BhattaJayanta sRefuta上ionofthe Yog瓦c豆raBuddhistDoctrineofVij貢瓦nav豆da：
AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis
AlexVVATSON andKeiKATAOl（A
南アジア古典学第5号別刷
SouthAsianClassicalStudies，No．5，PP．285−352 2010年7月発行
5ACS5，2010
BhattaJayanta sRefutationoftheYog豆C豆ra BuddhistDoctrineofVijiほnavada：
AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis
AlexWatsonandKeiKataokal
INTRODUCTION
Inthepassage［ransla【edandexaminedbelow，Bh叫aJayanta2outlines，and［henrefu［es，
thedoc【rineofVij舶navadaadvancedbyYog豆血・aBuddhism．3pmevij琉nav豆dininter−
1ocutorfirs（S（a【eshisviewasthatitiscognitionJconsciousness（噌jidna）alone，aPPearing inachainofindividualmomen［s，（ha【maniftstsasthevariousobiectstha（WePerCeive．
TTluS，hecontinues，thereisnothingotherthanit，forif（hose［hingsthatwetaketobeex−
【erna】andinsen［ien（areac【uallyofthenatureofcognltion，Wha［needisthere［opos［ulate anythingother［hancognl［ion？
Vij雨nav豆daispresentedbyBhattaJayantaasakindofnonqdualisrn．i．e．asholdingthat everythingin（heuniverseisof［hesamenature．Hereferstoit，botha【【hebegiJlnlngand
endofhispresentation，aS Vi7hdnadvaitavdda，【hedoc【rineofthenonJualism ofcog−
ni【ion・Heplaceshisdiscussionofitafterthatoftwoo【herkindsofnon−dualism：［he non−dualismofBral1manand【henon−dualismof TTleWord （iabda）．Thisdiscussionof threekindsofnon−dualismcomeswi［hinachap［eronliberation／beatitude（mokぎa，qPaL Varga）・TTLischapteris，intum，OneOutOftwelveinhismagnumopus，（he坤dyama可aril Thefirstsixchap［ersof［heNydyama可ar［concemthemselveswiththemeansofkr10Wl−
edge（クram申a），thenextthreewi［h［hevariousobjec【sofknowledge（クrameya）・The Chapteror11ibera［ioJlis［hethirdofthesethree，i・e．［henin（hchqp［erof［hewhole［exLL
1Theresearchforthisarticlewas・enabledoyafourweekPoscdoctoralFellowshipfromtheJa−
panSocietyfor山ePromotionofScience，inSeptember2009，WheTIAlexWa［sonJOinedKeiKa一
【aokaatKyushuUniversity，Fukuoka，JapaTl．
1Al［houghheiscommonlyreferredtoinsecondaryliteratureasJayantaBhatta，herefersto
himselfasBhat与aJayantain山etwoplacesweknowofwhereheincludeshisownnameW仙血one Ofhistexts：Agdm〃血朋あd和32，15and122，17．
ForbackgroundinfomatioTlOnBh叩aJayaLlta，SeeHegde（1983）andDezs6（2005：15−22）．On hisimportancefor山ereconstruCtionofvanousaspectsofthehistoryofNy哀ya，SeeOberhammer
（1962），Wezler（1975）aLldMami（2006）．OntheNyayamaiijaTL［asasourceoFinfomla（ionabout Buddhism，SeeGupta（1963：17−18），Kher（1992；179−286），Shah（1997：141−148）andKataoka
（2009）．
ユⅠ【iい00urknowledge▼山ems＝ransla【ionofthepassagein【oaEuropeanlanguage・ForaGu−
j已ratitransla【ionsee5hah（1992）・ForaJapa几eSe亡ranslation，SeeKataoka（2006）．
− 285 −
ThechapteronLiberationintheNydyamalyan
rmechapteronlibera【ion，【akingupninety−tWOPageSin［heMysoreedition，iseffectively acommentaryonjus【onesBtra（1・1・22），Whichdefinesliberationasthecompletecessaq tionofsuffering（LadaLyanLavimokFO如vargab）．meconten［sof［hechap［ercanbedi−
videdupasfo1lows．
The坤∂γd椚d町drf
TheNyayamaTUarllSa selective commentaryonAk！aP豆da sNyayasi2tra，inthesense thatitcom皿en［sOnly on thesBtras tha［givedefinitions（lakざaPaSiuras）1eavingaside thosethatenunciatea［opictobefur［herdiscussed（uddeiasdll・aS）andthose［ha［carryOu【
aninves［igationofatopic（クarfk？Lis虎1raS）．
ThefollowlngtableshowsthetopICSCOVeredinits［welvechaptersand［heNyayasiilT・aS
thattheyarecommentlngOn・ 1Explana［ionof［hesn［ra（siZlravyakhyLina）
2TheNa【ureofLiberation（mokざaSVarZ2pa）
430，3−131，13 431，15−139，18
Chapter Volume，
Sdtra，Topic
碩抽伽）
Page4
1ntroduction
1．1．1EnumerationofthesixteencategoriesbLZdarEha） I12 1．1．3Whatitistobeameansofknowledge Ⅰ31
brLコTTZ申LZSLimanyalakF叩a）；SubdivisioniIltOfourkinds
1．1．4PerceptionbTuLyakFO） I171
ユ 1．1．5In氏rence（即川川風咄） lユ氾
1．1．6Compadson（叫相川腐Ⅷ） Ⅰ373
3 1．1．7Speech（血九九） Ⅰ396
4 The Veda Ⅰ573
5 Word−meaningbadarLha）andsentence−meaJling（ソd桓artha） Ⅱ3
6 Sentence−mea皿1ng Ⅱ143
1．1．9Whatitistobeanobjectofknowledge II 263
7 brameyasamLinyalLZk？aEla）；Subdivisionin101tkinds
1．1．10These】f（丘肋d乃） nユ78
8
1．1．1ト21Theobjectsofknowledgefromthebodyuptosuffering
Ⅱ360
（血帝か血頻厄）
9 1．1．22Ljberation ⅠⅠ430
1．1．ヱ3−39n己Ca【∈gOries加ゎldoubt（∫叩血γd）up仁0血e貢n山conclu−
10 Ⅱ522
Sionofasy】logism（〃ig 1川口柁d）
1．1．40ql．2．17Hypotheticalreasoning（Larka）uptounfairreply（cIzala） Ⅲ584 1，2．18Generalitybasedonafalseanalogy（再EE） 口645
5．1．1−−43Subdivisioninto24kinds Ⅲ646 1Z 1．2．19ニ20Groundsfordefeatindebate（nigrahasthLina） 口677 5．2．l−24Subdivisioninto22kinds 口679
3TheMeansofAttainingLiberation（mokダOPaya）．．‥ ．440，2−160，11 4Knowledgeoftheessentialnatureofreality（tatlvqi方ana）．．． ．．460，13−161，5
4．1meNaiy豆yikaView（naiyayikamala）………‥ 461，7−164．13
4．2Non−Dualism（αれ血厄Ⅳ永ね） 464，14−15
4．Z．1Non−DudismofBrahman（あJ■dh涙元h扇化Ⅳ叙九）…‥464，17−176J2 4．2・2Non−DualismofneWord（SabdadvLZilavada）…‥．476，14−187，10 4．23Non−DualismofCognition（viThdnadvailavLida）
4・2．3・1PerceptualCognition（pratyakざaVti宛ana）
（【ranslatedin［hepresentar［icle）………‥487，12−504，17 4・23・2ErroneousCognition（b71ramqf斤Lina）；
neoriesofError（khyd（ivada）…．． ．504，19−518，13 4・2．3・3ConclusionoftheRefu［ationoftheVi殖ぇnav豆din
ViewthatCognltionisdevoidofobjects
（成り仇血k血喧叫叩用郡毎加）‥‥‥．‥ ‥ 518，14−519，11 4．2．4ConclusionoftheRefutationofNon−Dualism
（αdソdJαレ∂dα乃汗由叩α∫αりぁかβ）
4・3TheS弛khyaView（saTikhyamala）
519，13−16 519，18−520，6
520，8−17 521，Z−5
521，7−10
4．4TheJainaViewUainamata）
4．5¶1eYogaView（ッ∂g（7柄df丘）
5ConclusionofthediscussionofTheoriesconcern1ngLiberation
（呼βVαrgαV（ラdqpα∫αり乃かα）
Ithavingbeenestablishedinsection4tha【themeansofat［ainlngliberationisknowledge
Oftheessentialnatureofreali【y（tallvqfiiana），【heques［ionarisesas［owhatprecisely［he Objectisofthisknowledge．Jayan［afirstglVeStheviewofhisownNaiy豆yikatradition，
according［owhichlibera［ingknowledgeconcemstheindividualself（atman）（4．1）．nen heexpoundsandrejectsthethreeabove−mentiorledkindsofnonTdualism（4．2），followed bytheS豆hkhya（4・3），Jaina（4・4）andYoga（4．5）views．I［isstrikingthattheBuddhist doc【rinethatJayantapresentsasmostrelevanttoliberationisV再貢豆nav豆da，nOt，aSmigh［
4volumeandpagenumberin［histable，andthroughoutthisartide，refertotheMysoreedition・
− 286 − − 287 −
Twoadditionalsections，3・4and3・6giveV師nav叫nrefutationsofSaut血tika（Bud−
dhistrepresenta［ionalist）views．
Wedividethesiddhdntaintoninesections・Thesectionsoftheparvqpak？atha［theyare COnCemedtorefuteareglVeninthefollowlngtable．
