⡿ᅜᕞ♫ἲ࠾ࡅࡿᴗ⦅ࡢᒎ㛤6(&ࡢ㛵㸦㸰㸧
SEC Investigation and Study on the Evolution of Corporate Reorganization under States'
Corporate Law (2)
ᴾ ᴾΎỈ ┿ேѽ
ᴾ ᴾ ࡣࡌࡵ ୍㸬ᴗ⦅࠾ࡅࡿ┈┦ၥ㢟 㸬ᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆ࡑࡢㅖၥ㢟 㸯㸬ᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆➇தࡢᒎ㛤 㸰㸬ᕞ♫ἲࡼࡿྛᡭἲࡑࡢㅖၥ㢟㸦௨ୖࠊ➨ 24 ྕ㸧 㸱㸬Liggett v. Lee ௳࠾ࡅࡿࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬุࡢ ᑐពぢ 㸲㸬ᑠᣓ ୕㸬SEC ࡼࡿලయࡢㄪᰝ 㸯㸬ලయⓗࡢ᳨ウ(1) Associated Gas and Electric Company ࡢ (2) Kahn’s Sons Company ࡢ
(3) International Paper and Power Company ࡢ (4) Certain-teed Products Corporation ࡢ (5) The Equity Corporation ࡢ
(6) Alleghany Corporation ࡢ 㸰㸬ᴗ⦅ࡢሙ㠃࠾ࡅࡿ㐃㑥ドๆつไࡢ㐺⏝⠊ ᅖᣑࡢᚲせᛶ 㸱㸬ᑠᣓ 㸦௨ୖࠊᮏྕ㸧 ᅄ㸬ᕞ♫ἲ࠾ࡅࡿ୍⯡ᰴಖㆤไᗘࡑࡢၥ㢟Ⅼ ⤖ㄒ 㸱㸬Liggett v. Lee ௳࠾ࡅࡿࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬุࡢ ᑐពぢ ྛᕞࡼࡿ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆➇தࡼࡾࠊᕞ♫ἲ ୖࡢᶒ㝈⾜㛵ࡋ⤒Ⴀ⪅ᗈ⠊࡞㔞ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᶒ㝈ࡀᕞ♫ἲ࠾ࡅ ࡿᴗ⦅ࡢሙ㠃࡛⤒Ⴀ⪅࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢᐖ㛵ಀேࡢ ࡓࡵ℃⏝ࡉࢀࠊ୍⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᶒࡀࡁࡃᐖࡉࢀ ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡇࢀࡽࡢᶒ㝈⾜ዴఱṑ Ṇࡵࢆࡅࡿࡀᙜࡢせㄽ⪅ࡼࡾ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡓࡀ1ࠊᙜࡣุᡤࡶ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢᶒ㝈⾜㛵ࡍࡿ ѽᚨᓥᏛᏛ㝔ࢯࢩ࣭࣮࢜ࢶ࣭ࣥࢻ࣭ࢧ࢚ࣥࢫ◊✲ 㒊ᩍᤵ ุ᩿ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿሙྜࡀࢇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ2ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ⤒Ⴀ⪅ᕞ♫ἲୖࡢᶒ㝈⾜ࡘ࠸࡚ᗈ⠊࡞ 㔞ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࡛ࡣࠊ୍⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᆅࡣ⤒ Ⴀ⪅ࡢᶒ㝈⾜ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡁࡃ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡞ ࡾࠊࡑࡢ℃⏝ṑṆࡵࢆࡅࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣ⤒Ⴀ ⪅ࡢⰋᚰࡢࡳ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ ᰴᘧ♫ࡀᕧࡋ୍⯡ᕷẸࡢ⏕άᰴᘧ♫ไ ᗘࡀ῝ࡃᾐ㏱ࡍࡿ≧ἣ࠾࠸࡚ࠊከᩘࡢ୍⯡ᕷẸࡢ ᆅࡀᑡᩘࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢᶒ㝈⾜ࡁࡃᕥྑࡉࢀࡿ ሙྜࠊࡑࡢᶒ㝈⾜ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ዴఱࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊከᩘ ࡢே㛫ࡀᑡᩘࡢே㛫ࡼࡾᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿ♫⛛ᗎࡀ⏕ ࡌ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⛛ᗎࡣ⤒Ⴀ ⪅ࡼࡿጤ௵≧ᶵᵓࡢᨭ㓄ࡼࡾỌ⥆ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ ࡿ3ࠋᙜ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬࡣ Liggett v. Lee ௳ุỴ4ࡢᑐពぢ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜᕞ ♫ἲࡢṔྐ࠾ࡼࡧᕞ♫ἲࡢྛつᐃࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᛮ ⓗ⫼ᬒゐࢀࡘࡘࠊᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆➇தࡼࡾᰴ ᘧ♫ཧຍࡍࡿከᩘࡢ୍⯡ᕷẸࡢᆅࡀᑡᩘࡢ 1 ࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣋ✏ࠕᕞ♫ἲ࠾ࡅࡿᴗ⦅ࡢᒎ 㛤 SEC ࡢ㛵㸦㸯㸧ࠖᚨᓥᏛ♫⛉Ꮫ◊✲ 24 ྕ 96㹼97 㡫ࠊ100 㡫ࠊ104 㡫ࠊ106㹼109 㡫ࠊ116 㡫ࠊ118 㡫㸦2011㸧 ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 2 ࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᣋ✏࣭๓ᥖὀ㸦1㸧89㹼90 㡫ࠊ 93㹼96 㡫ࠊ100㹼104 㡫ࠊ106 㡫ࠊ108 㡫ࠊ114㹼116 㡫ࠊ118 㡫ࠊ122 㡫ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
3 Securities and Exchange Commission, Report on the Study and
Investigation of the Work, Activities, Personnel and Functions of Protective and Reorganization Committees: Part Ϯ
Management Plans without Aid of Committees 11 (1938).
4 Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee, 288 U.S. 517 (1933). ᮏ௳ࡣࠊ
ࣇࣟࣜࢲᕞࡀࢳ࢙࣮࣭ࣥࢫࢺࡢᙧែ࡛」ᩘࡢ㒆㊬ࡗ࡚ ᴗࢆᒎ㛤ࡍࡿᑠᴗ⪅ᑐࡋ୍ࡘࡢ㒆࡛ࡢࡳᴗࢆᒎ㛤 ࡍࡿᑠᴗ⪅ࡼࡾࡶ㧗㢠ࡢ⛯㔠ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇᑐࡋࠊ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⛯ἲୖࡢྲྀᢅ࠸ࡣྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲಟṇ 14 ᮲ࡢᖹ➼ಖ ㆤ᮲㡯➼㐪ࡍࡿࡋ࡚ࠊッ࠼ࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏุỴࡢከᩘពぢࡣࠊᙜヱࣇࣟࣜࢲᕞࡢ⛯ἲࡢつ ᐃࡣྜ⾗ᅜ᠇ἲಟṇ 14 ᮲ࡢᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡍࡿุ♧ࡋ ࡓࠋࡑࢀᑐࡋࠊࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬࡣᙜヱ⛯ἲࡢࡓࡿ┠ⓗࡣ ಶே⤒Ⴀࡢᑠᗑࢆࢳ࢙࣮࣭ࣥࢫࢺࡼࡿ➇தࡽಖㆤ ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜヱ⛯ἲࡢつᐃࡀἲேᑐࡋ࡚㐺 ⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡣᖹ➼ಖㆤ᮲㡯ࡋ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࠊᑐពぢ ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋ
⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡼࡿᕞ♫ἲୖࡢᶒ㝈⾜ࡁࡃᚑᒓࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣᑐࡋࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺ᠱᛕࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓࠋ ࠕ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ᰴᘧ♫ไᗘࡀᗈࡃᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡽࠊேࠎࡣࡋ࡚ᰴᘧ♫ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᴗࢆ⾜࠺ ≉ᶒࡣ࠶ࡓࡶ⡿ᅜᅜẸᅛ᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᰴ ᘧ♫ไᗘࢆ⮬⏤ୟࡘ↓ไ㝈⏝ࡍࡿࡇక࠺ ᐖᝏࡣ࠶ࡓࡶᩥ᫂♫࠾࠸࡚㑊ࡅࡿࡇࡢ࡛ ࡁ࡞࠸ᑐ౯࡛࠶ࡾࠊㅉࡵࡼࡾ⏑ཷࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ ࠸ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᡃࠎࡢṔྐࡢ㒊ศࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࡣ␗࡞ ࡿぢゎࡀᨭ㓄ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ☜ၟᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ⏘ᴗ࠾ ࡅࡿᰴᘧ♫ไᗘࡢ౯್ࡣㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ ᐀ᩍࠊᩍ⫱ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ឿၿ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵࡢ♫タ❧ࡀ⮬⏤ ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓᚋ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᴗ┠ⓗࡢ♫タ❧ࡣ㛗 ࠸㛫୍⯡ⓗࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊಶே ࡢ⮬⏤࠾ࡼࡧᶵᑐࡍࡿᐖࠊປാ⪅ࡢ㈨ᮏᐙࡢ ᚑᒓࠊ⊂༨ࠊᰴᘧ♫ࡼࡿ㈨ᮏࡢ྾ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᰴᘧ ♫ࡢỌ⥆ࡼࡾṚᡭࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓᘢᐖྠᵝࡢᘢ ᐖࡀᜍࢀࡽࢀࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᕧ࡞㈨ᮏࡢሢࠊࡾࢃࡅࡑࢀࡀᰴᘧ♫ࡼࡾಖ ᭷ࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡣᜍࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛➨୍ࠊᰴᘧ ♫ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ≉ᶒࡣ⛥ࡋㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡢᡭẁ࡛ࡣ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ┈ࢆᆅᇦ♫ࡀ㏣ồࡍࡿࡓࡵᚲせ࡛ ࠶ࡿㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿሙྜࡋㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚋไᐃࡉࢀࡓ୍⯡♫ἲࡣᰴᘧ♫ࡼ ࡿᨭ㓄ᑐࡍࡿᠱᛕࡀඞ᭹ࡉࢀࡓࡇࢆពࡍࡿࡶ ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᴗᣑᙇᑐࡍࡿ㢪ᮃࡼࡾタ❧チྍ≧ ᑐࡍࡿ㟂せࡀ⃭ቑࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ୍࡚⯡ⓗ 㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿಖㆤᡭẁࢆഛ࠼࡚࠸ࡿ୍⯡♫ἲࡢୗ ࠾࠸࡚≉ᐃࡢ♫タ❧క࠺ᘢᐖࡣᅇ㑊࡛ࡁࡿ ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ୍⯡♫ἲࡣ㛗࠸㛫ࠊ♫ࡢつᶍ࠾ ࡼࡧάື⠊ᅖᑐࡋ࡚ཝ᱁࡞つไࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ ࡇࢀࡽࡣ㒊ศⓗᶵࡢᖹ➼ᑐࡍࡿ㢪ᮃࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸦a㸧ᴗ♫ࡢᤵᶒ㈨ᮏ㔠㢠ᑐࡍࡿไ㝈ࡣ㛗࠸ 㛫ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㈨ᮏ㔠㢠ࡢ᭱㧗㝈ᗘࡣࡋࡤ ࡋࡤ㐙⾜ࡉࢀࡿᴗࡢ✀㢮ࡼࡾ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ ࡣ᫂ࡽຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ᴗయࢆ⤌⧊ࡍࡿࡓࡵᚲせ࡞ ㈨ᮏ㔠㢠ᣐࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ☜ไᐃἲୖࡢไ㝈ࡣ ࡋ࡚ኚ᭦ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈨ᮏ㔠㢠ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ ࡢཎ๎ࡣ㛗ࡃ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ࣭࣭࣭ 㸦b㸧ᴗ♫ࡢᶒ㝈࠾ࡼࡧάື⠊ᅖᑐࡍࡿไ㝈 ࡶࡲࡓ㛗࠸㛫ᬑ㐢ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ➨୍ࠊᰴᘧ♫ࡣ୍ ⯡♫ἲࡢୗ࠾࠸࡚㝈ࡽࢀࡓᩘࡢ┠ⓗࡢࡓࡵࡢ ࡳタ❧ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࡢሙ ྜࠊ㍺㏦ࠊ㖟⾜ࠊ୪ࡧ〇㐀ᴗ➼ࡢẚ㍑ⓗᕧ࡞☜ᐃ ㈨ᮏࢆᚲせࡍࡿ♫ࢆタ❧ࡍࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡚ࠗ ࡢྜἲⓗ࡞┠ⓗ࠘ᑐࡍࡿ♫タ❧チྍࡣ 1875 ᖺࡲ ࡛ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 1875 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡣᰴᘧ ♫ࡢᏑ⥆ᮇ㛫ࡣ୍⯡ⓗ 20 ᖺࠊ30 ᖺࠊࡲࡓࡣ 50 ᖺไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࡚ࠊࡲࡓࡣከᩘࡢⓎ㉳ேࡲ ࡓࡣྲྀ⥾ᙺࠊⱝࡋࡃࡣࡑࡢ୧⪅ࡣ♫タ❧ᕞࡢᒃఫ⪅ ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀせồࡉࢀࡓࠋᰴᘧ♫ࡀࡑࡢ┠ⓗ㐙⾜ࡢ ࡓࡵ⾜ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࡣไ㝈ⓗࡉࢀୟࡘཝ᱁ ゎ㔘ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᰴᘧ♫ࡼࡿ♫മⓎ⾜ࡲࡓࡣࡑࡢ ࡢᡭẁࡼࡿධࢀ⥲㢠ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣཝ᱁࡞ไ㝈ࡀ ㄢࡏࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡢ♫ࡢᰴᘧࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࡣ ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᣢᰴ♫ࡢタ❧ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 㸦c㸧⏘ᴗࡢⓎ㐩ࡋࡓせ࡞ᕞࡼࡿᴗ♫ࡢつ ᶍ࠾ࡼࡧᶒ㝈ᑐࡍࡿไ㝈ࡢ᧔ᗫࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢไ㝈ࡢ ⥔ᣢࡑࢀ⮬యࡀᮃࡲࡋࡃ࡞࠸࠸࠺☜ドࡼࡿࡶࡢ ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢไ㝈ࢆᰴᘧ♫ㄢࡍࡇࡣ↓ព ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ☜ドࡼࡿࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤ ᕞࡼࡿไ㝈ࡣᕞእ♫ࡼࡾᅇ㑊ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡃࠊᕞࡼࡿไ㝈ࡣ᭷ᐖ↓┈࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡼࡾᑡᩘࡢᕞࡣタ❧チྍ≧ࡢ㔞Ⓨ⾜ ࡼࡿṓධࢆ⇕ᮃࡋ࡚⮬ᕞࡢ♫ἲࡽಖㆤᡭẁࢆ᧔ ᗫࡋࡓࠋ♫タ❧ࡣᰴᘧ♫ࡗ࡚㈝⏝ࡀ᭱ࡶపࡃ ࡑࡋ࡚ἲࡀ᭱ࡶ⦆࠸ᕞ࠾࠸࡚࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋㅖᕞࡣタ❧チྍ≧ࢆᐉఏࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞➇தࡣຮࡉࡢ➇த࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࡔࡽࡋ࡞ࡉࡢ➇ த࡛࠶ࡿ㸦The race was one not of diligence but of laxity.㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⦆࠸♫ἲࡢୗ࠾ࡅࡿ♫タ❧ ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾࠊᕧ࡞⏘ᴗⓎ㐩ᕞࡣṓධࡢぢ㎸ࡳ࠾ࡼ ࡧᕞෆ࠾ࡅࡿ♫タ❧㝶ࡍࡿᨭ㓄ࡢ࡚ࢆኻ ࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ㄏᝨ㈇ࡅࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣭࣭࣭ ᭷⬟࡛࠶ࡾඛぢᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᏛ⪅ࡣᴗ♫ࡢつᶍ࠾ ࡼࡧάືᑐࡍࡿไ㝈ࢆ᧔ᗫࡋࡓࡇ࠾ࡼࡧ⤒Ⴀ⪅ ა࡚ࡣᰴࡼࡾ⾜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᗈ࡞ᶒ㝈ࢆ ࡋࡓࡇࡼࡿ⤒῭ⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ♫ⓗᖐ⤖ࢆᡃࠎ ᥥ࠸࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᖐ⤖ࡣᕞࡀពᅗࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ ࡞ࡃ㛗࠸㛫ീࡍࡽࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ ࠺࡞ᖐ⤖ࡣࠊつᶍࡑࢀ⮬య࡛ࡉ࠼ࡶᕧᴗᑐࡋᑠ つᶍࡢಶேᴗࡣ㏻ᖖഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸♫ⓗ㔜せ ᛶࢆࡍࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᰴᘧ♫ࡣა࡚ಶே ࡀ⚾ⓗᴗࢆႠࡴࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿ༢࡞ࡿຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ ᡭẁ㐣ࡂ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊつᶍࢆ㏻ࡌ୍࡚ࡘࡢ ไᗘ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⚾ⓗᰴᘧ♫ࡣࡋ࡚ᕞ ࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿゝ࠸⾲ࡉࢀࡿ⤒῭ⓗᶒຊ ࡢ㞟୰ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍไᗘ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ19 ୡ⣖ ࠾ࡅࡿᆺⓗ࡞ᴗ♫ࡣࠊಶேࡽ࡞ࡿᑠつᶍ㞟ᅋ ࡼࡾᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᡤ᭷⪅ࡼࡾ⤒Ⴀࡉࢀࠊᡤ᭷ ⪅ࡢಶே㈨⏘ࡼࡾࡑࡢつᶍࡀไ㝈ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࢀ ࡀࡸఱࡲࡓࡣఱ༑ࡶࡢປാ⪅ࡢ⏕ά࠾ࡼࡧᢞ
㈨ᐙࡢ㈈⏘ࡀᰴᘧ♫ไᗘࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᑡᩘ⪅ࡼࡿᨭ 㓄ᚑᒓࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᡤ᭷ࡣᨭ㓄ࡽ ศ㞳ࡉࢀࠊࡇࡢࡇࡼࡾა࡚ࡣᐩ࠾ࡼࡧᶒ㝈ࡢ℃⏝ ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡓࡵ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓไᗘࡢከࡃࡀ㝖ཤ ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋᰴᘧᡤ᭷ࡀ⥅⥆ⓗࡼࡾศᩓࡍࡿ ᚑࡗ࡚ࠊა࡚ࡣᰴᘧᡤ᭷కࡗ࡚࠸ࡓᶒ㝈ࡀࡲࡍࡲ ࡍᑡᩘ⪅ࡢᡭ㞟୰ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ ࠺ࡋ࡚ປാ⪅ࠊᰴᘧᡤ᭷⪅ࠊࡑࡋ୍࡚⯡ᕷẸࡢ⏕ά ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓኚࡣ㠀ᖖ᰿ᮏⓗୟࡘᗈ⠊࡞ࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡇࢆᏛ⪅ࡣࠗᰴᘧ♫ไᗘ࠘ࡢⓎᒎࢆ ᑒᘓไ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡢඛぢᛶࡀ࠶ࡾୟࡘ ⤒㦂㇏࡞⪅ࡣࠊࡇࡢࠗᩥ᫂ࡉࢀࡓ⏕άࡢせไᗘ࠘ ࡣᰴᘧ♫ไᗘࢆ㔠ᶒ⩏ࡼࡿᨭ㓄㏣࠸ࡸࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿᙇࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ㄽࢆࡅࡿࡓࡵᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ ࡣḟࡢࡇࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ ྾ࡢ㐣⛬ࡣࡍ࡛┦ᙜ⛬ᗘ㐍ᒎࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⏘ᴗࡽ ฟࡉࢀࡿࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢᐩࡢ 3 ศࡢ 2 ࡀಶேࡼࡿᡤ᭷ ࡽつᶍබ㛤♫ࡼࡿᡤ᭷⛣⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㖟⾜ ௨እࡢ 200 ࡢᰴᘧ♫ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ 9,000 ࢻࣝࢆ㉸࠼ ࡿ㈨⏘ࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᰴᘧ♫ࡀࢃࢀࢃ ࢀࡢᅜᐩయࡢ⣙ 4 ศࡢ 1 ࢆ┤᥋ᨭ㓄ࡋࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ຊ ࡣ┤᥋ᨭ㓄ୗ࠶ࡿ㈨⏘ࢆࡣࡿ㉸࠼ࡓࡶࡢ࡞ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽ 200 ࡢᰴᘧ♫ࡣࠊྡ┠ୖࡣ⣙ 2,000 ேࡢྲྀ⥾ᙺࡼࡾᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣᩘⓒேࡢ ே㛫ࡼࡾᨭ㓄ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡣ⏘ᴗẸ ⩏ࡢྰᐃ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡢⴭ⪅ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᕧᴗ ࡢᡂ㛗ྠಶேࡢᐩࡢⴭࡋ࠸㞟୰ࡀ⏕ࡌࠊࡑࡢ⤖ ᯝ⏕ࡌࡓධࡢ᱁ᕪࡀ⌧ᅾࡢἣࡢࡓࡿཎᅉ࡛࠶ ࡿࡇࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᕧᴗࡣࡲࡉᕞࡀ ⮬ࡽࡢ♫ἲࡼࡾࡾฟࡋࡓࣇࣛࣥࢣࣥࢩࣗࢱ ࣥࡢ≀ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ5ࠖ6 ࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬࡣᰴᘧ♫ࡀᕧࡍࡿ୰࡛ࠊᕧ ᴗࡼࡿ⊂༨࣭ᨭ㓄ࡽ⡿ᅜᅜẸࡢ⮬⏤࣭ᶒࢆ᧦ㆤ ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜ♫࠾ࡅࡿẸ⩏࠾ࡼࡧ㈨ᮏ⩏యไࢆ ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵᩘከࡃࡢάືᚑࡋࡓ7ࠋୖグࣈࣛ 5 ⩻ヂ㝿ࡋࠊỈᮧᘯࠕࠗᴗࡢ♫ⓗ㈐௵࠘ࡢ⣔㆕⌧ ᅾᙧ̿⤒ႠᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ⌮ㄽືྥㄽⅬࠖᑓಟᏛၟᏛ◊✲ ᡤሗ 37 ᕳ 5 ྕ 24㹼25 㡫㸦2006㸧ࢆཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋ 6 ࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬࡢᙜヱᑐពぢࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡶᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ ⦆➇தᑐࡍࡿ᳨ウࡽ࣮࣐ࣜࣥࢩࣙࢵࢡᚋࡢ㔠⼥ไᗘ ᨵ㠉ࡢ㆟ㄽ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ᵝࠎ࡞ሙ㠃࡛ཧ↷ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⡿ᅜ ᴗἲไࢆㄽࡎࡿ㝿ᗈࡃඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋWilliam Cary, Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections upon Delaware, 83 Yale L.J. 667, 668 (1974); Mark J. Roe, Delaware's Competition, 117 Harv.L.Rev. 588, 594-95 (2003); Jonathan R. Macey & James P. Holdcroft, Jr., Failure Is an Option: An Ersatz-Antitrust Approach to Financial Regulation, 120 Yale L.J. 1368, 1393 (2011); Sol Picciotto, Regulating Global Corporate Capitalism 86 (2011).➼ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
7 Louis D. Brandeis, The Curse of Bigness: Miscellaneous
ࣥࢲࢬࡢᑐពぢࡶᙼࡢ㛗ᖺࡢάື࡛ᇵࡗࡓᛮ ࢆ⫼ᬒᙇࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑ ࡋ࡚ࠊᙜ SEC ጤဨ㛗࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢲࢢࣛࢫࡶࠊከᩘ ࡢ୍⯡ᕷẸࡢᆅࡀᑡᩘࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢᶒ㝈⾜ࡢ࠶ࡾ ᪉ࡁࡃᚑᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࡣ⡿ᅜ♫ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿಶ ேࡢពᕤኵ࣭➇த࣭ᶵࡢ⮬⏤࠸ࡗࡓ⌮ᛕ┦ᐜ ࢀࡎࠊୟࡘ⡿ᅜ♫ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿẸ⩏࠾ࡼࡧ㈨ᮏ⩏ యไࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼8ࠊࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬ ྠᵝࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ᇶ࡙ࡁᮏሗ࿌᭩࠾ࡅࡿ◊✲ㄪᰝ ᚑࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ9ࠋ SEC ࡣ㐃㑥ドๆㅖἲ࠾ࡼࡧ㐃㑥ಽ⏘ἲࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ ⟶㎄ᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡀࠊᕞ♫ἲࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⟶㎄ᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊSEC ࡀᮏሗ࿌᭩࠾࠸ ࡚ᕞ♫ἲࡢヲ⣽࡞ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆ ➇தࡢ㜵Ṇࢆ່࿌ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࡣࠊᕞ♫ἲࡀ℃⏝ࡉࢀ ⥆ࡅࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㐃㑥ドๆㅖἲୖࡢせㄳ࡛࠶ࡿᢞ㈨ᐙಖ ㆤ࠾ࡼࡧ㐃㑥ಽ⏘ἲୖࡢせㄳ࡛࠶ࡿබṇ࡞ಽ⏘ฎ⌮ ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡓࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡑࢀ⛬ࠊᕞ♫ἲࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࡣ㈨ᮏᕷሙἲไ࠾ࡼࡧಽ⏘ ฎ⌮ἲไᐦ᥋㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᙜࡢ SEC ࡣㄆ㆑ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ SEC ࡣࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬࡢୖグᑐពぢࢆཧ↷ࡋࡘࡘࠊ ᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆➇தࡢ㜵Ṇࡢලయⓗ᪉ἲࡋ࡚ࠊ 㐃㑥♫ἲࡲࡓࡣ㐃㑥චチἲࡢไᐃࡼࡾᕞ㝿㏻ၟ ᚑࡍࡿᰴᘧ♫ᑐࡋ୍ᚊࡢつไࢆㄢࡍࠊࡲࡓ ࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡼࡿㄢ⛯ᶒຊ⾜ࡼࡾ♫タ❧ᕞࢆ ኚ᭦ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡿ⤒῭ⓗ㨩ຊࢆዣ࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ ່࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ10ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᙜࡣ㐃㑥♫ ἲไᐃ㐠ືࡀ⇞ࡋᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆➇தࡼࡿ ᘢᐖࡀ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡁࡃㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓᮇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊSEC ࡣࡑࡢὶࢀࡢ୰່࡛࿌ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ⨨ࡅࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ11ࠋ 㸲㸬ᑠᣓ ௨ୖࠊSEC ࡀᮏሗ࿌᭩࠾࠸࡚ᕞ♫ἲࡢつไ⦆ Papers of Louis. D. Brandeis (Osmond K. Fraenkel ed., 1934); Louis Brandeis, Brandeis on Democracy, (Philippa Strum ed., 1995).୰ᒣஂࠕࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬุࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ἲྐࡅࡿ ព⩏ࠖ᪩✄⏣ἲᏛㄅ 2 ྕ 129 㡫௨ୗ㸦1950㸧➼ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
8 William O. Douglas, Democracy and Finance 15-16 (1940). 9 Id. at 42; Melvin I. Urofsky, The Douglas Letters 35 (1987);
Joel Seligman, The Transformation of Wall Street 157 (3d ed. 2003).㸦ࢪ࢚࣭ࣙࣝࢭࣜࢢ࣐ࣥ㸦⏣୰ᜏኵヂ㸧࢛࣮ࠗ࢘ࣝࢫ ࢺ࣮ࣜࢺࡢኚ㠉ࠝୖᕳࠞ࠘196 㡫㸦ᡂ♫ࠊ2006㸧㸧ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ ࢲࢢࣛࢫࡣࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬࡢᚋ௵ࡋ࡚㐃㑥᭱㧗ุ௵ ࡉࢀࡓࠋ࣒࣭࢘ࣜO࣭ࢲࢢࣛࢫ㸦ዟᖹᗣᘯヂ㸧ࠗᇶᮏ ⓗேᶒ࠘227㹼228 㡫㸦Ꮫ㝧᭩ᡣࠊ1985㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ
10 SEC, Protective Committee Report Part Ϯ, supra note 3, at
412-13.
