払rOpening・UpofMountainyorestsIJsingthe‡ntegrated TerrainInfbrmation‡＞rocessing・System相月βAS

Buli．Fac．Bioresources，MieUl−iv・  

No．10：77−104   March26．1993   

0ptimizationofAlternativeRouteLocation／HarvestSystemPlann 

払rOpening・UpofMountainyorestsIJsingthe‡ntegrated  

TerrainInfbrmation‡＞rocessing・System相月βAS  

MasamiS江川兢andTetstLiiNAIミUSE  

FacultyofBioresources，MieUniversiとy  

AbstI・aCt  

Thispal）erdealswithhowtheirltegratedl） rManalysissystern，TERDAS，Canbeappiiedtoopening   upplanningstrate由es，TlleSyStenlincorporatesぬurlinkedsub血nctionaicomponentsof：（1）detine痛Ilg   operation；llterrainunitsbasedonvoronoii血rmation，（2）identifyingandzoningsensitiveterrainsites   relaはdtospeciaipointsorkattlreS，（3）syntlleSizingsensitiveterrainねctorsbyoveriay，Strat摘catio118nd   isolationmanners，and（4）optionalsimulationanalysissuchasvisuallandscape modiEication，drainage   pattcrn，beddingboundaryandpotentialsolarradi；ltion・Asacasestudythissystcmisappliedtothe   openlngupPl8nning払rMieUniversityForest．  

Key wor（ls：OpeningupplannlngStrateg】e，rOadnetwork／harvestingsystem，SenSitive terrain．  

でERDAS，integrated慮）TMdatabase，0Verlay／strati鮎ation／isolation  

Intro（luction  

Duringthelastdecades，therehasbeenaconsiderableevolutionandagreaterchangeinthemethodsand   techniquesusedintimberharvesting．Itcaningeneraibesaidthata11forestoperationshavebeenaffectedby  

this development．There are，however，Certain forested area wl血h are not suitableた〉r the systematic   applicationanduseofsuchtechniques・Forestsinmoutainc｝uSregionsareanexampleofsiteswhichbytheir   verynatureconstituteanobstacletoprogress，Whichitisoftendi琉culttoapproach・Accessdevelopmentin   theseforestsispresentlyconfrontedwithevermorevarylngreStrictionsilltegratlngenglneerlng，伽ancial，SOCial  

andmoreconcernedbythclimitationofaccessfacilitiesandrclativestagnationofmountainねrestscompared   Withgeneraldevelopment．   

TheintegratedplannlngprOCeSSShouldpermitnotonlygreatadaptabilitytolocalconditionsbutalsothe  

inclusionofkeypointsた〉rOPeningupirimOuntainぬrests・Inaddition，itmustdevelopaiargenumberofaidsfor   decisionmakingintheevaluationandchoiceofalternativesinrelationtolocalcircumsta11CeS・Loe用erand  

techl函uesandtheeva王uationofdifferentalternativesshowninFigurel・   

AparticularlyinterestingpartoftheopenmgupplarullngprOCeSSis払cilitationingeneratlngalternatives   routlngSunderthevariousconstrainsin餌enclngthelocationofroutes主nforestarea・Thispaperattemptsto  

AcceptedOctober28，1992   

MasamiSli】BA；lndTetsujiNARUSlミ   78   

1ri那Il・el・Procedureforgeneralol）eIllng一叩Ⅷ1allIlm忍COrreSpO11di咽tOfive−Ste】）Pl℃blem−SOlvlngparadigm．  

SyStemPlanning．Theproposedsystem（tentativelyca11edYERDAS），initspresentform，incorporatedfbur  

informationderivedh・OmSlopeoraccessdistanceestimates，（2）iderltifyingandzoningsensitiveterrai11Sites   relatedtospeci鮎pointsorfeaturesassociatedwiththeseverityofengineeringd灘culties，（3）synthesizing  

sensitiveterrain払ctorsbyoverlay，Strati鮎atioriandisolationmanners，and（4）varioussimulationanalysis，SuCh   asvisuallandscapemod漬cation，drainagepattern，beddingboundaryandpotentialsolarradiation．Figure2   showsanoverviewdiagramoffunctionallybranchedcomponentsoftheTERI）AS−   

AsmallpilotstudydesignedtotestapplicabiiityoftheTERr）ASぬropeningupplanninginMieuniversity  

Optimiz；ltionofAlternativeRouteLocation／HaⅣeStSystelml〕1ann重昭   79  

加点ngoftjlePrObl￠mar各班bぉdon   se関比iv￠じerr由れfacじOrS  

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Si爪ulユしion   Vi創出l都d潔泊搾   nodification  Drail】叱e P止しCロ1  

鮎劇ing burdaけ   Po地n艮alsolar   radiaLion  

disし洲CG・′slo印一／「亡Ije  

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Suppユ地織払ry玩汀裏n   infomuorl   払rridor担a皿ま喝  

ofⅣu沈loeムヒまく机  

F廟IrC2・Functionalcomponentsofthel署RDAS，mOdulestosuitvariousapplicationsinopcningTuPPlanning   PrOCeSS，StlChasroutelocationorharvestsystcmplanaread（ledasrcquiredtothissystem．   

theadoptionaresuggestedbythese王）reliminaryresu】ts・rtdoesallowflexibilityinrouteevaluationby   producingalternativeroutingunderdifferentsetsofconstraints，takil−genglneerlng；lndenvironmentalestirnates   iIltOaCCOunt．   

