®œ¹ÉŠŸ¼„°¥¼n ࡞ࡐ൅ࡢᕥᡭ㤳࡟㉥

࠸⣒ࡀ⤖ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡢ⟅㸧ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ౛ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

(b)

/

khwaam ciƾ

thîi

wâa

‡ªµ¤‹¦·Šš¸ÉÁ‹Èžª—ªnµ ™oµ˜œÅ¤nŗo­´ÉŠ…

࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡽ

…

(b)

/

khwaam khít

/

khwaam rúu s ѧ̖ k

/

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⬮ὀ

9, 10

wâa

càঃ

——

ࠕ{khwaam khít / khwaam rúu s

ѧ̖ k} thîi càঃ㸩㏙ㄒࠖࡢᙧ࡜࡞ࡾ——ࡼࡾ≧ἣᚿྥⓗ

12

Ransom (1986: 138) ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊthîi

Predetermined Truth Modality (Indicative: factive, epistemic necessity)

Ꮚᗙ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆṧᛕ࡟ᛮ࠺㸧ࠋࡑࢀ௨እࡢ㏙ㄒ (e.g. be necessary, be possible) ࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇࡛ࡶᐃ

definite

ÁžÈœÅžÅ—oš¸É‹°®rœ‹³ÁžÈœ¨·Ã°

13

࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣືモྃ㐃⥆యࡢ୰ࡢᚋ⥆ືモ࡜ぢ࡚ࡼ࠸ሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸦cf.

4

࡞ࠕពᚿ

/

‡ªµ¤‡·—š¸É‹³Â˜nŠŠµœ

࡜࠸࠺ពᚿࠊ

‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„š¸É˜º ʜ˜´œ

wâa

࡛ࡣࠕ⠇ࠖࡀ⥆ࡁ——ࡘࡲࡾࠕ{khwaam khít / khwaam rúu s

ѧ̖ k} (thîi) wâa㸩⠇ࠖࡢ

‡ªµ¤‡·—š¸ÉªnµŸ¼o®·ŠšÎµ­·ÉŠš¸ÉŤn­Îµ‡´Â¨³š¸ÉšµŠ…°ŠŸ¼o®·Š°¥¼nš¸Éoµœ

‡ªµ¤‡·—ªnµ‡ªµ¤¡¥µ¥µ¤‡º°‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹

࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼ࠊ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„š¸Éªnµ Ÿ¤Å¤n¤¸°³Å¦ž·—´Š‡»–°¥¼n൅ࡣఱࡶ࠶࡞ࡓ࡟㞃ࡋ஦ࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸

࡜࠸࠺ᛮ࠸ࠊ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„ªnµÁžÈœ¡ª„Á—¸¥ª„´œྠࡌ௰㛫ྠኈ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᛮ࠸㸧ࠋ

⿵㊊࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠿ࡽϨϩϪࡢ⏝౛ࢆ᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡁ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞

ࡇ࡜࡟Ẽ௜࠸ࡓࠋࡼࡾほᛕⓗ࡞ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡍմkhwaam khít ⪃࠼ࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇࡟ࡣ

thîi

ࡸ

wâa

/

rѧըaƾ ‘matter, affair’

khwaam rúu s ѧ̖ k

_/

rúu s ѧ̖ k ‘feel’

㆑ࢆ௓ࡉࡎᚰ᝟ືモ/ᚰ⌮ືモࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢືモࡀ⥆ࡃ౛ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„°oµŠªoµŠ ᐢ ࡋ࠸Ẽᣢࡕࠊ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„°¥µ„Á‹°®œoµ 㢦ࢆぢࡓ࠸Ẽᣢࡕࠊ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„¦´Ÿ·—°ÂŸ¼oÄ®n ኱ே࡜ࡋ࡚

ࡢ㈐௵ឤࠊ

‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„—o°¥

(c)

hèet ph΅n

wâa

㸦ϩ࡜Ϫ㸧ࡢ๭ྜࡀ

74%

thîi

41%

wâa

౛࡛࠶ࡿࠋն

hèet ph΅n

khwaam khít

/

khwaam rúu s ѧ̖ k

/

thîi

wâa

ྥ࡟㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ๓⪅ࡣ⤖ᯝ஦㇟࡟ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦౛㸸

