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(1)uaIEkMli<eeagefleif 21: 37-58. C1995). ;fi sz il[l]IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII. ?u-v7as)sr 7, ifywydif,$ptrk**es&as' l,$ re iillj *lc N iE R kR fifi M*. Tropical Rainforests in Kuehing and Bintulu Area in Malaysia and Experimental Results of Their Res￡oration'. Kazue FuJiwARA", Akira MiyAwAKi" "', Mohamad Azani Ai.iAs'' Haji Othman bin IsMAwi"', Othman BoJo"" and Keiichi OHNo'' Synopsis The tropical rainforesLs in southeast As!a are classified int,o severaj types b.v Peter. Ashton (1991), Their species composition is not yet clarified because of the high species richness. In this report several types of tropical rain forest were recorded based on phytosociology: 1. dipterocarp forests on mesic sites; 2, swamp forests on wet sites; 3, heath forests (kerangas) on dry sites; 4. secondary Macaranga forests. Very tall, developed tropical forests aye now very few arouRd Kuching and Bintulu. They. were surveyed only in Similaiau National Park and the experimental forest in Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM), Bintuiu Carnpus. 7"hese well developed tropicai rainforests are Dryobalanops aromatica (kapur) and Cotylelobium burchii. forest, Whenthetropicalrainforestshaveanemergenttree}ayer,thecovervaluesare similar to those of the tree crowns of the tree-1 layer. Forests without an emergent tree layer have about the same tree crown cover as the tree-1 and tree-2 }ayer.. This is because of the selective cutting of big trees before. The various Macaranga secondary forests have similar species composition, number of Iayers aBd commuRity height, The forest composition and site condltions are related to the growth of the seedlings to be planted in abandoned shifting-cultivated fields. The growth of these. tropicalforestspecieswascomparedwiththegrowthofspeciesinexperimentalp}antation since 1990 at the abandoned shifting-cultivation area on the UPM campus. Seedlings of kerangas eanopy species grow very "rell (1,5-2m/year) on the abandoned shiftSng-cultivation fields, The growth of kerangas species is betterthat ofmesic and. swamp species. Tropical species grow two times faster than warm-temperate species. inJapanwhichwereplantedasseedlingsofnatixJecanopyspecies,indenseplantations (1-3 individuals/m2), Keywords: tropical rainforests, kerangas, swamp forest, Macaranga forest, seeondary forest, restoration, Rative species, dense plantation, Dipterecarps forest.. 1. Introduction. The very natural mature forests, however, are now very few in Sarawak, especiall.v in the. Natural tropica} forests in Sarawak are one of. Kuching and Bintulu areas. The area surveyed. the remnants of tropica} rainforest in Borneo.. isshowninFigure1. Evennationalparkshave. * ** ***. * Contribution from the Departrnent of Vegetation Science, Institute of Environmental Science & ¥okohama Natlonal University, No. 2i8. * * Yokohama National University, lnstitute of EnviroRmental Science & Teehnology. * * Department of Herbarlum, Forest }nstitute of Sarawak, Malaysia * * Univergiti Pertanian Malaysia (Vniversity of Agriculture Malaysia) * * Japanese Center of International Eeological Study.. (1994HZIOE30HMrk)). Technologs･,.

(2) 38. Egse. NlsO. I--t -ny----- - -t. THAILAND. ' i. 12oe. 115. 110. 10S. 10. NisO. '. South China Sea. f.'.:,,: ti :s.- :;" `Gulfof Andaman Thai ;'Sea･･ .. . 'l L. . :;.':i, fo ,t･1":'i':. o. 10. 10. l--t-- :-. A. Sabah. fiMl]i'A`ALAystA. 5. '. CN.., ....t,f sclb {b`. - ----. Sarawak. i-. Borneo ･. t.. lt 100. ,KUCHXNG<26m). BINTUI,U(5m). 26.8℃'3968. 26.9℃ 3878. 110. 105. 1 I'. e. J. ?r.r･r'"'""V''-'SS tes 8. t. s6 7. 1.. j. '. .n. } r (.. BiNTULU. 's.. SARAWAK. -1. !. ' '4. 2. f>' r.-'v.? ... - v'---. . 3UCHiNGf N･N. ..' . x'. . SABAH. (･. 6000-7000m 50m s.I.. N.. 120P. T. Mulu National Park. .. o. op. p. N. 115. MIR;(3m) 27.2℃ 3187. 1. 'x.. ,. Kalimantan. S50. E95e. s. t- -. .. - .') l5 cL,.m"..2ge--:sekx .. o. s.. :b. t'. 1. .. MIOO 200 kilometres. Figure.I Location ofsurvey area.. 1. Kubah National Park, 2. Setapok Forest Researve,. Center, 4. BakoNationalPark, 5. UPM campus, 6. National Park, 8. Gunung Mulu National Park.. 3. Semenggok Wildlife Rehabilitation ' 7. Similajau. Likau Forest Researve,.