havebeenexpec［ed，thedoc［rineofno−Self（andtmavada）・Hedealswi［hthelatterview elsewhere（mos［1yintheseventhchap［er），buttheviewthat如dsexpressionintheex−
amina［ionofBuddhis［libera［ionis Lcognl【ion−Only，・Thenrsthalfofthisexamination
（4．2．3．1）dealswi［hvalid，PerCePtualcognition（押坤殖叩画血），Whereas［helatterhalf
（4．2．3．2）dealswitherroneouscognition（bhramqijiana）・Bothhalvesaimatestablishing thattheexperiencedform（akara）belongstocognition，nOttOaneX【emalobject・
TheportionwetranslateistheflrSthalf，Which，tOgetherwiththeflrStSub−SeCtionofthe sec。ndhalf，WaSedi［edinKataoka（2003）．ThosewishingtofollowtheSanskritshould
download【heupdatedversionofKataoka（2003）fromhere：＜h［［p二／／wwwlit、kyushu−u・aC・jp／−kkataoka侃ataoka爪MvijR・pdf＞・
Structureofthepassage
Havinglookeda【theplaceofourpassagewithinthewidercon［extof［he
wenowfocusinon［hepassageitself・Itconsis［sOftwomainsec【ions：theparvqpakFain whichtheVij元豆nav5din［akescentres［age，andthesiddhanlainwhichtheNaiy豆yika，
Jayantahimself，refuteseachofthepolntSthathavebeenlaidou［inthepDrvqak＄a・We havenumberedthesetwosections3and4，Sincetheyareprecededbytwobriefsections a＝hebeginningofthepassage，One（1）makingcleartheconnectionofthispassagetothe
previoussectionoftheNydyama可ar［，andtheother（2）narrowingdownthepreciseissue【ha【istobedecidedin［heensulngdebateto［hefollowlngqueStion‥Dotheformswe
perceivebelong［ocognl【ionortoanex【ernalobject？
Inthepかvapak？aSeCtiontheVti百瓦nav豆dinglVeSnVebasicarguments：
1）Theposition［hatformbelongstocognitioninvoIveslesspostulation（3・1）・
2）Cogni［ionmustbeperceivedbeforeanobjectisperCeived（3・2）・
3．2．1 もecausei【is【heillumina【or；
3．2．2 BecausetherecanbenoobstacletoitbeingperCeived；
3．2．3 Beca11SeWeTeneCtOnObjectsasdependentoncognltion；
3．2．4 Thereforethereisnoneedtopostulateanobject（Separatefrom
COgni【iotl）ata11L
3）IffoITndidno［belongtocognition，therewouldbenowaytoexplainhowcog−
nitionisdifferentiatedwithrespecttoitsparticularobjects（pr8tikarmavyavas［ha）
（3，3）．
4）Cognitionandi［sobjectarenecessari1yperceivedtogether（sahopalambhani−
yama），［hereforetheyarenon−differen［（3・5）・
5）Con［radic［oIYPrOPerties（viT・uddhadharma）cannotbelong［00neandthesarne object，bu［theycanbelongtodifferen［cognitions（3・7）・
Siddh云n【a P凸Ⅳap桓a
4．1 3．7
4．2 3．Z
4．3 3．2．1
4．4 3．2．1
4．5 3．2．2
4．6 3．2．3
4．7 3．1
4．8 3．3
4．9 3．5
ThesiddFlantaaddressesonly［hosesectionsofthepdrvqpak？athatarguedagalnSt
B血maりicalrealism；itdoesnotconcemitselfwiththetwosectionsofthepdTVqPak？ain Which［heVij丘豆nav亘dinrefutedSalユtr豆ntikaviews．
WenowglVeade［ai1edsynopsISOfthewholepassage：
lConnectionwiththeprevioussection：・Cognltionqonly・dis［inguishedfromothernon−
dualisms．
2Doub【：Dotheformsweexperiencebelongtocognl【ionorobjects？
2・10bjectionfromtheNaiy島yikatotheV主j員云nav孟din：7broughdirec［PerCeP［ion etc・WegraSPanObject．
2・2¶lePreCiseissuethatseparatesus
2・2・1Iftwoformsappear7theNaiy5yikawins・
2・2・2Ifoneformappears，doesi（belongtotheobjec［orcognl【ion？
3P5rvapak亨a（Vij貢豆nav豆da）：Formbelongstocogniti6n．
3・1BecauseitinvoIveslesspostulation（kabandldghavdt）
3・1・1TheNaiy豆yikaspostulatedoublewhatwedo．
3・1・2Nosubstantialdifferencebetweennon−dualityofobjectandnon−
dualityofcognltion
− 289 −
− 288 −
3・1・3Cognltionisestablishedforbothofus・
3．2Cognltionmustbegraspedfirst・
3．2．1Becauseitistheilluminator
3．2．2Becauseitmustbegraspedattheverymomentthatitarises 3．23Becauseofreflection（p用iyavamaria）onanobjectasprecededby
COgnl【ion
3．2．4Therelevanceofcognltionbeinggraspedtothemainissue 3．2．4．1Agraspedcognltionhasform・
3．2．4．2Anexternalobjectisthereforeredundant・
3．3BecausecognltionscouldnotbeobjecトSPeCificiftheylackedform
3．3．1Aformlesscognltioncouldnotbefocusedononeparticularobject・
3．3．2Merelybeingcausedbyanobjectwi11notsumce・
3．33Conclusion：Havingablueo句ectiscausedbyhavingablueform・
3．3．4Consequence‥Justificationofthelabelpram申a 3．3．5Eveneverydayusageatteststocognltionhavingform・
3．3，6Conclusion：Theonlywaycognltioncouldbedelimitedwith respecttoitsobjectsisby．havingform・
3．4TheVij貢云nav豆dinRefutationoftheSautr豆ntikaView
3．4．1TheSautr豆ntikaViewthattheexternalobjectcanbeinferTed 3．4．2Cognltionisnotanalogoustoac【γStal・
3・4・3Theappearanceoftwoseparateforms
3A．4neinferenceofanexternalobjectisnotwarranted・
3．4．4．1Disagreementofnameonly
3，4・4・2Explicabilitywiththehelpoflatentimpressions
3．5Becauseanobjectisnecessarilyperceivedtogetherwithcognltion
3．5．1Becauseofpositiveandnegativeconcomitance3．5．20bjectandcognltionarenon−differenL
3．6RejectionoftheSautr豆ntikaviewthatformresultsfromcontact 3．7Contradictoryproperties
3．7．1Cannotcohabitinsingleobjects
3．7．2Buttheycanresideindifferentcognltions 3、8ConclusionofthePiirvapak与a
4Siddh豆nta
4．1nereisnonon−differencebetweenperceiverandperceived・
4．1，1Becausecontradictorypropertiescannotexisttogether
4・1．2EvenBuddhistsassumethedifferenceofperceiverandperCeived．
4・1・3Formsappeartousasobjectsofillumination，nOtaSilluminators，
4．2ThegrasplngOfanobjectrequlreSaperCeiver；butthatdoesnotmeanthatthe
PerCeiverisitselfgrasped・
4・2・10bjection：neaPpearanCeOftheperceiverJuStistheappearanceof
theobject・
4．2・2Reply：Cognltion，1iketheeye，isameans；meanSdonotmakethe
targetredundant．
4・2・30bjection：Eyeandcognltionaredisanalogous．
4・2・4Reply：Anillumirlationisanilluminationofanobject，nOtOfan illumination．
4・2・50句ection：Toseeanobject，COgnltionitselfmustbegrasped．
4．2・6Reply：TheseelngOfanobjectisthemerearislngOfcognltion，nOt
thegrasplngOfcognltion．
4・2・70bjection：nenthepresenceorabsenceofthecognltionwould makenodifference．
4・2・8Reply：ItmakesadifferencebecallSetheseelngOfanobjectJuStis
theocculTenCeOfacognltion．
4・3Theinstrumentalityofcognltion 4．4Cogni【ion sabili【y【oillumina【e
4．4・1hterpretationsof becauseitisanillumination 4．4．1．1Causal：becauseitmakesmanifest 4・4・1・2Intransitive：beingmanifest 4・4・1L3Synonym：beingacognltion 4・4・2Thereisnothingselfqilluminatlng，
4・4・2・10bjection＝nreeSelf−illuminatlngentities 4・4・2・2Reply：nethreerequlreeXtemalfactors．
4．4．2．3Conclusion
4・4・3PerceptlOnOftheselfisnotacaseofselfqillumination．
4・5Refutationof： cognltionisgraspedassoon asitarisesbecauseitdoesnot dependonanyfurtherilluminationandbecausetherecanbenoobstruCtion