ThisstudywaspartlyrepresentedattheIUFROWorkshopS3・06，S3・05andUniversityofMunichin   

MasalⅥiS重∧＝主Aa11（＝、etsu折鶴iくUSl；  

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Fe址血1g，Germany1992．  

TI宝RI）ASasl）al・tOranilltegratedl）TMdatebase   

YangandLemkow2）presentedaprototypetimberharvestingplanningsystemthatusedal）YNI．PIJANS  

（thePreliminaryLoggingAnalysisSystenlOftheUSDAForestService1987）3）isasoftwarepackageぬr  

includes programsforthe harvest unit desigr10favar主etyofcable−loggmgsystems，rOadlocations，Visual   analys王S，logglngCOStS，andslopeattributes．ItusesaPT狙toprovidethetopographicdataneededtofit  

Furtherapp王icaぬnofai）1一対sllOu更dillCludethecapac托y仁OSynthesizee班ciei能jytわedataoぎsever∂imap  

】ayers，払reststands，geOlogy，SOjlecology，hydrologyandotherphysicalaspectsoftheDTMcoveragearea▲  

Thiswouldfacilitatethecompleteevaluationofforestareasusinga11theirnportantplanningvar主ables，becausean  

王Jigureぬ．0vervieworterr；linconditio王1SCOVeriれg鹿U血′erSiと）′蒼rorest∂rea；1¶Odi鮎dal：25000topo餅apllic  

111aP．   

Opti】ⅥizationorA丑ernativeRouteLocation／HarvestSyste】ⅥPlanning   8i  

F如rc3b・Computer−genCratCddigitalcontourmap（contourirltCrVal：2t）m）withthesquaregridofthct）TM  

（5（）mX5Om）；RectangularportionofthegridbloclくSboundedbyboldlirleSindicatcsthemodel   area designed払r vistは11…1ndsc；ll）e n−Od漬cation by gener；ltingl）erSl）eCtive drawlngS Sl10Wni11   Figul・C17；lndalsolhearrowheadshowsthcspeciticgrid−intersectionusedtosoJvcforviewing   rangeo＝heterrainた■0】−1t】−eSelectedviewpoillti11血eDTMcover；1geareainIJigul¶e16．   

integratedDYMsystem，aSOnepartOfapermanentdatabase，Canbeeasilyaccessedforenglneerlngand  

managementir）formation，Canmakedesiredchanges，andcancarryoutmanymoredesigncyclesthanwouldbe  

possibleuslngmanuaimethods．   

TERl）AS（Terra−daiabase即Siem）isthedataprocessingsystemぬrapplicationsoftheintegratedr）T胴  

databaseincorporatedintoapreliminaryroad／harveStSyStemPlarming4・5）・Itcanbeusedtosynthesizethe  

COmmOnSCale，andtoproduceaterrainfactormosaicrepresentationwhichprovideforthepossibilityof  

SimulatingvariouskindsofopenlngupmeaSureS・Adetailedprocedureforsuchcomputerizedmal）Plngand  

informationstoragesystemisdescribedintheliterature6）．   

Thissysten−WaSaPPliedtotheopenlnguPPlllnr ngた）rMieUniversityForest・TheanalytlCa11）rOCeSSis   Simplypresentedasfollows・ADTMwith50m−Squaregridintervalscoverlngtheareaonatopographicmap  

SCaleofl／5000・WaSCOnStruCtedtoprovidetheterraindata王一eededto鋸thelevelofroutelocationplannlng  

（FigtlrC3）．Terrainin払rmationderivedfromtheresolutionoftheTERI）ASwerethenrecordedぬreach。f   theresultingO・25harasters・Thetieldsurveydataacquiredbysamplingmethod，WithcircleunitlOmin  

radius，atgridlineintersectionsonthegroundreconnaissance，WaSCOnVertedtoagridmap．Ljnearstructural   informationextractedfromaeriall）hotointerpretatjonandbasemapanalysis，SuChasopeningupboundaries，  

existingroadlines・lineaments・landslidepolntS／area，etCりWere de丘ned by a series ofx−yCOOrdinates  

automatica11ygeneratedbyadigitizer．   

Aconsiderablevo】ulⅥeOfcomputeroutputwasgeneratedbytl−eTERnAS・Severalo川−eSeO呵）utS  

associatedwiththeidentiiicationofcriticalsitesin軋1enClngtheroutelocationsareshowninFigttrc（5−17．1tis   

MasamiS日日A之l王1drrets1日iNA†くtjSlミ   82   

interestlngtOnOtethatthecriticalsitesbasedonlandfomattributesanddrah−agePatternreVealactualterrain  

CO11ditionscom王）；1ratively・  

FigurcLl．PerspectiveplotoftheDTMsurfaccintheshldysite；gridlincspaclnglSSet；lt5（）m・Arrowheads   i11（1icate廊donli弧1tdrai11a酢basinsandddges・Boldlil−eS】−0、VSl）OLlndaryoftlleMieU王−iversity  