(3) 39 young tropical forests which were lef￡ from se-. tropical forest are very dlfficult due to the high. lective cutting. The tropical forests in. species diversity, tall trees, hot climates, high. Southeast Asia have been studied by several. humidity, etc. Mr. Dami helped us with. ecolog!sts and taxonomists (Whitmore 1984,. climbing the trees, collection of herbarium. Ashton 1991, etc.). Phytosociological reports. species and helping Mr. Hajj Othman and. were very rare (Miyawaki ei al. 1978), This. Othman Bo3o with species determination,. research is done based on the phytosociological. Prof, Dr, Elgene O. Box eddited this paper. We. (Braun-BIanquet) method. We selected and. give the acknow}edgement for them here.. surveyed mature tropical forests and other forests on more na￡uMral sites. The areas surveyed were in the national parks, preserved. swamps, remaining areas ofcoastal forest, the. 2. Research method and location of field survey.. Arboretum and Experimental Forest at the University of Agr2culture Malaysia, and Macaranga secondary forest. These were. phytosociological method (Braun-Blanquet. surveyedforcomparisonofspeciescomposition. the fieid, homogeneous sites and mature forests. for the "rehabilitation of tropical forests by. were selected as far as possible, In the tropical. Miyawaki Method" (Miyawaki, Fujiwara &. rain forests the vegetation layeys are sometimes. Ozawa 1993). Drovobalanops aromatica forest. notclear. Four to fivelayers were recognized,. in Similajau National Park is mature, 60rn high. and species lists and tota} estimatioR of cover. and with l38 species, including Shorea spp.,. and abundance were made in each layer.. Hopea, Vatica, and etc, Shorea and Dryobalanopsforestsoccuronmesicsites, In. The tropical rain forests were surveyed by the 1951, 1964, EIIenberg 1957, Fujiwara l987). In. 1) Kuching (26m s.l.). swamps Palaquiurn dominates and makes. The annual prec!pitation is 3968mm and the mean annual temperature is 26.80C, Kuching. simple-species stands.. has a rainy season from November to February,. plantations foy the restoyation of tropical. with a drier season from March to October (Figure 2). The Semanggok National Park is. forests based on the "Miyawaki method" since. located south of Kuching. This foyest is a. 1990. University of Agriculture Malaysia. tropical forest with middle age after selective. members coliected seeds and seedlings from kerangas forests, merantl forests, and/or. cutting. The big trees were already cut down. swamp forests where they can get permission to. preserved as a National Park. These are. collectseedsand/orseedlings,suchasclear-cut. mostly Shorea beccariana, Vatica oblongofolia,. areas, University campus, etc. From these. Scqphium macropodum, Eugenia palembanica,. Before this field survey we made experimental. and used for timber, The rernaining trees are. forests the seedlings and seeds were picked from. Tristania tvhitiana, etc., in the canopy layer. roadsidesand/orplanningareasofthetropical. 33m hlgh.. forests to be clear-up cut for oil-palm planta-. Kubah Nationai Park is located east of. tions. Then the seeds were cultivated in the. Kuching. Kubah National Park has hilly to-. nursery and planted in the grassland remaining. pography. Theforestsinthisnationalparkare. after shifting-cultivation (Miyawaki 1990, 1991,. also remnant forests from selective cutting.. 1992). With these results (which species and in-. dividuals could grow, how many cm, and. The DBH of the biggist individua} was only 34cm. The vegetation sample was taken on a. whether they survived or not) we compaye the. narrowridge. Speciesnumberofcanopylayer. natural site conditions of species frorn field. is relatively large, 22 species, including. survey and plantations results.. Alseodaphne oblanceolata, Endiandra. Field surveys based on phytosociology in. clavigera, Gluta wallichii, Litsea sp.,.

(4) 8. e [lll.l,fi;eQcg3es... o. lt k(. Q ･￠. :e- O!3e? f:- ;. N. t. Shifting cultivated fieldd. ue% tieqC"gDr?a. 'if" k'iJ -''. t. 1. l. L-･･<-･. t. t Macaranga gigantea community. t "N L. L. n. as. s '. L. I. N. ' Mixed dipterocarp forest. -Ischemumma"gi7'iill.'T; SZ ' - '$e ." ;k'.X' "l-`(II Iili21il:. Melastoma malabathricum Dillenia excelsa community. community Trema orientalis community .. ･lst. Figure X Vegetation succession at the plantation area for the restoration oftropical forests in UPM Bintulu campus, Sarawak.

(5) 41. Eugenia huchingensis, E. excelline,. beccarii, and Shoreaferuginea, Then Shorea. Pithecellobium sp., Anisopdylea comerrii,. materialis, S. crassa, Whiteodendron. is 32m, 151 species appear on this site.. moultonianum, Dipteroearpus gloosis, Eugenia. Stapok Foyest Reserve is a swamp forest. It. leuchingensis, AIZantospermum borneensis,. is located just in a suburb ayea of Kuch2ng.. Palaquium stenophyllum, Parishia maingayii,. This sWamp forest is mostly open in the canopy. Mesua macrantha, and Cironiera sp. occur in. layer. The most closed forest was surveyed.. themaintreeiayer, TheArboretumofUPMin. The tree height is very high, 45m, and the DBH. Nyabau Forest Researve is located on a steep. ofthe thickest one is leOcm, The main species. siope. Allantospermum bomeense, and 22. are PaZaquium foseudocuneatum, P.. species occur in the tree !ayer. These incude. walsuraefolium, P. gutta, Drs,obatanops roppa, Copaijlera palustris, Gluta sp.,. Shorea ampgexicaulis, S. scaberrima, S. crassa,. Elaeocampusstipulanis,etc, Thetota?number. Eugenia feuchingensis, etc. Kerangas forests. of tree-layer species is 11, The forest on severe. occur along the coastline and on sand dunes.. sites has somewhat dominant species. The. They aye cut now, even a part of the Similajau. total number of species in the relev6 was 121.. Naiional Park, The tree layer of kerangas on. 2) Bintulu (3m) Bintulu is located in the middle of Sarawak,. D(pterocatpus rigid"s, CagopdyIZum ardens,. sand dunes is very simple. Cotylelobium burckii, Parishia maingayi, Tetramerista. next to the seaside. The climate is wetter than. glabra, Shorea ovata, and S. albida from the. Kuching. The annual precipitation is 3878rnm. tree layer at 10 m above sea levei. The undercanopy tree layer is dominated by. and the mean annua} temperature is 26,9℃. Bin￡ulu has a rainy season from September to. Cotylelobium burcleii, Whiteodendron. January. Theexperimentalplantationareafor. rnoultianum,and 14 species. The kerangas of. "restoration of tropical forests" is in the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) Campus. Likau Forest Reserve has Casuarina species. Bintulu.. In the UPM campus the remnants of tropical. such as Casuarina novile, , C. sp. with Diptrerocarpus actanguZus, Cotylelobium burcfeii, Palaq"ium ridlept, etc.. The Similajau Nationa} Park has. rain forests remain as an Arboreturn and Experimantal Forest UPM in Nyabau Forest. Dryobalanops forest, which remains relatively. Reserve. They are located in a va}Iey bottom. natural and is 60 m high. The emergent trees. and on a slope (55-65m e}evation). They are 48-. are Dryobalanops aromatica, Koompassia. 55rn high. Some thick trees like Koompassia. malaccensis, Dipterocatpus actangulus, and. malaccensis still remain (DBH 70cm). The Arboretum has many species in the canopy. Litseasp, EspeciallyDryobalanopsaromatica has 98cm DBH. The tree layer is 30m high.. layer, abolit23 species in a releve . The main. Hopea, Vatica, Shorea, Koompassia, Gluta,. species in the tree iayer are Allantospermum. andAporusadominateintreelayer, Thefoyest. borneense, Shorea scaberrima, S.. ofthe Simiiajau National Park were also selec-. ampZexicaulis, S, crassa, S, cordinervis, S,. tively cut.. macroptera, Hopea herangasensis, H. beccariana, Dipterocarpus pendula, D. rigidus,. Vatica vatankensis, Calophyllum ardens, Artocarzp4s sarawaleensis, A. odoratissimus,. Eugenia huchingensis, etc. This forest is dipterocarp forest. The experimental forest. UPM has some emergent trees such as Koompassia malaccensis, Dryobalanops. 3. Communities l) Tropieal rainforests in. Kuching and. Bintulu The tropical rainforests in Kuching and Bintulu are mostly not closed forest. These forests have four or five layers.. The cover of the.