Á®˜»Ÿ¨š¸É˜o°Šž¨°¤˜´ª

㸦౛㸸

Á®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµÅ¤n°¥µ„šÎµ¦oµœÄ®nØ

࡟ぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋほᐹࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ஦㇟࡟ゝཬࡍࡿ㸦ࠕᖐ⤖࡜ࡋ࡚㹼࡟⮳ࡗࡓࠖ࡜࠸

࠺ほᐹෆᐜࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿ㸧ࡢ࠿ࠊᛮ⣴ࡋࡓཎᅉ஦㇟࡟ゝཬࡍࡿ㸦ࠕ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽ㹼ࡔ࠿

ࡽࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᛮ⣴ෆᐜࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿ㸧ࡢ࠿ࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡛ഴྥࢆ␗࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞

࠸ࠋ

୍᪉ࠊ(c)ㄽ⌮ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢշ

ƾѧըaƾ kh΁y

thîi

ࡀ

12%࡜࠿࡞ࡾప࠿ࡗࡓࠋඛ㏙ࡢնhèet ph΅n

࠸࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ㢮᥎ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊշƾѧըaƾ kh΁y ᮲௳ࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇࡛ࡣࠕ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚

ࡇ࠺࠶ࡿ࡭ࡁࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺ཎᅉ஦㇟࡟ゝཬࡍࡿ㸦᮲௳ෆᐜࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿ㸧ࡇ࡜ࡀᬑ

㏻ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊwâa ࢆ ྵ ࡴ ᙧ ᘧ ࡜ ࡢ 㐺 ྜ ᛶ ࡀ 㧗 ࠸ ࡢ ࠿ ࡶ ࡋ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ 㸦 ౛ 㸸

ÁŠºÉ°œÅ…ªnµ‹³˜o°ŠÅ¤n¤¸ÁŠ·œ‡oµŠ£µ¬¸°¥¼n„n°œ®œoµ

௳㸧ࠋ

(d)ฟ᮶஦ࢱ࢖ࣉࡢոrѧըaƾ

/

ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑࡜ඹ㉳ࡍࡿ⏝౛ᩘ⮬యࡀᑡ࡞࠿ࡗ

ࡓࠋ

rѧըaƾ

ྡモ

/

matter, affair

ḟ࡟ࠓ

3

wâa

モ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑

wâa

——

wâa

——

ືモࢆิᣲࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢືモࡢ୰࡛඲⯡ⓗ࡟ࢺ࣮ࢡࣥᩘࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ୍⯡

ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ

¤¸ mii ‘exist’, ÁžÈœ pen ‘become, COP ’, ŗo dây ‘emerge, get’, Ä®o hây

‘transfer, give’

ࠑձkham t

э̖э p

ࠑղkhàaw lѧѧ შࠒ¤¸

Á„·— ª„ ­¦oµŠ ž’·Á­› ŗo¥·œ ¥»˜· ­—´˜¦´ „´Šª¨ ž¨n°¥ (®ªœœ¹„)™¹Š (­°™µ¤)™¹Š

(Ä®o­´¤£µ¬–r)™¹Š

ࠑճkhwaam ciƾ┿ᐇࠒÁžÈœ ŗo ¤¸ Áž¨¸É¥œ ž‘·Á­› ¥°¤¦´ ¥ºœ¥´œ

¡¼— ¦¼o­¹„ Áž·—ÁŸ¥ Á®Èœ ¡ ÁŸ· ¡·­¼‹œr °„ °„Á¨nµ

¡¼— ­µ¦£µ¡ ¦¼o š¦µ ¦´š¦µ ž¦³Á¤·œ ž¦³‹´„¬r ˜¦´­ Ą¨oÁ‡¸¥Š «¹„¬µ®µ ‡oœ®µ (œ¹„)™¹Š (‡Îµœ¹Š)™¹Š (Ž¹ÊŠ)™¹Š

ࠑմkhwaam khít⪃࠼

/

ࠑյkhwaam rúu s

ѧ̖ k

/

ࠑնhèet ph΅n⌮⏤ࠒÁžÈœ ¤¸ Ä®o ŗo čo °oµŠ Øo ®µ Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¦¼o ¦´š¦µ š¦µ Á®Èœ °›·µ¥ ¸ Ê‹Š ­—Š °„ ™µ¤