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Optilmizatio王10fA旺erllativeiミoL舶Locaとim丑王aⅣeStSystellll）l8nl血g   85  

FigurclO・Comparisonoftwodrainagepatternssetat5ha（叩PCr）andlha（lowcr）drainagearea，   

Mas；1miSl11日Aand retsujiNAlくUSlミ   86  

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l〜毎urell．′rheco涌guraとiono川−eグロ㍑如才柁タ2dぶ慕 ゆcgガ‡0血相）tainedbyapplying血doubleFouriersedes   to t王1e D・rM suぬce（upI）el・），uSing肌1JCg血ory雄油血㈹A〝点鳳血血油w眈−is   statisticestimatesoftheKuuback−Leiblerinぬmationcriterion，andtheresidualswhicl rethe   remainderfoundbysubtracingtheautua＝romthecomputedtrendsurfaeevalue（Ⅰ（｝Wer）；COntOur   intervalorresidualsisseLatlOm．  

Solidline corresponds to positivc and dottedline to ncgativc residuals respectively・The   MAICE。rderoftheFouriermodelis13（goodnessげjiL＝92．3％）．Trendsuぬce，i・e・thespatial   strtlCtureSOfreliefreprese11tSlarge−SCaleor 昭如適 一structural触uresonthela11dfonⅥSand亡he   residualsrepresentsmalトsc；lleor＝local structure・Thismethod・thereforemaysuitforlocal   terrainstabilityana−ysesdirectlyrelatcdtospeci6cfeaturesorpointswithinthearea・   

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Figure15．Computersimuiationofbeddi噸bounda野basedoninformationderivedfromairphotointerpretation   and field survey at80bservedland・Slide sites．Hypotheticaibedding boundaries overlaid with   di離alterrai】1COntOUr【れap Of50111in短Ⅳa】are reI）reSen紐d8S a Series of血ersec仁ion po血s  

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theoretica11y as the zellO・meter COntOuI・Oftlle difねrence between geologlCala11d topographic   SLlrねcesontlleaSSuml）tionsthatanyreversefau触0VerねIdingandoverhlmingofbedswouldnot  

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exceptartiticia＝inearfeaturesinassociationwiththebeddingstructure，Thebeddingstructure   modelemployedherc，hasbeerldevelopedatOsakaCityUniversity（Shiono1987）．  

Masa】ⅥiS川ⅠきAandTets頑NARUSE   90   

椚郡靴1f；・忍鋸払・C／〜α〟representin射he、・iew主l−gIt呈Il−geO＝heterr…1i−一打omt壬1eSelectedviewpolエーtintlleDl、M   COVer咽earea；t】1eCOOrdin8teS（Ⅹa王IdY）ofthegivenviewingpointis（27，12）．   

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Masa血S川路AandTet如iNARUSE  

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Fig・ul・e17．PerspectiveplotofaDTMsurねce（upper），Symbolizedforcststandcover（middle）andproposed   routeloc；ltion（lowcr）from the selected viewpoint；the gridline spacingis set at5t）肌 Thc   l）rOpOSedalternativerou【elocatiollSitealⅥOnglOtll，11tha王1d12tll−COnlPartlⅥelltSisselectedastlle   modelarcashowninFigure3． rhcstandtypcisclassi鮎dbythecombi11ationoftreespccies，  

CanOPyStruCture，CrOWndensityandageclassbasedonaerialphotointerprctationandforesttype  

di触uit to express allcodes with differcnt symbolmarks bccause the number ofcodes h・Om a   Symboltableavaiiabletoaplotterisl血itedandonlyfewsymboIcodesinthcsearevisua11y翫foran   imageofvegetation．Thecodesexceptunstockedsite sonewereexpressedwith6symboI王Ⅵ；lr】くS   intowhicbtreespecieswereclassi鮎d．Tllreealld／or如rsymbo】marlくSWere Plottedoneacll   gridurlitarea．Thesizeofsymbolmar1くSWi庇hwouldtheoreticallybel）rOpOtiontothedistancc   h−omaSelectcdviewpolnt，WaSaSSumed tobcconstanthere，and thc transた）rlllationofsymbol  

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Applic如ion   

Outlinesofthestudyarea  

MieUniversityForest（totalarea：457ha）islocatedintheheadwaterzoneofKumozuRiverandstretches4  

kmeasttowestandl・7kmnorthtosouthinrectangularshape（Figure4）．TheForestissurroundedby   SeVeralridgesabovelOOOmandtopographicalfeaturesintheareaarecon鎮guratedwithextremeundutationsas   aresultofriverdissections．Averagegradientofslopesis72％andsteepslopesabove80％occupyabout35％  

Ofthetotalarea（Figure18）．   

Op血】izationofA圧ernativeRouteLocation／HaⅣeStSystemPlanIli咽   ₉₃   

へと≡＝．て−−＝−こ㌻二加 lこご∈じ   nU nU nU  QU   ？   ∠○   ハU   ︻U  でノ   ′q   O nU nU  7J   2   1  