4・5・1AcausalcomplexisrequiredforcognlZlngaCOgnltion．
4・5・2ThedifferencebetweenM了m豆rps豆andNy豆yaconcerningthewayln
Whichacognltionisgrasped
4・6Responsetotheargumentfromrenectiononanearliercognition（avamal・fa）
4．7ResporlSetOtheclaimoflesspostulation
4・7・1Anexternalobjectisnotpostulatedbutdirectlyperceived．
一 290 − ーユ91一
5−9 Doesformbelong【ocognl【ior10rO叫ec［？ 2．2 10ab Tocogni【ion．Forwha［reason？ 3
10cd−1ユ Iftheextemalobjec［isposi［ed【ohaveform，［hena 3．1．1
separa【eperceiYermuS【山云obeposi【d．
13−14 Ifyoutryandavoid［hisdoublepostula【iont）ySaylrlg 3．1．2
【ha［theobjectis［heperCeiver，［henwearedisagree一 1ngOnlyaboutTlameS・
15−17 Al山oughcogn最onistr卸Spa托ntinnaturらitappears asifvanega［edbecauseofla［en［impressions．
18−19c Cognl【ionises［ablishedforbo［hdispu［an【S，［herefore 3．1．3
a［［ribu［ingfo皿【oi【invoIveslesspos［ula［ion
19c −ユ0 Evenifyoupostulateanexternalobjec【，yOu／S［i11have
【opos［ula［eCOgr11【ionwi【hfom．
21−22 Cogni【ionistheillumi11a［or；【hereforei［mus（be 3．2．1 graspedinorderfortheillumina［ed［obegrasped．
23−27 Therecanbenoobs［acle［ocognl【iont）Qinggraspeda［ 3．2．2 血eve叩mOment血titarises．
一29 Wereflec【onanobjec［asprecededt）yCOgnLtion． 3．2．3
30 LingulS［icusageindicatestha［COgnl〔ionhasfo皿．
3l Cognl【ionisgrasped；aJldi［carlnO［begraspe4as 3．2．4．1 fo汀山ess．
32 Sinceaform−COn［ainlngCOgni【ionlSgraSPed，and 3．2．4．2 SirLCeWeOnlygrasponeform，Wha［needisthereto
POS【ula【c弧eX【ernalo叫ec【？
33−34 Removalofpossibleo叫ec［ions［0［heargumen［a［ion inYerSeS31−32
Ifcognltionlackedform．［herewouldbenoway［0 3．3
explaini［sobjec［−SPeCifici【y（pJt7tikarmani）Ⅵma）．
35−39 Re九l【a【ionof山eSaは［r亘n亡速星Yi巳W出ata点已又Ieヱn裏 つノ Objec【causesform［oen［ercognl【ion
Objec［andcognl【ionarenecessari1yperCeived［0− 3．5
ge【her（∫αんopα〜αlれ抽αゆαmロ）；山鳥rdoretheyare non・di晩ren【．
40−55 Refu［a［ionof［heSau［rむ1tikaviewtha［fo皿isa 3．6 PrOduc［ofthecon［ac【be［weer10bjec［ZLndcogni【ion
5（i Refutationof［heSau［【豆n［ikaviewtha［Ob］eC【and COgnition，【houghdis［inc【．areno［perCeivedassuch
OWlng【0【heir此eness
57 Cognl【iondoesno［dependorlanObjec［．
4・7・2Response［otheclaim［hatcognltionisestablishedforbothofus 4．8Response［0【heargument［ha［cognl【ion so可ec［−SPeCifici【ylmPlies山a［i［has form
4．8．1neobjecトSPeCifici［ycanbeexplained【hroughcausallink・
4．8．2neres［ric［ionisbasedon［hena［ureofthings．
4．83ProofthatcognltioniscausedbyanObject
4．8．4newholecausalcomplexisthemosteffectivefactor・
4．8．5Conven【ionalExpressions
4・9Responsetothenecessaryco−PerCePtlOnargument
4．9．1Iftwo［hingsareac［uallyone，howcantheybe 【oge［her ？ 4．9．2neyareno【apprehendedby（hesamecognl【ion．
4．9．3Vij舶nav哀dinsalsoaccep［［hedifference・
JayantaandKum5ri1a（1）
Welookedaboveat【hesyrlChroniccon【eX【ofourpassage，i・e・i【splacewi［hinthe坤aya−
ma＊a咋WenOWlookatitsdiachroniccon【eXt，i．e・i［SPlacewithinadebatetha［already hadahistoryofoYertheehundredyears．Jayanta smostiT【皿ediateinfluenceinthisde−
bateisKum和ila．Hedrawssoheavilyon【heSdnyavada5chap［erOfKumari1a，sSloka−
Vdrttika，thatasubs［an［ialpor［ionofourpassageconsis［sOflittlemorethanparaphras−
ings ofKum豆ri1a s verses．Ka［aoka s（2003）edi［ionincludesin asepara［e apparatus thoseS虎nyavadaversesthatareclearlysourcesofsentencesinthe時点yama和arL We
givehereatableofcorrespondencesbe［Ween［he［opICSCOVeredirlthep虎rvapak？aSeC−
tionsofbothtexts．
nestruCtureOfKum豆rila sandJayan［a spdrvqpak？aS
∫わ」払vかJ一泡】 Topic 坤dγαm（l可即r
誼托ツαV丘（ねYerSe SeC【10n
1一−4 Connectionwithwhatprecedes
SurelyyourVij員云nav豆dinpositionisrefutedbydirec［ 2．1 PerCeptlOn・
5Thetermf加yavadarefersherenottothedoctrineofemptlneSSOftheM豆dhyamikas，bu［［0［he viewtha【COgnitionis emptyof ／ devoidof objects（arthafiinya），i・eLthatitneitherperceives，nOr COntainsrepresen［ationsof，eX【emalobjects．Kum豆rilausesthe［ermbecausehisS血yav丘dachap【er commentsonthepaLtOftheSabarab］LゆaPatbegins助yastzLbraLyayab］・katham？a勅qfhana−
yorakかabhed叩nOPatab］zamahe（28，14）．Formoreontheuseofthetermf（LTtyaVadEntoreferto Yog云C云ras／Vij貢云nav5dinsrather［hanM豆dhyamikas，SeeWatson（2006：259，nOte9）・
− 293 −
・292 −
58一石l Contradic［orypropertiescanno［belong［00neandthe 3．7 SameObject．
62J3 Conclu封OnOfthりか叫函桓 3．8
Sition［hoseDhamakirtianinnovations thatwereno【presen［inDign豆gaandhencenot
takenintoconsiderationbyKum豆ri1a・
JustasJayanta sresponsetoVij云豆nav豆dawasheavilyinfluencedbyapredecessorwithin hisownBr豆hmapicaltradition，SOKumarila sresponse［0Vij丘豆nav豆dawasheavi1yinflu−
encedbyapredecessorwithinhisownMim云叩Sakatradi［ion，namely［heVrt［ikara，Ofl whoseaccountintheSabarab極yahisSanyavadachap【ercomments．9
TheEarlierHistoryoftheDebate
Ourhypo［hesisconcernlngthehis［oryof［hisdebatecan［husberepresen［edby［hefol−
Empty boxesin【heright−hand columnindicate［hatJayanta hasignored a sec［ion of Kum豆ri1a s；emPtyboxesin theleft−handcolumnindicatethatJayan［ahashimselfin−
Sertedasection tha［hehas notinheritedfromKum豆ri1a．TherearethreecasesofthelatL
ter，bu［［he且rstofthese（SeCtion2．1）ismisleadingforJayantaistheresummarizingthe argumentofKum豆ri1a sNir丘Zambanav丘dachapter．ThusitcanbesaidthatJayantade−
rivestheentires［ruCtureOfhispdTrVqPakダafromKum豆ri1a，eXCePtfortwoextrasections thatheinserts，Onegivingtheargumentftom theobject−SPeCificityofcognition，6brati−
karmavyavasth6），andtheothergivingtheargumentfrom thenecessaryco−PerCeption
（SahopaZambhaniyama）ofcognitionanditsobject．Asiswellknown，bothofthesear−
gumen［sorlglna［eWithDharmak‡rti，andindeedJayantacitesDharmakirtiinbothofthese
SeC【10nS．
ThesearenottheonlyplaceswhereJayanta updates Kum豆ri1a saccountbyimportlng argumen【sfromDharmakirti．ForexamplehisSautr豆ntika−Critlqueinsec［ion3．4hardly drawsonthecorrespondingsectioninKum豆ri1a，butfocusesra［herontheepIStemOloglCal COmPlica［ionsinvoIvedininferringexternalobjectsasthecauseofforTnSWithincognl−
tion・Whetherandhowthepositiveandnegativeconcomitancethatwouldsupportsuch CauSationcouldbegrasped，issuesdiscussedbyDhamakIrti，takecentrestageinthissec−
tionwhichalsoci［esDhamlak‡rti．Simi1arlyJayanta sconclusiontothep虎rvqpa桓adoes no［drawon Kum豆rila s corresponding section，butoutlines Dharmakirti s specincal1y Yog豆cara charac［erization of cognltion s object，meanS and result，and of the nonL differenceof［hesethree．HeretooDhar7nakirtiversesarecited．
