Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
JAIST Repository
https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/ Title 価値ネットワークに関するインテリジェンスの重要性 ：インターネット出現時にNTTはどのように競争環境を 見ていたか Author(s) 石松, 宏和; 杉原, 太郎; 井川, 康夫 Citation インテリジェンス・マネジメント, 2(1): 17-27 Issue Date 2010Type Journal Article Text version publisher
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/9565 Rights Copyright (C) 2010 日本コンペティティブネスインテ リジェンス学会. 石松宏和，杉原太郎，井川康夫, イ ンテリジェンス・マネジメント, 2(1), 2010, 17-27. Description
>ㄽᩥ@
౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ㔜せᛶ
ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺฟ⌧
NTT ࡣࡢࡼ࠺➇த⎔ቃࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡓ
The Importance of Intelligence on the Value Network
How Did NTT View its Competitive Environment at the Emergence of the Internet?
▼ᯇᏹ㸪ᮡཎኴ㑻㸪ᕝᗣኵ
$EVWUDFW
Traditional research on competitive intelligence has not distinguished products from services clearly. In adjacent research areas, however, discussions about intersections and differences between products and services are very active. Affected by this trend, this paper conducted a single case study to explore differences between competitive intelligence of telecommunication service and traditional competitive intelligence by analyzing how NTT viewed its competitive environment at the emergence of the Internet. We found that one of unique characteristics exhibited by this case is intelligence on the value network proposed by Christensen, and analyzed that intelligence in contrast to technology intelligence. As a result, we developed two hypotheses: (1) technology intelligence and intelligence on the value network can be handled independently, (2) when a given firm is not far behind in technology, intelligence on the value network can be a source of competitive advantage.
せ᪨ ᚑ᮶ࡢࢥࣥ࣌ࢸࢸࣈࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪〇ရࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀ᫂☜༊ูࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋ㞄᥋ Ꮫၥ㡿ᇦ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪〇ရࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㛵ࡍࡿඹ᭷㒊ศࡸᕪ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡀάⓎ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢὶࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢࢥࣥ࣌ࢸࢸࣈࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢࢥࣥ࣌ࢸࢸࣈࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢᕪ㛵ࡍ ࡿ௬ㄝᥦ♧ࡼࡾ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ࠾ࡅࡿࢥࣥ࣌ࢸࢸࣈࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢᏛ⾡ⓗᐤࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࠋලయⓗ ࡣNTT ࡀ㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺฟ⌧⮬♫ࡢ➇த⎔ቃࢆࡢࡼ࠺ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ༢୍◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ〇ရ ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆษࡾศࡅࡿどⅬࡣChristensen ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡồࡵ㸪ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫᑐẚࡋ࡚ ศᯒࡋࡓࠋ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚㸪(1)ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸪(2)⮬♫ࡢᢏ⾡ࡀ➇ྜ♫ẚ࡚ࡁࡃ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ ࡀ➇தຊࡢ※Ἠ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࡘࡢ௬ㄝࡀ⏕ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋ 1 ࣮࣌ࢪ┠᭱ୗẁ ࣉࣟࣇ࣮ࣝࡢࢫ࣮࣌ࢫࡋ࡚࠶ࡅࡿ
＊Hirokazu ISHIMATSU ●北陸先端科学技術大学院大学 知識科学研究科 博士後期課程在学 ●日本大学大学院グローバル・ビジネス研究科 ●修士（経営学） ●〒923-1292 石川県能美市旭台1-1 ●050-5539-3465 ●[email protected]
●Doctoral Student, Graduate School of
Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
●Graduate School of Business, Nihon University ●MBA
●1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292,
Japan ＊＊Taro SUGIHARA ●北陸先端科学技術大学院大学 知識科学研究科 助教 ●京都工芸繊維大学大学院 工芸科学研究科 ●博士（工学） ●〒923-1292 石川県能美市旭台1-1 ●0761-51-1723 ●[email protected]
●Graduate School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Assistant Professor
●Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology
●PhD in Engineering
●1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292,
Japan ＊＊＊Yasuo IKAWA ●北陸先端科学技術大学院大学・知識科学研究科 教授、先端領域社会人教育院・院長（兼務） ●東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科・修士課程 （電子工学専攻）修了 ●工学博士（東京工業大学） ●〒923-1292 石川県能美市旭台1-1 ●0761-51-1721 ●[email protected]
●Professor, Graduate School of Knowledge
Science and Director, Center for Advanced Education for Working Professionals, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
●Master of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
●Doctor of Engineering
●1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
ࡣࡌࡵ
㏆ᖺ㸪ඛ㐍ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ⤒῭άືࡢ୰ᚰࡀᕤᴗ 〇ရࡢ〇㐀ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⛣ࡾኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ[1]ࠋᚑ᮶ࡢ ᕤᴗ〇ရࡶ㸪࠼ࡤ㡢ᴦ㈍ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠾ࡅࡿiPod ࡢ ࡼ࠺㸪ࣁ࣮ࢻ࢙࢘㸪ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ⤖ྜ ࡋࡓࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝ[2]ࡢ୰ࡢ୍せ⣲㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡀ ᛴ㏿ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᵝ࡞ὶࢀࡣ⤒ႠᏛࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄽ[3][4][5]㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸࣥ ࢢㄽ[6][7]㸪᪂〇ရ㛤Ⓨㄽ[8][9][10]࡞ࡢྛ◊✲ศ㔝 ࠾࠸࡚㸪ࡑࡢせ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡀࠕ〇ရࠖࡽࠕࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠖ ࢩࣇࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᏛ⾡㡿ᇦ࠾࠸࡚ ศᩓⓗ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ◊✲ࢆ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢧ ࢚ࣥࢫ࠸࠺⛠ࡢୗ㸪Ꮫ㝿ⓗࡾࡲࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿ άື[11]ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢥࣥ࣌ࢸࢸࣈࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㸦௨ୗCI ␎ࡍ㸧 ┠ࢆྥࡅࡿ㸪CI ࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࡶࡢᏛ⾡㡿ᇦྠᵝ〇 ရࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀྠࡌᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡇࢆࣉࣜ࢜ ࣜ௬ᐃࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢆᣲࡆࡿ㸪Gilad ࡣ⮬㌟ࡢⴭ᭩ ࡢ◊✲࡛㸪㔠⼥ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ⯟✵ᶵ〇㐀ᴗࢆྠ ิᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ[12]ࠋࡲࡓ㸪CI ࡣࡑࡢⓎᒎ㐣⛬࠾࠸࡚ ࣐࣮ࢣࢸࣥࢢㄽࡢከ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓ[13]ࠋࡋࡋࡑ ࡢ࣐࣮ࢣࢸࣥࢢㄽࡣ㸪๓㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾ◊✲ࡢ㔜Ⅼࡀ〇ရ ࡽࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⛣⾜ࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥㄽ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪〇ရࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࠾ࡅࡿ ඹ㏻㒊ศࡸᕪࡢ᫂☜ດࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ1)ࠋ ⌧≧ࡢCI ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᵝ࡞㞄᥋Ꮫ⾡㡿ᇦࡢⓎᒎࢆ༑ศ ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋຍ࠼࡚ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢ CI 㛵ࡍࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸[14][15]ࠋࡲࡓࡑࢀࡽ ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗయࢆࡲࡵ୍࡚ࡘࡢࡶࡢ ࡋ࡚ᢅࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡀከᵝ࡞ᴗ✀ࡽᡂࡾ ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪 ᚑ᮶ࡢᢏ⾡〇ရࢆ୰ᚰⓎᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓCIࡢ⪃ࢆ⾜࠸㸪 ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢCI ࡢᕪ㛵ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࢆᥦ♧ࡋ㸪ᚋࡢࢧ ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢCI Ꮫ⾡ⓗᐤࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ ලయⓗࡣከᵝᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗࡢCI ࢆ⪃࠼ ࡿ➨୍Ṍࡋ࡚㸪ᢏ⾡ࡑࡢᇶ┙ࢆ⨨ࡃ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ ᴗࡢCI ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ┙ ࡋࡓ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪ḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋCI ࡶ⤒ႠᏛࡢࡢᏛ⾡㡿ᇦྠᵝ㸪㛗ࡽࡃᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ ┙ࡋࡓ〇㐀ᴗࢆࡑࡢ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡢ୰ᚰࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᚑࡗ ࡚㸪ࡕࡽࡶᇶ┙ᢏ⾡ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㸪ࡲ࡛ࡢᏛ ⾡ⓗ▱ぢࡢඹ㏻㒊ศཬࡧᕪࡢ㆟ㄽࡀ⾜࠸ࡸࡍ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅ ࢫᴗ✀࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢCI ᥈ồࡢ➨୍Ṍࡋ࡚ࡩ ࡉࢃࡋ࠸⪃࠼ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗࡣ㸪ୡ⏺ᒅᣦࡢ ᢏ⾡ຊࢆᣢࡘNTT ࡢ⤒Ⴀࢺࢵࣉࡀ㸪༑ୡ⣖᭱ࡢ㏻ ಙࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡿࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺฟ⌧ࡢ๓ᚋ࡛㸪 ⮬♫ࡢ➇தຊࢆࡢࡼ࠺ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࢆ㉁ⓗ࣓ࢹ ศᯒ[16]ࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡽࡋ㸪ࡑࡇࡽ௬ㄝᥦ♧ࢆ ⾜࠺ࠋ ➨2 ❶࡛◊✲ࢆ࠺ࡼ࠺タィࡋࡓࢆ㏙ࡿࠋ ➨3 ❶࡛ࡣࡢ࣓ࢹศᯒࡼࡿ⤖ᯝࢆᥦ♧ࡋ㸪➨ 4 ❶࡛ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡽ௬ㄝࡢ⏕ᡂࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨ 5 ❶࡛ࡣ㸪᪤ Ꮡᩥ⊩↷ࡽࡋྜࢃࡏ࡞ࡀࡽ௬ㄝࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ➨6 ❶ ࡛௬ㄝ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ᭱ᚋᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࢆᩚ ⌮ࡋ࡚ᮏㄽᩥࢆ⤖ࡪࠋ◊✲ࡢタィ
ᴫ␎ ◊✲ࡢタィࡣYin ࡢᡭἲ[17]ࢆᇶ♏ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪 ◊✲ࡽࡢ௬ㄝ⏕ᡂ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪Yin ࡢ◊✲ᡭ ἲGlaser Strauss ࡢࢢࣛࣥࢹࢵࢻ࣭ࢭ࣮࣭࢜ࣜ ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ[18]ࢆᇶ┙ࡍࡿEisenhardtࡢᡭἲ[19]ᚑࡗ ࡓࠋᮏㄽᩥࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ┙ࡋࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢCI ᢏ⾡〇ရࢆ୰ᚰⓎᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᚑ᮶ࡢCI ࡢᕪࢆ᥈ ⣴ⓗ㏣ཬࡋ㸪୧⪅ࡢᕪ㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࡢጞⅬ࡞ࡾᚓࡿ ௬ㄝࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࡇ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᮏ◊✲ࢆ༢୍◊ ✲ࡋ࡚タィࡋࡓࠋYin ࡣ༢୍◊✲ࡢㄽᣐࡋ࡚㸪 ձ༑ศᐃᘧࡉࢀࡓ⌮ㄽࢆࢸࢫࢺࡍࡿୖ࡛㔜せ࡞ࢣ࣮ ࢫ㸪ղᴟ➃࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞ࢣ࣮ࢫ㸪ճ௦⾲ⓗ㸪ᆺ ⓗࢣ࣮ࢫ㸪մ᪂ᐇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ㸪յ㛗ᮇΏࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ ࡘࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡〇ရࢆ୰ᚰⓎᒎࡋ࡚ ࡁࡓCI ⌮ㄽࡢ⪃㸦ࢸࢫࢺ㸧ࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࡶࡢ㸦ձ㸧 ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ຍ࠼࡚ᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࣘࢽ࣮ࢡࡉ㸦ղ㸧࠾ࡼࡧᆺᛶ 㸦ճ㸧ࡶ༢୍◊✲ࡢㄽᣐࡋࡓࠋ◊✲ࡢᡭ㡰ࡣ Eisenhardt ᚑ࠸㸪ࡢ㑅ᐃ㸪ࣉࣟࢺࢥࣝࡢసᡂ㸪ࢹ ࣮ࢱ㞟㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢゎᯒ㸪௬ㄝࡢ⏕ᡂ㸪᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢẚ ㍑ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ௬ㄝ⏕ᡂࡲ࡛ࡢ㐣⛬ࢆࡘࡲࡧࡽࡍࡿ ࡇࡼࡾ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾࡢドྍ⬟ᛶࢆ࠼ࡿ ࡼ࠺ດࡵࡓࠋ ࡢ㑅ᐃ ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡢ㑅ᐃࡣ㸪ᮏㄽᩥࡢ┠ⓗࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ ጇᙜ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࢆ┠ⓗⓗ㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢ ┠ⓗ↷ࡽࡋ㸪ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ┙ࡋࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢCI ᚑ᮶ ࡢCI ࡢᕪࡀ᫂☜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࣘࢽ࣮ࢡ࡞࡛㸪 ࡘ㈨ᩱࡶẚ㍑ⓗ㇏ᐩ࡞ࡶࡢࢆ㑅ᐃࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋ ࡲࡎ㑅ᐃࡢ➨୍Ṍࡋ࡚ᑐ㇟ᅜࢆ᪥ᮏࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪 ➹⪅ࡽࡀ᪥ᖖ◊✲άືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᣐⅬࡀ᪥ᮏ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ᪥ᮏࡢ᭱ࡶ᥋㏆ࡋࡸࡍ࠸ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᑐ㇟⏘ᴗࢆ㏻ಙ⏘ᴗࡋࡓࡢࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞⫼ᬒࡼ ࡿࠋMcdermott ࡽࡣ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠾ࡅࡿᢏ⾡࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥ ࢺࡢࡓࡵ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ▱㆑࣮࣋ࢫࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸪▱㆑ᇙࡵ ㎸ࡳࢧ࣮ࣅࢫศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[20]ࠋ▱㆑࣮࣋ࢫࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ ࡣ㸪▱㆑ࢆᣢࡗࡓே㛫ࡼࡾࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿࡶ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᐇࡋ࡚ᩍ⫱ࡸἲᚊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ▱㆑ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡣ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ ࣒▱㆑ࡀᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᐇࡋ࡚ᨺ ㏦ࡸ㐠㍺ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪▱㆑࣮࣋ࢫࢧ࣮ ࣅࢫࡣࡶ▱㆑ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⛣⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏻ಙ⏘ᴗࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ┙ࡋࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ ࡋ࡚㛗࠸Ṕྐࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢṔྐࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ⏕ ⏘ᛶྥୖḞࡏ࡞࠸ᶵᲔࡼࡿ┬ே[21]㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃ ࡕ▱㆑ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢṔྐࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ2)ࠋࢧ࣮ ࣅࢫᴗࡀ⥅⥆ⓗᢏ⾡ࢆ⏝࠸࡚⏕⏘ᛶࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿ㝿 ࡢ୍ࡘࡢᆺⓗ࡞㌶㐨ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⅬ╔ ┠ࡋ㸪㏻ಙ⏘ᴗࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓࠋ ᑐ㇟ᴗࡣୡ⏺ᒅᣦࡢ◊✲㛤ⓎຊࢆᣢࡘNTT[22]ࢆ 㑅ᐃࡋࡓࠋᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ┙ࡋࡓᴗ࡛ࡣ㸪◊✲㛤Ⓨຊࡣ➇ தຊࡢࡓࡿ※Ἠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨຊᙉࡳࢆᣢࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿᴗࢆᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾ㸪ᢏ⾡ࢆᇶ┙ ࡋࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࠾࠸࡚◊✲㛤Ⓨຊࡀᴗ➇தຊࡢඃ ᛶࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ࡑࡢᙉࡳࡀᙅࡳ㌿ࡎࡿࡢ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽࡣᢏ⾡ࢆ ᇶ┙ࡋࡓ〇㐀ᴗࡢࡼ࠺㐪࠺ࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࢆㄽ ࡌࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᣅࡅࡿࠋࡲࡓNTT ࡣ㸪1985 ᖺẸႠ ࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛㸪᪥ᮏ㟁ಙ㟁ヰබ♫ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏࡢ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ ࣅࢫᴗࢆ⊂༨ⓗᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢព࡛㸪๓㏙ࡢ ▱㆑ᇙࡵ㎸ࡳࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢṔྐࢆㄒࢀࡿᴗࡀᐇ㉁ NTT ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡶ㑅ᐃ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ➇த⎔ቃࡢኚ㛵ࡍࡿฟ᮶ࡋ࡚ ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢฟ⌧ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋࣥࢱ࣮ ࢿࢵࢺࡣ༑ୡ⣖᭱ࡢᢏ⾡ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࡲࡓࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡣ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞㏻ಙᙧែࢥࣥࢸࣥ ࢶࢆ⤫ྜྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺࣓ࢹࡋ࡚ࡢࣘࢽ࣮ࢡࡉ ࢆᣢࡕྜࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡿ[23]ࠋࡑࡢࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢฟ⌧๓ ᚋ࡛㸪NTT ࡀࡢࡼ࠺⮬♫ࡢ➇தຊࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ࢆ㉁ⓗ࣓ࢹศᯒࡼࡗ࡚᫂ࡽࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡽ ๓㏙ࡢᕪࢆ᫂☜ࡍࡿᡭἲࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ యࡋ࡚㸪ୡ⏺ᒅᣦࡢ◊✲㛤ⓎຊࢆᣢࡘNTT ࠸࠺ᑐ㇟ᴗࡢࣘࢽ࣮ࢡࡉ㸪༑ୡ⣖᭱ࡢࣀ࣮࣋ ࢩࣙࣥࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࠸࠺ᑐ㇟࣋ࣥࢺ ࡢࣘࢽ࣮ࢡࡉࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪༢୍◊✲ࡢ᮲௳ࡢ୍ࡘ ࡛࠶ࡿࣘࢽ࣮ࢡࡉࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣉࣟࢺࢥࣝࡢసᡂ ࡢศᯒᡭἲࡣ㸪㉁ⓗ࣓ࢹศᯒ[16]ࡋࡓࠋࣉ ࣟࢺࢥࣝࡢసᡂᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪Eisenhardt ࡸ Altheide ࡀゝ࠺ࡼ࠺㸪ࡲࡎ௬ࡢࣉࣟࢺࢥࣝࢆタᐃࡋ㸪࣓ࢹ ศᯒࢆ㐍ࡵ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪㞟ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࡢෆᐜ๎ࡋ࡚ࣉࣟ ࢺࢥࣝࡢ᭦᪂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢヲ⣽ࢆḟ㡯௨㝆グࡍࠋ ➇தຊࡢᤊ࠼᪉ ᅇࡢ᥈⣴ⓗ◊✲࠾࠸࡚௬ㄝ⏕ᡂ⏝࠸ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱ ࡣ㸪NTT ࡀࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢฟ⌧๓ᚋ࡛⮬♫ࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃ ➇த⎔ቃࢆࡢࡼ࠺ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛NTT ࡀࡢࡼ࠺➇த⎔ቃࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ ࡢࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ᪉ἲࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ༙ࡢ᪥ᮏᴗ࠾࠸࡚㸪᫂♧ⓗCI άືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ᫂♧ⓗ࡞CI άືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ᐇ㉁CI ᙜࡓࡿఱࡽࡢ➇த⎔ቃ ࡢศᯒࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ᖖࡇࢀࡽࡢ➇ த⎔ቃศᯒࡀ♫እฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡇࡣࡲࡎ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛♫ ෆ࠾ࡅࡿ➇த⎔ቃࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࢆ㸪ྛ✀࣓ࢹ࠾ࡅ ࡿ⤒Ⴀࢺࢵࣉࡢ➇த⎔ቃ㛵ࡍࡿⓎゝ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡋ ࡓࠋCI ࡣ㸪ࡲࡉᴗࡢពᛮỴᐃ⪅➇த⎔ቃ㛵ࡍࡿ ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࢆ࠼ࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪 ࡑࡢព࡛ࡇࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡣNTTࡢCIࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᡭẁࡋ࡚ ጇᙜ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫ࡢタᐃ ➨୍㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡢᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢฟ ⌧ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢᬑ ཬࡀࢡࣜࢸ࣐࢝ࣝࢫ[24]฿㐩ࡋࡓࡢࡣ 1998 ᖺ㡭࡛ ࠶ࡿ[25]ࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪ࡇࡢ 1998 ᖺ㸪ࡘࡲࡾ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢᬑཬࡀ❧ࡕୖࡀࡗࡓⅬࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟ᮇ 㛫ྵࡴࡼ࠺タᐃࡋࡓࠋ ⥆࠸࡚㸪ᴗᡓ␎⟇ᐃ⪅ࡢᅾ௵ᮇ㛫ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࠋୖ࡛ ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣCI ࢆ⤒Ⴀࢺࢵࣉࡢ࣓ࢹ ࠾ࡅࡿⓎゝ࡛ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋ1998 ᖺⅬ࡛ࡢ NTT ௦⾲ྲྀ⥾ᙺ♫㛗ࡣᐑὠ⣧୍㑻Ặ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛Ặ ࡀ௦⾲ྲྀ⥾ᙺ♫㛗ࢆົࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ1996ᖺࡽ2002ᖺࢆ◊ ✲ࡢᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫ࡋࡓࠋṇ☜㏙ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ᐑὠẶࡣ 