10  15 20   38 40 50る07【）80100  

Slope gradienヒ（冤）  

Figul・e18． rerrainconditionsoflllOu王1はink〉reStSaSSOCiatedwitllSlopesteepness（蝕附加如裏ゆび明脾明   C乙酌β）；aVerage Slope gradient valueis obtained by a resolution ofa】1D′rM grid ce11s per slope  

；lttribute cells．  

District  

（MiyazakiandMiePref．）  

A：MiyazakiUniv．For．  

β：Mie Univ．For．  

Cこ Moroto For．Co．Ltd．  

Aver咽eSlope   酢adienと（偽）  

33．4   71．0   74．2   

加㈲5︒2457456  

Truck road  den吉江y（m／h8）  

64．0   3．9   72．9  

MesozoicstratacomprisingBiotite−hornblendegranodioriterockswhichareeasilycollapsedbytherainhll，  

arewideiydis仁ributed・Naturai如dslidesoccurringalonga良TaCturetraCeOfjrregu呈ars】opesuぬcezmdbare  

Siteswithoutvegetationcoveronsideslopesofridgesscatteralloverthearea・Predominantly触egrained  

COhesive soiis derived from weathered sedjmentary rocks are generaily shaま】0軋 The average armual   temperatureis12．40candtheannualprecipltationis2517rnm．   

TheForestconsistsofnatura蜃andartはcaまforestsin亡heproportiollOf6仁04（FigulTC5）．Thenatural  

forests（totalarea：262．4ha）aream玩tureofconiferousanddeciduotlSbroad−leavedtrees，andthestand   StruCture repreSentS the typiCatVegetationpatterninthenorthen−PartSOfthe KiiPeninsula・Theyare  

Significant払rthewatershedconservation，landscapeprotectionsandwi1dlifesanctuariessothattheharvesting  

act主vitiesin this area have beeninl）rinciple最mited・A greater part ofthe artificia主知ests composed  

PredominantlyofCナガtomeriaj㊥onicaandChamaeり少arisobtusa（totalarea：162．2ha）isonsteepslopes，and  

SpeCialopeningupmeasuresareneededtoprotectthewaterqualityandwi！dlifehabitatupstream，anda  

COmbinationofselectivecuttingwithbufferzonesnearthedrainageareaandcableyardingfurtherupstreamhas  

beenagreeduponわrart摘cialbrests．   

MasamiSli】】与Aand ret凱づiNA著そUSE   94   

Thissystemresultsinsma】1areaoperationsofclearcuttingandtllinnlngSSCatteredallovertheplantationforests．  

Accordingtothe9th−termharvestplan（1988−1992）whichisrerleWedcvery5years，theaveragetimber   productionaccountsbr72m3／yearto如alcuttingandぬr9・96m3′yeartothinningrespectively．  

The openlng uP areaitself consists of two m叫Or drainage basins ca11ed the Nishimata and the  

Hbshimata ・ rheexistingroadispartofroadnetworkpkmoftheUniversityForest（tota】length：9539m，  

altenativeRl）andischssi鮎dasana11−Weathersecondaryroad．王trunsaboutl176mtothecentralized   permanent】andingsiteslocatedonbothdrainagebasinsfrompublicroads・Basedonsloperangesandsoil  

Preparedskidtrailsisalsoacceptableinthecomparatively触portionsontheeasternsideofthearea．   

ThedevelopmentplanrequlreSearlyextensionoftheroadsystemh・om軌epermanentlandingslteSOfboth   drainagebasinsintoproductionforestsincludingstandsofadvancedimmaturetimber，butitmustbedecided  

Whethertoleavelimitedareaofhighcrosionpotentialandsteepslopeabove80％undisturbedortodevelopwith  

SpeCialcare．   

Thetechnicalproblemstobeoutlinedfortheopenlng−uPplannlngintheareacanbebrietlydescribedas  

follows：insufticientaccessibilitywithexistingroadnetwork，aCCeSStOtheareawithoperationalrestrictions   COnCemlngSeaSOna宣andterrainconditions，reStrictedroutelocationtocirculateallovertheol）enlnguparea  

includingthereservedforests，andenvironmentalconstraintsontheroutingduetohydrologlCa，eCOloglCaland  

aestlleticcollSiderations．  

Openingupalternatives   

AltemativeplanisabalanclngandoptimizlrlgprOCeSSOfroad／harvestingsystem・Insteadofarrivlng   directlyatthebestoverallplan，theplannerusuallystartswithaf6wbasicrequlrementS，WOrksthroughaseries   Ofstages and then works backand forth between stages untiithe best compromises are reached． rhe  

alternativeplanwhichfollowsistheresultoftheoptimizlngprOCeSS，aftervariousoptionshavebeentried，  

reJeCtedandreplacedbybetterone．   

ThealtemativeplanlllngStepSareOutlinedbelowinapproximatedlrOnOloglCalorder．   

（a）Selectllat・VeStSyStelllS   

（b）Assessprotectionl・equiI・ementS   

（C）As＄eSSSiIlriculttlr壬11requi王・ements   

（（t））｝I・OI）05eP）でIhli11；H・）・t・Oil（l11d＼l・ork   

（e）8電oekotltharvestingsystems   

BasedonthebasicinfomationassembledandalsotheresultsofsensitiveterrainfactoranalysISemPloyed  

tlleTER董）AS，5l・Oa（1networlialもerllativescolllbinedⅥrithyal・diIlどSyStemS（cablecrane，Skidderand  

theircombinations）areproposed（Figurc19）．Includingthestatusquo，theyarenamedbyasimplenumber   