Inthefirs［threeou［of［hesefourcases，namelytheargumentsftompratika，・maVyaVaSthLi andsahopaZambTlaniyama，andtheintricaciesoftheSautr豆ntikainferenceofextemalob−
JeCtS，itcanbesaid tha［Jayantadraws onDharmakfrtiforthings［hatwereeitherno【
elaborateda［a11，OrnOtelaboratedassystematically，byDign豆ga・7Kum豆rilawasaware oftheideasofDign豆ga；his血nyavddachaptertakesaccountofthem，8butitshowsno familiarltyWithDharmak7rti．Thelatterhadbecomesufficien［1yprominentbythetimeof JayantaforhimtoconsideritnecessarytoinsertintohisaccountoftheVij茄nav豆dinpo−
Buddhistauthorsareshownon［heright；thosewhoopposed【hemontheleft・Anarrow
fromone au［horto ano［herindicates［ha［［he丘rstinfluenced，Oratleas［was takeninto accountby，thesecond．
ThuswepositDign豆gaasthestar【1ng−POlntOfdlispar【iculardebate・Dign豆gaarguesthat COgnltionariseswithadouble−form；itcontainswithini［selfappearancesofbo【hsubjec［
andobjectノO TheLaction，ofcogmiingdoesnotinfactinvoIveanyactivity（VyaPara）at
9AcompLicationshouldbepointedouthere・TheVrLtika7・agranEha−thesectlonwithin［he SabarabTz申yainwhichSabara，havingglVenhisowncommen［aryonsQtrasl．1，1−5，thencitesthe COmmentaryOftheVrttik豆ra−ぺOnSistsofacommentaryonsD【rasl．1．3−5，Bu［Ⅹum5rilaa［tributes
［hisVr（EikLiragrallEha−aPa＾fromtheverybeginnlngPOrtionwhichhecommen［sonin［he［enverSeS ofiloたuvarttika，Vr（（ikiiragmTZ（Tza（Madrasedition）−［0畠abara，nO［theV押ik5ra：SeeSLokavar（（ika，
nLralambanavdda16；Jacobi（1911：16）andTeraishi（1997）．Xum豆ri1a，sSz7nyatiidachapterthus commen［sonapartofi［tha【hea［tribu［es（tenden［iously）to畠abara．
10 seef，rα〝ゆd∫α椚〃CC叩 叫Jfadl‥9a（dvy∂抽丘∫叩んり斤血 ′…如みdJe∫而如由脚l巾d沖−
bh∂saT77Ca）andadl：11abc．ForatranslationandanalysisofPranl申asamuccayal：8cd−12andvrEEi thereon．seeKellner（forthcomingA）．
6weborTOW【hisfelicitousexpressionfromBirgi［KellneL
7ThefourthpolntLDharmakir［i・sYog豆c云raidentifica［ionoftheobjec［．meanSandresultof COgnition−isa】readythereinDign云ga，WhoJayantaalsocitesitlthatfinalsection．
8由nyav∂da25b，−27seems［obebasedqn［heinhi［eregresSargumen［a［Pmm申asanuLCCaya l：12ab；5iinyav丘da28−29seemstobebasedotlthememoryar各umentforcognitionbeingperceived atPran房pasamLLCCayal：1lcd（SeeSeC［ion3．2．30f［he［ranslationin［hisar［icle）．
− 294 −
ー 295 −
坤∂ブロ椚β和汀rSeCtion jJo払而J・JJ胞】
∫痴〃ツdγd血Ⅴ耶6
2．2 2，6，8−づ
3 10ab
う．1．1
3．1．2 13−14
う．1．う 18−19c
3．2 21a
3．2．1 ユ1tl−−22
3．2．2 23−27，191a
3ユ．3 28
3．2．4 31−32
3．3．1 19c −−ユ0
3．3．5 30
3．4．2 38
3．4．4 219cd
3．4．4．2 15ニ17
3．5．1 53
3．6 42，47，51
3．7．1 58−59，61卑b
3．7．2 61cd
al1，1Lforthesubjec［andobjec［of［hat action，areno【separate；theyaremerelytwoas−
PeCtSOfthesamecognl［ion・Noristhemeansofcognltionseparatefromtheresult；We
aredealingwi［hsome［hingwhichcomesintoexistencefu11yformedasaunitarywhole，
andwhichonlyonthelevelofling111SticanalysISCanbedividedintoo叫ec（，meanSand result・Insofarasthesethreecanbeseparated，【heob3ectbrameya）is theobject−pOle
（viざayakara，grd71ydkara）within cogni【ion，（he means（クram申a）is the subject−pOle withincogni［ion（grahakakdra），and【heresultbramarlqPhala）isthecognition scogni−
tion ofi（Self（svasaT7ZVedana，SVaSa7ZVitti）．12 Thus there are two cen［raltheses of Dign豆ga sthatremainedrelevan［inthedd）ate（hroughout（hefollowlngCen［uries：COgnl−
tionhastwoforms（Su叫ec［−POleandoqect−POle）anditisself−COgnized．13
ThcVrttik豆ra，prObablyinawarenessofDign豆ga，OPpOSeSVii丘孟nav豆daby（aking（hefol−
lowingpositions：Ⅰ【isex【emalob5ectsandnotcogni［ionsthathavetheforms（aka，・a）we perceive・Ourcognltionisformless・14Itisno【cognizedwhenitarises・15ItisimperCepL tible・16＝eidentifiesthepreciseissuethatdifferentiatestheBuddhistandMim云I71Saka viewsastheques［ionofwhathastheformsweperceive：Objectsorcognltion．Itisthus
OWlngtOhimthatthewaythedebatebe［weenidealismandrealisminIndiacame［obe
Characterizedwasin［ermsOf［hisquestionabou［akara．ThiswasregardedasthecruCial questionbyKum豆rilaandJayan［aforexample．
CommentlngOnthispassageof［heVr［tik豆ra，Kum豆rilabo【hexpounds andrefu（es（he Buddhistviewinmorede（ail．ProbablyawareofKumarila scriticisms，Dharmakir［ire−
・eStablishes（he Buddhis［view，prlmarilyin the Pram申avarttika−a COmmen［ary on Dign豆ga sPram申asamuccayaqandthePram申aviniScaya・Jayanta，aSWehavealready
Seen，refutestheBuddhistviewmainlybyrecourse［oKum豆ri1a sdiscussion，butalsoby expoundingandrespondingto【heposトDign瓦gaargumen［sintroducedbyDharmakirti．
JayantaandKumari1a（2）
Theprevioustableillus［ra［edthestructuralrelationshipbetweenJayanta，sandKum豆ri1a，s Pdrvapak！aSeCtionsbyshowingwheretheirsec［ionscorrespondedandwheretheydid not・Inordertofacilita［eafullerplCtureOfhowJaYantamOuldsand＄埋P！ementshisiTL−
heritancefromKum豆rila，【hat［ableneedstobesupplemen（edbyanothershowingthose PreCiseversesofKum云rila swhosewordingJayantapicksupon・Weconfineo11rSelves heretooto【hepdTrVaPak！aSeCtionalone・
¶1efollowlngtWOpOln［s，Whichbecomeclearif（heinformationinthistableiscombined wi［h（hatintheprevious，are［obeno【ed・
1）Even the ex【rasec［ionsno【foundinKum瓦ri1a（ha［Jayan［ainser［shimself，namely thoseconceming［heargumenisfromtheobiec［−SPeCincityofcognl［ionand【henecessary co−PerCeP［10nOfobjec［andcognl［ion，drawonversesby馳m豆rila・nlisisasymptOmOf
【hefac［（hatDharmakirtididnotcreatethesetwoargumentsoutofnothing；theyhada pre−historypartofwhichfindsexpressionintheSlokavarttika（in・forexample，VerSeS 19c，−20and53）．t7
11seepram申asa LuCCayal：8cdandvrttithereon；andthevrE｛ionl‥9d，・
12seepram申a∫a，TuLCCayal：10，WhichJayantacitesinsection3・8・
ユseeノ）rd′呵α∫d棚上CC叩V坤adl：11c‥J甜】lddα∫†相加卸涌節血叩肌Ⅷ叫叩ゆ油化．
1d由占αrα地軸〟28，17‥，lfrd肋∂J上川￠ムL｛ 肋乱
17FormoTeOnthepTe−historyofthesa′叩alambhanLyEZmaargumerl［asrenec【ediLIKum豆rila、
seeTaber（forthcoming）；forthepre−his［OryOftheaTgumenLaSreneC【edinSadypjyo［is，SeeWa［SOn
（2006：260−26乳
∫∂占αJ◆d抽申yd28，20−30，1：岬α（り（鞘項ndfvd占nut♭以d助呵ノ痛みdJビ．‥iJfッ〟みとり′gJd，ねJ川〃；
30，5−6：画Ⅳdmム dd仙・呵叩ゆ昨晩一拍加西れ叩l劇物血．
16由ムαrβ地軸α30，9：dpr叫殖∂如 d動乱
− 297 −
＿ 296 −
ConventionsintheTranslation
rmetranslationisglVeninthisfonトSize．
Interspersedwiththetranslationareourcommentsandexplanations，inthisfont−Size・
Thesectiondivisionsandtheheadingsarenotintheorlglnal；theyareourown・Ourin−
tentioninincludingthemistomakethestruCtureOftheargumentmoreexplicitandthe
meanlngeaSiertofollow．
PhilologlCalpolntSthatarenotpertinenttotheinterpre［ationoftheargumenthavebeen