11 Seligman, supra note 9, at 205-10.㸦ࢭࣜࢢ࣐࣭ࣥ๓ᥖὀ㸦9㸧
➇தࡢ㜵Ṇࢆ່࿌ࡋࡓᙜࡢἲⓗ≧ἣ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ Ṕྐⓗ⫼ᬒࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⦆࠸ᕞ♫ἲࡢୗ ࡛ࡣᵝࠎ࡞㔠⼥ᡭἲࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡀᴗ⦅ ࡢሙ㠃࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ୍⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᶒࢆ ᐖࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᴗ⦅ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇࡀ SEC ࠾ࡼ ࡧᙜࡢせㄽ⪅ࡼࡗ࡚ၥ㢟ࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᶒ㝈 ⾜ዴఱṑṆࡵࢆࡅࡿࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᙜࡣᰴᘧ♫ࡢᕧࡼࡾከᩘࡢ୍⯡ ᕷẸࡀᑡᩘࡢ⤒Ⴀ⪅ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿ♫⛛ᗎࡢฟ⌧ࡀ ᠱᛕࡉࢀࠊᙜ㐃㑥᭱㧗ุ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬ ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣᑐࡋ Liggett v. Lee ௳ࡢᑐព ぢ࠾࠸࡚ᠱᛕࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙜ SEC ጤဨ 㛗࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢲࢢࣛࢫࡶࣈࣛࣥࢲࢬྠᵝࡢၥ㢟ព ㆑ᇶ࡙ࡁᮏሗ࿌᭩ࡢ◊✲ㄪᰝᚑࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡢୗ࡛ SEC ࡼࡾᕞ♫ἲࡢつ ไ⦆➇தࡢ㜵Ṇࡀ່࿌ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ➨୕❶࡛ࡣᮏሗ࿌᭩࡛ၥ㢟ࡉࢀࡓ ලయⓗࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ ࡼࡾࠊᮏ✏➨୍❶᳨࡛ウࡋࡓᴗ⦅ࡢሙ㠃࠾ ࡅࡿ┈┦ၥ㢟࠾ࡼࡧ➨❶᳨࡛ウࡋࡓᕞ♫ἲ ࡢつไ⦆➇தక࠺ᘢᐖࡀලయⓗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ ࡛ၥ㢟ࡉࢀࡓࡢศᯒࡍࡿࡶࠊSEC ࡀᮏሗ ࿌᭩࡛⾜ࡗࡓᴗ⦅ࡢሙ㠃࠾ࡅࡿ㐃㑥ドๆㅖἲ ୖࡢሗ㛤♧つไࡢᙉ࠾ࡼࡧᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡢ㈶ ᡂࢆ່ㄏࡍࡿ㝿ࡢつไᙉ࠸࠺㸰ࡘࡢ່࿌ࢆ⾜ࡗ ࡓ⫼ᬒࢆ㎺ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୕㸬6(& ࡼࡿලయࡢㄪᰝ ᮏ❶࠾࠸࡚ࡣ SEC ࡀᮏሗ࿌᭩➨㸵⦅12࠾࠸࡚ ၥ㢟ࡋࡓලయⓗࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࠋSEC ࡣࡇࢀࡽ ࡢࡢ᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ⦆࠸ᕞ♫ἲࡢୗ࡛ࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡓࡕ࡛」㞧࡞ᴗ⦅ࡢࢫ࣮࣒࢟ࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡿ ࡢࠊࡲࡓᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡢෆᐜ࠾ࡼࡧᴗ⦅ᡭ⥆ యᑐࡍࡿබⓗᶵ㛵ࡼࡿ┘╩ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸≧ ἣୗ࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡼ࠺⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡀಖ㌟┠ⓗࡲࡓࡣ⚾ ⓗ┈ࡢࡓࡵᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡢ⟇ᐃࢆ⾜࠺ࡢࠊࡉࡽ ࡣᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡢ㈶ᡂࡢ່ㄏࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ㝿 ࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ഇࡲࡓࡣㄗゎࢆᣍࡃࡼ࠺࡞ሗ㛤♧ ࠾ࡼࡧᙉᅽⓗ࡞່ㄏࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡼࡗ ࡚ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊSEC ࡀၥ 㢟ࡋࡓᙜࡢἲⓗ≧ἣࢆࡼࡾලయⓗ࡞ᙧ࡛ᢕᥱࡍ ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡓࡔࡋࠊSEC ࡣಶࠎࡢࢆ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶලయ ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼὀពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
12 SEC, Protective Committee Report Part Ϯ, supra note 3.
ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊSEC ࡣྛ࠾ࡅࡿᴗ⦅ᡭ⥆ࡢ㐺 ṇᛶ࠾ࡼࡧᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡢබṇᛶ࣭බᖹᛶࢆၥ㢟ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊྛ᳨࡛ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ࡣࠊ ⦆࠸ᕞ♫ἲࡢୗ࡛බⓗᶵ㛵ࡼࡿ┘╩ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ ࠸≧ἣ࡛ᴗ⦅ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿሙྜࡢ♫࠾࠸ ࡚ࡶ⏕ࡌࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ዴఱᑐฎ ࡍࡿࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ13ࠋࡑࡇ ࡛ࠊࡢ᳨ウ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡣࡌࡵࡢᴫせࢆ⤂ ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊSEC ࡀࡑࢀࡽྛࡢࡢⅬࢆၥ㢟 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡍࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊSEC ࡣලయⓗࡢ᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ 1933 ᖺド ๆἲࡢሗ㛤♧つᐃ࠾ࡼࡧ 1934 ᖺドๆྲྀᘬᡤἲࡢጤ ௵≧່ㄏつᐃࡀᕞ♫ἲ࠾ࡅࡿᴗ⦅ࡢሙ㠃࡛ ࡣࢇ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡞࠸Ⅼࢆၥ㢟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡽ14ࠊྛࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓᚋࠊᙜࡢ 1933 ᖺドๆἲ ࠾ࡼࡧ 1934 ᖺドๆྲྀᘬᡤἲࡢྛつᐃࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖ࠾ࡼ ࡧࡑࢀᑐࡍࡿ SEC ࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢసᴗࢆ⾜࠺࠶ࡓࡾ㔜せ࡞Ⅼࡣࠊᕞ♫ἲࡢ ᵝࠎ࡞つᐃࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ」㞧࡞㔠⼥ࢫ࣮࣒࢟ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ ㈙ࡅࢆ⾜࠺㝿ࡢᙉᅽⓗ࡞່ㄏࡸࠊᑐ㇟♫ࡢᨭ 㓄ᶒ⋓ᚓᚋࡢ㈙⪅ࡢ⾜ື࡞ࠊ᪥࠾࠸࡚ᴗ ⦅ࡸᴗ㈙ࡢሙ㠃࡛⏕ࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ࡀࡍ࡛ 1920 ᖺ௦ࡽ 30 ᖺ௦ࡢ⡿ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ᐇ㝿ၥ㢟ࡉ ࢀࠊࡑࢀࡽዴఱᑐฎࡍࡿࡀ SEC ࠾ࡼࡧᙜࡢ せㄽ⪅ࡼࡾ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞Ṕྐⓗ⤒⦋ࢆ⤒࡚᪥ࡢ⡿ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿᴗἲ ไࡣᙧᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊᙜࡢ⡿ᅜࡢἲⓗ≧ἣ ࢆලయⓗࡢ᳨ウࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊࡇࢀ ࡽࡢࢃࡀᅜࡢἲไᗘࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡶ㔜せ࡛ ࠶ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
(1) Associated Gas and Electric Company ࡢ15
ᮏ௳ࡣබⓗ࡞ಽ⏘ฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵᴗ ⦅ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾ㢠㠃⥲㢠࡛⣙ 270,000,000 ࢻࣝࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ┈ᙳ㡪ࡀཬࡰࡉࢀࡓ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ
ࠝࡢᴫせࠞ
Associated Gas and Electric Company㸦௨ୗࠕthe Companyࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡣ Associated Gas and Electric System㸦௨ୗࠕthe Systemࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ㸧࠸࠺ࣆ࣑ࣛࢵ
ࢻᆺᴗ㞟ᅋࡢ㡬Ⅼ⨨ࡍࡿᣢᰴ♫࡛࠶ࡾࠊ☜ᐃ
㌿♫മ࡛࠶ࡿ Convertible Investment Certificates ࠾ࡼࡧ Convertible Obligationࠊඃඛᰴᘧ A ᰴ࠾ࡼࡧ B 13 Id. at 154, 166, 199, 210, 352, 410-11. 14 Id. at 108, 197, 249, 266. 15 Id. at 23-108. ചୗࡢᴗᏊ♫ ࠙ᅗ ࠚ ࠙ᅗ ࠚ
ᰴࠊ୪ࡧᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࢆⓎ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㆟Ỵᶒࡣ B ᰴ ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙜヱᰴᘧࡣ Howard C. Hopson ࠾ ࡼࡧ John I. Mange ࡢ୧Ặࡼࡾ࣐ࢧࢳ࣮ࣗࢭࢵࢶಙ クࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ಖ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ The Company ࡣୖグࡢ☜ᐃ㌿♫മࢆ୍⯡ᢞ ㈨ᐙࡾࡅࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࠊചୗࡢᴗᏊ♫ࡢ♫മ ࠾ࡼࡧඃඛᰴᘧࡢⓎ⾜ࢆ᭱ᑠ㝈ᢚ࠼ࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞㈨㔠ㄪ 㐩ࡣྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾ the Company ࡢドๆⓎ⾜ࡼࡾ⾜࠺ ࡢ᪉㔪ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᪨ࢆබ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ the System ࡢ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡣྍ⬟࡞㝈ࡾ the Company ࡢ♫ മⓎ⾜ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡑࡢചୗ࠶ࡿᴗᏊ♫ࡣࠊ ᴗ㞟ᅋෆ㒊࠾࠸࡚ධࢀࡼࡿ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡣ⾜ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊእ㒊ࡢᢞ㈨ᐙࡽࡣ㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞ ࠸ࡶࡢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉㔪ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ച ୗ ࡢ ᴗ Ꮚ ♫ ࡢ ┈ ᑐ ࡋ ࡚ the Company ඃඛࡍࡿ♫മᶒ⪅࠾ࡼࡧᰴࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈 ࡾᑡ࡞ࡃࡋࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾ the Company ࡢ☜ᐃ㌿ ♫മࢆಖ᭷ࡍࡿ୍⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙࡀ࠶ࡓࡶചୗࡢᴗᏊ ♫ᑐࡋ┤᥋ㄳồᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛ࡑࡢඃඛ ᘚ῭ᶒࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊthe Company ࡼ ࡾಖ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᏊ♫Ⓨ⾜ドๆࡼࡾࡶඃඛࡍࡿド ๆࡢⓎ⾜ᩘࢆചୗࡢᴗᏊ♫ࡀቑຍࡉࡏࡿࡇࡣࠊ ୖグࡢ᪉㔪┦ᐜࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ16ࠋ
ࡲࡓ the Company ࡢୗࡣࠊAssociated General Electric Corporation, Associated Properties, Inc., Associated Utilities Investing Corporation ࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢ ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୰㛫 ᣢᰴ♫ࡢᏑᅾࡣ 1932 ᖺࡲ୍࡛⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙᑐࡋ࡚බ ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡀ the Company ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ♫മඃඛࡍࡿ♫മࢆⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ ࡇࡶࡲࡓࠊୖグࡢ᪉㔪┦ᐜࢀ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ࠙ᅗ 1-1ࠚ17ࠋ 1927 ᖺ the Company 3 ࡘࡢ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡢ㛫 ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⌧Ⅼ࠾ࡼࡧᑗ᮶࠾࠸࡚ the Company ࡀ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ᑐࡋ࡚᭷ࡍࡿ࡚ࡢ㈚㔠 മᶒࢆࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ᪂ᰴࡢᘬཷ ᶒࡍࡿࡢྜពࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊྠ the Company ࡀ♫മⓎ⾜㝿ࡋ࡚ᢞ㈨ᐙࡽཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓ ⌧㔠ࠊചୗࡢᴗᏊ♫ࡢドๆ࠸ࡗࡓ the Company ࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿ㈨⏘ࡀࡇࢀࡽࡢ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ㆡΏࡉ ࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᑐ౯ࡋ࡚ࠊthe Company ࡣࡇࢀࡽ 3 ࡘࡢ ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ᪂ᰴࡢᘬཷᶒࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓࠋࡑ ࡢᚋࠊ1931 ᖺࡽ 1932 ᖺࡅ࡚ 3 ♫ࡣྜేࡋࠊ Associated Gas and Electric Corporation㸦௨ୗࠕthe 16 Id. at 24-25. 17 Id. Corporationࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡀㄌ⏕ࡋࡓ࠙ᅗ 1-2ࠚ18ࠋ ࠙ᅗ㸯㸫㸯ࠚ 1932 ᖺ the Corporation ࡣᐃḰኚ᭦ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᤵᶒ ᰴᘧᩘࢆቑຍࡉࡏࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ the Company 3 ࡘࡢ୰ 㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡢ㛫࠾ࡅࡿ๓グྜពᇶ࡙ࡁࠊthe Corporation ࡢ the Company ᑐࡍࡿ 671,000,000 ࢻࣝ ࡢ㈇മࡣ the Company ࢆᘬཷேࡍࡿ᪂ᰴ 6,710,000 ᰴࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋThe Corporation ࡀⓎ⾜ ࡍࡿ᪂ᰴࡢⓎ⾜౯㢠ࡣ 1 ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾ 100 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ ࡑࡢ㢠㠃㔠㢠ࡣ 1 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜヱ᪂ᰴⓎ⾜㝿ࡋ ࡚㈨ᮏ㔠⤌ࡳධࢀࡽࢀࡓ㔠㢠ࡣ 6,710,000 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ 18 Id. at 26. The Corporation ྜే Associated General Electric Associated Properties Inc. Associated Utilities Investing ࡢ ྜព 㸱ࡘࡢ୰㛫ᣢ ᰴ♫ࡀⓎ⾜ ࡍࡿ᪂ᰴᘬཷ ᶒࡢㆡΏ The Company 㸱ࡘࡢ୰㛫ᣢ ᰴ♫ᑐࡍ ࡿ㈚㔠മᶒ ࡑࡢ㈈⏘ ࡢ⛣㌿ ചୗࡢᴗᏊ♫ Associated General Electric Corporation Associated Properties, Inc. Associated Utilities Investing Corporation The Company 㹀ᰴ㸸㆟Ỵᶒ ࠶ࡾ ࣐ࢧࢳ࣮ࣗࢭࢵࢶಙクࢆ㏻ ࡌ࡚ Hopson ࠾ࡼࡧ Mange ࡢ ୧Ặࡀಖ᭷ A ᰴ ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ Convertible Investment Certificates Convertible Obligation ࠙ᅗ 1-1ࠚ ࠙ᅗ 1-2ࠚ