(6) 42. emergent tree layer is 25-60%. The tree layer. sarcostachys, Cotylelobiunz sp,, Gironniera. under the emergent tree or canopy tree layer. subqequalis, Ternstroemia ane"ra, Acti-. (tree 1layer) has a cover value of 30 % (when the. nodmphne bomeensis, Bulbophyllum sp., etc,. foresthasArtocaizpusdadah,etc. Theheightof. This subunit community was surveyed in Likau. the forest no emergent tree layer, cover 80%-. Forest Reserve and on a slope on white sand,. 85%). The cover of the understorey tree layer (T2) is 30-80%, and that of the shrub layey is 40-. This community has Casuarina and genera common with subtropical forest, such as. 70%. Theherblayerdoesnothavealargecover. Actinodaphne, Ternstroemia.. value, usuall>r 15-30%.exceptin swamp 70 %. It. <2) Nopea kerangasensis-Allantospermum. is , The tropicai rainforests in Kuching and. borneense community (mesic dipterocarp. Bintulu are classified into three communities.. In these communities several species are common, such as Pandanus sp., Stemonorous secundijrloras, Gluta sp,, Diospyros sp., Garcinia sp., CaZamus sp., Kotalsia sp., etc.,. (l) Crbltostachys lafeka-Hlhiteodendron mou-. ltianam commun2ty (kerangas community). comm.) The mesic dlpterocarp forests in Kuchlng and. Bintulu are characterized by Hopea herangasensis, Algantospermum borneense,. Scaphium marcopodum, fferitiera aurea, Strombosia lucida, Memecylon sp., Gironniera,. nervosa, Shorea maxwelliana, S. scaberrima,,. S, macroptera, S, ampZexicaulis, etc. This. Kerangas forests occur on coastal sandy. dipterocarp forest is named ffopea. areas, These were differentiated by. kerangasensis-Allanto$permum borneense community. Th2scommunityhasseveraltypes. Crytostachys lakha, Whitedendron moultinum,. Shorea albida, Eugenia attenuata, Buthemis minor, Gnetum sp. The community heig'nt is. offorest. The height varies from 32 to 60m,. 40-50m, and cover is 60-80%, Kerangas forests. specles,. are not completely closed forests. They are composed by 70-95 species with 4-5 layers.. The total number of species is large, a26-148 This community is differentiated into three subunits.. Kerangas forests in Bintulu are classified into a. The lst subunit ls differentiated by Sindora. Crytostachys lahha- urhiteodendron moultianum. beccariana, Tristania whiteana, Beilschmiedia. community. This community has two. madang, Shorea ovalis, Xanthophyllum. subunlts. The subunit 1 is differentiated by. macrophyll"m, etc,, This was surveyed in. Cotylelobiecm bureleii, Swintonia glauca, Tetramerista glabra, Horsefieldia heranga-. Semangok National Park, Kuching.. The 2nd subunit is differentiated by. sicola, Mblristica malaccensis, Xanthophyllum. Dryobalanops aromatica, Mesaa garcinoides,. spicata, Dipterocarzpus crinitus, and. Santiria tomentosa, Dacryodes costata,. 0ncosperma tigilaris. This subunit commu-. Lithocar:pus leptogyne, etc. It has two subunits.. nity was surveyed in part of Similajau National. The lst subunit is differentiated by. Park. The tepography is flat. The soil is whitesand and shallow. The biggest tree is. Alseodophne oblanceolata, Endiandra. Shorea albida, which has 125cm DBH and 50m.. etc. It was surveyed on a ridge of the Kuhba. Most species of the emergent tree layer, such. clavigera, Alstonia excellsa, Gluta tuallichii,. NationalParkafterserectivecutting, The2nd. as Swintonia glauca (IOOcm, 50m), Tetramerista. subunit is differentiated by Hopea fluviallis,. glabra (88cm, 35m), Cotylelobiunz burchii. Kofeoona reflexa, Litsea rLofo-:fusca, Grewia. (80cm,45m),etc.,havebigDBH, Thesubunit2. fibrocarlpa, Calophyllunz cannum, Barring-. commttnlty is differentiated by Casuarina. tonia sp., eic. It was surveyed in the Similajau. novile, Trystania beccarii, Palaquium ridleyi,. Nationai Park and was still natural, The 2nd. Casuanina sp,, Dacryodes sp., Barringtonia. subunit has an emergent tree layer (60m high.