SeParatedofffromtheother（foot−）notesandputinendnotes．
Numbersseparatedbyacolonrefertochapterandverse；thoseseparatedbyacomma
refertopageandlinenumber；thoseseparatedbyfu11stopsrefertosectionsorsBtras・Interpretativeinsertions required to comple［e thesenseofa sentence are enclosedin Squarebrackets．ExplanatorylnSertionsthatgobeyondwhatisnecessarytocompletethe SenSebyglVlngadditionalinformationareinsertedinroundbrackets．Theformerusually SuPPlyEnglishwordsthatcouldhavebeenexpressedintheSanskritsentencebutwere
not．rrTlereareSOmeborderlinecaseswherethechoicebetweensquareandroundbrack−etshasbeenarbitrary．
Wehavenotrenderedi（icetwhenitmerelyindicatesaspeaker−Change．Wesimplyput insquarebracketsthenameofthespeakereachtimethereisachange，Whetheritisindi−
CatedbyiLfcetornot．
Wehaveaimedfortheadmittedlyextremelydifficult，Perhapsunachievable，gOalofpro−
ducingatranslationthatissufficientlyclosetotheSanskritforittobeclearwhatprecise
SyntaCticrelationshipsweseeintheonglnal，yetatthesametimeissufficiently read−able forthosenotcomparlngittotheSanskrittobeabletofo1lowdleargumentS・
Inthosecaseswhere，forthesakeofreadabili［y，Wehaveoptedforasomewhatfreetrans−
1ationthatdoesnotmakeexplicithowwehavetakentheSanskritsyntax，Wehavein−
Cludedanendnote．
2）JayantasometimesborrowsideasfromKum盃rilabutplacesthemincompletelydifftr−
ent contexts to thatin which they occurin theSlokavarLtika．TTleideas expressedin
VerSeS15−17and19c 一20，forexample，areremOVedfromdleironglnalhomeofthear−
gumentfrom economy of postulation，and placed byJayantain，reSpeCtively，his Sautr瓦ntika−refutationandhisargumentfromtheobjecトSPeCincityofcognition．Simi−
1arlythepolntmadeinverse30isremovedfromitsroleasanappendixtotheargument
fromreflection（クarLimaria）onano叫ectassubsequenttocognitionandplacedwithinthe argumentfromtheobject−SpeCificityofcognltion．Jayanta sareaofgreatestdivergencefromKum豆rilaiscertainlyhisexpositionandrefuta−
tionofDharmakTrtianargumentsofwhichKum如ilawasunawaTe・Buthisotherinn9Va−
tions are not restricted to themovlng arOund ofwhat was already therein Kumari1a．
Sometimesheunpacks whatisinKum亘rila，makingexplicitwhatisimplicit・Atother
timesheaddsinnewstepsnotpresentinhissource；neWObjectionsandresponsesare
insertedintoasequenceofargumentationthatcomesfromKum豆rila．ThuseveninthosePlaceswhereheisclearlybasinghimselfonargumentsfoundinKum5rila，heexercises Creativltyinthewayheexpoundsthosearguments．
On one occasion（4．5．2）he disagreeswith Kum豆rila．He temporarily suspends his Vi錘盃nav云daTrefutationinordertoexplainhowhisownNaiy亘yika【raditiondivergesfrom theM了m豆rpsakaviewthatcognl【iorlisimperceptibleandcanonlybeinferred・Buthe thenimmediately states， Enoughofthis talk！Whyatpresentdowehaveto attack a Brahmincolleague，1ettirlgaBuddhistoffthehook？
SoheseesthedifferencesbetweenNy豆yaandMim豆甲S亘asinslgnificantwhencompared
withthemoreurgenttaskofdefeatlngtheBuddhists；forthatpurposetheMim5rpsakas
areimportant allies．Jayanta s finalremarkofthe erLtireVij貢豆nav亘da section demonq StrateSWellhisattitudetowardstheBuddhists．
1tiseither empty −mindedpeopleorcharlatanswhoexhibitthisattachmenttothe theoryofthe emptiness ［ofcognition］，nOtSeerSOfreality．Thereforethetheory Ofthenon−dualityofcognition，tOO，Wheninvestigated，tumSOuttObelikeami−
18・ rage」uStlikethetheoryofthenonTdualityof［heWnrdAndrhplik−p19
L且Ⅰ・e・itdoesnotstanduptoscrutlnyanditlacksabasisinreality・
−9坤∂ツ けl 種IrrⅡp．519．8−11＝
馳埠両肌描扇叫画伯町抽甲而血四両叩血両
脚ⅥJか叩dp r句中Vβ〃d山拍Jルか血血「血石∽lI Jd∫椚点上ク ′・和四血中り叫恒混成ゆ血涙J叩埴αVα／】
vむ汚加∂〟vd血♪坤0セノgβ′ldJ王即l′皿 gdr∂ソロJe」靂
＼√＼
− 299 −
ー 298 −
TRANSLATION20
1Connectionwiththeprevioussection：
Cognltion−Only distinguishedfromothernon−dualisms・
Thus a11theproponentsofnon−duality［whohavebeenrefutedin theprevious SeCtion−Ved豆ntinswhoholdthenon−dualityofBrahmanandVaiy豆karapaswho holdthenon−duality oftheWord−】havebecomesilent；the［Buddhist］propo−
nentsofthenon−dualityofcognition，however，aSSer［themselvesagainagains［［us Naiy云yikasinthefo1lowingTnanner］：
Here4noEl−duali［yofX7−¶hetherX＝Bral1man，theWordorcognltion−meanStheviewthateverything in止IeuIliverseisX．
［Vij貢豆nav亘din：］Itistruethata［supposed］Bral1manthatlacksbirthandcessation，［ha［is Slngle，unlimitedandnon−dual，isnotlogical，SOitisabsolu［elyreasonableno【toaccept it．Butasforcognition（vdjianam．．．tu）pwhichismotnen［ary，i∫Charac【eri乙edbybirth andcessation，andoccurssequential1yinabeginninglessstream−italone（eva）appearSin thisandthatway（i．e．asapot，Clothetc．）．Thereforewethink［hat（itipa3yLima！l）other thanitthereisnosecondsupposed［entity］inthefomofanobject．21
TbeVij舶nav豆dinpu［shisformofnon−dualismforwardasmorelogicalthanOtherfoms，forheaccepts JuS［cognltion，SOmethingreadilyaccep【edbyeveryone，nO【afancifu1me【aphysicalpostula［e，Bral1man・
SuPpOSedlyuntouchedbycharacteristicsweseeeverywheresuchascomlngintoexistenceandceaslng・
Cognltionappearlngindifferen［formsisal1tha［isneeded【oeXplainourexperience・
2Dolユbt：Dotheformsweexperiencebelongtocognltionoro切ects？
2▲10切ectiorlfromtheNaiy豆yika［0血eVij6豆nav豆dirl：Th∫OughdirectperCep［10n e［c．wegraspanobject．
【Naiy豆yika：］But［we］have alreadyshown22thatwhatweexperience，throughvalid meansofknowledgesuchasdirectperteptlOn，aretheuniqueformSOfo叫ectswhichare
mu［uallydissimi1ar・Sohowcanitbethatitiscognition［ratherthand叫ects］thathasthis
appearanCe，forintheabsenceofobjectstheseunlqueformswouldbeimpossible？For
WetermCOgni［ion［hegrasplngOfobjec［s，nO【thegraspingofgraspingl
Jayantahasalreadyshown，When aLgulngagains【MandanaMi吉ra，山a［whatwegrasp血roughdirect PerCeP［ionbTtZLyakFa）and【heothermeansofknowledgeisdifferen［ia［ed（bhLnna），nO［unifoml．tle POln［sou［here［ha［ifwedoawaywi［hex［emalobjec［s，Wedoawaywi山【heobviousexplana［ionof
【hisdifferen［iation・TTLeimplicationisthatcognltion，aSCOgnltion，islhesamewithrespecttoallofi【s Otjec［s；Pluralityer）［ersourexperiencebecausecogni［ionconfron［SaPlurali［yOfobjec［s．Ifallween−
COuntered were cc・gnltion，We WOuld experience an unchanglngmOnO【OneOramereblank，nO【the mul【i−COlotlredandconstantlyshif［iElgforms［ha【soObvi011Slyappear［ous・
Jayan［aconcludesbypoln［1ngOll［ha［山isprocessofapprehendingaplurali【yOHormsiswhatwe［erm thegrasplngOfobjects ；Wedonottermit thegrasplngOfgrasplng ．