1996 ᖺࡽ 1998 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡀ NTT ♫㛗࡛࠶ࡾ㸪NTT ศ♫ ᚋࡢ1999 ᖺࡽ2002 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡀNTT ᣢᰴ♫ࡢ♫㛗 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ♫㛗ࡢ௵ᮇࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟ᮇ㛫ࡢ༢ࡋࡓࡢࡣ㸪 ㏻ᖖ♫㛗ࡀ௦ࢃࡿᴗ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱㧗ពᛮỴᐃᶵ㛵࡛࠶ ࡿྲྀ⥾ᙺࡢேဨࡶᖜๅ᪂ࡉࢀ㸪ࡑࢀక࠸㸪♫ෆ ࡢCI άືࡸ➇த⎔ቃ㛵ࡍࡿሗࡢゎ㔘ࡀࡁࡃኚ ࡍࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ࣓ࢹࢹ࣮ࢱ ࣓ࢹࢹ࣮ࢱࡣ㸪ᫎീ࣓ࢹࡋ࡚ᐑὠ⣧୍㑻Ặ ࡢࢸࣞࣅ࠾ࡅࡿࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗᫎീ㸪άᏐ࣓ࢹࡋ ࡚㞧ㄅ࠾ࡅࡿࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗグࢆᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋ᪂⪺ࢆ άᏐ࣓ࢹࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢࡣ㸪᪂⪺ࡢࣥࢱࣅ ࣮ࣗグࡣ⣬㠃ࡢ㒔ྜୖ▷ࡃ㸪ࡑࡇࡽḟ❶࡛㏙ࡿᢳ ㇟ࡉࢀࡓᏛ⾡ⓗᴫᛕࡢࢥ࣮ࢹࣥࢢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ሙྜࡀ ከ࠸ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗᫎീ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ᅜෆ࡛၏୍㐣ཤࡢ␒⤌ ࢆ୍⯡බ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿNHK ࣮࢝ࣈࢫࢆᙜࡓࡗࡓࠋࡋ ࡋ㸪NHK ࣮࢝ࣈࢫࡢ᳨⣴ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࠾࠸࡚ฟ₇ ⪅ࢆࠗᐑὠ⣧୍㑻࠘ࡋ࡚␒⤌᳨⣴ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇࢁ㸪ヱ ᙜࡍࡿ␒⤌ࡀ↓ࡗࡓࡓࡵ㸪ᫎീ㈨ᩱࢆࢹ࣮ࢱྵࡵࡿ
ࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡼࡾᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪㉁ⓗ࣓ࢹ ศᯒࡢ୍㒊ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢺศᯒࡢࡳὀຊࡍࡿ ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ άᏐ࣓ࢹࡢ㞟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ᅜᅗ᭩㤋ࡢ᳨⣴ࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒NDL-OPAC ࢆά⏝ࡋࡓࠋᅜᅗ᭩㤋ࢆ⏝ࡋࡓ ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪ᅜᅗ᭩㤋ࡀᅜෆࡢᅗ᭩㤋࡛᭱ࡢⶶ᭩ࢆࡿ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢNDL-OPAC ࡢ㞧ㄅグ⣴ᘬ᳨⣴࠾ ࠸࡚㸪㆟㢟ྡࢆNTT ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢ AND㸪ห⾜ᖺ᭶ ࢆ1996ᖺ1᭶ࡽ2002ᖺ12᭶ࡋ࡚グ᳨⣴ࢆ⾜࠸㸪 ᳨⣴ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ୰ࡽ㸪NTT ௦⾲ྲྀ⥾ᙺ♫㛗ࡋ࡚ࡢ ᐑὠ⣧୍㑻Ặࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆྵࡴࡶࡢࢆ㑅ᢥࡋࡓࠋࡑ ࡢ⤖ᯝ15 ௳ࡢグࡀᢳฟࡉࢀࡓࠋ15 ௳ࡢグࡢෆヂࢆ ⾲1 ♧ࡍࠋ ⾲ ◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡋࡓ㞧ㄅྡグᩘ ᖺᖺ 㞧ㄅྡ グᩘ 1996 ⤒῭⏺ 1 ㈈⏺ 1 㐌หࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ 1 ᪥⤒ࣅࢪࢿࢫ 1 1997 ㈈⏺ 1 㐌หࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ 2 1998 㐌หᮾὒ⤒῭ 1 1999 㐌หࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ 1 ᪥⤒ࣅࢪࢿࢫ 1 2000 㐌หࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ 1 2001 ࡞ࡋ 0 2002 ࢚ࢥࣀ࣑ࢫࢺ 1 㐌หࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ 2 ᪥⤒ࣅࢪࢿࢫ 1 ࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢺゎ㔘㸦ࢥ࣮ࢹࣥࢢ㸧ࡢ᪉ἲ ࢥ࣮ࢹࣥࢢࡣ㸪⎔ቃࡢኚᛂࡌ࡚ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞➇த ඃࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ⤌⧊⬟ຊ࡛࠶ࡿࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢣࣃࣅࣜ ࢸ[26][27]ࡢᴫᛕࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢣࣃࣅࣜ ࢸࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⌮⏤ࡣ㸪ࡑࢀࡀ➇தᡓ␎ㄽࡢ௦₻ὶ࡛࠶ ࡿPorter ࡢ➇தᡓ␎ㄽ[28]㈨※࣮࣋ࢫ⌮ㄽ[29]ࢆ⿵ ⓗ⤫ྜࡋ㸪ຍ࠼࡚ࡑࡢ㔜せᛶࡀྉࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ↓ᙧ ㈨⏘ࡋ࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࡶ⪃៖ධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ලయⓗࡣ㸪㞧ㄅグෆࡢᐑὠẶࡢⓎゝࢆ㸪ࢲࢼ࣑ ࢵࢡࢣࣃࣅࣜࢸࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ௨ୗࡢ୕ࡘࡢ⬟ຊ[30] ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࡋࡓ㸸 z ᶵ⬣ጾࢆឤ▱ཬࡧᙧᡂࡍࡿ⬟ຊ㸪 z ᶵࡢᤕᤊ⬟ຊ㸪 z ᴗࡢ↓ᙧ㈨⏘ཬࡧ᭷ᙧ㈨⏘ࢆ⿵ᙉ㸪⤖ྜ㸪ಖ ㆤ㸪ᚲせ࡞ࡁࡣᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾ➇தຊ ࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ⬟ຊࠋ ࡲࡓⓎゝෆᐜࢆ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࡍࡿ㝿㸪ࡑࡢせ⣙ࡶ グ㘓ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋࢥ࣮ࢹࣥࢢసᴗ⮬యࡣ㸪⤖ᯝࡢ ᐈほᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵ➹⪅ࡽ3 ྡ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ᙜึ㸪グෆࠕᡓ␎ࠖࡸࠕ➇தࠖ࡞ࡢ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ ࢆ᥈ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢ๓ᚋ࡛ࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡࢣࣃࣅࣜࢸࡢୖグ 3 せ⣲ࢆぢฟࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋグࢆㄞࡳ㐍ࡵࡓࡇ ࢁ㸪ᚲࡎࡋࡶࠕᡓ␎ࠖࡸࠕ➇தࠖ࡞ࡢ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡢ㏆ ࡃ➇த⎔ቃ㛵ࡍࡿⓎゝࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿヂ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡀ ศࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪࡚ࢆ⢭ㄞࡋ㸪ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡢὶࢀ ࡸⓎゝࡢ๓ᚋ㛵ಀࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪Ⓨゝෆᐜࡢ࢝ࢸࢦࣜ ࣮ศࡅࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗグ࠾࠸࡚㸪 ᐑὠẶࡢⓎゝࡣࡪࢀࡀ↓ࡃ㤳ᑿ୍㈏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛㸪ࢥ࣮ ࢸࣥࢢసᴗࡣᐜ᫆⌮ㄽⓗ㣬㐩ࡋࡓࠋ
࣓ࢹศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ
2 ❶࡛㏙ࡓࣉࣟࢺࢥࣝᚑࡗ࡚ᑐ㇟ࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢺࢆศ ᯒࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࢆḟ࣮࣌ࢪࡢ⾲2 ♧ࡍࠋ௬ㄝࡢ⏕ᡂ
ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢCI ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ CI ࡢᕪ ࢆ㉁ⓗ࣓ࢹศᯒࡼࡗ࡚⅝ࡾฟࡋ㸪ࡑࡇࡽ௬ㄝ⏕ ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚➹⪅ࡽࡣ㸪⾲2 ࠾࠸࡚᪤Ꮡ ࡢCI ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ㡯┠㸪᪤Ꮡࡢ CI ࡛ࡣㄝ᫂ࡋษࢀ࡞ ࠸㒊ศࡢ᳨ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ᐑὠẶࡀࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ㐜 ࢀࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪ᢏ⾡ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㐜ࢀࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࣥࢱ ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖ࡛ὶ㏻ࡍࡿࢯࣇࢺࡸࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᪂ࡋ ࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡑࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢆẼࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ ᚑ᮶ࡢCI ࡛ࡣㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ྵពࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࠋ ᐑὠẶࡣ㸪⤒῭⏺1996 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 24 ᪥ྕᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࠾࠸࡚௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᢏ⾡ࡽぢࡿ㸪ᾏእẚ࡚㐜ࢀࡿࢇࡌࡷ࡞ ࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡀ୍␒Ẽ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ㸪ࣃࢯ ࢥࣥࡸࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡀ⇿Ⓨⓗᬑཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡲ ࡍࠋ࣐ࣝࢳ࣓ࢹゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࡇ ࡢⅬ࡛⡿ᅜࡢ㐜ࢀࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡋ࡚ ࡑࢀࡼࡾࡶᚰ㓄࡞ࡢࡀ㸪ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㐨ලࡀᥞࡗࡓ ࡁࡑࡇΏࡍࢹ࣮ࢱࡸࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ㸪࠸ࢃࡺ ࡿ୰㌟ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺┦ᙜ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ ࡲࡓ㸪ྠࡌࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗෆ࡛㸪 ࡣࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅ㸪ࡇ ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࡽኵ࡞ࢇ ࡛ࡍࡀ㸪ࢯࣇࢺࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ࠸࠺ᗈ࠸ព ࡛ᚰ⪃࠼᪉ࡢᩥࡢ᪉ࡀᚰ㓄࡛ࡍࡡࠋ⾲ ࣓ࢹศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ ᖺ ᶵ⬣ጾࡢឤ▱㸭ᙧᡂ ᶵࡢᤕᤊ ↓ᙧ㸭᭷ᙧ㈨⏘ࡢ⿵ᙉ㸪⤖ ྜ㸪ಖㆤ㸪ᵓ⠏ 1996 ࣭ศ㞳ศၥ㢟 ࣭ᕷሙࡢኚ㸦㟁ヰࡽ࣐ࣝࢳ ࣓ࢹ㸧 ࣭ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㸪ࣃࢯࢥࣥ ᑐࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ㐜ࢀ ࣭ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ㛤Ⓨࡢ㐜ࢀ ࣭ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺᢏ⾡ࡣ㏣࠸ࡘ ࡅࡿ ࣭ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ♫ࡢᥦᦠ ࡢᚲせᛶ ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ♫ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲ せᛶ ࣭ᚑᴗဨࡢព㆑ᨵ㠉 ࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝ ࡣ㈈⏘ 1997 ࣭ศ㞳ศၥ㢟 ࣭ศ㆟ㄽࡼࡿᅜ㝿㐍ฟࡢ㐜 ࢀ ࣭እ㈨⣔㏻ಙ♫ࡢ᪥ᮏ㐍ฟ ࣭ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺᑐࡍࡿ㐜ࢀ ࣭ᡂ㛗ᕷሙࡋ࡚ࡢࢪ㐍 ฟ ࣭እ㒊ேᮦࡢⓏ⏝ ࣭ඹ㏻࡞ᢏ⾡ᇶ┙ࡋ࡚ࡢ ◊✲㛤Ⓨ ࣭ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㏣࠸ࡘ ࡃࡓࡵࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ᪉ྥษ᭰ ࣭ࢪ㐍ฟᅜ࡛ࡢᥦᦠඛ 㑅ࡧ ࣭ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮࣓࣮࢝ ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲせᛶ 1998 ࣭ศ㞳ศၥ㢟 ࣭ᕷሙࡢኚ㸦㟁ヰࡽ࣐ࣝࢳ ࣓ࢹ㸧 ࣭ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝ ࡼࡿࢥࢫࢺపῶ ࣭ᾏእ㏻ಙ♫ࡢᥦᦠ ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ♫ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲ せᛶ ࣭ඛ➃ᢏ⾡࠾ࡅࡿ࣮ࣜࢲ ࣮ࢩࢵࣉ ࣭ேဨᩚ⌮ ࣭ᚑᴗဨࡢព㆑ᨵ㠉 1999 ࣭つไ⦆ ࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ♫ࡢ⦅ᡂ ࣭ࢥࢫࢺᵓ㐀ᨵ㠉 2000 ࣭ᛴ㏿࡞ᕷሙኚ ࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ♫ࡢᩚ⌮ ࣭ࢿࢵࢺᐙ㟁࣓࣮࣮࢝㸪ࢥ ࣥࢸࣥࢶ♫㸪ᨺ㏦♫ ࡢ㐃ᦠࡢᚲせᛶ 2002 ࣭㟁ヰࡽࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢ ᕷሙኚ ࣭㟁ヰᕷሙࡢ⦰ᑠ ࣭ග㏻ಙᢏ⾡㸦Fiber to the Home㸧 ࣭ேဨᩚ⌮ ࣭ᴗయ㉁ኚ㠉ࡢᚲせᛶ ࣭ᅛᐃ㟁ヰࡢᢞ㈨⤊ ࣭ᨺ㏦♫ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲせ ᛶ ࡶ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖࢆὶ㏻ࡍࡿࢯࣇ ࢺࡸࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡑࡢࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢆẼࡅࡿⓎゝࡣ㸪 ᐑὠẶࡢ♫㛗௵ᮇࢆ㏻ࡋ୍࡚㈏ࡋ࡚ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ࠼ࡤ㸪 ♫㛗ᑵ௵┤ᚋࡢ㐌หࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ1996ᖺ8᭶31᪥ྕ࡛ ࡣ㸪 NTT ࡀࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேࡓࡕᡭࢆ⤌ ࢇ࡛㸪ሗὶ㏻ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆ⫱࡚ࡿࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡶ ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࡋ㸪♫㛗㏥௵㛫㏆ࡢ᪥⤒ࣅࢪࢿࢫ2002 ᖺ1 ᭶14 ᪥ྕ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪 ࣈ࣮ࣟࢻࣂࣥࢻ㸦㧗㏿ᐜ㔞㸧࡞ࡿ㸪ᗘ ࡣᨺ㏦♫࡞ࢇࡶ࠾ࡘࡁ࠶࠸ࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ ࡲ࡛ࡣ⏘ᴗࡋ࡚ࡶࡕࡻࡗ㐪ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ ࡶ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࢆCI ࡢどⅬࡽゎ㔘ࡍࢀࡤ㸪 ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࠸࠺᪂ᢏ⾡㏣࠸ࡘࡃࡓࡵࡢᢏ⾡ࣥ
ࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡼࡾࡶ㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ[31]ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡁ࠸࠺ࣥࢸ ࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ⋓ᚓ⭉ᚰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ Christensen ࡼࢀࡤࠊ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣඹ㏻ࡢࣅࢪ ࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆᨭࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᴗࡢ㞟ྜᑐᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࠋ ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ⠏ࡢࡓࡵࡢᚲせ ࡞ࡿሗ㞟㸪ሗศᯒࢆ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣥࢸࣜࢪ ࢙ࣥࢫࡪࡇࡍࡿࠋ⾲2 ࡽࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢᢏ ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ ⏝࠸ࡓ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠ࢆᢳฟࡋࡲࡵࡿ ⾲3 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ ⾲ ᢏ⾡㺐㺻㺡㺶㺚㺼㺈㺻㺛౯್㺦㺍㺢㺺㺎㺖㺐㺻㺡㺶㺚㺼㺈㺻㺛 ᖺ ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ 㛵㐃ࡋࡓ㡯┠ ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ 㛵㐃ࡋࡓ㡯┠ 1996 ࣭ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㸪ࣃ ࢯࢥࣥᑐࡍࡿᢏ⾡ⓗ 㐜ࢀ ࣭ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ㛤Ⓨࡢ㐜 ࢀ ࣭ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ♫ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲせᛶ ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ♫ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲせᛶ 1997 ࣭ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺᑐ ࡍࡿ㐜ࢀ ࣭ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ㏣ ࠸ࡘࡃࡓࡵࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨ ᪉ྥษ᭰ ࣭ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡢᥦᦠ ࡢᚲせᛶ 1998 ࣭ࢯࣇࢺ♫ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲせᛶ 2000 ࣭ࢿࢵࢺᐙ㟁࣓࣮࣮࢝㸪ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶ ♫㸪ᨺ㏦♫ࡢ㐃ᦠࡢᚲせᛶ 2002 ࣭ᨺ㏦♫ࡢᥦᦠࡢᚲせᛶ ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇࡽࡘࡢࡇࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡎ୍ࡘ┠ ࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸ ࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡣ⊂❧ᢅ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᐑὠẶࡣ㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺᢏ⾡ࡣ㏣࠸ࡘࡅࡿ࠸࠺ᢏ⾡ ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㸪ࡑࡢࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࡢୖ࡛ࡢࡼ ࠺࡞ຍࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ࠸࠺౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࢆูࠎࡢၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡘ┠ࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ᪉ࡀᢏ ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐑὠẶࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣ㏣࠸ࡘࡅࡿࡋ㸪 ࡑࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ࠸ࡕ᪩ ࡃᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇࢆࡼࡾ㔜せどࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉1998 ᖺ௨ 㝆ࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡳ ゝཬࡋ࡚࠾࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㔜せᛶࡢ㧗ࡲࡾࡀẶᣦࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽⅬࡣ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢCI ࡢ᫂☜࡞ᕪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢCI ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ CI ࡢᕪ㛵 ࡍࡿ௬ㄝࡋ࡚௨ୗࡢࡘࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋ 㸦௬ㄝ1㸧ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 㸦௬ㄝ2㸧⮬♫ࡢᢏ⾡ࡀ➇ྜ♫ẚ࡚ࡁࡃ㐜ࢀ࡚ ࠸࡞࠸ሙྜࠊ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡀ➇த ຊࡢ※Ἠ࡞ࡿࠋ
᪤Ꮡᩥ⊩ࡢẚ㍑
᪤Ꮡ◊✲࠾ࡅࡿ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢCI ᪤ᏑࡢCI ◊✲࠾࠸࡚㸪㏻ಙᶵჾ〇㐀ᴗࢆ◊✲ᑐ ㇟ྵࡴ◊✲ࡣᩘከࡃᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸦࠼ࡤ[32]㸪[33] ࡞㸧㸪㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࢆ◊✲ᑐ㇟ྵࡴ◊✲ࡣᩘᑡ࡞ ࠸ࠋAuster ࡽࡣ㸪࢝ࢼࢲࡢฟ∧⏘ᴗཬࡧ㏻ಙ⏘ᴗ㸦㏻ಙ ᶵჾ〇㐀ᴗ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ୧᪉ࢆྵࡴ㸧ࡢ13 ே ࡢ⤒Ⴀࢺࢵࣉ㸪ࡢࡼ࠺࡞እ㒊⎔ቃሗࢆ㔜どࡋ㸪ఱ ࡢពᛮỴᐃ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡢࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ [33]ࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⤒Ⴀࢺࢵࣉࡀ㔜せどࡋ࡚࠸ࡿእ㒊⎔ቃ ሗࡣ㸪➇ྜሗ㸦➇ྜ♫㸪➇ྜ〇ရ㸪➇தᡓ␎㸧㸪つ ไሗ㸪ᢏ⾡ሗࡢ3 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᮏ ㄽᩥࡢ௬ㄝ࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿሗཬ ࡧࡑࢀ‽ࡎࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሗࡣᑟฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ ࡲࡓStrouse ࡣ㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢸࣥࢢࡢどⅬࡽ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ ࣅࢫᴗࡢCI ࡢᴫ␎ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[35]ࠋࡋࡋ㸪ࡇࢀ ࡶᚑ᮶ࡢCI ࡢࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡἢࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛㸪㏻ಙࢧ ࣮ࣅࢫ࡞ࡽ࡛ࡣࡢሗ※ࢆヲ⣽ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡼࡗ࡚㸪௬ㄝ࡛ᥦ♧ࡋࡓ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣ㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ ᴗࡢCI 㡿ᇦ࡛᪂つᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᪤Ꮡ◊✲࡛ࡢ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ᚑ᮶ࡢCI ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪Porter ࡢᥦၐࡋࡓ౯್㐃㙐㸦ࣂ ࣮ࣜࣗࢳ࢙࣮ࣥ㸧ศᯒ[28]ࡀ㸪〇ရཬࡧࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢࢥࢫ ࢺඃᕪูࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࢶ࣮ࣝࡋ࡚ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡋࡋࡇࡢ౯್㐃㙐ศᯒࡶ㸪ࡑࡢᅵྎࡀ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㉎㈙ ࡽࣇࢱ࣮ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡲ࡛ࡢ≀ⓗ㈨⏘ࡢ┤ิⓗ㐃㙐࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ᴗෆእᏑᅾࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡽ᪂ࡋ࠸▱㆑ࢆ㐀ࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ➇தຊࢆ※Ἠ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞᪥ࡢ」㞧࡞➇த⎔ቃࡢศ ᯒࡣ㐺ษ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[36]ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛᪥ࡢ➇த⎔ቃࢆ࠺ࡲࡃᤊ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᚑ᮶ࡢ ౯್㐃㙐ࢆᣑᙇࡋࡓᴫᛕࡀᵝࠎ࡞⛠࡛ᥦ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ௬౯್㐃㙐[37]㸪Value Constellation[38]㸪౯್ࢿࢵ ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ[31]㸪౯್㐃㙐ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ[39]࡞ࡀࡑࢀ ᙜࡓࡿࡀ㸪ᴫᛕⓗ㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࢆ౯್ࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࠸࠺༢ㄒ௦⾲ࡉࡏ࡚௨ୗࡢ㆟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࠋ CI ศ㔝࠾࠸࡚㸪ࡇࡢ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡὀ┠ࡋࡓඛ 㥑ⓗ◊✲㸪Ⳣ⃝㧗ᶫࡢ◊✲ࡀ࠶ࡿ[40]ࠋⳢ⃝㧗ᶫ ࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆᴗ㛫⏘ᴗ㛫Ώࡿ౯್㐃㙐 ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓୖ࡛㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓ⠏ࡢᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ㸪ᯇୗ㟁ჾ㸦⌧ࣃࢼࢯࢽࢵࢡ㸧ࡢ ᳨࡛ドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⳢ⃝㧗ᶫࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪Ⰻ࠸ ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓ⠏ࡣⰋ࠸ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡽ ࡢࡼ࠺౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠸࠺ල యⓗᡭἲ㛵ࡋ࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠾ࡽࡎ㸪ᯝࡓࡋ࡚Ⰻ࠸౯್ࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓ⠏ࡣⰋ࠸ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ⏘≀࡞ ࡢ࠸࠺ၥࡀṧࡿࠋ ࡲࡓⳢ⃝㧗ᶫࡣୖグ⥆ࡃㄽᩥ[41]࠾࠸࡚㸪࣮࢜ ࣉࣥࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ[42]ࡢどⅬࡽ㸪༙ᑟయ⏘ᴗࡢ ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ㔜せᛶࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ◊✲࠾࠸࡚Ⳣ⃝㧗ᶫࡣ㸪࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙ ࣥࢆᴗෆእࡢࢹࢆ᭷ᶵⓗ⤖ྜࡉࡏ౯್ࢆ㐀 ࡍࡿࡇᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࡲࡉ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣀ࣋ ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡼࡿࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥฟ ぢ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪๓ࡢ◊✲࠾ࡅࡿ ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆ࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡓ◊✲ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢㄽᩥ ࠾࠸࡚Ⳣ⃝㧗ᶫࡣ㸪࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࠾ࡅ ࡿᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ㔜せᛶࢆㄽࡌࡿඹ㸪ࠕ♫ෆ ♫እࡢࢹࢆ᭱ࡶ᭷ຠά⏝࡛ࡁࡓ⪅ࡀࡘࠋඃ ࢀࡓࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢᵓ⠏ࡀ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡶ㏙㸪 ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢ㔜せᛶࡶゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ㛵 ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎ㸪Ⰻ࠸ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢ ᵓ⠏ࡢࡼ࠺ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡀᐤࡋᚓࡿࡢ ࠸࠺ၥ㢟ࡀṧࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪࣮࢜ࣉࣥࣀ࣮࣋ࢩ ࣙࣥࢆᥦၐࡋࡓChesbrough ࡣࠕⰋ࠸ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡣ㸪 ࡋࡤࡋࡤⰋ࠸ࢹࡸᢏ⾡ࢆᡴࡕ㈇ࡍࠖࡋ㸪ࣀ ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ※Ἠࡀ㸪༢ᢏ⾡࡛࡞࡞ࡃࡴࡋࢁࣅࢪࢿࢫ ࣔࢹࣝ࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ[43]ࠋࡇࡢゝ ⴥࡣᡃࠎࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝᢏ⾡ࡀ⊂❧ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠸࠺どⅬࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓShafer ࡽࡣ㸪㐣ཤࡢࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝ㛵ࡍࡿㄽ ᩥࡢㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸㸪ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࢆ㸪ᡓ ␎ⓗ㑅ᢥ㸦strategic choices㸧㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㸦value network㸧㸪౯್㐀㸦creating value㸧㸪౯್ᤕᤊ 㸦capturing value㸧ࡢ 4 ࡘศ㢮ࡋࡓ[44]ࠋඛ㏙ࡓ Chesbrough ࡢどⅬ❧࡚ࡤ㸪ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝᢏ⾡ࡣ ⊂❧࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࢆᵓᡂࡍ ࡿ୍せ⣲ࡢ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᢏ⾡ࡶ⊂❧࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨾ ࡑࢀࡽࡢሗ㞟㸭ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡶ⊂❧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾ㸪௬ㄝ1 ࡣᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪 Chesbrough ࡢどⅬ࡛ࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࡼࡾࡶࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡀ ࡼࡾ㔜せどࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪ᢏ⾡ࡼࡾࡶࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡢ୍ せ⣲࡛࠶ࡿ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡀࡼࡾ㔜せどࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࡞ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚➇ྜ♫ẚ࡚ᢏ⾡ࡀࡁࡃ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸࡞ ࡅࢀࡤ㸪ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡼࡾࡶ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡀࡼࡾ㔜せ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡾ㸪௬ㄝ 2 ࡶᨭᣢࡉࢀࡿࠋ ௨ୖࢆ㚷ࡳࡿ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪Ⳣ⃝㧗ᶫࡀ࠸ࡕ᪩ࡃ╔ ┠ࡋࡓCI ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ㛵ಀࢆ㸪㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ ᴗ᳨࡛ウࡋ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞௬ㄝ࣮࣋ࢫࡢ▱ぢࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ ⨨ࡅࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㆟ㄽ
๓ฟࡢShafer ࡽࡣ㸪ᴗࡣ⊂⮬ࡢ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࢆᵓ⠏࡛ࡁࡿࡋ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙺ ࢆᯝࡓࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡢࡀࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿㸪ᐑὠẶࡣ㐌หࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ2002 ᖺ1 ᭶ 26 ᪥ྕ࡛㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺୖ࡛ࡢࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㛵 ࡋ࡚ၥࢃࢀ࡚㸪 ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ሗ㸪ࢥࣥࢸࣥࢶࡀὶ㏻ࡋ㸪ྲྀᘬࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡛㸪࠺࠸࠺⤌ࡳ㸪ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞ࡅࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ࠾ ࢝ࢿࢆྲྀࢀࡿ㸪ࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡿ ㏙㸪᪂ᢏ⾡࡛࠶ࡿࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࣅࢪ ࢿࢫࣔࢹࣝࡑࡢ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡛ᯝࡓࡍࡁᙺࢆ ᶍ⣴ࡍࡿጼࡀᇉ㛫ぢ࠼ࡿ Hinterhuber ࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡฟࡢࡓࡵࡣ㸪 ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓᡂࡢ㑅ᐃ㸦ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮㑅ࡧ㸧ཬࡧࢿࢵࢺ ࣮࣡ࢡ⟶⌮㸦㈨※⏝ࡢ᭱㐺㸧࠸࠺ࡘࡢࢱࢫࢡࡀ ࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ[45]ࠋࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᵓᡂࡢ㑅ᐃ㸦ࣃ࣮ ࢺࢼ࣮㑅ࡧ㸧࠸࠺㡯┠㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡣ㸪 ᚑ᮶ࡶᢏ⾡ᥦᦠࡸᴗົᥦᦠ࡞ࡢ⠊࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ ࡋࡋ㸪ᴗ㛫ࢆ㊬ࡄࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ⟶⌮㸦㈨※⏝ࡢ᭱ 㐺㸧㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡣ㸪ࡲ࡛㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡓ ࡇࡀ↓࠸ࠋ⮬♫࠾ࡼࡧ♫ࡢ㈨※ሗࢆ⤫ྜࡋ㸪࠶ࡿ ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ㈨※᭱㐺ࢆᅗࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ ࡣ㸪ᡃࠎࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫୖࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ㄢ㢟ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡲࡓHinterhuber ࡣ㸪Ⰻ࠸౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡣ㸪ࡑ ࡢᵓᡂဨ࣮࢜ࢣࢫࢺࣛࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙺศᢸࡀ࠶ࡿࡋ㸪 ࡑࡢᙺࢆ࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢺ㸦architect㸧㸪ᑂุ㸦judge㸧㸪 㛤Ⓨ⪅㸦developer㸧㸪࣮ࣜࢲ࣮㸦leader㸧ࡢ 4 ࡘศ㢮 ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮࢟ࢸࢡࢺࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ┠ⓗ ࢆᐃ⩏ࡋ㸪ᵓᡂဨࢆ㑅ᐃࡍࡿᙺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑂุࡣ㸪౯ ್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢᵓᡂဨᑐࡋ࡚ᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ ࣥࢫᶆ‽ࢆཝᐦᐃ⩏ࡋ㑂Ᏺࡉࡏࡿᙺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㛤Ⓨ⪅ ࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ≀⌮ⓗ㸪▱ⓗ㈨⏘ࢆ⫱ᡂࡋ㛤 Ⓨࡍࡿᙺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮ࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ ࡢ⮬ⓗཧຍࢆಁࡋ㸪ཧຍᴗࡀᯝࡓࡋࡓࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥ ࢫ┈ࢆሗ࠸ࡿᙺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆᵓ⠏ ࡍࡿ㝿ࡣ㸪ࡢᴗࡀࡢᙺศᢸࢆᯝࡓࡏࡿ⬟ຊࡀ࠶ ࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡶ᪂ࡋ࠸ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㡯┠࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽᡃࠎࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣥࢸ ࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡣ㸪ᢏ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ⊂❧ᢅ࠼ࡿࡇ ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ేࡏ࡚࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ ࡢᴫᛕ㔜」ࡍࡿ㒊ศࡶぢฟࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ ⪃࠼ࢀࡤ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡣ㸪ᢏ ⾡ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡸ࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡽ ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡲ᳨࡛ウࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗ ࡓࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ⬟ຊࡢ◊✲ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㸪ᢏ⾡ ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㸪࣐࣮ࢣࢵࢺࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࢆ୍♫ ࡢ୰࡛࠺ࡲࡃ⤫ྜࡋࡓCI ࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿᚲせࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀ ࡽࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ⬟ຊࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓᴗࡀ౯್ ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡཧຍࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾ㸪Ⰻ࠸ࣅࢪࢿࢫࣔࢹ ࣝࡀᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ౯್ࢿ ࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵࡿࡇ ࡛㸪CI ◊✲ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ᆅᖹࢆᣅࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᛮࢃࢀ ࡿࠋ ᮏ◊✲ࡣ㸪〇㐀ᴗࢆ୰ᚰⓎᒎࡋࡓࡁࡓᚑ᮶ࡢCI ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢCI ࡢᕪ㛵ࡍࡿጞⅬ࡞ࡿ㆟ㄽࢆ࠼ࡿ ࡇࢆ┠ⓗ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡀᥦ♧ࡋ ࡓ௬ㄝࡣ㸪㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡢ༢୍◊✲ࡽ⏕ᡂࡉ ࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪௬ㄝࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ⏘ᴗ≉᭷ࡢࡶࡢ࡞ ࡢ㸪〇㐀ᴗࡶࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡶඹ㏻ࡢࡶࡢ࡞ࡢษࡾ ศࡅࡀࡘ࡞࠸࠸࠺㝈⏺ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚㸪౯್ࢿࢵ ࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡀᴗࡢ➇தຊࡢࡼ࠺ ᐤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ㸪ࡼࡾከࡃࡢ〇㐀ᴗࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡛ㄪ ᰝࡍࡿࡇࡀᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓᮏ◊✲ࡢ ࡣ㸪㏻ಙࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ࠸࠺ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡእ㒊ᛶ[46]ࡀാࡃ ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺ࠸࠺ࢹ࣮ࢱ㏻ಙࡢࢻ࣑ࢼ ࣥࢺࢹࢨࣥ[47]ฟ⌧ࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪ᚋ㸪 ࡇࢀࡽࡢᏛ⾡ᴫᛕࡀ௬ㄝࡢᡂ❧᮲௳ࡢࡼ࠺㛵ಀࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
⤖ࡧ
᭱㏆㸪᪥ᮏࡢ〇㐀ᴗࡣᢏ⾡࡛ࡗ࡚ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࡛㈇ࡅࡿ ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࢆࡼࡃ⪥ࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽ࡛ࡋࡤࡋࡤྲྀ ࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪iPod ࡸ Kindle ࡞ࡢᢏ⾡〇ရࡀࢧ ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ୍せ⣲࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽ ࡣ㸪ᮏ◊✲࡛᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ㸪ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺฟ⌧ ᐑὠẶࡀᢏ⾡ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡼࡾ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆᚰ㓄ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿጼ㔜࡞ࡿ㒊ศࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿ㸪᪥ᮏࡣ 〇㐀ᴗࢆ୰ᚰᮍࡔᙉ࠸◊✲㛤Ⓨຊࡑࢀక࠺ᢏ⾡ ࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ᢏ⾡〇ရࡀࢧ ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ୍㒊ศ࡞ࡿࡁᚲせ࡞ࡿ␗ᴗ✀ࢆࡲࡓࡄ ౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ㛵ࡍࡿࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪 య⣔ⓗ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࡶᐇ ㉁ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㸽 ᮏ◊✲ࡀᢞࡆ ࡅࡓ௬ㄝࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢࡇࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡶ᭷┈࡛࠶ࡿ ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ᭱ᚋ㸪᪥ᮏࡢ⏘ᴗ➇தຊᙉࡢࡓࡵ㸪 ᚋࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟ࢆิᣲࡋ࡚ᮏ◊✲ࡢ⤖ࡧࡍࡿࠋ 㸦ㄢ㢟1㸧౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢࡓࡵ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሗࢆ㞟ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸㸽 㸦ㄢ㢟2㸧౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫࡢࡓࡵ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞య⣔ⓗάືࢆ⾜࠼ࡤࡼ࠸㸽 㸦ㄢ㢟3㸧᪥ᮏࡢᴗ࠾࠸࡚౯್ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢࣥ ࢸࣜࢪ࢙ࣥࢫάືࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸽 ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ ࡽࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧ࡛࠶ࡿ㸽 ὀ㔘1) Bart Van Looy ࡽࡼࢀࡤ㸪〇ရࡣ࡞࠸ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ≉ᚩ ࡋ࡚㸪ᡤ᭷ᶒࡀ⛣㌿ࡋ࡞࠸↓ᙧᛶ㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪ᾘ㈝ࡢ ྠᛶ㸪ᅾᗜ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᾘ⁛ᛶ㸪ྠࡌࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡛ ࡶࢧ࣮ࣅࢫရ㉁ᕪࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ␗㉁ᛶࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ[48]ࠋ 2) 1890 ᖺ㸦᫂ 23 ᖺ㸧ṇᘧ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓ᪥ᮏࡢ㟁ヰࢧ࣮ ࣅࢫࡣ㸪ᙜึᡭࡼࡿ㏻ヰ᥋⥆࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀ1926 ᖺ㸦ṇ15 ᖺ㸧⮬ືᶵࡀᑟධࡉࢀ㸪┬ேࡢ➨୍Ṍ ࡀ㋃ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࡶ1955 ᖺ㸦 30 ᖺ㸧ࡢࢡࣟࢫ ࣂᶵࡢᑟධ㸪1969 ᖺ㸦 44 ᖺ㸧ࡢ㟁Ꮚᶵᑟධ㸪 1983 ᖺ㸦 58 ᖺ㸧ࡢࢹࢪࢱࣝᶵᑟධࡢṔྐࢆ⤒࡚㸪 ᴗົࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢಖᏲ㸪㐠⏝ࡶᖜ┬ ேࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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