(7) 43. and the biggist tree has' 97 - 98cm 'DBH).. The 3rd subunit is differentiated by. A4acaranga gigantea is 10-23cm. Macaranga gigantea community grew very fast, IO-13m. Palaqui"m stenophyllum, Shorea pauciflora,. within 8 years. Total number of' species is not. Vatica nitens, Anisophyllea cornori, etc. It. so many, 62-64.. was surveyed in the UPM Campus. It has l43 -. Macaranga gigantea community has two. l48speciesandaheightot'48-55m. Itoccurson. subunits. [l]he lst subunit is differeBtiated by. aNW100-200 slope. ithastwosubunits. The lst subunit is differeRtiatecl bv Shorea v ferruginea, S. materialis, S. isoptera,. Ficus sp., SenzecaJpus glauca, Sarcostigma. paniculata, Tetracera glaberrima, and. Dipterocatpus globosus, etc,, and occurs in the. Macarangahepuluca. [rheothersubunitlsdifferentiated by Macaranga triloba, Palaquium sericium, F'icus hemsZeyana, Endo$permum. bottom of a valley (the experimental forest of. didinum etc.. Dryobalanops beccarrti, Dacryodes incurvata,. UPM). The 2nd subunit is differentiated by. ' In Macaranga gigantea community, several. Aglaia cordata, Vatica vatancensis,. species are common, such as Callicacpa. Calophblllum ardens, Hopea garangbuaya,. pentandra, Melastoma malabathricum,. Shorea crassa, Knema latofolia, Dipterocatlpus. Saurauia glabra, Lygodium sp., etc, It is im-. rigidus, etc,.. (3) Palaquium walsuraefoliunz-Dryobalano-. ps rmppa community (swamp comm.). portant that there are no tropical canopy. species, such as Shorea, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, etc. How many does it. The swamp forest in Kuching is characterlzed. take for the eanopy species of tropicai raiR-. by Palaquium Lvalsuraefoli"m,. forestto get in the secondary forests? It is the. Dryobalanopsis rappa, P, pseudocuneatum,. question of exsistens of seeds resouces and seeds. Polyalthia hypoleu,ca, Gonystylus bancanus,. distribution.. Copadera paZustris, Shoreaplatycacpa, Ganua. nzotleyana, G. pierrei, Actinodaphne mblriarztha, etc., and classified as a Palaquium. 4. Speciesrichness. walsuraefolium-Dryobalanops rappa community. This community is 45m high, and the coveroftree1layeris70%,i,e,thecanopyisnot. in each releve (Figure 7, 8). The tropical. closed. The herb layer is 1.5m high and has. mature forests show a species richness. 70% cover, The total nurnber ofspecies is 118.. pentagon. The secondary Macaranga forests show square shapes. The cover of each layer. 2) Macaranga secendary ferest. The number ofspecies in each layer is shown (Figure 4-6). The cover is shown on each layer. Macaranga secondary forests can be seen in. hasthecharacteristicshape, Whentheforests. the UPM campus. These sites were tropical. have five kayers with an emergent tyee layer, the. rain forests unt" 1985, People clear cut the. shape ofthe graph is slender, The thick shape. forests fororchards. Then they abandoned the. shows four-layer forests.. orchards. The Macaranga forests thus have a short history of oniy 8 years,. Macaranga forests are differentiated by. Macaranga gigantea, Vitex pubescens,. 5. Res￡oration of tropieal forests iR Bintulu 300,OOO seeds and seedlings were nursed in the. Blechnumsp,,andA(pinasp. Thesesecondary. UPM campus and were planted in the aban-. forests are named Macaranga gigantea cornmu-. doned shifting-cuitivation area, at three iRdi-. nity, ThesitesofMacarangagiganteacommu-. viduals per square meter and with oil-palm. nity have yellowish brown sandy loam or silt. leaves and weeds for mulching (Figure 8, Table. loam and are suRny and dry to mesic. The. 3). UPM members reported the growth data. community height is 10-13m. DBH of. for several species of these seedlings (Abas 1992,.

(8) 44. Table 1.. Tropical raiR forests in Kuching and Bintulu area. Coasta} forest(including Kerangas). 1-2 3-7. 8. Dipterocarpaceae forest Swamp forest. Releve refereRee number Original releve number (in the field) Releve date. Re}eve size (m) Altitude (m) Aspect Slope Height of super tree layer ST (rn> Cover of super tree layer ST (%) Height of tree layer 1 (m) Cover of tree layer 1(%) Height of tree layer 2 (m) Cover of tree layer 2 (%) lieight of shrub layer (m) Coyer of shrub layer <%) Height of herb layer (m) Cover of herb layer (%) Number of species. Differential specles Whiteodendron moulonium. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 6. 7. 1. 2. 5. 9. 10. 3. 93. 93. 93. 93. 93. 93. 93. 2. 2. 93 2'. 2. 2. 3. 3. 2. 28. 28. 23. 24. 27. 1. 2. 25. 1200. 750. 750. 2250. 900. 2000. 750. !o. 30. 50. 400 287. 50. 55. 65. 90. L. NW. w. L. W. NiY. NIY. L. 20. 25. 10. 10. 20. 60. 55. 50 60. 30. 25. 24. 40. 33. 32. 30. 45. 80. 7e. 80. 30. 45 65. 48. 60. 85. 7e. 12. 20. 28. 12. 18. 20. 18. 18. 50. 40. 80. 30. 80. 60. 30. 30. 5. 8. 7. 6. 7. 8. 7. 7. 50. 70. 60. 70. 40. 7e. 70. 40. 1. 2. L5. 1. !. 1. O.8. O. 9. L5. 20. 20. 30. 15. 20. 30. 70. 121. 30 152. .. +. 81. 85. Tl T2. 3.3 1.2. s. 1.1. LZ. H. 2. 2. 2.3. 139. 2. 1. s. +. T2. 3.3 2.3. s. Z2. 2. 2. H. 1. 2. 1. 2. Euthemis minor. s. +. +. Gnetum sp. Cotylelobium burckii. s. Ll. +. Crytotachys lakka. Swintonia glauca Tetrarnerista glabra. Horsefieldia kerangasico!a. ST TI T2 ST. Casuarina novi!e. .. .. .. ÷. 2. 1 .. -. .. +. +. 3.3. .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. +. '. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. +. 3. 3 .. -. 3.3 +. +. .. .. ,. 2. 1 .. +. ST TI. 2. 2. s. 1. 1. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2. 2 .. 2.2 .. Tl Tl Tl T2 Tl H. 154. '. 1. 1. s. s. 111. .. .. .. Myristica malaccensis Xanthophyl!um spicata Dipterocarpus erinitus Oncosperma tigilaris. 154. 2. 2. ST TI T2. Eugenia attenttata. :,. 1. 1 .. .. Shorea albida. 8. .. +. .. .. .. .. .. '. 2. 1. 2.1. .. .. 1. 1 .. +. .. 1. 1 .. .. 4. 4. 1.1 .. +. di.