2・2Thepreciseissuethatseparatesus
［Vijぬnavadin：】［We］reply［asfollows］・Firstthefollowingmatterneedstobeexamined：
DoesoneformaPpearOrtWOintheseperceptualcognl［ions− ［hisisblue ，LthisisyelT
low −Whicharise［foreveryone］？
2・2・1Iftwoformsappear，theNaiy豆yikawins．
Iftwoappearq thisistheobject‥blue and thisisitscognltion −thenwhatisthere［O investigateinthismatter？Youwi11havewon；Pleasebes［oWOnmethe［punishmen［］［hat isappropnatefor［hedefea【ed．
Fromhereonthediscussionproceedsontheassump［10n［ha［OnlyonefolmaPPearS・Furthermore，Jay−
an［arefersback【0【hissec［ionass［a［ing【ha［［woformsdono【appear（seefoo【nOteS69and97）．mus eventhotlgh［hissectiondoesnotexplicitlyrehltethepossibilitythattwoformsappear，Jayantaseesit asdenylng【ha［possibili［ybyimplica［ion．ma［［woformsappear［ousissoclearlynot【hecasethatit
Canbedismissedjustwi山山isjokeabotl［［heapproprla［epunislmen［forthedefea［ed．If［wofoms appeared・therewouldbenoroomforinves［1ga【ion‥theNaiy豆yikaposi［ionwouldobviouslybecorrect・
Thereason［ha＝hiswholedeba［earisesis【ha［onlyoneformappears・23
20Thetransla［ionisbasedonthetextaseditedbyKataoka（2003），anupdatedversionofwhich isavailableat＜http：〟www・1it・kyushu−u．aCjp／−kkataoka／KataokaJNMvijR・Pdf＞・
21Jayantaishereechoing［hewordingof（heVrt［ik豆ra：LadbIzinnamar／IwLip叩Ⅷ如 呵〃胤扉血可（∫丘ム口和抽丘丹828，15−16）．
ユユ Inthecontex［ofrefu［ing［heVed5n［icnon−dualismofBrahmanearlierin［hisa′lnika‥lasmad fJ8rgJ8r8Vfv血dタロdかJAがV（汀申αgr丘んれ融和丘ム鳥eddVfざdツ叩If）mりα桓α軋血占d由Illm融αツ0＝11∫αm一 占口和助8gJ・8たd〝丘♂血8∫Vd叩dツβVツ句フかdツOrムんeddmβ門地J・叩d∫ソロ′・中洲＝m＝痛血叫如山〟日払
抽丘v叩‖ガIe血vi叩ツかeva（め丘ッ卿l殉8rFⅡp．47l，9−12）．
ThereforeperceptlOndoesno【havenon−differenceasi【sob］ec【，becausei［graSPSparticular formsof山ings山a［aredis［inc［fromeacho【her．Asforspeechandinference，【heirveryna［uresare
notpossiblewithou【difference，func【ionlngaS［heydo【oward【heirownobjectsindependenceon
【he【prior］graspingofrela［ionships【be［weenplurali［ems，i．e．wordsandmeanings−in［hecaseof SPeeCh−andlogicalreasonsandproper［ies［obeproved−in［hecaseofinference］．Thereforethese
【WOalsocer［ainlyhavedifferenceastheirobjects．
2ユ meidea［ha［wedono【perceive［wOsepara【eforms，OneOf［heobjectandoneofcogni【ion
goesback atleast to th巳Ⅴ叩ik豆ra：Ⅳ血￠諭1ロック「丘払・〟紬ed叩川叩dJ8助加l〟んg（鮎加m鋸嘩叩 28，14）・I［isvoiced【hereby【heVij貞hav豆dinopponen［，SOPerhapsi【goesfurtherbacktoaBud−
dhis［sol】rCeknown［o［heVrt［ikaJ・a．
ー 301−
− 300 −
2・2・2Ifoneformappears，doesitbelongtotheo切ectorcognltion？
Ifjustonefomappears：thenthereisroomforinves（1ga（ion：Towhatdoesthisformbe−
long？Theobjectorthecognltion？Andwhenthisfo皿isthusinvestlgated，ifitbees−
tablishedthatitbelongstotheobject，（henyouwillwin．Butif（heviewthattheform belongstocognition［isestablished］，WeWillbevictorious．
ThecruCialpolnt［Obede［erminediswhe［herfomsweperceivesuchas blue belong【0aneX［ernal ObJeCtOr［ocognl【ioni［Self．Howdoes［hisbearontheNaiy豆yikaobjec［ionin2．1？Itrendersi［irrele−
Van［bymovlngthedeba【e［oamorefundamentallevel．nefactthatwe・PerCeive，aPluralityofdiffer−
en［fomlS，Whichwasgivenin2．1asapieceofprEmajhcieevidenceEortheexis［enceofobjec【sexler−
nalto cognl【ion，Can nOW be seen［O be compa［iblewith no［only the Naiy哀yika，bu［also the
Vijahav5dinposition・Forifformbelongstocognition，Wehaveanexplanationofthepl一ユralityofour experience［hatdoesno［requlreeX【emalobjec［s．
Thefac【tha［weperceiveaplurali［yofdifferen［fomswasabe［［erargumentsagalnS［［heview【ha［We
perceiveonlyBrahman，forBrahmanisone，formlessandpadless．1h［cognl【1Onisdifferen［ia［ed，and ifitcaninctudeformswi［hinitself．［henperceivlngOnlyi［isqui［ecompa［iblewithperceivLngaPluraL
ltyOffoms．
Thsthedebateeadlierinthischapterofthe［ex［abou［whetherwhatappearS［ousisnon−differerlCe
（M叩如na Migra s Advai［a Vedh［a view）or plurality（Jayanta s view）is nowirre，le，Vant，for the Vij元云navadinagreeswi［hJayan［aon［ha［poin［．nedeba［ehasshif［ed［oaconsidera【ionofwhe［her【his pluralityisbes［accOun［edforbyregardingl［asbelonglng［oex［emalobJeC［sorcognl［ionitself．
3P江rvapak早a（V斬血av瓦da）：Formbelongstocognition．
【Question：】First【then］，Whichoutofthese［（WOViews］iscorrect？
tVij昆云nav豆din：］［Theviewthat］thisformbelongs（OaCOgnition．
【ques【ion：］Wly？
3．1．2Nosubstantialdifferencebetweennon−dualibTOfo切ectandnon−dualityof
COgni【ion
Ifitismaintained［byanopponen（OfourV可貢豆nav豆da］thatitis［he［external】ob3ec（iト self，bynaturean0叫ectofperception，thatistheperceiver，thenthat［objec［］wouldbe nothingotherthan【helight［ofconsciousness】，SOthedisagreement［betweenus］would
COnCemnameSOnly・
Whatwould［hemotiva［ionbeforanOPPOElen［［Omain［aina［［hisjunCturethattheexternalobjectisthe PerCeiver？nepoln［is［ha［SuChanopponent，despi【ebeiElganOn−dualis［and［husavoidingthecharge
ofpostulatlngmOrethanoneth皿g，emPhasizestheexternali［yofha［Onething・Thusheisinaposi［ion
［ohold［ha［formbelongs［osome［hingex［ernalwithou［requlrlnga11ydoublingofpostulation・
［Objection：】nereisadifferenceowingto【thefact山atyourcognitionis】internaland
【ournon−dualobjectis］extemal．
［Vij丘豆nav豆din：］Ohyouwhoarebelovedofthegods，howknowledgeableyouareabout differences！Theexternalityofaperc＄ivedo叫ectconsis［sinitsbeingsepara【efroma perceiver；11extemali【ylSnOtWithrespec（toabody．Andiftheperceiverisheldtobe absolutelynon−differentfromtheobject（arEhdE），theperceived（grdhyLu），thenthe［ob−
ject】（asya）wouldnotbeseparatefromthe［perceiver］（lala！z）；SObecauseitwouldnotbe externalitwouldbenothingother【hancognition．Sohowcould【hisnotbe［merely］a
disputeaboutnames？
Even［houghapo【OCCuPleSadifferen［spa［ialloca［ionfrom［ha［ofmybody，ifitwereno［SePara【e
fromtheperCeiveri【wOuldElO［beex【emaい［wouldbeof山ena［ureOfcognition，Whichisprecisely OurVij氏如av誠inposition・
Whois［hisopponen［who［ries［odifferen［ia［ehisnon−dualismfromVi西独avadaonthegro11ndsthat wha［he claims to exis［is external？Jayantaisliftlng山is posi［ion from the discussionin the SlokavaT・1放a，andinXum云rila stimenon−dualisticSaivismhadno［ye［developed，PerhapsKum豆rila hadinmindsomes［rand ofVed豆n【a according［owhich［he textemal worldofperceivedobjects
（gr6hya）isrealbecauseitisidenticalwi［hBrahman．
3．1．3Cognitionisestablishedforbothofus．
Becausecognitionises（ablishedforboth［ofusdisputants］，thisfomshouldbelongtoit・