OptimizationofAjternativeIそouteLocation／HarvestSystemPlanning  

封威服餅㈲  

EIモL：Existingroadlocation  

Bopa：Boundariesoropeninguparea  

忍β   

Ⅰ〜はul・el軋 Co叩uter−drawmaIternaとive川棚おわ 有川WithopeniI−guPboun（lar廊alternatives（馳ItuS（押（）〜  

1モl）．   

鉦omRltoR4respectively・Proposedal川−eaiternativesarebasedonamediumroaddensity（2ト281Ⅵノha）  

COmbinedwithcableyarding，grOundskiddingandtheircombination・Havinginmindthattheslopeappearsto   besensitivetom如rdisturbancesofitspresentequilibrium，thegoaloftheopenlnguPOftheprQ5ectareahasto   bedevelopedaccordinglytothepossibilitiestoconstructroadsinthedifferentsubareasandtotheirsite  

qua】ities・Numerouscablewayaitemativesisolatedasaresultoftheyardingfeasibilityareinitiallylaidoutona   topographicmapbyconsideringyardingsystemcapabilitiesandterraincon触uration，andarethenappraisedfor  

apparentfeasibilitybyneldcheckstothesite・Thebestrelationshipbetweenroads；mdyardingmaynotbe  

reachedinthisattempt・Thereusltsshouldbeexaminedcarefullyand鮎rtherimprovementsmadeifpossib】e，   

MasamiSⅢBAandTe【sujiNAlミUSE   96   

bychanglngeitherroadlocationsorsystemboundaries・Theroad／yardingsystempatternshowninFigure2O  

isthe endrcsultafterseveraltrials．  

S   ＼1．・・ミ・．・ごい   RL：Roiまdlocatioll  

SK：Skylinecorridor  

Bopa：Boundariesofol）enlnguParea  

β3  

Figし1Ⅰ・e20．Proposed殉血旧都而椚COrreSpOndingto油er11ativeroute・   

Optimizatio】−OfAitern；1tiveRouteLocation／H∂rVeStSystemI）1an血1g   97  

RlandR2altemativesarebasedonthelong−termOPerationalplarmingsetatthemoderatelevelofroad  

network／harvestingsystemintheopemnguparea・ThemajOrareaOftheplantationforestsreaclledbythese   roadswouldbewithinabout500mandcouldthere丘）rebeharvestedusingsemistationarycablesystemssuchas   EndlessTyler，hoistingcamageandたIllingblock・TheupperslopeoftheNishimatabasinrequlreStObe  

harvestedusingalongerreachcablesystem．DifEerencesbetweenthesealternativesarer10tObvioussinceit  

WOuldrequiresimilaryardingdistanceandlandingplacementintheopeninguparea．Thereare，however，  

minorchangesindeterminingterminalcontroIpoints，Suitablecrossingsofdrainagearea，paSS−aPPrOaChforspur  

roadjunctions，andtheroadgradelimits− Theseoptionsdonotincreasethepotentialoff−rOaddamageto   SenSitivesitesasnofurtherenglneerlngWOrkonsteeps重opesbysuggestingadditionalraodsandtakeonarn瑚Or   StrategyOftheprotectivefunctionsofnaturalforeststandsintheheadwaterzonesstretchingupwardtothe   ridgelines，DisadvantagesofthealternativesarethatthepotentialimprovementofsilvicLllturalmeasures   Whichcould beobtainedbyprovidingaccessbyroadswouldl−Otbe enoughlyexpectedin血eseoptions．  

Proposedroadlocationsinwesternpartsoftheopeningupareaneedlongwalkingdistancesぬrforestworkers．   

R3；11temativeisprqjectedbasedonthegradelimitsset，OntheoccurrenceofgoodteminforswitchbaclくS  

andlandings，andonthelocationofmaturestands・Thebestlandingsandroadconstructionareontheridge．  

However，tOreaChtheridgesitisusua11ynecessarytolocatearoadalongtheva11eybottomuntilapointis  

reachedwhereclimbingroadcanbelocatedtoasaddlefromwhichridgeroadscanbranchout・Theproposed   rutesshowtheclimbingroadpatten−fromtheexistingroadsalongtheballey・ThealtemativeelimiI−ateSalarge  

numberoflocationswhereroadsarenotwantedtoconstructdue toitssteepandpartlytlnStable slopes  

dependingonthegeomorphologicalsettingandaremainlyservingtheproductionぬrests．Aproblemisthatthe   desiredroadspacingdoesnot翫thedimensionsoftheopeningupsubareas．Forexample，Calculationsofthe   averageo打−rOadtransportdistanceindicate217m，Withthespatialadjustmelltfactor（Roadnetadjustment   払ctor：れw吋m拙蜘両頭如繭御りぬ加で那珂of3．訓7．   