(9) 45. Crystania beceariana Palaquium ridleyi. Tl Tl. 2.2. .. 2. 2 .. +. s. 1. 1. Tl Tl T2 T2 H. 2. 2. .. Casuarina sp. Dacryodes sp.. Barringtonia sarcostachys Cotylelobium sp.. .. .. 1.1 .. 2. 2 +. .. .. .. .. 1. 2 .. Gironniera subqequalis Ternstroemia areura Actinodaphne borneensis. s. 2. 2. s. 1. 2. Bttlbophyllum sp.. s. 1. 1. H. Ll. s. .. 1. 1 .. .. .. .. Shoreaandulensis ". s. Actinodaphne pruinosa AposiRaceae. s. Edinandra sp.. s. Allantospermum borneense. .. 2. 2 .. s .. Tl T2. .. .. + + + +. .. .. .. +. .. +. .. .. 1.1. .. .. .. .. .. Ll. +. 2. 2 .. 2.3. 2. 1. .. s .. Scaphium marcopodum. Tl, T2. +. .. 2. 1. +. s .. .. .. .. .. s .. .. T2 .. s .. Tl, S .. .. +. .. +. .. + + +. H. Gironniera nervosa Hopea kerangasensis. .. 1. 1 ,. Memeeylon sp.. + +. +. +. -. .. s. '. .. .. 3.. 2. 2.. 2. .. s. Shorea maxwel1iana. H TI. .. .. 3. 2. 2.2. + 2.2. +. + .. Tl, S. 1.1 .. Gymnacranthera sp.. TI. Shorea macroptera. Tl T2. + +. + +. .. .. .. .. .. +. +. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 2.2. +. .. .. .. +. T2. T2, S. Shorea arnplexicaulis. TI. .. .. .. .. .. + +. + 1.1. + + + + 1. 2. .. .. .. T2, S. +. 3. 2. s. +. + +. T2 s. Euphobiaceae. 1.2 .. s .. s ,. .. .. 1.2 .. .. + .. +. .. s. T2, S. +. .. .. Tl. Bouea macrophyUa. 1.2. .. +. Aglaia sp.. .. 2. 3 .. s. Polyalthia sp. Strechnos sp.. .. .. +. s. Eugenia sp. 2. .. .. .. +. H. Xanthophyllum flavescens. +. 2. 3. s. Shorea scaberrima. .. +. +. 2. 2. '. +. .. .. .. .. H. -t/.. 1. 1. .. +. s. +. +. T2. Cephalomappa sp.. 1.1 .. 1.1 '. H. Heritiera aurea Strombosia lucida. 2.2. .. 2. 2 +. +. L2. 2. 1. +. +. +. .. ..

(10) 46. Artocarpus anisophyllus. s .. H .. Derris sp,. H. Sindora beccariana. TI. 2.1. H. +. TI TI. 2. 2. Tristaltia wititeiaRa. Shorea beccariana. .. + +. Ll. +. +. .. .. .. +. -. .. .. 2.1 .. s. .. +. .. 1. 1 .. Beilschmiedia madang Shorea ovalis. T2 T2. 1:1 -. ,. + 1.1. Xanthophyllum macrophyllum Annonaceae. T2 T2 R. +. Balbophyllum sp.. T2 T2 T2. Ll Ll. .. .. L2 Ll. .. .. .. ST, S. T2, S. 3.3. 2. 2. L2. 1. 2. +. .. s .. +. -. s +. s. + +. .. T2. Alseodaphne oblanceolata Endiandra elavigera Ashtonia excellusa Eugenia excelliRe. Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl T2 Tl Tl T2 T2. +. Callophyllura cunnum Barringtonia sp.. + +. .. 4.. .. .. .. 1. 2 .. .. .. + +. .. .. .. .. 2. 2 .. ,. .. .. Ll +. .. +. .. 1. 1 .. .. 1. 1 .. 1. 1 .. .. .. + 2. 2 .. +. '. 1.1 .. .. .. t. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1. 1 .. 3. 2 .. .. .. t. 2.2. s. Elateriospermum tapus Grewia fibrocarpa. .. +. + +. T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2. .. .. 2. 2 +. + 2.2. Astro}obus sp.. +. .. Ll. s. Kokoona reflexa Litsea rufo-fusca. .. .. Ll. s. Gluta wallichii Stecuria sp. Cliestanthus griffitii Hopea flubiallis. +. .. .. Crifdia sp.. Artocarpus dadah. .. +. .. Hydnocarpus sp. Helicia sp.. .. 1.I. Tl, S T2, H. Santiria tomentosa Dacryodes costata Llthocarpus leptogyne Vatica borneensis Baccaurea sumatrana. .. 1. 1 +. T2 T2. .. i. 1. H. Xanthophyllum palaqium Shorea atrinervosa Mesua gareinoides Dryobalanops aromatica. -. .. s. Diospyros wicrophy}la Calamus sp. 2. +. 2. 2 +. .. .. .. .. .. .. +. +. .. +. 2. 2 .. L2. .. .. 1. 1 .. .. 1. 1 -. -. Ll. .. .. 1.1 +. .. .. 1. 1 .. .. .. Ll. Palaquium stenophyllum Urticaceae. Tl, S. Polyalthia sp.. T2, S. Canarittm sp.. T2. +. +. Sherea pauciflora. T2, S. Ll. +. .. T2, S .. .. +. + +. Ll. + .. ..

(11) 47. Anisophyllea cornori. 1.1. Tl. .. .. .. s. +. H. Steculia sp. Eugenia sp. 3. Vatica nitens Marantheceae Shorea ferrugenea Dryobalanops beccarrii Dipteroearpas globosus Shorea materialis. 1. 2. s .. .. 1. 1. +. +. +. + +. +. ,. T2, S .. s. H. ST ST. 1. 1 1. 1. TI TI T2. 1. 1 .. ,. 2.2 2.2 .. .. .. .. .. Pentace sp.. T2. ,. + 1.1. ,. .. .. .. Tl. 2. 3. s. 1. 2 .. .. .. .. .. s. 1, 2 ,. 1.1. s .. s. 2. 2 .. 1. 1 .. .. s. + 1.2. +. Vatica vatankensis Croton oblongus Callophyllum ardens Hopea garangbuaya Mastixia euginiodes Shorea crassa Dehaasia caesia Strombosia sp. Diospyros pendula Knema latifolia Dillittm platysepalum. Ptychopyxis arborea Gluta aptera Dipteroearpus rigidus Parkia singularis Parkia maingayi .Palaquium walsuraefolium. .. + 2.2. s. T2. -. .. T2. Aglia bicolor Blumeodendron kurzii Shorea isoptera Nephelium mutabilae Diospyros sp. 3 Aglaia cordata. +. .. s. Dacryodesincttrvata ". +. T2 T2 Tl Tl T2 Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl T2 Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl. .. .. .. 1.1 .. 1.2 .. 1. 1 .. ,. 1. 1. Ll. .. 1. 1 1. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. Ll 1. 1. .. 1. 1 .. .. .. Ll 1. 1. ,. 1. 1 +. ,. ,. 1.1 ,. .. ,. .. ,. .. ,. .. '. ,. Li Ll Ll. Polyalthia hypoleuca Palaquium pseudocuneatum Dryobalanops rappa. 2.. 3. 1.. 1. 1.. 2. L. 1. 3.. 3. 1.. 1. 3.. 3. 2.. 2. 1.. 1. 3.. 3. z.. 2. 1.. 2. 1,. 1. .. s. Tl T2 Tl T2 Tl. .. .. ,. .. .. s ,. Gonystylus bancantts. Copaifera palustris. Tl Tl. .. -. s .. Shorea platycarpa Dyera polyphyl}a. Tl T2 T2. .. .. .. +.