Forabout［theexistenceof］cognition，nOOnedisagrees．Thereforei（isrationaltha［this formbelongtocognitionitself（Easyaiva）．For［asiswellknown］ Postulatingonething
isbetter（hanpostulatlngmany・・Z4
Thetextre［urnShere［0［hemainissue，namelywhetherformbe・longstothe・Objectorthecognltion・ne inferenceofthissec［ion（3．1）is［ha［avoidanceofunnecessa丹amOun［SOfpos［ula［ionleads［othecon−
Clusion［ha［i［belongs［ocognl［ion．neopponen［holding［henon−duali【yof［heobjec［pOSedathrea［［0
3・1BecauseitinvoIveslesspostulation（kak，andlaghavdt）
【V埴血av5din：］Becausetheextentofpostulationisless［onourview】．
3・1．1TheNaiy豆yikaspostulatedoublewhatwedo．
Toexplain（hi），intheviewthatformbelongstotheobject，theobject，beinginsentientby na（ure，isincapableofillumina【ing［itselfいhereforesomeotherperceivermustnecess云r−
ilybepostula（ed，becauseotherwisethe［insentiento切ec［］wouldnotbegrasped．Thus
［idyourposi（ion］（hereisdoublethepostulation［tha‖hereisinours］．
つ4 Almostanexactquoteof恥m五山la．See∫わた8Vかナナ勉励ッdV∂血18血：d′【血たゆ8月勾∂∫cd ノ．I小・【−、ヾ川．、・止血小川1・
− 302 − − 303 一
【hisinference，for［houghpostula［1ngOnlyonething7hewass［i11inaposi［ion［Oa［［ribu［eform［0［he object．Havingdealtwith［hatopponen［，theV可丘havadincaLICOnCludethissec［ionbyreaffirminghis algumen［tha［ifwewaLl［［oavoidcontroversialpos［ula【ion，WemuS［aSSlgnformtocognl【ion．forcogT
nitionisacceptedbybothsides，Whereasanex【emalobjec［isno【・
ando［herluminousbodieswithoutalsoapprehendingthosesourcesofillumina−
【ion・Inthecaseof［hemoon，mOS［of［he［imeitisn tevenpossible［oaPprehend thesunwhichisilluminlngi【，fori［isblockedbytheearth．
HowaTeWe［orespondto［heundeniabletru［hofTaber spoin［here【ha［wecanseeanobJeC［Wi［hou［
Seelng the source ofthelight thatillumina［esi［？We couldsimply［akei［as a refu［ationof［he Vija5TlaV5dinal●gumentaLldmoveon．Bu［thenwewouldbelef［withnosenseofwhytheVij丘加av云din thinks［ha［1ightmustbeperceivedinorder【oillumina［e．Weseetwopossibleexplana［ions：
1）Aninvisiblename，OrOtherlightTSOurCe，WOuldlackthepowertoilluminate，Anamecamotreveal ObJeCtSwithou［reVealingltSelfintheprocess．IfaperSOnhasanunobs［ruC［edviewofthename，［hey wi11seeit．OfcourseiLmaybeoutsideoftheirfieldofvisionorobstruC［ed；thusal1tha［Canbesaidis
［ha［［henamemakesitselfvisible，nOttha［i［musEbeperceived．Theexampleisthusno［qul【eS［rong enough［OSeCuretheconclusionthatcognl［ionmus［beperCeivdinorder［ocognlZeanObjec［；bu［［he Vi5丘五nav云dincol】1drespondtha［110eX？mpleisparalletinallwaysto［heexemplined．andin山iscase
thereisindeedthedifferencebetweencognl［ionandligh［［ha［WhereastheformerisalwaysperCeived Whenitrevealsobjects．［hela［terisalwaysperceivedwhenitrevealsobjectsexceptwhenitisoutDf view．26
Theproblemwith［hisexplana［ionisthatwha［［heVij元云nav5dinactual1ysayshereisdla［anunper−
Ceived（agrllila）1ightcanno［illuminate．Weei【herhave［0［akethisli［erally．inwhichcasei［isfalse；Or Wehavetoassumetha［agrl血isusedlooselytomeanno［unperceived，bu［impercep［ible．Theclaim abou［1ight then becomes［rue（animpercep【ibleligh［cammOtilluminate）；butiti邑Sufficien10nly to PrOVe［heweakconclusionthatcogni［ionispercep［ible（whichisanywayacceptable［0theNaiy云yika），
nottheVi匝如avadin sstrongerconcl一ユSionthatcognltionmustbeperceived．Bu［thereisasecondex−
Plarla【ionwhlChavoidstheseproblemsandhaso［heradvan［ages．
2）WhentheV獅血av5din［alksof［henecessi［yof［heligh［beingperceivedinorderfori【［oillumina［e，
heis［alkingno［Ofthesourceoflight，【helamp，bu［ra［herthe 1igh［ofthelamp，27tha［spreadsou［from i［ssourcetotheobjectthatitilluminates・Iftheobjec［inques［ionisthewallinh・OntOfme，Ihave［O See［helightbe［weenmeand［hewal1beforeIseethcwal1，eVeniftheso11rCeOfthatlightisolユtOfmy fieldofvision・Inwha［sensedoIsee［heligh［aswellas［hewall？Thespacebetweenmeandwallis experiencedasfulloflight．giventhatit（thespacebe［weenmeandthewall）looksverydifferen［inthe
da∫k．
Asevidencethatligh［wasconsidered［obevisibleno［onlya［i［ssourcesuchasaname，bu［alsoin［he
forTnOfraysspreadingou［fromthere，See坤ayavarEtikaad3，1．38，Light（Edas）isthereconsideredto beasubs［anceWhosetwoquali［ies，COlourand［empera［ure，Ca皿eltherbemanifes［OrunmaLlifes［．1n thecaseofarayofthesun，bt）tharemanifest；inthecaseofarayofligh［，山ecolourismanifes［bu［the tempera【ureunmanifest・Hencebo［hofthesekjndsarevisiblebymeansof［heircolour．In［hecaseof 3．2Cognitionmustbegrasped丘rst・
AndforthefollowlngreaSOntOOthisfomlbelongstocognltion・
3．2．1Becauseitis［heilluminator
Foryouacceptcognltiontobe［heillumina【orofobjects［hataredevoidofillumination・
Anditfo11ows from that that cognition（asya）mustbe graspedbeforean object［is grasped］．Forwedonotfindtha【thelightof［hingssuchaslampsisabletoilluminateif itis11ngraSped．
Thisisthehrstofthreearguments（giveniJ13．2．1，3．2．2and3・2・3）fortheconclusion（ha【COgnition mus［begraspedfirst，i．e．prlOr［o［heobjec［．How［hissuppor【s［hemaincon［en［ion［ha［forTnbelongs
【ocognltionislaidoutin3ユ4．
Theargumenthere（in3．2．1）canbedividedin［0（hree＝
【neassertion：］
Cogni［ionmus［begrasped（flrS［），
［nereasonニ1
becauseifitwerel10［．itwouldnotbeable［ograspanobjec［，
【Theexample：］
JuS［1ikelight，ifitisno［grasped，CannOtil山minateanobject・
WhatsenseaTeWe［omakeof［heligh［eXamPle？Whyisi［thecasetha［aligh［，inorder［oilluminate，
mustbeperCeived？John Taber（forthcoming）describes this assump［ion as high1y que＆［ionablel・
CommentlngOn［heversesintheSlokavLirEEika25［ha［arethesourceofJayan［a，sargumen［here，he
wri【es：
【11tjustdoesn tseemtnlethatonehastoseethesourceofillⅥminationinordertD SeeObjec［silluminedbyi［．Allthetimewelooka［objec［Silluminedby［hesun
25 血払vか班毎∫叫βV丘血21−22：
血∫ぐ∂払・α両ノ方∂〝〃町ツロ∫′′血J口dvd？叩′・d返克也肌I
M押甲摘甜血ゆ減勅叩画卸町Ⅷ伽刷1
′−α仁和／血薄か混んッeprαた∂∫g′r血，vα助丘りαJel ねdd伽叩rα転血ル∂d坤訪ん∂∫りd血g／叫dタIl22
21）Andforthefollowingreasontoocognitionhasform．Becauseforyouitis
［heillumina［or；【you］holdit［obe［hemeans［ofillumina［ion］ofaneX［ernalob−
JeCt［ha［isincapableofself−illumination．
22）Andif［heligh［ofcogni［ionisno［perCeived，i［SObjectisrLOtapprehended，
because［theobjec［ s】illumina［iohisdependentonthat【cogni［ion］，jus［1ikeapo［
【isnotapprehended］ifthelightofthelamp［isnotperceived〕・
ユも Intheverynex［sen［encesof［he［eX［［heVij雨nav豆dinargues［ha［whereasoLdecEsCanbepre−
Sen［yetunperceivedowlngtOanObs［ruC［ion，COgnl【ioncanno［beocculTetltyetunPerCeived，Itis notinconceivable［hathewasmo［iva【ed［oplace［ha［argumen［［hereinorder［oacknowledge，bu［