R4alternativeconsiderstheroadlengthofllO69mirltheopeningupareaandnoskiddingroadsinthe  

PrOteCtionぬrests．Harvestingwi11beperformedbymobilecraneyarders（yardingdistanceswithinabout30O  

m）incabletem血slopes，andbysmallgroundslddderwithwelトplannedskidtrailnetworlくSinthecomparativeiy  

tlatportionsontheHigashimataarea．Thoughtheproposedaiternativeisonlyservlngtheplantationねrests女）r   血etimebeing，1tSalignmentpemitsanextensiontilithenaturaほ）reStifitisrequiredinthefutLlre．Theoverall   roaddensityreaches24m／haandtheoreticalroadspacingabout171m，permittingtheemployofasmallcable  

Craneyarderthatallowstounloadthetimberoftheroadevenbeforetheyarderduetoitssmallsize，Itmay  

SuggeStanintensiveoperationaleffectandalsotheh鳳Imentoftheoveral】protection乱InCtionofthenatural   brest．  

Toavoidtolengthyapaper，tlle餌rtherdiscussionofcharacteristicsonthealternativesishereomitted．A   briefsummaryofthecasestudyresultsinshownasthefo1lowlngYablcト4andFigurcs2ト2・l．   

MasamiS用BAa11d′Ⅰ、etstカiNAIくUSE  

98   

Till）lel．Areapercentcorresl）0Ildi喝tOprOPOSedyardingsystelⅥS  

Alter11ativeroadne抽Or】く  

J／〝ナノ川里J′ノ   JJJ   ^JJヱ   JJ．ブ   JJ・ノ  

UH DH  rotai UH DH l otal U王一I DH Total Uli D‡Ⅰ ′rotal UH D】11、ot；11   軸南川！7加e   

C〝∂′ど   0  85，29 S5．29 29．8019．07 48．S7 4′．16 54．82 58′9810．62 64．68 75，30    71川血加・ 0．14 14．5714．7119．49 31．64 51．1316．64 24．38 41．02 9．8814．82 24．7（）  

rota1  0．14 99．86 100 49．29 50．71100 20．80 79．20 10C120．50 79．50 100  

4．0917．56 21．67   30．74 47．59 78．33   34，85 65．15 100   ガ机仙∫∫7：lイ什 ■〃溢血■〃g川汀血一・ 八J〃呵ぐ仙（、尤  