(12) tl8. +. s .. GaRtta rnotleyana. Ganua pierrei. T2 T2. 1. 2 .. 1. 2 .. s .. Luvunga sp.. .. '. .. .1.1. s. +. H. Ctenolophon parvifo}itts Pothos sp.. s. Actinodaphne myriantha. s. Cyathocalyx rnagnificus. s. Santiria laevigata Stereulia rhoidifolia. s. rvallubergia sp. Vatica mangachapo'i. s. Other species Pandanus sp. 1. .. ,. 1.1 .. ,. .. +. 1. 1 .. 1.1 1.1 ,. 1. 1. 1.1. s +. T2 +. +2. '. Ll. Ll. 2. 2. ÷. T2 .. 2. 3. Tl T2. + '. +. +. +. +. +. +. +. +. .. '. .. ,. T2 +. +. 1. 1. +. +. 3. 3. + +. .. +. +. ,. +. +. 2. 2. Ll. 1.1. +. .. + + + +. +. 11 11 +. +. .. H .. s. +. H. +. s -. + .. 1. 1. +. +. L2. + +2. +. +2. .. .. +. +. +. .. .. H. + 3. 3. +. +. + .. +. .. +2. + 1. 1. +. +. +. +. TI T2. .. +. .. s. +. .. H. .. +. -. .. 3. 3 .. +. 2. 3. +. s. + +. H. Eugenia pa}embanica. .. +. .. .. T2 s. Palaquium sp,. +. .. 2. 2 .. H. Palaquium gutta. +. 1. 1. T2. T2. '. .. .. +. s. Legttminoceae sp. tt. .. }I. Rubiaceae sp. 2. +. .. + + 1.2. .. +. s. Kotalsia sp.. + 2. 1. 1.1. '. +. +. Tl T2. .. .. +. +. 1.1 2.2. +. .. 2.3. Zl. .. Tl T2. s. .. Ll. 1. 1. .. Rubiaceae sp. 1. .. .. H. Calamtts sp. 1. Ll. .. s. Eugenia sp.. .. ,. .. .. Garcinia sp.. '. s. s. Diospyros sp.. '. 1.1 .. s. Gluta sp.. .. s. H. Stemonorous seeundiflorous. +. TI T2. +. s. +. .. .. .. .. .. Ll. 3. 1. 2. 1. .. .. +. Tl. 2. 1 ,. s. +. .. L2.

(13) 49. Shorea angostifolia. T2. .. H. + +. .. .. .. Myristica iowiana. TI. Mesua macarantha. T2 Tl T2. 2. 2 -. 1. 1. 1.1 .. .. .. 1.2. 2.2 .. .. s. +. ,. Orehidaceae. .. .. T2. +. .. .. -. 1.1 .. s H. Walsura grandifolia. T2. Ganua sp.. Tl T2. + +. + + +. s. in Goniothalarnus andersonii. L2. .. s. Xylopia caudata. T2. Ganua kingiana. s. '. + +. H. .. .. 1. 2. + +. H +. 1.2. s s. .. s s .. s. H. Fieus sp.. s. Gluta beccarii Dellinia excelsa Bauhinia sp.. s s. .. + +. .. .. Ll. +. .. .. .. .. .. +. +. .. .. + +. +. +. +. +. 1. 2. .. ,. +. -. + +. +2 .. -. .. +. + +. .. +. .. 1.1 .. .. -. +. L2. H TI T2. .. +. .. .. .. 1.. 2. TI. Litsea sp.. Tl. .. .. .. .. +. .. Tl .. + 2.1. Connarus sp.. 2. 2. .. 2.. s. + 2. 1. T2 T2 T2. 1 +. +. .. +. + + 2. 1 .. L2. ,. + + +. +. s. Canarium caudatum Shorea parvifolia Eugenia lineata. .. +. 1. 1 .. Tl T2 H. +. .. +. -. Ll. +. .. H. TI T2. .. +. s. Ll. +. +. .. s. +. + .. -. .. +. s. +2. -. 1.1. H. Shorea multiflora. +. s. .. Eugenia kuchingensis. +. +. s. Mezzetia leptopoda. +. .. .. s. Dehaasia sp.. +. +. .. .. Melastoma sp.. + .. .. + +. .. .. .. H. Liliaceae Anisophyllea conerei. +. +. H. Araceae. +. .. s. Xanthophyllum sp. 1 Gnetum gnemon Rubiaceae 3 Gyrnnaeranthera ueginiifolia Pimelodendron griffithium. + +. .. +. +. .. +. .. +. .. Ll +. + .. + .. -. .. ..

(14) 50. L2. s. Ixora sp. 1. Eliocarpus stipiolaris. T2. 1. 1. s. +. .. H. +. +. .. +. Ll. +2 1. 1 .. Litsea grandis Blumeodendron calophyllum. Tl. 2.. s. 1 1. Artocarpus sarawakensis. Tl. s. .. +. +. TI T2 s. +. .. + +. .. 1. 1 .. '. .. .. 2 .. .. +. +. 2.. 1.. + .. s. .. .. .. s. Liquala spinosa Tetracera sp,. +. .. .. 2. + +. T2. +. .. s. +. +. +. +. +. + 1.. + +2. H. 1. .. 1. +. .. +. ,. Piper sp. Mesua sp. Symplocos sp,. s. Mannispermaceae. s. .. s. .. +. .. ,. H. Memecylon beccarianum Litsea oppositefolia Alpinia sp. 1 Ficus dotoide. s .. s .. H. +. +. s. .. +. +. + + + + +. +. .. +. ,. .. .. .. 1)emophoca1yx denticu1atus. T2. s. .. + 1. 2. L. .. s. L. a. 1. 1. 1 .. ,. + +. +. .. .. +. .. +. -. +. +. .. +. .. !. 2 ,. 2. 2. s. Malletus penangensis. T2. 1,. s. +. Barringtonia reticuiata. s. Drypetes sp. Lesianthus sp,. s. Tl. +. Apocyfiaceae. s. +. Knema intermedia Diospyros mangii Callophyllum tesmanii. s. +. T2. 1.. 2. s. 2.. 2. +. +. .. H .. +. .. 1 .. .. 1.. 1. +. 1.. 2. +. +. + .. -. ,. s. 1.. s .. +. -. .. +. +. + +. H. + ,. .. +2 +2. .. +. H. +. s .. +. + ,. -. .. s. T2. .. .. s. T2. 2. '. +. +. H. Diospyros sp. 2. .. +. s. s. Lithocarpus andersonii TimoniuE sp.. +. .. Calliophyllum canurn. Pandanus sp. 2 Santiria griffithii. e. +. 1. 1. s. Callophyllurn nordosum. .. + +. s. T2 T2. +. +2. T2. Cinnamomum sp. Fagrea sp. Ziziphus sp. Stolobus sp, Randia sp.. +. +. + 2.2. .. .. .. .. + .. .. + .. +. t･.