ࡾࠊࡲࡓ⣙ 663,000,000 ࢻࣝࡣ㈨ᮏవ㔠⤌ࡳධࢀ ࡽࢀࡓࠋᙜヱࢹࢵࢻ࣭࢚ࢡࢸ࣭ࢫ࣡ࢵࣉࡼࡾ the Company ࡣ the Corporation ࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࢆ 6,710,000 ᰴྲྀᚓࡋࠊࡇࢀࡀᐇ㉁ୖ the Company ࡢ㈈⏘࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓ࠙ᅗ 1-3ࠚ19ࠋ The Company ࡣ 1932 ᖺ‶ᮇࢆ㏄࠼ࡿ☜ᐃ㌿ ♫മࡢൾ㑏ࢆࡾษࡿࡓࡵചୗࡢ the Corporation ࢆ ⏝ ࡋ ࡚ ㈨ 㔠 ㄪ 㐩 ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࢀ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ the Corporation ࡣ 8’s of 40’s ࠸࠺ྡࡢ♫മࢆ⥲㢠 10,000,000 ࢻࣝⓎ⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ♫മࡣ the Company ࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿ the Corporation ࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧඃ ඛࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊthe Company ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ ㌿♫മࡶඃඛࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᙜヱ♫ മⓎ⾜ᑐࡋ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡽᢸಖไ㝈 ᮲㡯㐪ࢆ⌮⏤ࡍࡿᕪṆࡵㄳồࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊᙜヱ ㄳồࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ20ࠋ 1933 ᖺ the Company ࡣῶࠊቑ⛯ࠊ㓄ᙜῶᑡ ┤㠃ࡋࡓࠋ1933 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 31 ᪥Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚㢠㠃⥲㢠 270,000,000 ࢻࣝࡢ☜ᐃ㌿♫മᶒ⪅ᑐࡍࡿ ᡶ࠸മົࡣ 12,383,094.98 ࢻࣝ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡶࡋࠊ ࡇࢀࡽࡢ♫മᑐࡍࡿࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺࡀ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜࠊබⓗ ࡞ಽ⏘ฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࡁධࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊthe Company ࡢ ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣᙜヱᴗ㞟ᅋᑐࡍࡿᨭ㓄ᶒࢆኻ࠺ࡇ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡇࢀࡽࡢᡶ࠸മົࢆῶᑡࡉࡏ ࡿࡓࡵ㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬㸦ReCap Plan㸧ࡀᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ21ࠋ ࡲࡎࠊ㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ๓ẁ㝵ࡢᡭ⥆ࡋ 19 Id. at 27-29. 20 Id. at 29-30. 21 Id. at 30-31. ࡚ࠊThe Corporation ࡣ㈇മ 671,000,000 ࢻࣝᘬࡁ ࠼㢠㠃 1 ࢻࣝࡢ᪂ᰴࢆ 6,710,000 ᰴⓎ⾜ࡋࡓ㝿⏕ ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏవ㔠ࡽ┈㓄ᙜࢆᐉゝࡋࡓࠋᙜヱ 㓄ᙜ㔠ࡣ 300,000,000 ࢻࣝࢆ㉸࠼࡞࠸⠊ᅖෆ࠾࠸࡚ the Company ࡽࡢㄳồࡼࡾᚋ㏙ࡢ㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ ࡼࡾⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ the Corporation ࡢ☜ᐃ♫മࡲ ࡓࡣ┈♫മᑐࡋᨭᡶ࠸ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋ The Company ࡣ the Corporation ࡽཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓᙜヱ㓄 ᙜ㔠ࢆ㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࡓࡵタ❧ࡉࢀࡓ ചୗࡢูࡢᏊ♫࡛࠶ࡿ Associated Gas and Electric Securities Company ㆡΏࡋࡓ࠙ᅗ 1-4ࠚ22ࠋ ḟࠊ㈨ᮏᵓᡂ࠶ࡓࡾ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ ᑐࡋ࡚ 3 ࡘࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑ ࡢಖ᭷ࡍࡿ♫മࢆ㈨ᮏᵓᡂࡼࡾ᪂ࡓⓎ⾜ࡉࢀ ࡿ♫മࡍࡿࡼ࠺່ㄏࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ ࠙࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࠚ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡣࠊthe Corporation ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ 1973 ᖺࢆൾ㑏ᮇ㝈ࡍࡿ☜ᐃ♫മࡢࢆ⾜ ࠺ࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋᙜヱ☜ᐃ♫മࡣ the Company ࡢ ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀᚑ᮶ಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ☜ᐃ㌿♫മࡢඖ ᮏࢆ 50㸣ῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⋡ࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ♫മ ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡣୖ㝈ࡀタ ࡅ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ᙜ ヱ ☜ ᐃ ♫ മ ࡢ Ⓨ ⾜ ⥲ 㢠 ࡀ 50,000,000 ࢻࣝ㐩ࡋࡓⅬ࡛ཎ๎ࡋ࡚ᡴࡕษࡽ ࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ ࡓ♫മᶒ⪅ࡣ 1935 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࡽ 1945 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫ᚋ㏙ࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࡼࡾᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ ┈♫മࡢ㌿ࢆㄳồࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡉ ࢀࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊ1933 ᖺ 7 ᭶ᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࡀ ኚ᭦ࡉࢀࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ♫മᶒ⪅ࡣ 1938 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 31 ᪥ࡽ 1944 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 1 ᪥ࡢ㛫ࠊᚋ㏙ࡢ࢜ࣉ ࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࡼࡾ the Company ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ┈♫മ 22 Id. at 31-32. The Corporation㸸┈㓄ᙜ ࢆᐉゝ The Company㸸The Corporation ࡢᰴ Associated Gas and
Electric Securities Company ┈㓄ᙜ 㓄ᙜ㔠ࡢㆡΏ The Corporation ࢹ ࢵ ࢻ࣭࢚ࢡ ࢸ ࣭ࢫ࣡ ࢵࣉ The Company ᪂ᰴ 6,710,000 ᰴⓎ⾜ࠋ㈨ᮏ 㔠ࡢ⤌ධࢀ 㢠㸸6,710,000 ࢻࣝ ㈨ᮏవ㔠 ࡢ⤌ධࢀ㢠㸸 663,000,000 ࢻ ࣝ മᶒ 671,000,000 ࢻࣝ ࠙ᅗ 1-4ࠚ ࠙ᅗ 1-3ࠚ ࠙ᅗ ࠚ
࠙ᅗ ࠚ ࠙ᅗ ࠚ ㌿ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓ23ࠋ ࠙࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࠚ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ♫മᶒ ⪅ࡣ the Corporation ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ 1978 ᖺࢆൾ㑏ᮇ㝈 ࡍࡿ┈♫മࡢࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋᙜヱ┈ ♫മࡢඖᮏࡣ the Company ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ☜ᐃ㌿ ♫മྠ㢠࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᙜヱ♫മࡢᜥࡣ⣼✚ⓗ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ♫മࡢ⋡ࡣᙜึࡢ♫മẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ῶᑡ ࡉࡏࡽࢀࠊࡘᙜヱᜥࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࡣࠊ☜ᐃ㌿♫ മᑐࡍࡿᜥࢆᨭᡶࡗࡓᚋࠊthe Corporation ࡢྲྀ⥾ ᙺỴ㆟ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓ24ࠋ ࠙࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࠚ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ♫മᶒ ⪅ࡣࠊthe Company ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ 1983 ᖺࢆൾ㑏ᮇ㝈 ࡍࡿῶമᇶ㔠ࡁ↓ᢸಖ┈♫മࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ ࡉࢀࡓࠋඖᮏࡢ㢠࠾ࡼࡧ⋡ࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ♫മྠ㢠 ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᙜヱ♫മࡢᜥࡣ⣼✚ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᜥ ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࡣ the Company ࡢ☜ᐃ㌿♫മࡀⓎ⾜ ῭ࡳ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡘᚋ㏙ࡢ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮ࣟዎ⣙ᇶ࡙ࡃドๆ ࡢ㡸クࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊ↓᮲௳࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢ ࡉࢀࡓࠋຍ࠼࡚ࠊᙜヱῶമᇶ㔠ࡁ↓ᢸಖ┈♫മ ࡢⓎ⾜⥲㢠ࡀⓎ⾜῭ࡳࡘ㡸クࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ the Company ࡢ☜ᐃ㌿♫മࡢⓎ⾜⥲㢠ࡢ 2 ಸ௨ୖ ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡣࠊ㏣ຍࡢᡶ࠸ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊᙜヱ♫മࡢῶമᇶ㔠᮲㡯ᚑ࠸ࠊthe Company ࡣᙜヱ♫മࡢൾ㑏ࡢࡓࡵ 1936 ᖺࡽẖᖺ Ⓨ⾜῭ࡳࡢᙜヱ♫മࡢ㢠㠃ࡢ 0.5㸣┦ᙜࡍࡿ㔠㖹ࢆ ῶമᇶ㔠ࡋ࡚✚ࡳ❧࡚ࡿࡇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠙ᅗ 1-5ࠚ 25ࠋ 23 Id. at 35-37. 24 Id. at 37-38. 25 Id. at 38-41. ࡲࡓࠊᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࠊ࢚ࢫࢡ ࣮ࣟዎ⣙㸦Escrow Agreement㸧ࡀ the Company ࢚ࢫ ࢡ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࣟࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ㸦Escrow Agent㸧ࡢ㛫࡛⥾⤖ ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ➨୍ࠊthe Company ࡢᚑ᮶ࡢ ♫മࡢᜥ㈨ᮏᵓᡂࡼࡾⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞♫ മࡢᜥࡢ㛫ᕪ㢠ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜࠊࡑࡢᕪ㢠ࢆᙜ ヱ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࣟࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀ♫മᶒ⪅௦ࢃࡗ࡚ཷ 㡿ࡋࠊ♫മᶒ⪅ᡭΏࡍࡓࡵࡢἲⓗไᗘࢆタࡍࡿࡇ ࠊ➨ࠊ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࣟࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡢඖ࠾࠸࡚ ドๆࡢࡼࡾᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡓ the Company ࡢ☜ᐃ ㌿♫മࢆᾘ༷ࡏࡎಖᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀ ࡼࡾᙜヱ㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ᛂࡌ࡞ࡗࡓ♫മᶒ⪅ ᑐࡋ࡚ᙳ㡪ຊࢆཬࡰࡍࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓ the Company ࡀࢹࣇ࢛ࣝࢺ㝗ࡗࡓሙྜᙜヱ࢚ࢫࢡࣟ ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀ♫മᶒ⪅ࢆ௦⾲ࡋ࡚ಽ⏘ᡭ⥆㛵 ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ┠ㄽࡲࢀࡓ26ࠋᙜヱ࢚ࢫࢡࣟ ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ the Company ࡢṔ௦♫㛗ࢆົ ࡵࡘ⌧ྲྀ⥾ᙺ࡛࠶ࡿ John M. DalyࠊH.D. FitchࠊS. J. MageeࠊB. B. RobinsonࠊDaniel Starch ࡢྛẶࡀ௵ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ27ࠋ ௨ୖࡢ㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊthe Company ࡢ♫ മᶒ⪅ᑐࡋドๆࡢ່ㄏࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ່ㄏ㝿ࡋ ࡚ࡣ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡲࡓࡣ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ᛂࡌࡿࡼ࠺ᵝࠎ࡞ᡭẁࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࡲࡎ♫മᶒ⪅ᑐࡋᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ᛂࡌࡿࡼ ࠺ᡭ⣬ࡼࡿ່ㄏࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊḟࣈࢵࢡࣞࢵࢺࡢ㓄ᕸ ࠾ࡼࡧせ࡞᪂⪺࠾ࡼࡧ㔠⼥ࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝࡢᗈ࿌ࡢ ᥖ㍕ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡉࡽࡣಶࠎࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ࡶ the System ࡢചୗࡢドๆࢹ࣮࣮ࣛࢆ⥲ືဨࡋ࡚┦ ᑐࡼࡿ່ㄏࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ28ࠋ ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ1934 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 17 ᪥Ⅼࡲ࡛㢠㠃⥲㢠 100,000,000 ࢻࣝࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࠊ ࡑࡋ࡚࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡢᛂເࡣ⥾ࡵษࡽࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ 1936 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 7 ᪥Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚ 94,713,570 ࢻࣝࡢ♫മ ᶒ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࠊࡑࡋ࡚࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰 ࡢᛂເࡣ⥾ࡵษࡽࢀࡓࠋ1936 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 30 ᪥Ⅼ࠾࠸ ࡚ṧࡾࡢ㢠㠃⥲㢠 66,303,470 ࢻࣝࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ ࢃࡎ 4,466,960 ࢻࣝࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࢆ㑅 ᢥࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㌿ᶒࡢ⾜ࡼࡾ 1936 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 30 ᪥ Ⅼࡲ࡛࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ࠺ࡕ㢠 㠃⥲㢠 4,201,050 ࢻࣝࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰࡛ᥦ ౪ࡉࢀࡿ㢠㠃⥲㢠 8,402,100 ࢻࣝࡢ┈♫മࡢ㌿ ㄳồࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࠙ᅗ 1-6ࠚ29ࠋ 26 Id. at 48, 53-54, 56. 27 Id. at 57. 28 Id. at 42, 68-78, 86-96. 29 Id. at 42. The Company ࡢ ♫മᶒ⪅ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯 ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰 ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱 the Corporation Ⓨ⾜ࡢ ൾ㑏ᮇ㝈 1973 ᖺࡢ☜ᐃ ♫മ the Corporation Ⓨ ⾜ ࡢൾ㑏ᮇ㝈 1978 ᖺࡢ ┈♫മ the Company Ⓨ⾜ࡢൾ㑏ᮇ 㝈 1983 ᖺࡢῶമᇶ㔠ࡁ ↓ᢸಖ┈♫മ ࠙ᅗ 1-5ࠚ
ᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࡀබṇ ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊᗄࡘࡢᕞ࠾࠸࡚ᕞドๆጤဨ࠾ࡼ ࡧ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡽࡑࡢᐇ⾜ᑐࡋᕪṆ ࡵッゴࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࢘ࢫࢥࣥࢩࣥᕞ᭱㧗 ุᡤࡣᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࡣබṇ࡛࠶ࡿุ♧ ࡋࡓ30ࠋࡲࡓྠᕞࡢドๆጤဨࡶ᭱㧗ุᡤࡢุ᩿ ᚑ࠸ࠊᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࡢෆᐜࡣබṇ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ ࡚ࠊᙜヱᕞෆ࠾࠸࡚ᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ᇶ࡙ࡁ the Company ࡼࡾⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿドๆࡢⓏ㘓ࢆᢎㄆࡋ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡢッゴ࠾࠸࡚ࡣཎ࿌ࡢᙇࡣㄆ ࡵࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ Rabenold v. Associated Gas & Electric Co.௳31
࠾࠸ุ࡚ᡤࡣ ḟࡢࡼ࠺ุ♧ࡋࠊ♫മᶒ⪅࡛࠶ࡿཎ࿌ࡢ⏦❧ࢆㄆࡵ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕἲ࠾ࡼࡧ㔞ᶒ⾜࠾࠸࡚ཎ࿌ࡢ⏦❧ࢆㄆࡵࡿ ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋཎ࿌ࡢ⿕࿌♫࠾ࡅࡿከ㢠ࡢᢞ㈨ ᑐࡋ࡚ཎ࿌ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿᏳ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢࡇࡼࡿ⏒ ࡞៧៖ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᕪṆࡵࡼࡾᴗ⦅ ィ⏬ࠊࡶࡗṇ☜ゝ࠼ࡤ㈨ᮏᵓᡂࡢධࢆṇᙜ ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡣఱࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋఱ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ ุᡤࡣ♫ᖖ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡢ≉ูୟࡘヲ⣽࡞ ▱㆑ࡣᑐ↷ⓗࠊᴗ⤒Ⴀᑐࡍࡿุᐁࡢ⾲㠃ⓗ ࡞▱㆑ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚ࡣៅ㔜࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞࠸ࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊุᡤࡼࡿධࡀ⏒࡞ᦆኻࢆࡶ
30 Associated Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Service Commission,
221 Wis. 519, 529, 266 N. W. 205, 209 (1936).
31 Rabenold v. Associated Gas & Electric Co. 148 Misc. 507,
266 N. Y. Supp. 520 (Sup. Ct. 1933). ࡓࡽࡍࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡣࡑࢀࡀᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࠾࠸࡚♧ࡉࢀࡓ≧ἣࡢᴫ␎ࡽࡣᙜヱィ⏬ࡀ ⿕࿌♫ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡞ᩆ῭ᡭẁ࡞ࡿࡇࡣ᫂ࡽ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋッゴࡢ⤖ᯝࡀၥ㢟࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡿሙྜࠊࡓ ࠼୍ⓗࡏࡼࡇࡢࡼ࠺ணࡉࢀࡿ┈ᑐࡍ ࡿᐖࡣṇᙜࡍࡿࡇࡢ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᶒຊࡢ⾜࡛࠶ ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶒຊ⾜ࡣษ㏕ࡋࡓᚲせᛶࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜ ࢆ㝖ࡁ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࣭࣭࣭ ୪࡛࡞࠸ᛮ⪃ࠊດຊࠊࡑࡋ࡚≀㉁ⓗᾘ㈝ࡼࡾ ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡓィ⏬ࢆྎ↓ࡋࡍࡿࡓࡵᕪṆࡵ࠸࠺ ᡭẁࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡣ㌋㌉ࢆぬ࠼ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊッゴ ࠾࠸࡚ᕪṆࡵࡣ⌧Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᅇྍ⬟࡞ᦆᐖࢆᅇ 㑊ࡍࡿࡓࡵᚲせྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ⓑ࡛࠶ࡿሙ ྜࡢࡳ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⪃࠼ᚑ࠸ࠊཎ࿌ ࡢ⏦❧࡚ࢆᲠ༷ࡍࡿࠋࠖ ࠝᮏᑐࡍࡿ SEC ࡢホ౯ࠞ SEC ࡣࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ࡼࡾ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡣබⓗ࡞ಽ⏘ ฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ࡁࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾ♫ᨭ㓄ᶒࢆ⥔ᣢࡍ ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾᵝࠎ࡞┈ࢆாཷࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㠃ࠊ♫മᶒ⪅ࡗ࡚ࡣ♫Ꮡ⥆ࡢࡓࡵ ⮬ᕫࡢᶒࡀࡁࡃ≛≅࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂ ィ⏬ࡼࡾ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ᐖᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿⅬ࡛ ┈࡞Ⅼࡀከ࠸ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ32ࠋ ࡲࡎࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅࠾࠸࡚ࡣ the Company ୰㛫 ᣢᰴ♫ࡢ㛫࠾࠸࡚」㞧࡞ྲྀᘬࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓⅬ ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊSEC ࡣࡇࢀࡽ୍㐃ࡢྲྀᘬࡀᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂ ィ⏬ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ๓ẁ㝵ࡢࢫ࣮࣒࢟ࡋ࡚Ỵᐃ ⓗ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊthe Company the Corporation ࡢ㛫࡛㈈⏘ࡢ⛣㌿ࢆ⾜࠺ࢫ࣮࢟ ࣒ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ♫㈈⏘ᑐࡍࡿྛ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ 㡰ࡅኚ᭦ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾ㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ ⏬ࡼࡿ the Company ࡢ♫മࡢඖᮏ࠾ࡼࡧᜥࡢῶ 㢠ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓ33ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ the Company ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡢ㛫࠾ࡅࡿ」㞧࡞ࢫ ࣮࣒࢟ࡣ⦆࠸ᕞ♫ἲࡢୗ࡛ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࢆタ❧ࡋࡑ ࡢᏑᅾࢆእ㒊ሗ㛤♧ࡍࡿࡇࢆせࡏࡎࠊࡲࡓᐃḰ ኚ᭦ࢆ⮬⏤⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡉࡽࡣ㈨ᮏవ㔠ࢆ タᐃࡋࡑࢀࢆ㈈※┈㓄ᙜࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ ࡣ⦆࠸ᕞ♫ἲࡢୗ࡛ࡢࡳྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊthe Company ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢつᐃࢆ᭱㝈ά⏝ࡋ࡚ᮏ௳ ᴗ⦅ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓ34ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊthe
32 SEC, Protective Committee Report Part Ϯ, supra note 3, at
34-35, 42, 108. 33 Id. at 28. 34 Id. at 33. The Corporation The Company Convertible Investment Certificates ಖ᭷⪅ Convertible Obligation ಖ᭷⪅ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ 1㸸 㢠 㠃 ⥲ 㢠 100,000,000 ࢻࣝ 㸦࠺ࡕ㢠㠃⥲㢠 4,201,050 ࢻࣝࡢ ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉ ࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࡢ㌿ ᶒ⾜㸧 ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰㸸 㢠 㠃 ⥲ 㢠 94,713,570 ࢻࣝ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱㸸 㢠 㠃 ⥲ 㢠 4,466,960 ࢻࣝ ࢚ ࢫ ࢡ ࣟ ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࢪ ࢙ࣥࢺ ドๆࡢ ㈙ࡅ ࡢ່ㄏ ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮ࣟ ዎ⣙ ࠙ᅗ 1-6ࠚ
࠙ᅗ ࠚ Company 3 ࡘࡢᣢᰴ♫ࡢ㛫࠾࠸࡚」㞧࡞ྲྀ ᘬࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡼࡾ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢᴗ ⦅ᑐࡍࡿุ᩿ࢆᅔ㞴࡞ࡽࡋࡵࠊᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂ ᛂࡌࡿࡼ࠺ᅽຊࢆࡅࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓᣦ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ35ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ the Company ୰㛫ᣢᰴ♫ࡢྲྀᘬ ࡀỴᐃⓗ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡶࢃࡽࡎ୰㛫 ᣢᰴ♫ࡢᏑᅾࡀ 1932 ᖺࡲ୍࡛⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙᑐࡋ࡚බ ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓⅬࡀၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿ SEC ࡣᣦࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊthe Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡣചୗࡢ ᴗᏊ♫ࡢ᭷ࡍࡿ㈨⏘࠾ࡼࡧᴗࡽࡢ┈ࢆඖ ᮏࡢൾ㑏࠾ࡼࡧᡶ࠸ࡢཎ㈨ࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୍ ᪉ࠊthe Corporation ࡣ the Company ࡢᢸಖไ㝈᮲㡯 㐪ࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾ the Company ࡢⓎ⾜ࡍࡿ♫മඃඛ
ࡍࡿ♫മࢆⓎ⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺
the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ the Corporation ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ ࡢ 㛫 ࡣ 㔜 ࡞ ┈ ┦ 㛵 ಀ ࡀ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࠊ the Corporation ࡢᏑᅾࡣ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢᐖ ࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢᏑᅾࡣ 1932 ᖺࡲ࡛බ⾲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓ36 ࠋ ⥆ࡅ࡚ࠊSEC ࡣᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸ ࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࢆ㑅 ᢥࡋࡓ♫മᶒ⪅㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡢඖᮏࡀ༙ศῶᑡ ࡉࡏࡽࢀࠊୟࡘඖᮏῶᑡక࠸ᜥࡢᨭᡶࡶ༙ῶࡉࡏ ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㠃ࠊthe Company ࡀⓎ⾜ ࡍࡿ♫മࡼࡾࡶබⓗ࡞ಽ⏘ฎ⌮ᡭ⥆ධࡗࡓሙྜ ඃඛᘚ῭ᶒࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࠊthe Company ࡢᚑ ᮶ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅࠾ࡼࡧᚋ㏙ࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿ ♫മᶒ⪅ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ᭷࡞❧ሙ࠶ࡿศᯒࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ the Company ࡀ the Corporation ᑐࡋࡑࡢಖ᭷ࡍࡿ㈈⏘ࢆㆡΏࡍࡿࢫ࣮࣒࢟ࡀྍ⬟ ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞♫മࢆⓎ⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ the Company ࡢᚑ᮶ࡽࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡣ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯࡛ Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ♫മࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡼࡾຎᚋⓗ࡞❧ሙ⨨ ࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞ࡗࡓᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ37ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡢ⏦㎸ 50,000,000 ࢻࣝ࠸ ࠺ୖ㝈ࢆタࡅࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊthe Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡼ࠺ᅽຊࢆࡅࡿせᅉ ࡞ࡗࡓศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡼ ࡾᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ♫മࡢࡳࡀ☜ᐃ♫മ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡢ࢜ ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡼࡾᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ♫മẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ᢞ㈨ᐙ ࡗ࡚㨩ຊⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊthe Company ࡢ♫മᶒ ⪅ࡣࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡢ⏦㎸ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ ࡼࡾୖ㝈㐩ࡍࡿࡇࢆᠱᛕࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡑ 35 Id. at 32. 36 Id. at 28. 37 Id. at 36-37. ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡢ⏦㎸ࢆ᪩ࡃ⾜࠺ࡼ࠺ᅽຊࡀ ຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ38ࠋ ḟࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ♫മᶒ⪅ࡣᚑ᮶ࡢ♫ മࡢඖᮏྠ㢠ࡢ㢠㠃ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ♫മࢆಖᣢࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊࡓࡔࡋࠊᜥࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࡣྲྀ⥾ᙺỴ㆟ ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊࡇࡢⅬ࡛ᚑ᮶ࡢ♫മࡼࡾࡶ ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢ the Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡀᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ᛂࡌ࡞ࡗࡓሙ ྜࠊthe Company ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿᚑ᮶ࡢ♫മࡣ☜ᐃ♫ മ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ♫മᶒ⪅ ᑐࡋ࡚ᡶ࠸ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣࡑࢀࡔࡅῶᑡࡍ ࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋࡇࡢⅬ࠾࠸࡚ the Company ࡢᚑ᮶ࡽࡢ☜ᐃ㌿♫മࢆಖᣢࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ♫മ ᶒ⪅࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ㛫ࡣ ᐖᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡎࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ SEC ࡣᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 39 ࠋ ⥆ࡅ࡚ࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᙜヱ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡣ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯࠾ࡼࡧ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ ࡼࡾᙜึࡢ♫മࡢඖᮏ࠾ࡼࡧᜥࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡽࢀࡓ ࡃ࡞࠸ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ♫മᶒ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚ᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࢆពᅗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊthe Company ࡢᚑ᮶ࡢ♫മẚ࡚㏣ຍࡢᡶ࠸ࡶ⾜ࢃ ࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ♫ࡢ┈ᇶ ࡙ࡁ the Company ࡢྲྀ⥾ᙺࡢุ᩿࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡶࡢ 㐣ࡂࡎࠊࡇࡢⅬ࡛ᢞ㈨ᐙࡣࡁ࡞┈ࢆ⿕ࡿྍ⬟ ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࢆ㑅 ᢥࡋࡓᢞ㈨ᐙࡣッゴ࠾࠸࡚࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯࠾ࡼࡧ࢜ ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰࠾࠸࡚ᢞ㈨ᐙㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿྛ✀ᶒࢆ ᨺᲠࡋࡓࡶࡢྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀࡿ༴㝤ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡶᣦ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ40ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࡢෆᐜࡣ㠀ᖖ」㞧࡛࠶ࡾ୍⯡ ᢞ㈨ᐙࡀࡑࡢෆᐜࢆṇ☜⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ ࡾࠊ⤖ᒁ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸱ࡣᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࡢ່ㄏ ⪅ࡀ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯࠾ࡼࡧ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸰ᑐࡍࡿᢞ㈨ ᐙࡢⓎࢆཷࡅὶࡋࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸯ࡲࡓࡣ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ 㸰ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡼ࠺ಁࡍᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓⅬ࡛㔜せ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ SEC ࡣホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ41ࠋ ௨ୖຍ࠼ࠊSEC ࡀᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ⏬ࡢࡁ࡞ ၥ㢟Ⅼࡋ࡚ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢࣉࣛࣥᇶ ࡙ࡁⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ♫മඃඛࡍࡿ♫മࢆ the Corporation ࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿࡇࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ᮲㡯ࡀఱࡶタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ ࡞࠸࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡼࡾࠊᑗ᮶ the Corporation ࡼࡾ᪂ࡓ࡞♫മࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࠊᮏ௳㈨ᮏ 38 Id. at 50, 96. 39 Id. at 37-38. 40 Id. at 39-41. 41 Id. at 41.
ᵓᡂィ⏬࠾࠸࡚ドๆࡢᛂࡌࡓ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ ┈ࡀࡉࡽᐖࡉࢀࡿ༴㝤ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ 42ࠋ ࡉࡽࠊSEC ࡣᮏࡢ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮ࣟዎ⣙ࡘ࠸࡚ the Company ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡀ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࣟࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ ࡋ࡚῝ࡃ㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡀၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᮏ௳࢚ࢫࢡ࣮ࣟዎ⣙ᇶ࡙ࡁ the Company ࡢ ♫മࡀ㡸クࡉࢀࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᑗ᮶࠾ࡅࡿᴗ⦅ ࢆᨭ㓄ࡍࡿᙉຊ࡞ᶒ㝈ࡀ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮࣭࢚࣮ࣟࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡞ ࡾ43ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ᶒ 㝈 ࡀ the Company ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㝕࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢᐖ㛵ಀேࡢ┈ࡢࡓ ࡵ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ༴㝤ᛶࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ44ࠋ ᭱ᚋࠊุᡤࡀ♫മᶒ⪅ࡼࡿᮏ௳㈨ᮏᵓᡂィ ⏬ᑐࡍࡿᕪṆㄳồࢆㄆࡵ࡞ࡗࡓⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊッ ゴࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᢞ㈨ᐙࡀබṇ࡞ᴗ⦅ࢆᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ ❧ド㈐௵ࡢⅬࡽࡶ㠀ᖖᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ഴ ྥࡣᚑ᮶ࡽㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ45ࠋ ௨ୖࡼࡾࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ࡣࡑࡢ㛤ጞࡽ⤊⮳ࡿ ࡲ࡛ the Company ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡢࡓࡵ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊthe Company ࡢ♫മᶒ⪅ࡢ┈ࡣࡃ௦⾲ࡉࢀ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ SEC ࡣ⤖ㄽࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ46ࠋ
(2) Kahn’s Sons Company ࡢ47
ᮏ௳ࡣࠊᴗ⦅ࡼࡾඃඛᰴࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈
ࡢ㝖ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾᮏ᮶࡞ࡽࡤඃඛᰴࡀཷ
ࡅྲྀࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㓄ᙜ㔠ࡀᬑ㏻ᰴ࡛࠶ࡿ⤒Ⴀ㝕 ᨭᡶࢃࢀࡓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠝࡢᴫせࠞ
E. Kahn’s Sons Company ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᰴᘧࢆⓎ⾜ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࣭ཧຍᆺඃඛᰴᘧ㸿㸦㢠㠃㔠㢠 40 ࢻࣝ㸧26,438 ᰴ ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㸦↓㢠㠃ᰴᘧ㸧60,000 ᰴ ඃඛᰴᘧ㸿26,438 ᰴࡢ࠺ࡕ 6,379 ᰴࠊ࠾ࡼࡧᬑ㏻ᰴ ᘧ 60,000 ᰴࡢ࠺ࡕ 59,500 ᰴࡀྠ♫ࡢ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡼࡾಖ ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ඃඛᰴᘧ㸿ᑐࡍࡿ┈㓄ᙜࡣ 1932 ᖺ 4 ᭶௨㝆࡞ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 1936 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 1 ᪥⌧ᅾ࠾ ࠸࡚ࡑࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࡣ 340,966.40 ࢻࣝ㐩ࡋ࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊ㸯ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾ⣙ 12.90 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊࡇ 42 Id. at 56. 43 Id. at 58. 44 Id. at 57. 45 Id. at 66. 46 Id. at 67, 108. 47 Id. at 154-59.ᮏࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮏ⏣ⱥኵࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ ࡅࡿ 1930 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ᮇࡢ⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᮍᡶ㓄ᙜΎ⟬ᵓ㐀 ₶㓄ศࠖ㱟㇂Ꮫ⤒῭⤒Ⴀㄽ㞟 29 ᕳ 3 ྕ 34㹼36 㡫㸦1989㸧 ࡛ヲ⣽࡞᳨ウࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢀࡽࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࢆ㝖ࡍࡿࡓࡵᴗ⦅ィ ⏬ࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 1936 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 17 ᪥ᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡀ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡼ ࡾබ⾲ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡋ࡚ྠᖺ 3 ᭶ 11 ᪥ᰴ⥲࡛ᢎㄆ ࢆཷࡅࠊྠᖺ 5 ᭶ 9 ᪥ᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲ ࡎࠊྠ᪥࠾࠸࡚ඃඛᰴᘧ㸿ࡢᰴᑐࡋ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ 6.78 ࢻࣝࡢ⌧㔠㓄ᙜࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋᙜヱ┈㓄ᙜࡣ 1935 ᖺᗘ࠾ࡅࡿ⣧┈ࡽ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋḟࠊ ᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡼࡾඃඛᰴᘧ㸿ࡣ 1 ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾྠ ♫ࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 2.5 ᰴࡍࡿࡇࡉࢀࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᙜ ヱᰴᘧࡢࡼࡾඃඛᰴᘧ㸿ࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࡣ 㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡢᐇ⾜ࡼࡾࠊḟᖺᗘ࠾࠸࡚ 305,344.64 ࢻࣝࡢ┈㓄ᙜࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ḟ ᖺᗘ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ 1 ࢻࣝࡢ┈㓄ᙜ ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ ᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡼࡾࠊඃඛᰴᘧ㸿ࡢಖ᭷⪅ࡣ 6.78 ࢻࣝࡢ⌧㔠࠾ࡼࡧᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 2.5 ᰴᑐࡍࡿ㓄 ᙜ 2.5 ࢻࣝࡢィ 9.28 ࢻࣝࡢ⌧㔠ࢆཷࡅྲྀࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ ᪧ ඃ ඛ ᰴ ᘧ 㸿 ࡢ ᰴ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ 㔠 㖹 ࡢ ⥲ 㢠 ࡣ 245,344.64 ࢻ ࣝ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡑ ࡇ ࡛ 㓄 ᙜ ྍ ⬟ 㢠 305,344.64 ࢻࣝࡽᪧඃඛᰴᘧ㸿ࡢᰴᑐࡋ࡚ᨭ ᡶࢃࢀࡓ 245,344.64 ࢻࣝࢆᕪࡋᘬ࠸ࡓṧࡾࡢ 60,000 ࢻࣝࡀᚑ᮶ࡽࡢᬑ㏻ᰴ࡛࠶ࡿ⤒Ⴀ㝕ᑐࡋ┈ 㓄ᙜࡋ࡚ᨭᡶࢃࢀࡓ࠙ᅗ 2ࠚࠋ ࠝᮏᑐࡍࡿ SEC ࡢホ౯ࠞ ᮏ௳࡛ࡣඃඛᰴࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࡀ㝖ࡉࢀࠊࡑ ࢀࡼࡾ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ┈㓄ᙜࡀ࡞ࡉ ࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊᮏ௳┈㓄ᙜࡀ⤒Ⴀ㝕ᑐࡍࡿ ሗ㓘ࡋ࡚ࡢᛶ᱁ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࢆ ⌮⏤ᙜヱ┈㓄ᙜࡀṇᙜࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ E. Kahn’s Sons Company 60,000 ࢻࣝࡢ┈㓄ᙜ ⤒Ⴀ㝕㸸ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 59,500 ᰴಖ᭷ ➨㸰ࢫࢸࢵࣉ ➨ 㸯 ࢫ ࢸࢵࣉ 㸯ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾ ⣙ 12.90 ࢻ ࣝࡢ⣼✚ᮍ 㓄ᙜ┈ࡢ ᨺᲠ ඃඛᰴᘧ㸿㸯ᰴࡘ ࡁ 6.78 ࢻࣝࡢ⌧㔠 ࠊᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 2.5 ᰴ ࡢࠊ2.5 ࢻࣝࡢ ┈㓄ᙜ ඃඛᰴ㸿 ࠙ᅗ 2ࠚ
࠙ᅗ ࠚ SEC ࡣゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊඃඛᰴᘧࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ ┈ࡢ㝖ࡼࡾࠊ♫ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࢆ⾜࠸᫆ࡃ ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡚ࡢᰴࡗ࡚┈࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ࡶ࠶ࡿᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞㈨㔠ㄪ㐩ࡼ ࡾ♫ᴗࡀᡂຌࡋࠊᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡢ౯್ࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓሙྜࠊ ᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃඛᰴᘧࢆ 1 ᰴ᭷ࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶ᪂ࡓᬑ㏻ ᰴᘧࢆ 2.5 ᰴ᭷ࡍࡿ᪉ࡀᰴࡗ࡚᭷࡞ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ ࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡢ౯್ࡀୖ᪼ࡋ ࡓሙྜࠊ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᬑ㏻ᰴᘧᣢศ౯ ್ࡢᕼⷧࡀ⏕ࡌࠊ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡗ࡚࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶ ࡶ࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ48ࠋ ࡋࡋ᪉࡛ࠊ」ᩘ✀㢮ࡢᰴᘧࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࠊᬑ㏻ᰴ ᘧࡢࢇࢆ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡀᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࠊඃඛᰴ ࡢ┈ࡼࡾࡶ⤒Ⴀ㝕⮬ࡽࡢ┈ࢆᅗࡿࡓࡵᴗ ⦅ィ⏬ࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᮏ௳ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ሙྜࡢᆺ࡛࠶ࡿ SEC ࡣホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ49ࠋ
(3) International Paper and Power Company ࡢ50
ᮏ௳ࡶࡲࡓࠊ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡀᬑ㏻ᰴᘧᑐࡋࡁࡃᐖ㛵
ಀࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛ᴗ⦅ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ
ඃඛᰴࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࡢ㝖ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠝࡢᴫせࠞ
International Paper and Power Company ࡣ࣐ࢧࢳ࣮ࣗ ࢭࢵࢶಙクࡋ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࠊ1936 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 31 ᪥Ⅼ ࠾࠸࡚ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᰴᘧࢆⓎ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
࣭7㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ㸦㢠㠃㔠㢠 100 ࢻࣝࠊᤵᶒᰴ ᘧᩘ 1,000,000 ᰴࠊ♫እᰴᘧᩘ 914,746 ᰴ㸦㔠ᗜ ᰴࢆ㝖ࡃࠋInternational Paper Company ಖ᭷ศࢆ ྵࡴ㸧㸧 ࣭6㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ㸦㢠㠃㔠㢠 100 ࢻࣝࠊᤵᶒᰴ ᘧᩘ 20,000 ᰴࠊ♫እᰴᘧᩘ 3,708 ᰴ㸧 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㸿㸦↓㢠㠃ᰴᘧࠊᤵᶒᰴᘧᩘ 5,000,000 ᰴࠊ♫እᰴᘧᩘ 832,596 ᰴ㸧 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹀㸦↓㢠㠃ᰴᘧࠊᤵᶒᰴᘧᩘ 3,000,000 ᰴࠊ♫እᰴᘧᩘ 821,805 ᰴ㸧 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹁㸦↓㢠㠃ᰴᘧࠊᤵᶒᰴᘧᩘ 5,000,000 ᰴࠊ♫እᰴᘧᩘ 2,122,389 ᰴ㸧 ࡇࢀࡽࡢᰴᘧࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⤒Ⴀ㝕࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢᐖ㛵ಀே ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿྜࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣭㸵㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ 14.5㸣 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㸿 43.1㸣 48
SEC, Protective Committee Report Part Ϯ, supra note 3, at 157-59. 49 Id. at 159. 50 Id. at 160-74. ᮏࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊᮏ⏣࣭๓ᥖὀ㸦47㸧36 㹼44 㡫࡛ヲ⣽࡞᳨ウࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹀 61.6㸣 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹁 48.1㸣 ྠⅬ࠾࠸࡚ྠ♫ࡣ⣙ 20,000,000 ࢻࣝࡢമົ㉸ 㐣㝗ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ2 ✀㢮ࡢඃඛᰴᘧᑐࡍࡿ⣼ ✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࡣィ 36,000,000 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊ7㸣ඃඛᰴ ᘧ 1 ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾ 39.96 ࢻࣝࠊ6㸣ඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾ 34.25 ࢻࣝ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᪉ࠊᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹀࠾ࡼࡧᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 㹁ࡢ⡙౯ࡣᐇ㉁ࢮ࡛ࣟ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㸿ࡢ⡙౯ࡶ ࢇࡢഹ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࢀࡽ 3 ✀㢮ࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ ᑐࡍࡿ┈㓄ᙜࡣࡃᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ἣ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡢୗ࡛⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡽḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴗ ⦅ィ⏬ࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡲࡎࠊ7㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ㢠㠃㔠㢠 100 ࢻࣝࡢ 5㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴ࠾ࡼࡧᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ ⏬ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᪂ࡓⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿ㢠㠃㔠㢠 15 ࢻࣝࡢᬑ ㏻ᰴᘧ㸦௨ୗࠕ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ㸧1 ᰴࡍ ࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓ 5㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧࡣྠᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 2.5 ᰴࡍࡿ㌿ᶒࡀ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ7㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧࡢ⡙౯ࡣ⣙ 140 ࢻࣝ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢᑐࡋࠊ5㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴ࠾ࡼࡧ᪂ ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࡢ⡙౯ࡣ⣙ 120 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢ 3 ✀㢮ࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡣ௨ୗࡢẚ⋡࡛ ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡍࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㸿1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 20 ศࡢ 8 ᰴ ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹀1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 20 ศࡢ 6 ᰴ ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹁1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 20 ศࡢ 3 ᰴ ࡲࡓࠊࡇࢀࡽ 3 ✀㢮ࡢᚑ᮶ࡽࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡣ᪂ᬑ ㏻ᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࢆ 25 ࢻ࡛ࣝྲྀᚓ࡛ࡁࡿ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡀ ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⾜ᮇ㝈ࡣ 1942 ᖺᮎᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲௳ᘬࡁ࠼ඃඛᰴᘧࡢ⣼✚ᮍ㓄 ᙜ┈ࡣ㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓ࠙ᅗ 3ࠚࠋ 1937 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 23 ᪥ࡢᰴ⥲࠾࠸࡚ᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ ィ⏬ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㈶ᡂከᩘ࡛ᢎㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࣭7㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ㸦⥲㆟Ỵᶒᩘ 913,026ࠊ㈶ᡂ 642,148ࠊᑐ 61,790㸧 ࣭6㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ㸦⥲㆟Ỵᶒᩘ 3,717ࠊ㈶ᡂ 2,497ࠊ ᑐ 112㸧 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㸿㸦⥲㆟Ỵᶒᩘ 832,749ࠊ㈶ᡂ 605,432ࠊ ᑐ 6,784㸧 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹀㸦⥲㆟Ỵᶒᩘ 821,958ࠊ㈶ᡂ 725,596ࠊ ᑐ 4,400㸧 ࣭ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ㹁㸦⥲㆟Ỵᶒᩘ 2,122,620ࠊ㈶ᡂ 1,684,961ࠊ ᑐ 50,552㸧
ࠝᮏᑐࡍࡿ SEC ࡢホ౯ࠞ ᮏᑐࡋ࡚ SEC ࡣࠊᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡢ༙ᩘ㏆ࡃࢆ᭷ ࡍࡿ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡣᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ࢆᐇ⾜ࡋඃඛᰴࡢ⣼✚ ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࢆ㝖ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ⮬ࡽࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᬑ㏻ ᰴᘧࡢ㓄ᙜࢆ⾜࠸ࡓ࠸ࡢᮇᚅࢆᢪࡃࡇ࡞ࡿ ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ51ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊമົ㉸㐣ࢆゎᾘࡋୟࡘඃ ඛᰴᑐࡋ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓᚋ࡛ ࡞ࡅࢀࡤᬑ㏻ᰴᘧᑐࡍࡿ㓄ᙜࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡣྍ⬟ ࡛࠶ࡿ≧ἣ࡛ࠊඃඛᰴࡢᶒࢆࡁࡃᐖࡍࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡀ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓศᯒࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬࠾࠸࡚ࠊ5㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛ ᰴᘧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡢ㌿ᶒࠊᚑ᮶ ࡽࡢ 3 ࡘࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㈙ཷᶒᇶ ࡙ࡃ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡢྲྀᚓ౯㢠ࡢ㛫 15 ࢻࣝࡢᕪࡀタ ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡶඃඛᰴࡗ࡚┈࡛࠶ࡿ SEC ࡣᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ5㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ ࡢᰴࡣ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡢ 40 ࢻࣝࢆせࡍࡿ ࡢᑐࡋࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢᬑ㏻ᰴࡣ 25 ࢻ࡛ࣝ῭ࡴⅬ ྜ⌮ⓗ࡞⌮⏤ࢆぢฟࡍࡇࡣ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ⤖ᒁࡣඃඛᰴ ࡢ≛≅ࡢୗ⤒Ⴀ㝕⮬ࡽࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡢ┈ ࢆᅗࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ SEC ࡣホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ52ࠋ
51 SEC, Protective Committee Report Part Ϯ, supra note 3, at
164, 167. 52 Id. at 164-65. ࡇࡢࡼ࠺⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡀᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡢ༙ᩘ㏆ࡃࢆಖ᭷ࡋࠊ ඃඛᰴࡢ㛫࡛ᐖᑐ❧ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࠊᴗ ⦅ィ⏬ࢆ୰❧ⓗ࡞❧ሙ࡛⟇ᐃࡍࡿࡢࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ⤒Ⴀ㝕ࡣ⮬ᕫࡢ┈ࢆඃඛࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ ࠺53ࠋᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡣඃඛᰴࡢ┈ࢆࡁࡃ ᐖࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊᮏࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ SEC ࢫࢱࢵࣇࡢᑡᩘពぢࡋ࡚ࠊSEC ࡀᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ ⏬ࡣබṇ࡛࠶ࡿࡢぢゎࢆබᘧ⾲᫂ࡍࡁࡢ ពぢࡀฟࡉࢀࡓ54ࠋࡑࢀ⛬ࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡣ⤒Ⴀ 㝕ࡢ┈ࡢࡓࡵ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ SEC ࡣ ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(4)Certain-teed Products Corporation ࡢ55
ᮏ௳ࡣࠊᢞ㈨ಙクࡼࡿ♫ᨭ㓄ᶒ⋓ᚓᚋࡢᴗ
⦅ࡼࡾࠊඃඛᰴᚑ᮶ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㆟Ỵᶒࡀ
ᖜ⦰ῶࡉࢀࡓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠝࡢᴫせࠞ
Certain-teed Products Corporation㸦௨ୗࠕCertain-teedࠖ
࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡣ 1935 ᖺ 12 ᭶Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚Ⓨ⾜῭ࡳ♫እ ඃ ඛ ᰴ ᘧ 63,004 ᰴ ᑐ ࡍ ࡿ ⣼ ✚ ᮍ 㓄 ᙜ ┈ ࡀ 3,087,196 ࢻࣝ㐩ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㸯ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾࡢ㢠ࡣ⣙ 49 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋඃඛᰴᘧᑐࡍࡿ㓄ᙜࡣ 1928 ᖺ 10 ᭶௨㝆࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋᙜヱඃඛᰴᘧࡣᅄ༙ᮇ 㓄ᙜࡀ 8 ᮇ㐃⥆࡛࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࠊྲྀ⥾ᙺᵓᡂ ဨࡢ㐣༙ᩘࢆ㑅௵ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡓࡇࡽࠊྠ♫ࡢඃඛᰴࡣྲྀ⥾ᙺᵓᡂဨࡢ㐣༙ ᩘࢆ㑅௵ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
1936 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࠊPhoenix Securities Corporation㸦௨ୗ ࠕPhoenixࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࠾࠸࡚ Certain-teed ࡢඃඛᰴᘧࢆྲྀᚓࡋࠊྠ♫ᑐࡍࡿᨭ㓄 ᶒࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓࠋPhoenix ࡣ Wallace Groves Ặࡢᨭ㓄ୗ ࠶ࡿᢞ㈨ಙク࡛࠶ࡾࠊPhoenix ࡀ Certain-teed ࡢᰴᘧ ࢆྲྀᚓࡍࡿࡢࡣᅇࡀึࡵ࡚࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜヱᰴᘧྲྀᚓ ࡣ㈈ົୖᅔ㞴┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᴗࡢᨭ㓄ᶒ⋓ᚓ࠸ ࠺ Phoenix ࡢᇶᮏ᪉㔪ྜ⮴ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᙜヱඃඛᰴᘧྲྀᚓࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒⦋ࡼࡾ⾜ࢃࢀ ࡓࠋࡲࡎࠊ1935 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࠊᙜ Certain-teed ࡢ ྲྀ⥾ᙺ㆟㛗࡛࠶ࡗࡓ George M. Brown Ặ Phoenix
ࡢ㛫࡛ᙜヱඃඛᰴᘧࡢ㈙ዎ⣙ࡀ⥾⤖ࡉࢀࡓࠋዎ⣙ ෆᐜࡣ Brown Ặࡀಖ᭷ࡍࡿ Certain-teed ࡢඃඛᰴᘧ 32,000 ᰴࢆ 1 ᰴ࠶ࡓࡾ⣙ 100 ࢻࣝࡽ 104 ࢻ࡛ࣝ㉎ධ ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜヱ㈙ዎ⣙ࡢᒚ⾜ࡣ࢚ࢫࢡ ࣮ࣟᶵ㛵ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓዎ⣙ෆ 53 Id. at 172. 54 Id. at 166-67. 55 Id. at 176. ᬑ㏻ᰴ㹁 ᬑ㏻ᰴ㹀 ᬑ㏻ᰴ㸿 6㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴ 7 㸣 ⣼ ✚ ⓗ ඃඛᰴ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ㢠㠃㔠㢠 100 ࢻࣝ ࡢ 5㸣⣼✚ⓗඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴ࠾ ࡼࡧ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࠊ ࠾ࡼࡧ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 2.5 ᰴ ࡍࡿ㌿ᶒࡢ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 2.5 ᰴ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 20 ศࡢ 8 ᰴ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 20 ศࡢ 6 ᰴ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 20 ศࡢ 3 ᰴ ᪂ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࢆ 25 ࢻ࡛ࣝྲྀᚓ ࡛ࡁࡿ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢ ࠙ᅗ 3ࠚ ࠙ᅗ ࠚ ࠙ᅗ ࠚ