キ1■J／ぐ〃J∫  

ノIJ油∫川り作りrJJ・rんり・  

モl■∫／川J  

乙7〝：Up】1i】】yarding  か〟：Down重Iiilyarding  

T董Ible2．Statisticsontheo終−rOadtr；lnSPOrtdistance  

−〃川川舟イ（・J川Jl叩∽イ†砧仙l（tぐ−  

Percenとil酢Of妄Irea（％）  

DistaIICe（m）   

J‖   Jり  

52．78   83．86   40．08   13．23   7．14   2．91   

0   0  

バJ（山川伸一I JJJ   JJゴ  

60．32   70．11   39．28   29，63   0．40   0．26   

0   0  

12．30   23．54   27．91   36．25   0−100  

101−300   30ト500   501−  

447．77  ：う73．26  490．48  ：554．77   93．75   76．03  122．28   58．36  

▲1Jrl．Y  

．・lI・  

∫か   Cl／   

1050．00   369．41   239．44   

64．82  

1（）3．9（き   52．86   85．02   90．58   6臥84   58．58  

73。43   77．05  

−ノ1（・抽〝／J川JJ即日・JIJhJ lrぐ−  

50．96   43．72   36．48   41．40   11．75   12．57   0．81   2．31  

33．33   79．13   36．20   18．99   23．76   1．34  

6．71   0．54   14，21  

28．01   28．00   29．78   0−100  

101−300   301−500  

5し11−  

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gβ   Cy  

600．00  791》40   134．25  155，06   117．87  139．40   87．80   89．9（j  

725．00   758．60   217．34   74．51   ユ70．60   83．81  

7S．50  112．48   1137．51  

422．67  

2（…4．32   

62．54  

〃〝ぷ：Maxilllum（listance（m）   Sガ：Starldarddeviation（m）  

A〃：Aveェ■age（iisはnce（m）   Cl′：Coe抒主cientoタVadaぬn（％）  

T王Ible3．Cllar；まC仁eristicsortIleprOl）OSedaltenlativeroutes  

1とeiれS   U一雨   叔J   ガ2   〟．ブ   ^JJ▼J  

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（J〜ノノ）  

T JJJ  

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m   9536．9  10983．5  

mパ1a   50．47   5S．11  

！11／き】8   （20．87） （24．04）  

王Ⅵ   198．1   172．1  

m   49．5   i3．O  

m   93．8   76．0  

】Ⅵ   134．3   155．1  

12777．8  1106乳9    67．61   58．57  

（27．96） （2d．22）  

147．9   170．9    37．0   42．7    122．3   58．4    217．3   74．5   

Op血一izationofAlternativeRouteLocation／HarvestSysternPlanning  

3．3（j7   1．367   1，777   1．277   5．877   1．746   30，2   73．2   1．892   1．767  

1．432   2．040   2．709   3．605   52．9   56．6  

Ji勅1♪   

りr．・lT    バ．▲lJ・   

J｝Sg   ％  

だん：Roadlen酢t1月〃：Roaddensiもy  

lYIS：Theoreticalroadspaclngbasedonroadnetmodelswithrectanguiararea  

才徳γ〃：′rlleOreticalaverageoffィoadtransportdistance  

GAγガ：Geometricalaverageo抒・rOadtransportdistance巨hesllOrteStdistance）  

AA和：Actua！avemgeo路roaく皇transportdist；lnCe   R勅IF：Roadnetadjustmentfactor（V−COrr）  

O和才 ：Transporta功ustmen仁ねctor（T−COrr）  

ぶAダ：SpaぬIa（帥stmenとねctor（Ⅴ・COrr；汀−CO汀）  

PぎZ：AreilperCent＼血hinぬeservicezolleOftherQads  

（ガ勒ⅠモoaddensityわrtheelltireareaofUniversity王？orest  

Tab暮e∠1．Staとisticson；literna貢verouteeva‡uation  

−（−−川卜川JJ川油一バ山…JrJ〃〃〃川〃l川＝J川〃バJ川r〃〃〃ルぐ／川旬〃＝−  

It（∋nlS   U11it   吊血眈＝川（J Jり  

9011   18936   8611．5   22579529  

J〜ヱ   J㍑   J〜．J   

lO506   12056   11069    24318   22670   2027（j   llO77．5   10371．5   9610．5   26328740  30212035  27738766  

り﹈   ハJ  m m m  

CC   yen  

忍エ：Roadiengtll   柑A：1、ot8lexcavationarea   CC：Constructioncost  ㌢打y：Totalexcavationvolume  

−Jノブバ′1りイI（川ぐぐJ（で（心I・（リ・バl川バ（Ⅵバ〃∫rぐJぐ「川∫JJ仙（・J仙・バー  

［Drぬ1ageare；1】  

．＼て J｝  

ノ㈲7    nl  

T ⊥   Ill  

tProtec扇on丘）reSと】  

▲1て−JJ  

lJJノTl   Il1  

7 ⊥   l11  

【Erosinhazardsites〕  

J＼て JJ  

【PhotoIineaments】  

▲＼ （ Jj   

5   21  

235   235  

745   2360  

3   20  

600   1135   890   4525  

0   7  

4   26   

21   23   26  

305   235   260  

2640   3070   月760  

15   24   ⁸  

635   2000   60（j  

4075   7525   1555  

9   5   8  

28   16   33  

ガCP：Numberofcrosspointstraversedbyroutes  

〟ガ㌢：Maximumdistancetraversed   プ℃：Tota】distance  

1そoadstandards（Roadciass王Ⅰり  

Roadbedwidth：3m Maxilllumgrade：15％ Cutsloperatio：1，2／1   Minimu王11radiusofcurve：8m   

Masa111iS川重きAandTetstづiNARUS主；  

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︼り   爪W n︶   ◎   向−   β   ︼B ◎   ︻p   ∧り   S   ￠   5   ︵や  j    3   3    こ   ︻   ュ    l  

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忍β   〟J  

Fi糾Ire21．VonnoilnaP showing thc seruice20ne Within the altcrnative route；thc gc（｝mCtl．ic ofi㌧roa（l   tl・ilnSPOl†t（1isti＝Ce．ContotlrinteⅣalis5i）n＝11ddotsamp】esalsorepresel−と5（Im…−it・   

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Fig・ure22．軌閑職ガ椚郎S】10Wi咽tlleざβγむ7cgzoプ2gWitllin血ealterllativeroute；t暮IeaCtlti1loi i一・1−Oa（量tl◆ilnSl）Ol t  

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DIs亡an⊂e（m）  

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0   400  500  600  700   DIs亡ance（m）  

100  200   30  

Figul・e2ふl．Scatterdia餅amOfβ柁α〜君ぐ柁αざgげざβデ〃ぎぐβZOノブβWitllint】1e油ernativeroute；theilCtuaIorトl・oild   tl雷；lnSp（）Ⅰ・tdist；111ぐe．  

Becausethe unねvorable routelocationlay partiyoutside theopeninguparea，thechoiceofthe most  

advantageousnetworkissomewhatarbitary．Theindicationoftheproposedalternatives，however，makeit   easiertoprovidea＆mbasisforsubsequentdiscussions．  

Conclus圭ons   

The develol）ment and the widespread use ofmicrocomputerin recent years have creatcd many new   

OptimizationofAltemativeRotlteLocation／HarvcstSystemPla11ning  

attemptsonresearchmethodologleSOfopeningupstrategies．Especiallythetieldsofmap−dataprocessing  

（e．g．CADorGIS）arenowdevelopingthroughmakingemcientuseofcomputerswhichhavemanykindsof   SOftwares hlCiuding graphic systems，and they come to playa moreimportnat roiein the decision−making  