(15) 51. Calamussarawakensis S. LI...++.+2 H S.... 1.1... ....... 2.3 H ..... Ll... Monocarpiamarginalis S . . . .H ,.......+ + . 1.2 Mangiferahavilandii T2S Ll....... 1.1...1.2... H +.,.,.,.. Timoniusflavoscens S +.,.,..+. Fragrearacemosa A s . . . , + + . +. Cliestanthussp. Tl ..,.1.1.,, T2 .2.2..+.,.. Garciniaparvifolia Tl. S . 1.2...... ....1.1... S . 1.2..,.... Additional species which occuring once in Releve' reference no: no. 1; Cotylelobium malayanum T2-+, H-+, Barringtonia racemosa S-+, Pithecel!obium sp. S-+, Erythoxylum cuneatum S-+, Cinnamomum inners ST, +, Meliosma sp. S-+, Sindora sp. S-+, Vatica parvifolia H-+, Agrostistachys longifolia S-+, Linociera laxiflora S-+, Mysictica guatteriifolia H-+, no. 2: Ixonanthes beccarii Tl-+, Dyalillm lorinum Tl-+, Myristica vilosa S-1.1, Lasianthus rhinQzcerotis S-+, Trigonopleura malayana S-+, Artobotrys sp. 2 S-+, Vatica brunigi S-+, Parinari sp. 1 S-+, Gluta macrocappa S-+, Alstonia angustilova S-+, Parinari sp. 2 S-+, Goniothalamus sp. S-+2, Xylopia ferruginea S-+, Santtria apiculata S-+, Farthenosis sp. S-+, Nerpenthes raffesiane H-+, Swintonia sp. H-+, Pandanus sp. 3 H-+, Phystocatiria sp. H-+, Pinangia sp. H-1.2, Tetrastigma trifoliata H-+, Callophyllurn scribilitifolium H-+, no. 3: Scheflea borneensis T2-+, Passictigma sp. T2-+, H-+, Polyalthia caulifloria T2-+, S-+, Pouteria malaccensis T2-+, Discida sp, T2-+, Gonystylus velutinus S-+, Alangium ebenacium S-1,2, Luvunga sp. S-+, Lepisanthes fruticosa S-+, Memecylon drum S-+, Gareiana pinangiana S-+, Gonystylus raicranthus S-+, Lithocarpus graci!is S-+, Lygodhium sp. S-+, Hopea nervosa S-+, Urophyllum sp. S-+2, Fordia coriasia S-+, Erycibe bullata S-+, Memecylon costaturn S-+, Fragrea elliptica S-+, Fissistigma rigidum S-+, Aetiitodaphne glomerata S-+, Goniostalamus sumatrana S-+, Diospyros siamang S-+, Ptychopytis grandis S-+, Euphoria malayaensis S-+, Linociera laxiflora S-+, Durio kutejensis S-+, Poliate gluca S-+, Xanthophyllum obscururn S-+, Tetracera fagifolia S-+, Rinorea horneri S-+, Xanthophyllurn scoptinea S-+, Knema galeata S-+, Grewia sp. S-+, Pandanus andersenia S-+, Psyhcotria elemeri S-+, Asplenium Ridus S-+, Heritiera sp. S-+, Anisophyllea disticta S-1.1, Diospyros feruginescensis H-+, Pinanga crassipis H-+, Alseodaphne coriacea #-+, Colocasia sp. H-+, Eugenia cerina H-+, Callophyllum biflorum T2-+, H-1.2, Gingeberaceae H-1.1, Fobaceae H-+, Selleginella sp. H-+2, Calarnus sp. 3 H-+, Calamus sp. 4 H-+, Calamtts sp. 5 H-+, Araceae H-+, Dischidia hirsuta H-+, Croton argiratus H-+, Adjianthum sp. H-1.2, Diplazium sp. H-1.1, Araceae 3 H-+, Artocarpus heterofilus H-+, no. 4: Callophyllum muvosa T2-+, Hydnocarpus sp. 2 Tl-+, Eurya sp. T2-+, Gardenia sp. T2-+, Polyosma sp. T2-+, Tetractomis beccarii T2-+, Shorea brunnescens T2-+, S-+, H-÷, Adinandra aettminata T2-+, Maearanga hyponiea T2-+, EIacocarpus sp. T2-÷, Lasianthus maingayi S-1.1, Palaqium rigidum S-1.1, Pouteria malaccensis S-1.1, Symplocos sp. S-+, Anisophyllea javanicum S-1.2, Alseodaphne conari S-+, Pinandra coeru}escens S-1.1, Memecylon gareinoides S-+, Croton sp. S-+, Parastemum spicatum S-+, Camnosperma squamata S-+, Dipterocarpus crinitus S-+, Diospyros mangi S-+, Teijsmanniodendron borneensis S-+, EIioearpus sp. S-+, Cyatosternma sp. S-+, Pravavinia sp. S-+, Barringtonia lanceolata S-+, Canarium pudatum S-+, Licuala sp. S-+, Portaceae 1 S-+, Diplospora sp. S-+, Lithocarpus beptongyne S-+, Baccaurea brevipes S-+, Knema sp. S-+, Xanthophyllum spicatum S-+, Callophyllum havilandii S-+, Durie excelous S-+, Celastraceae S-+, Shorea elliptica S-+, Lithocarpus sp. S-+, Helicia acuminata S-+, Sabtiria piculata S-+, Brackenridea hookeri S-+, Cantium didynum S-+, Memecylon edule S-+, Pheba sp. S-+, Callaria sp. S-+,.