ࠑշ

ƾѧըaƾ kh΁y

ࠑոrѧըaƾヰ

/

㸲㸬

wâa

ࢱ࢖ㄒࡢ

3

——hây (< hây ‘transfer, give’ )

thîi (< thîi ‘place’)

wâa (< wâa ‘say’)

——ࡢ୰࡛ࠊືモ㉳※ࡢ hây

ࢁ࡟⥆ࡃ࡜ࡁ࡛ࡶྰᐃ㎡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྰᐃࡉࢀᚓࡿ㸦౛㸸

¤n­´ÉŠ¨¼„ŤnÄ®o¤ªÁ…oµ¤µ

モྃ࡜ඹ࡟ືモྃ㐃⥆యࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟ࡔ(cf. Takahashi

2012)ࠋ୍᪉ࠊwâa

ྰᐃ㎡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ྰᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸㸦౛㸸*

¤n°„¨¼„Ťnªnµ°°„Şŗo (˜n°„¨¼„ªnµ°¥nµ°°„Åž)㸧ࠋ

ືモࡸືモྃ㐃⥆యࡀከ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࢱ࢖ㄒ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊືモᛶࡢ㧗పࡣࡑ࠺ᐜ᫆ࡃุ

14

ࢱ ࢖ ㄒ ࡢ ື モ ⿵ ㄒ ⠇ ᶆ ㆑ ࡢ ศ 㢮 ࡟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ௨ ୗ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ඛ ⾜ ◊ ✲ ࡢ グ ㏙ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋIwasaki &

Ingkaphirom (2005: 255-268)

quotative marker (general verb of speech) wâa; other verb + complementizer wâaࠖࢆᣲࡆࡿࠋPrasithrathsint (2009)

possibility) verb + thîiࠖࠊࠕcommunicative (saying, thinking and cognition, feeling, seeing, hearing, and acting) verb + wâaࠖ࡟ศࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㧗ᶫ(2017)

Takahashi (to appear)

action verb + irrealis complementizer hâyࠖࠊࠕemotion verb + clausal nominalizer thîiࠖࠊࠕperception, cognition, and speech verb + quotative complementizer wâaࠖ࡟ศࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Givón (1980)

3

order, cause, tell, force); (b) modality verbs (e.g. want, succeed, fail, start, finish); (c) cognition-utterance verbs

(e.g. know, think, say)ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢືモศ㢮࡟ࡣ implicativity㸦⿵ㄒ⠇ࡀ⾲ࡍ࿨㢟ࡢ┿ഇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢྵព㸧

ࡸ

factivity/presupposition㸦⿵ㄒ⠇ࡀ⾲ࡍ࿨㢟ࡀ┿࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺๓ᥦ㸧࡜࠸ࡗࡓㄽ⌮ⓗᴫᛕࡀ㒊ศⓗ࡟

㛵୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

Givón (2015: 664-665) ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᐃᛶࡣ⛬ᗘᛶࢆᣢࡗࡓᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᭱ࡶᐃᛶࡀప࠸ࠕ㠀ᐃࡢὴ⏕

ྡモ

nominalized non-finite NPࠖ࡜᭱ࡶᐃᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠕ඾ᆺⓗ࡞ᐃࡢ⠇ the prototype finite clauseࠖࡢ㛫࡟

ࡣᵝࠎ࡞⿵ㄒ⠇/ᚑᒓ⠇ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ㸦a. [Her good knowledge of math] surely helped. < b. [Her knowing

math well] surely helped. < c. [For her to know math so well] surely helped. < d. She wanted [to know math well]. < e. [Knowing math well], she then … < f. [Having known math well since childhood], she … < g. He assumed [(that) she knew math well]. < h. She knew math well.㸧ࠋࢱ࢖ㄒࡣࠕᐃࡢ⠇ࢆከ⏝ࡍࡿゝㄒ extreme finite languagesࠖ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿ (ibid., 671)ࠋ

Dixon (2006: 23-27, 28-30)

Fact, (b)άື Activity,

(c)ྍ⬟ᛶ Potential

3

SPEAKING

㏙࡭ࡿࠋsay, inform, tell㸦࿌ࡆࡿ㸧ࡣ୍⯡࡟(a)ࢱ࢖ࣉࡔࡅࢆྲྀࡿࠋreportࡣ(a)ࡲࡓࡣ(b)ࢱ࢖ࣉࢆྲྀࡿࠋ

describe, refer to

ࢆྲྀࡿࠋ

᩿࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࡜࠼Ⓨヰሙ㠃ࡸㄯヰᩥ⬦ࡀ᫂░࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊື

モ㸦ෆᐜㄒ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

wâa

⬟ㄒ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

wâa

Iwasaki & Ingkaphirom (2005: 266) ࡀᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ wâa

ࡲࢀࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ⏝౛ࠕ

Á¦µ„È­nŠ‹—®¤µ¥Åž‹µ„ª·š¥µ¨´¥Áœ¸É¥ªnµ …°­nŠœ´„«¹„¬µ¡ª„œ¸ ʜn³  ¹„Šµœ

ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ➹⪅ࡢぢゎ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ

wâa

‹—®¤µ¥

ヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊwâa࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⠇ࠕ…°­nŠœ´„«¹„¬µ¡ª„œ¸ ʜn³

 ¹„Šµœ

ࡇࢀࡽࡢᏛ⏕ࢆᴗົ◊ಟ࡟㏦ࡽࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃࠖࡣྡモࠕ‹—®¤µ¥ ᡭ⣬ࠖࡢ⿵ㄒ࡜ࡋ

࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ౑ᙺ⛣ືࢆ⾲ࡍືモྃࠕ­nŠ‹—®¤µ¥ ᡭ⣬ࢆ㏦ࡿࠖࡢᚋ

ࢁ࡟ࡣ᪉ྥᛶࢆ⾲ࡍືモࠕŞ ⾜ࡃ㸦ヰ⪅ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽ㐲ࡊ࠿ࡿ㸧ࠖ࡜㉳Ⅼࢆ⾲ࡍ๓

⨨モྃࠕ‹µ„ª·š¥µ¨´¥Áœ¸É¥ ࡇࡢ኱Ꮫ࠿ࡽࠖࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣࠕ­nŠ‹—®¤µ¥ ᡭ⣬ࢆ㏦ࡿࠖ࡜

ඹ࡟୍ࡘࡢ⠇ࢆᙧᡂࡋ

——

——

ࡽᡭ⣬ࢆ㏦ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࡇࡢ⏝౛ࡢ

wâa

wâa ‘tell/communicate’

୍⯡ⓗ࡞

‘

’

ࠕᡃࠎࡣࡇࡢ኱Ꮫ࠿ࡽᡭ⣬ࢆ㏦ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᏛ⏕ࢆᴗົ◊ಟ࡟㏦ࡽࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃ

࡜ఏ࠼ࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࡞ࡿࠋ

wâa

thîi

ྜ࡟㝈ࡾࡑࡢྡモࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡍࡿ࡜ぢࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࡋ࠿ࡋ

wâa

(e.g. dâyyin ‘hear’, faƾ ‘listen’)

/

(e.g. mii ‘exist’, k Ω̖Ω t ‘occur’)

ŗo¥·œ…nµª¨º°ªnµ

¤¸…nµª¨º°ªnµ

Á„·—…nµª¨º°ªnµ

ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑㸦

_COMP

wâa

(e.g., hear/exist/occur

[rumor

_COMP …])

ືモ㸦say㸧/ఏ㐩ືモ㸦tell㸧ࡢ

wâa

…ࠊ᭕᫕࡛࠶ࡿࠋᶵ⬟ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃືモྃ㐃⥆యࡢᚋ⥆ືモ㸦say/tell㸧࡜

ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

wâa

ୗ࡟ᣲࡆࡿࠋ

(4) t ѓ̖ѓ dâyyin kham t э̖э p wâa nâa s΅n cay

but hear answer be.interesting

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⯆࿡῝࠸࡜࠸࠺⟅࠼ࢆ⪺࠸ࡓ

(5) náp tâƾ t ѓ̖ѓ mii khàaw lѧѧ

wâa kháw s΃a chiiwít l ѓ̗ѓ w…

since exist rumor PRON die PERF

ᙼࡀṚࢇࡔ࡜࠸࠺შࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚௨᮶…

(6) kэըэ k Ω̖Ω t khàaw lѧѧ

wâa mii y΃ƾ r э̗э y lêm kwian…

then occur rumor exist female many

ࡑࢀ࡛㸦ࡼࡃ⏨ࢆ㦄ࡍ㸧ࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢዪࡀ࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺შࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ

౛

(4)–(6)

{dâyyin ‘hear’/ mii ‘exist’ / k Ω̖Ω t ‘occur’}

wâa

࡞࠸࠿

——dâyyin ‘hear’, mii ‘exist’, k Ω̖Ω t ‘occur’

wâa ‘say/tell’

ືモ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿——ࠊࡑ࠺␲࠸ࡓࡃ࡞ࡿ⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘࡣࠊࢱ࢖ㄒࡢⓎヰືモ/ఏ㐩

ືモࡢ୺ㄒྡモྃࡢᣦ♧≀ࡣࠕⓎヰࡍࡿே/ఏ㐩ࡍࡿேࠖ㸦౛(7)(8)㸧࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣ 㝈ࡽࡎࠊშࡸ᪂⪺グ஦࡞࡝ࡢࠕゝㄒ፹௓ࠖ㸦౛(9)(10)㸧࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡇ࡜࡛࠶

ࡿࠋ

(7) khruu wâa yaƾƾay

teacher say how

ᩍᖌࡣ࡝࠺ゝࡗࡓ࠿

(8) khruu dâyyin nák rian wâa yàaƾ níi

teacher hear student say like.this

ᩍᖌࡣ⏕ᚐࡀࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ゝ࠺ࡢࢆ⪺࠸ࡓ

(9) khàaw lѧѧ lâw kh΁an wâa kѓѓ phían phían rumor narrate announce COMP PRON slightly.distorted

(10) khàaw náƾsѧհѧ phim rabùঃ wâa …

news news.paper mention COMP

᪂⪺グ஦ࡣ…࡜ゝཬࡋࡓ㸻᪂⪺グ஦࡟ࡣ…࡜ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ

ືモྃ㐃⥆యࡢㄞࡳࢆチࡉ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊᩒ࠼࡚

thîi wâa

࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸦౛(11)㸧ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡸࡸࡇ

ࡋ࠸ၥ㢟࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿࠋࢱ࢖ㄒࡢⓎヰືモ

/

᪂⪺グ஦࡞࡝ࡢゝㄒ፹௓࡛ࡶࡼ࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ

(11)

thîi wâa

㆑࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㛵ಀ⠇ᶆ㆑

thîi ‘ REL ( ATIVE CLAUSE MARKER )’࡜ືモ wâa ‘tell’ ࡢ⤌ࡳ

ྜࢃࡏࡔ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿㸦౛(12)㸧ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ(12)࡛ࡣ୺ྡモ ࠕkhàaw lѧѧ შࠖࡀ㛵ಀ⠇ᶆ㆑ࠕthîiࠖࢆᣳࢇ࡛㛵ಀ⠇ࠕwâa kháw s΃a chiiwít l

ѓ̗ѓ w

ࢇࡔ࡜ఏ࠼ࡿშࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ——ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋࡓࡔࡋࡇ ࡢ⪃࠼ࡣࠊ๓ࡢྡモࡢᣦ♧≀ࡀゝㄒ፹య࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ሙྜ㸦౛(2)㸧࡟ࡣᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡽ

࡞࠸ࠋ

(11) mii khàaw lѧѧ thîi wâa kháw s΃a chiiwít l ѓ̗ѓ w

exist rumor PRON die PERF

ᙼࡀṚࢇࡔ࡜࠸࠺შࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ

(12) mii khàaw lѧѧ thîi wâa kháw s΃a chiiwít l ѓ̗ѓ w

exist rumor REL tell PRON die PERF

ᙼࡀṚࢇࡔ࡜ఏ࠼ࡿშࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ

ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢࡸࡸࡇࡋ࠸ၥ㢟ࡣࠊwâaࡢ๓ࡢࠕhây㸩ྡモྃࠖ㸦e.g., hây kham t

э̖э p

‘give, answer’, hây khwaam rúu s ѧ̖ k ‘give, feeling’, hây hèet ph΅n ‘give, reason’

ࠕືモ㸩┠ⓗㄒྡモྃࠖ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍࡢ࠿ࠊ」ྜືモ࡜ぢ࡞ࡍࡢ࠿ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶

ࡿࠋ๓⪅㸦ືモ㸩ྡモྃ㸩

wâa

wâa

wâa

wâa

㸳㸬ࡲ࡜ࡵ

ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ⌧௦ࢱ࢖ㄒ࡛ᐇ㝿࡟౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ

3

thîi, thîi

wâa, wâa

ࢥ࣮ࣃࢫ࠿ࡽ཰㞟ࡋࡓከᩘࡢ⏝౛ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢱ࢖ㄒヰ⪅ࡀࡑࢀࡽ

ࡢྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟౑࠸ศࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ≉࡟

wâa

࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊほᐹྍ⬟࡞⠊ᅖ࡛ࡢ୍⯡໬ࢆヨࡳࡓࠋྠ᫬࡟ࠊ

wâa

࢖ㄒࡢྡモಟ㣭⾲⌧࡟㛵ࡍࡿᑐ↷◊✲࡟ά࠿ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ

ືモ࡜ࡑࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡢព࿡ⓗᙧᘧⓗ࡞⤫ྜᗘ(Givón 1980; Givón 1990: 514, 516,

537)

ᵝࠎ࡞ᚑᒓ⠇ᶆ㆑ (Heine & Kuteva 2002: 261-269; Heine & Kuteva 2007: 236-240;

Matiü & Pakendart 2013)

࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊࡑࡢືモ࡬ࡢ⤫ྜᗘࡀప࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (Givón 1990: 554)ࠋࡋ

࠿ࡋྡモ࡜ࡑࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇¹⁵ ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝㄒ࡞࡝࡛ࡣヲࡋ࠸ศᯒࡀ࠶ࡿ

ࡀ (e.g. Gravik 2018)¹⁶ࠊࢱ࢖ㄒ࡛ࡣศᯒࡀ࡞࠸ࠋ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢱ࢖ㄒヰ

⪅ࡣ」ᩘࡢྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ᶆ㆑ࢆ౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ౑࠸᪉࡟ࡣ࠶ࡿ✀ࡢഴ

ྥࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ␗࡞ࡿᶆ㆑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟ࠿ࢀࡓ⿵ㄒ⠇࡟ࡣࡑ

ࢀࡒࢀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ␗࡞ࡿᶆ㆑ࢆ౑࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ྡモ࡜ࡑࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡢ ព࿡ゎ㔘ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ኚࢃࡿࡢ࠿ࠊ➼ࠎࠊ௒ᚋࡼࡾ῝ࡃ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸¹⁷ࠋ

15

Noonan (2007: 147-149) ࡣྡモ⿵ㄒ⠇ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ືモ⿵ㄒ⠇࡜ྠࡌࢱ࢖ࣉ࡟ศ㢮ࡍࡿࠋ(a) Infinitive

type㸸Walt’s ability to chew gum and tie shoes at the same time; (b) Indicative type: Andrea’s belief that Max is the King of Greenland; (c) Subjunctive type: Queen Zelda’s command that Zeke be shotࠋGivón (1990: 472, 508-510)

attempts to find a job; His knowing what went on there; His wanting to leave; His letting go of the knife; Her making him wash the floor; Her telling him to shape up; Her doing it to save Joe; Her wish that he would come back; His discovery that she was blind; His shouting: “Watch out!”; The fact (that) she knew him㸧ࠋ

16

Gravik 2018 ࡣ࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝㄒࢥ࣮ࣃࢫࢆ⏝࠸࡚௨ୗࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓࠋ᥋⥆モ que ‘that’ ࡛ᑟ࠿

ࢀࡓᐃࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇ࡣࠊ㠀ᐃࡢ⿵ㄒ⠇࡟ẚ࡭࡚ࠊᙧᘧⓗ࡞」㞧ࡉ

formal complexityࠊ⮬ᚊᛶ autonomyࠊᐃ

ືモᛶ

verbality

ᚰ⌮

Mental (ideas, cognitive states and processes)ࠊ(b)

Linguistic (utterances, linguistic acts and products thereof)ࠊ(c)

Factual (facts, states of affairs)

3

ࡇ࡜࡟ࠊ⿵ㄒ⠇ࢆᚑ࠼ࡿྡモ

shell nouns (cf. Schmid 2000)

࡛᏶඲࡟ࡣ୍⮴ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠋ

17

➨ 1

2

thîi

sѧըƾ

ࡣࠊ㧗ᶫ

2011