PrOCeSS．ItmaysuggesttheorientationforsoIvlngmanyteCllnOlogicalproblemsconcernedwithaccesstothe  

mountainた〉reStS．   

Inthisresearchjthasbeentriedtodescribeanappropriateleveloftotal−Chanceplanningぬrsteepslope  

mountainfbrestsrequlrmgCOOrdinationofroad−developmentwithseveralharvestingsystems・Forsimple   areasthelevelofdetailistoomuch；払rcomplexareas，tOOhttle．Thebasicobjectiveofa11plannlnglStO   minimizinguncertainties．Successinthiswi11dependon：  

−reliablethematicnlapSandinrot・mationrot・thesensitiveterraillS  

−Welt−tle蔦ned叩eratingo毎ectives  

−t・ationalrec（）nnaisancetrips  

−Carefulsysもemcl10iees  

−111OrO岬hpllPet1−Pliltl11i叩；l【1（1（iel（l−ClleC  

−thoughtfulreiveworallimplicatit〉nSOfthepl之In  

一級readinesstochangetheplantibrgoodreasons．  

The TERDAS softwares and／or documentations usedinthis paper were deveioped and tested on a  

computerplatform，NECPC・9801VX，GRAPHTECMP・4300plotterandKW・965（）digitizer，andtherefore  

progmmmlnglall糾age．  

Aclin（）Wle（1きぎementS   

Manypersonshaveassistedinthepreparationofthispaper，andgrate良Iithanksareextendedtoallofthem・   

TheauthorswouIdliketoextendourappreciationsandthankstoAssociateProfessorIwaneShimajiand   othermembersoftheUniversityForestStation，formakingpossibleforustheundertakingofthisintesting  

work．Wehastentoadd，however，thatanyerrorsandshortcomingofthispaperareoursoleresponsiblities   andnottilatOftheabovedcolieagues．  

Wewishtoexpress ourindebtedness to Professor Dr．Hans Loeftler，Mr．MartinZiesakandfeuow   membersoftheUniversltyOfMunich払rlong−COntinuedencouragement，ranglngfromdiscussionsintheearly  

TheauthorsalsowouldliketothankProfessorDr．JohnSessionsofDepartmentofForestEngineering，  

OregonStateUniversityandProfessorDr．DennisDykstraofForestryandForestProductsDivision，FAO，Who  

IUFROWorkshopS3．06，S3．05andtheUniversityofMunichinFeldafing・  

Thisstudyhaspartia11ybeenimplernenteduponreceivlngaSubsidyontheScientiRcResearchExpense  

鉦omtheMinistryofEducationoりapan．  

Refもren（：eS    l）LoEfTFl，ER，王i．und DuElミⅠモSTE王N，Il．1985．PIanung und Betwertung der Waldcrschliessung．−Unter besonderer   

Masa血S川BAa】1dTetsujiNA【モUSE   

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BeruecksichtingtlngdesKleirlPrivatwaIdes−．UniversitaetMuenchen：36−56・  

2）YANG，G．andLEMKOW，D．Z．1976．DigitalterraiIISilllulak汀Sandtl−eirapplicationtobrestdevel叩1−e11tl）lanni堀    Proceedingoftぬ1976skylinelog騨】鳩SymPOSium，VancouverBC：81−99−  

3）TwITO，R．Ii．，REUTE15UC11，SリMcGAUGrlEY，R．andMANN，C．1987．PreliminaryLoggingAn之IlysisSystelrl（PLANS）：   

0verview，USDAForestService，PacificNorthwcstResearchStation：2−19．  

4）SH！BA∴M．Z川ミSAK，M．undLol；lTFu三R，H．1990（a），DerEinsatzmodernerInformationstechnologiebeiderforstiiche   

5）SⅢ帆M．andLoEt㌻軋‡ミ‡モ，H．1990（b）．ComputerapplicatioIl払renviro11111eIlta】impac仁evaluationintl−eOPening−uI）   

plal111111gprOCeSS．ProceedingsorIUFRO1990S3：04SubjectAreaXlXWorldCongress，Mo】1treal：214−225・  

6）Srl王r！A，M．und LoEド軋Elモ，軋1992．A11WCndungsmoeglichkeiten vorlNutzwertanalyse餌crVariantenvergleich bci    Waldersehliessungsplantlng（1）．TheBullet主noftheFacultyofBioresoures．MieUniversityNo・7：1−20・  

地形情報処理システム7甘点かAざを導入した山岳林の   代案路網配置／伐出システム計画の教適化  

芝   

正己・成瀬 徹司  

三薮大学巷物嚢源学部   

本論は，TERDAS：釣Ⅳα−血混脚叩頭甜と名付けた総合的な地形データ処理システムが∴森林経常基盤整備針磯   における代案路網架磯ぶあたって，どのように応用できるかを検糾したものである。このシステムほ，解析目的に応   じた4つのサブシステムから構成されている。   

すなわち，  

（1）ポロノイ澄情報に基づく作案方式単位別の地域利用区分  

（2）地形的特徴点・形態に閑適した感受性領域（釣沼扉舘叩イ併用由＝汀郎）の判別とゾーニング  

（3）重ね合わせ，層化及び焼界線処理による地形的な判別要素間の合成   

r′l）視覚景観解析流氷域パターン，地層境界線及び相対日射盈分布等のシミュレーション  

の解析機能である。蓬糾殉研究として，三蕊大学演習林の代案路網計泄＝こ，このシステムを応相している。