renderhaTmless，thedisanalogybetweenltgflEandcognition．ln otherwDrds，SuSpeCtingtha［［he Naiy云yikamayobjecttha［thelightmayno［beperceived，heru1esou［thispossibili［yinthecaseof
COgnltion．TheVi5a云nav云dinaTgumentWOuldbe［igh［er，however，ifbothligh［andcognl［ioncon−
［ras［wi［hobjectsonthegroundsthat［heyboth，unlikeo切ec［s，CannO【bepresen［ye［unperceived；
【hisisthecaseifweinterpre［theVij丘云nav云dinargumen［aCCOrding［oeXplana【ion2givenbelow．
27 T加sphraserenec［sXum豆∫ila・s抑丘b／血eandJayan［a・sdi＞adeIIPrak抽sya，Wherewetake thegenitivesasvッロdん∫たdr（l叩・
一 304 − ー 305 −
【Naiy豆yika：】1tcanbegraspedbyano【hercogni［iona［hesubsequenttime・
【Vij貢豆navadin：］Andtha（［0【hercogni（ion］wi11begraspedbywha［？
［Naiy瓦yika：］By［ye［］ano（her【cogni［ion］・
［Ⅴ再舶nav豆din：］Theni‖oo［wi11begrasped］byye［ano（her［cogni［ion］・Sowhatlimi［
〔can［herebel？
［Naiy豆yika：］Fa［igue［wi11bethelimi［］・
［Ⅴ殖ぇnavadin‥］Asyoulike・Whenexhaus【edyoucan（akerest・，Bu［youWillno【have
graspedanobject，becauseaslongastheilluminationremainsungrasped，itisimpossible
todiscem［hingsillumina［edby（hat・ThusthegrasplngOftheobjec（COuldneveroccur・33 For【he。bjecttobegrasped，i［scognltion／illuminationhastobegrasped・LetustermthisC・thecondi−
［io。tha［hastobemet．CaLli［nOtbeobjec［edbytheNaiy豆yikathattheilluminationoftheobjectis gmspedintheveryfirstmomentaf［ertheoqectisgrasped（T2），SO［hatsurelythentheobjec［canbe grasped？TheV臼自豆nav豆dinwouldrespondbyre−apPlyingCtotheilluminationofLheobject・Ifthat becomesthenewobjecいhenitfollowsfromCthatithasnotyetbeengraspedatT2，becauseitsillumi−
nationhasnotye［beengTaSPed・Thuswehave［owaitun［il（hei11uminationoftheillumina（ionofthe objec［hasbeengraspedbeforetheobjectcanbegrasped，andsoon・Inthisway，Centailsthatunless theilluminationoftheobjec［isgraspeda［exaCtlythetimethatitarises，thegrasplngOftheobjectis
POStpOnedforever・
Thereforeeventhosewhohold［ha［wegraspaneX【ernalobjec【mus［necessari1yresoIlto anearliergrasplngOfcognition・
【heeye st￠lS，i・e・【herayofligh【【ha［enablesus［oseespecificobjec［s，i［scolour（aLld【empeTa［ure）are unmanifes［，hencei【isjJIVisible．
Thisin［erPreta［ionavoidstheproblemsof［heprevious：agr旭ecanbetakenliterally，28andthereisno Ionger【hedisaLlalogybe［Weenligh【andcognltlOn［ha［［heformermaynotbeperceivedifobs［ruCted，
butthela【［ermustbeperCeived・Italsohastheaddi［ionaladvantage［ha［，unlike［heprevious，itoffers anexplana［ionofwhycogni［ion）1ikeligh【，isperceivedb所フretheobjec【isperCeivcd．TTleligh［isper−
Ceivedfirstbecausei【isalwaysbe［weenmeand【heobjec［，i．e．i［iscIoser【omyeyes．rnla［cOgnl【ionis perCeivedfirs［is［heconclusion［ha［［heligh【exampleisin【rOduced［oinstan［iate，ye［on［hepTeVious in［erpre［a［ion［hiscruCialaspec［Oftheconclusionisno【represen［edintheexample・29
3・2・2Becauseitmustbegraspedattheverymomenttha［i［arises Andevenifotjectssuchasapo【arise［infrontofus］wewi11notperceive（hemwhen
thereisalackofilluminationorwhenweareinconveniencedbyanobstacletbetweenus
andtheobjec（］30（クratjbandhakavaid7zuTTd［）・吊Bu［asforcognition，OnCei［hasarisen，
therecarLbenoobstacletoitsbeingperceived・And［cognition］doesno［dependonan−
Otheri11umination，becauselikealampl【sVeryna［ureis【oshinefor［hbyitself・
Thefirstsentencegave［WOTeaSOnSWhywemigh［no【perCeivesome［hing【hatispresen［infron【ofus＝
anobs［acleoTalackofillumina［ion・rnla【【hefirs［ofthesecannotapply［ocognl［10nWaSS［atedinthe SeCOndsen［ence−af［eTal1be［weenmeandanobjec［［hereisagapwhereanobs［aclemaybelocated；
bu［betweencognl【ibnandi【self［hereisnosuchgap・3JTTle【hirdsentenceexplainswhy［hesecond C弧nOtapPlyeiher：becausecognltionprovidesi［soWnillumina［ionandthusdoesnotrequlreany
o【her．
TTlereforea【（heprecise（imewhenitarises，i［is necessarilygrasped・Ifitwereno［
【graspedwhenitarisesLitwouldno［［begrasped］atanysubsequenttimeei［her．For Whatcouldoccurfori【atasubsequen［time，aSareSultofwhichitbegraspeda【thatsub−
Sequent［ime？Orwhatdidno【occurfori［a＝上e［imetha［i（arose（tada），aSareSultof
Whichi［wasnotgraspedthen？32 ユユJayaLl［a，sirnmedia［esOurCeforhisrecountlngOf［hisfamousinfini【eregreSSargumen［is
Kum豆rila（∫血y□V丘血28）：
ノ汚融加血rd∫γdC坤dJJ桓クrdた∂血〝叩相成∫口Jピ 如γd加沖fc叫ピ′一β叩VJJ励 ∫仙汗抽♂Ve川
And什Ieilluminationof【hattcogni（ion］doesno［waitfortheriseofanothercog−
ni［ion；［for］giventhattha［［othercognition］wouldalsobeexperiencedby〔yet〕
anothel▲，［herewouldbeaninfiniteregl●eSS．
Kum豆rilawas，inturn，drawingonDign豆ga（Pnzm申asam・LCCayal：12ab）：jhandruarepdnLEbhave 埴′最．SeeGaneri（1999）andKellncr（加hcomingB）知discussionsofDign豆ga sargum8ntt
Kum豆1ila・ssEddhdnEaisthatacognitionmayormayno［becognized（througharEhapaEEi）bya subsequentcognltion；【hatsubsequen［Onemay【hentorrnaynotIbecognizedbyayetsubsequent one，andsoon．Whentheagentbecomesfa（igued（SeeyaVaCCf Ⅵmaminiiinyavada191a）byre−
flec［ingon［heircognition，theiTCOgnltionofthatcognl［ione［c・，theyceasetodoso・Theprocess comes［o aLlend and thereis noinfini【eregreSS・Jayan【a takes this polnt about fatigue from Kum云rila，ssidd7z6nEaSeCtionandplacesi【hisownpiiTV叩dkFaSeC【ion，Wherewehavejus［enCOun一
［erediL Heprefers［oa1lowtheVij汽豆nav豆din［00VerCOrnethepolntwithin［hepnrvapak？a・rather thanuslngltaSarlunChallengedargumentagalnSttheVij元inavadinin［hesiddfzanEaSeCtionlaSitis
forKum恵一ila．
28 rnleVij売血av豆dinresta【eS［hepoln【abou［1igh［duringtherefu［a［ionof［hisargumen［insecq tion4・2・30fthesiddhaTZta：TZaCLigr7zilabpraka5abprakaSyamprakahyaEi．Again［heli［eTalmeaLl−
1ngis［ha［unperceivedligh［cannO［illumina［e・nO［［ha［impercep曲！el呈ght⊂annClti抽出nate．Thusii WOuldbeextremelysurprlSlngifLimperceptible，weretheintendedmeanlng・
rnla［［hein［endedconclusionof［hisargumen【isno［）uSt［ha［cognl［ionisgrasped，bu［［ha［i［is
graspedflrS［isconfirmedby［hewaytheargumen［issummaTizeda［［hebeginnlngOfsec［ion4．4in
【he∫fd〟ノー広軌k＝ツα〟叩fprd肪∫dル郎ノ痛∂〃叩叩rβ坤dVαJク加叩grdJ叩α′n〜止加ノねd叩Jvγ∂叫e−
，I■く一川・
30 seeKa［aoka（2006：75，nO［e20）forthepoin［tha［［hepairingof［hesetwocondi［ions，absence Oflightandpresenceofanobstacle，gOeSback［0【heAbhid／Larmako血bh申ya．
Formoreontheimpossibili【yofanyobs［aCleordis［or【1ngfac［orin［ervenlngbe［weencognl−
【ionandi【sawarenessofi【self，SeeWa【sOn（for【hcoming）．
12 JayantasummariヱeSthisargumentinsection4・50f［hesEddhaTL（abeforerefutinglt‥yadapy d柚〜J山地川一叫和め馴鹿朋′柁eVdノ而′− J〃α′叩叫dル∂〟叩rαJ伽′l〟J▲dル加cαJ♂血川dgJ巾叫柁αV古
山ムicJトれ仙J 小′l（l∫j川Prd√（▲帆
− 307 − ー 30（i−