࠙ᅗ ࠚ ᐜࡋ࡚ 1937 ᖺ 1 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࡲ࡛ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡀᥦ♧ ࡉࢀࡓሙྜࡣࠊ࢚ࢫࢡ࣮ࣟᶵ㛵㡸クࡉࢀࡓඃඛᰴ ᘧࡢ㆟Ỵᶒ⾜ࠊᰴᘧࡢࠊࡑࡢᰴᘧࡢฎศࢆ Phoenix ࡀ⮬⏤⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ 1936 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 15 ᪥ᙜヱ㈙ዎ⣙ࡢຠຊⓎ⏕ྠ Phoenix ࡣඃඛᰴࡋ࡚ྲྀ⥾ᙺᵓᡂဨ 11 ྡ ୰ 4 ྡࢆ㑅௵ࡋࠊࡑࢀࡼࡾ Certain-teed ࡢྲྀ⥾ᙺ Wallace GrovesࠊWalter S. Mack, Jr.ࠊEdward A. LeRoy, Jr.ࠊWalter W. Colpitts ࡢ 4 Ặࢆ௦⾲ࡋ࡚㏦ࡾ㎸ࢇࡔࠋ 1936 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 31 ᪥Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚ Certain-teed ࡢྲྀ⥾ᙺ ㆟㛗ࡣ Wallace Groves Ặ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋ George M. Brown Ặࡀࡑࡢᆅࢆᘬࡁ⥅࠸ࡔ࠙ᅗ 4-1ࠚࠋ 1936 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 27 ᪥ྠᖺ 6 ᭶ 24 ᪥ࢆ㛤ദ᪥ࡍࡿ ≉ู⥲ࡢᣍ㞟㏻▱ࡀᰴᑐࡋ࡚㏦ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ ࡚ࠊᮏ௳⥲࠾࠸࡚ࡣᐃḰኚ᭦ࡼࡾᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃ ඛᰴᘧඃඛࡍࡿඃඛᰴᘧ㸦௨ୗࠊࠕ᪂ඃඛᰴᘧࠖ ࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࢆ᪂ࡓⓎ⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓᚑ᮶ࡽ ࡢඃඛᰴᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ 2 ࡘࡢ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ ࡓࠋ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸿ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ ඃඛᰴᘧ 1.7 ᰴࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉ࠊ ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㹀ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ᪂ඃ ඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴ࠾ࡼࡧᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 5 ᰴࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᰴᘧࡢࡼࡾඃඛᰴࡢ᭷ࡍࡿ ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࡣ㝖ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓඃඛ ᰴࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ㆟Ỵᶒࡘ࠸࡚ࡶኚ᭦ࡀᥦࡉࢀࠊ᪂ඃ ඛᰴᘧᑐࡍࡿᅄ༙ᮇ㓄ᙜࡀ 8 ᮇ㐃⥆࡛࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ ࡗࡓሙྜࠊᙜヱඃඛᰴࡣྲྀ⥾ᙺ㑅௵㛵ࡋ 1 ᰴࡘ ࡁ 1 ㆟Ỵᶒࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡉࢀࡓࠋ Phoenix ࡣ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㹀ࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࡑ ࡢ᭷ࡍࡿᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃඛᰴᘧࡢࢇࢆᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ ࡋࠊCertain-teed ࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓ࠙ᅗ 4-2ࠚࠋ ࠝᮏᑐࡍࡿ SEC ࡢホ౯ࠞ
SEC ࡣࠊPhoenix ࡼࡿ Certain-teed ࡢඃඛᰴᘧྲྀ
ᚓࡣࠊྠ♫ࡢᨭ㓄ᶒ⋓ᚓࡼࡾࡑࡢᚋᴗ⦅ࢆ⾜࠺ ࡇࡀ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᮏ௳ ᴗ⦅ィ⏬ࡣ Phoenix ࡀ Certain-teed ᑐࡍࡿᨭ㓄ᶒ ࢆࡉࡽᙉࡍࡿࡓࡵ⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿホ ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸿࠾ࡼࡧ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㹀 ࢆ⏝ពࡋࡓⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃඛᰴࡣᚑ᮶ ྠᵝࡢᆅࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓ࠸⪃࠼࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㸿ࢆ㑅 ᢥࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ពᅗࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ Phoenix ࡣ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ㹀ࢆ⏝ពࡋ⮬ࡽࡑࢀࢆ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇ ࡼࡾ Certain-teed ᑐࡍࡿᨭ㓄ᶒࢆᙉࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ ⬟࡞ࡗࡓᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ56ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ Phoenix ࡼࡿᨭ㓄ᶒᙉࡼࡾࠊᚋ᪥᭦࡞ࡿᴗ ⦅ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ SEC ࡣศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ57ࠋ SEC ࡣࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ィ⏬୍࡛⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢ┈☜ ಖࡢほⅬࡽၥ㢟࡞ࡿⅬࡣࠊ➨୍ࠊCertain-teed ࡢᐃḰኚ᭦ࡼࡾᚑ᮶ࡢඃඛᰴᘧࡼࡾୖࡢඃඛᰴ ᘧࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ᪤ ᏑࡢඃඛᰴᘧࡉࡽඃඛࡍࡿඃඛᰴᘧࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀ ࡿሙྜࠊᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃඛᰴࡣᰴᘧࡢᛂࡌࡿἲ ⓗ⩏ົࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢඃඛⓗᆅࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵ ᛂࡌࡿࡼ࠺ᅽຊࡀࡅࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ58ࠋᮏ ௳࠾࠸࡚ᚑ᮶ࡽࡢඃඛᰴࡣ㈙ࡅᛂࡌ ࡿࡇࡼࡾ⣼✚ᮍ㓄ᙜ┈ࢆᨺᲠࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗ ࡓࡀࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ࡼࡾᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ᪂ᰴᘧࡀᯝࡓࡋ ࡚ࡑࡢᑐ౯ࡋ࡚ᆒ⾮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၥ࡛࠶ࡿ SEC ࡣᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ59ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ࡼࡾඃඛᰴࡢ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓྲྀ ⥾ᙺ㑅௵㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ỴᶒࡀࡁࡃᐖࡉࢀࡓⅬࡶၥ 㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋඃඛᰴᑐࡋᙜึணᐃࡉࢀࡓ ඃඛ㓄ᙜࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊඃඛᰴࡣ⮬ࡽࡉ ࢀࡓ㆟Ỵᶒࢆ⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ⮬ᕫࡢ┈ࢆಖㆤ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢁࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ࡼࡾࡉ ࢀࡓ᪂ඃඛᰴᘧࡣ 1 ᰴࡘࡁ 1 ㆟Ỵᶒࡋࡉࢀ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࡽࠊ௨ᚋඃඛ㓄ᙜࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓሙ 56 Id. at 183. 57 Id. at 180. 58 Id. at 496-500. 59 Id. at 182. Certain-teed Phoenix ࣉࣛࣥ㹀 ࢆ㑅ᢥ ඃඛᰴ ࢜ ࣉ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࡢᥦ♧ ࣉࣛࣥ㸿 ᪂ඃඛᰴᘧ 1.7 ᰴ 㸦㸯ᰴࡘࡁ㸧 ࣉࣛࣥ㹀 ᪂ඃඛᰴᘧ 1 ᰴ࠾ࡼࡧ ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 5 ᰴ 㸦㸯ᰴࡘࡁ㸧 Certain-teed George M. Brown Phoenix ᨭ㓄ᰴᘧࡢㆡΏ ྲྀ⥾ᙺࡢὴ㐵 ࠙ᅗ 4-1ࠚ ࠙ᅗ 4-2ࠚ
ྜࠊඃඛᰴࡣ㆟Ỵᶒ⾜ࡼࡾ⮬ࡽࡢ┈ࢆಖㆤ ࡍࡿࡇࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ௳ᴗ⦅ࡼࡾ ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࡀ㔞Ⓨ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡽࠊCertain-teed ᑐࡍࡿᨭ㓄ᶒࡣ Phoenix ⛣㌿ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠸ࠊ᪂ඃඛ ᰴᘧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㆟Ỵᶒࡣࢇ౯್ࡀ࡞ࡃ ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ SEC ࡣホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ60ࠋ
(5)The Equity Corporation ࡢ61
ᮏ௳ࡣࠊᢞ㈨ಙク࡛࠶ࡿ Equity Corporation ࡀᰴᘧ ࡢ㈙ࡅࡼࡾḟࠎᴗ㈙ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᑐ㇟♫ ࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࢆ⋓ᚓࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ᑐ㇟ ♫ࡢᨭ㓄ᶒ⋓ᚓᚋࡣࠊᑐ㇟♫ࡢ㈨⏘ࡢษࡾࡾ࠾ࡼ ࡧᑡᩘᰴࡢ⥾ฟࡋࡢࡓࡵᐃḰኚ᭦࣭྾ྜే࣭᪂ タྜే࣭♫㈈⏘㒊ࡢㆡΏ࣭ゎᩓ➼ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊࡑࢀ ࡼࡾ୍⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙࡢᶒࡀࡁࡃᐖࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࠝࡢᴫせࠞ
The Equity Corporation㸦௨ୗࠕEquityࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ㸧ࡣ 1932 ᖺ 12 ᭶ Wallace GrovesࠊChase Donaldsonࠊ Kenneth Gaston ࡢ 3 Ặࡼࡗ࡚ࢹ࢙ࣛ࢘ᕞ♫ἲ ᇶ࡙ࡁタ❧ࡉࢀࡓᢞ㈨ಙク࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡢᢞ㈨ಙク࠾ࡼ ࡧ♫ࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ Equity ࡣࡑࡢタ❧㝿ࡋ࡚ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 1,700,000 ᰴ 㸦Equity ࡢᤵᶒᰴᘧᩘࡣ 4,500,000 ᰴ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㸧ࡢⓎ ⾜ࡼࡾࠊ3 Ặࡼࡾ㐠Ⴀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㛵ಀ♫ࡲࡓࡣ ࢩࣥࢪࢣ࣮ࢺᅋࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊAllied General Corporation 㸦ドๆࡢ࣮࣍ࣝࢭ࣮ࣝࢆ⾜࠺♫㸧࠾ࡼࡧ Yosemite Holding Corporation㸦ᢞ㈨ಙクᣢᰴ♫㸧ࡢ㆟Ỵᶒ ᰴᘧࡢ㐣༙ᩘࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ⌧㔠 50,000 ࢻࣝࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓࠋ The Allied Corporation ࡢᰴᘧࡢ㈨⏘౯್ࡣ⣙ 250,000 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ Yosemite Holding Corporation ࡢᰴᘧ ࡢ㈨⏘౯್ࡣࢮ࡛ࣟ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ Equity ࡢタ❧ ࡢ㈨⏘⥲㢠ࡣ⣙ 300,000 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊ Yosemite Holding Corporation ࡣ Chain & General Equities Inc.ࡢᨭ㓄ᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ Chain & General Equities Inc.ࡣ Interstate Equities Corporation ࡢ ᨭ㓄ᶒࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࢀࡽࡢ♫࠾ࡼࡧ Allied General Corporation ࡢ⣧㈨⏘ࡣ Equity ࡢᨭ㓄ୗ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡀ ᭷ ࡍ ࡿ ⣧ ㈨ ⏘ ࡢ ౯ ್ ࡣ ྜ ィ ⣙
6,500,000 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓ࠙ᅗ 5-1ࠚ62ࠋ
Compania Montana ࡣ Wallace Groves Ặࡼࡾ 100㸣 ᡤ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ♫࡛࠶ࡾࠊEquity ࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧࢆ 1,150,000 ᰴಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1933 ᖺ 5 ᭶ࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣚ 60 Id. at 184. 61 Id. at 198-352. 62 Id. at 199.
࣮ࢡࡢἲᚊົᡤ Satterlee & Canfield ࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮࡛ ࠶ࡿ David M. Milton ࠾ࡼࡧ Ellery C. Huntington, Jr.ࡢ ୧ Ặ ࡣ 㛵 㐃 ♫ ࢆ ㏻ ࡌ ࡚ Compania Montana ࡽ Equity ࡢᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ 1,000,000 ᰴࢆ㉎ධࡋࠊEquity ࡢᨭ 㓄ᶒࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓࠋ㉎ධ౯᱁ࡣ 900,000 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓ63ࠋ 1933 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 31 ᪥ࠊEquity ࡣ᪂ᰴⓎ⾜ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊⓎ ⾜ ῭ ࡳ ♫ እ ᬑ ㏻ ᰴ ᘧ ᩘ ࡣ 1,700,000 ᰴ ࡽ 1,995,957.67 ᰴቑຍࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓඃඛᰴᘧࡶ᪂ࡓ 15,174.5㸭8 ᰴⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽ᪂ࡓⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓ ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ࠾ࡼࡧඃඛᰴᘧࡣ୍⯡ᢞ㈨ᐙࡼࡾಖ᭷ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࠙ᅗ 5-2ࠚ64ࠋ ࠙ᅗ 5-2ࠚ 1935 ᖺ 12 ᭶ᚋ㏙ࡢᣑᙇィ⏬㸦expansion program㸧 ࡀ ࡋ ࡓ Ⅼ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ Equity ࡢ ㈨ ⏘ ౯ ್ ࡣ 24,710,048.27 ࢻࣝ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ Equity ࡢ㈨ ⏘౯್ࡣࢃࡎ 3 ᖺ࡛⣙ 8 ಸቑຍࡋࡓࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ 63 Id. at 199-200. 64 Id. at 201-02. Equity ඃඛᰴᘧ ᬑ㏻ᰴᘧ Compania Montana ᨭ㓄ᶒࡢㆡΏ David M. Milton Ellery C. Huntington, Jr. Wallace Groves Interstate Equities Corporation
Chain & General Equities Inc. Yosemite Holding Corporation The Allied Corporation Equity
Wallace GrovesࠊChase Donaldsonࠊ Kenneth Gaston
࠙ᅗ 5-1ࠚ