(16) 52. Toona sp. S-+, Lindera sp. S-+, Lasianthes griffithii S-+, Parthenosis sp. S-+, Palaquium rostratum S-+, Aesynanthes sp. S-+, Artocarpus komando S-+, Dichranopteris liniaris S-+, Callophyllum tesmania H-･1.2, . Spieata palastemum H-+, Polyalthia sumatrana H-+, Dycopi eve"a H-+, Cleistanthus myrianthus H-+, Friesodielsia affinis H-+, Memecylon laevigatum H-+, Diomonorops sp. 1 H-+, Diomonorops sp. 2 H-1.2, Helicia axelcia H-+, Engelhardia serrata H-+, Strychnos ignatii H-+, Aresthecum sp. H-+, Gingerberaceae H-+, Elaphoglossum peltatum H--+, no. 5: Hapea sp. Tl-3.2, Polyalthia gluca Tl-1.1, Horsfieldia sp. Tl-1.1, S--+, Vatica sp. Tl-2.2, T2-1.2, Mallotus sp. T2-+, Knema galeata H-+i Trigonostemon sp. T2-+, S-+, Gonocaryum rninus T2-+, Gluria borneensis T2-+, Gymnacranthera contracta T2-+, Parinstonia sp. T2-+, Mezzetia sp. T2-+, Pleiocarpidia borneensis S-1.2, Lasianthus cong'trictus S-+, Mesua acurninatissima S-+, Pavetta axillaris S-+, Tarenna sp. S-+, Callophyllum canurn S-+, H-+, Casearia sp. S-+, Lophopetalum glabrlim S-+, Cleistanthtts coriaceus S-+, Mernecylon amplexicaula S-･+, Crudia reticulata S-+, Mitrephora mangii S-+, Terrina sp. S-+, Mitreapthera sp. S-+, Canarium hirsutum S-+, Palaquium canum S-+, Castanopsis motleyana S-+, Kopcia sp. S-+, Chisocheton beccarianus S-+, Disepalum puchrum H--+, Clieatanthus myrianthus H-+, Perroteria sp. H-+, Alphonsea johorensis H-+, Maranthaceae H-+2, no. 6: Litsea racemosa S-+, Gironniera sp. Tl-1.1, S-+, Camnosperrna sp. T2-+, Walsura pinnata T2-+, S-+, Grewia sp. T2-+, Mesua myrtifo!iar T2-1.1, Aporusa prainiana T2-+, Polyalthia macrana T2-+, Santiria costata T2-･+, H-+, Artocarpus nitidus T2-+, Macaranga triloba T2L+, Xanthophyllum aneonum S-+, Palaquium rugusom S-+, Antidesma sp. S-+, Knema furufracea S-+, Microtropis bivalvis S-+, Chisocheton sp. S-+, Aglia tridostemon S-+, Drypetes kikir S-+, Trichadenia philippinesis S-+, Artocarpus ellasticus S-+, Xanthophyllum affine S-1.1, Pinandra sp. S-+, Goniathalamus sp. S-+, Fahrenheitia pendula S-+, Meiogyne sp. S-+, Litsea erectinervia S-+, Grewia borneensis S-+, Brownlowia sp. S-+, Lophopetalum beceariana S-+, Meliosrna sumatrana S-+, Chukrasia sp. S--+, Strexnon sp. S-+, Xylopia･sp. S-+, Xerospermum sp. S-+, Lasianthus scabridus S-1.1, Lindera sp. S-+, Aglaia shawiana S-+, Pterospermum javanicum S-+, Urtieaceae S-+, Eugenia sp. 4 S-+, Eugenia sp. 5 S--+, Eugenia sp. 6 S-+, Diospyros sp. 4 S-+, Aeronyehia sp. S-+, Dipterocarpus pttlcher S-+, Friensytia sp. S-+, Durio glavolens S-+, Daeryodes megacarpa S-+i Litsea sp. 2 S-+, Dacryodes laxa S-+, Araeeae S-+, Crytocaria sp. H-+, Unknown elimber H-+, no. 7: Durio kutegensts S-+, Acronychie sp. S-+, Grewia c.innamomifolia S-+, Casearia sp. S-+, Bulbophyllura sp. S-+, Dacryodes uncubata S-+, Marsypopetalum karai S-+, Heliciopsis sp. S-+, Glttta wilitia S-+, Glttta laxiflora S-+, Vitex sp. S-+, Scaphium borneensis S-+, Christanthus perocarpus S-+; Asperenitim sp. S-+, Wallubergia sp. H-+, Stolobus sp. H-+, Lanceanthus sp. S-+2, Callophyllum biflorum H-+2, Cyathocalyx sp. H-+, Caranthea sp. H-+, Pathenocis sp. H-+, Amopipalus sp. H-+, Goniothalarnus insignus H-+, Ficus sp. H-+, Eugenia clorantha H-+, Artocarpus odoratissimus Tl-1.1, Kibersia hirfa T2-+, Aeio heteropetaia T2-1.1, Meduca sp. T2--+, Garcinia brevipes T2-1.1, Mesua longifolia T2--+, Pentace sp. T2--1.1, no, 8: Aeschynanthus sp. S-+, Shorea macrantha S--+, Ancaria sp. S-+, Ilex sp. S-+, Shorea longiflora S-+, Flagellaria sp. S-+, ll-+, Medinella sp. S-+, Neoscortechinia sp. S-+2, Feryeinetia sp. S-+2, Asplentum nidus S-+, Croton tigliurn S-+, Stenoehlaena laputris S-+, Passiflora sp. S-+, Pomettia pinnata S--+, Derris trifoliata S-+, Ctenolephon sp. S-+, Parvifolius sp. S-+, Alangium javanicum S-+, Urticaceae S-+, H-+, Santiria herrii S-+, Gluta motleyana S-+, Gluta pierrei S-+, Psychotoria sp S-+, Xerospermum sp. S-+, Freymitia sp. S-+, Cristtnatia sp. S-+, Diospyros havilandii H-+, Elaeoearpus beccarii H-+, Cornrnelinaceae H-+, Gesneriaceae H-"+, Daracinia sp. H-+, Macaranga sp. H-+, Dioscorea sp. H-+, Bauhinia sp, H-+, Pitos sp. H-+, Goodyerasp H--+, Pitiobium sp. H-+, Hopea sp. H-+, Polyalthia glttca Tl-1.1, Horsfieldia sp. Tl-1.1, S-+, Vatica sp. Tl-2.2, T2-L2,. 'Location in Releve' ref. no. 1: Sirnilajatt National Park, Sarawak. no. 2: Likau Forest Reserve,Sarawak. no. 3: Semenggok National Park, Sarawak. no. 4: Kubah National Park, Saraw4k. no. 5: Similajau National Park, Sarawak no. 6: Experimental Forest in UPM,Bintulu. no. 7: Arboratum in UPM,Bintulu. no. 8: Stapok Forest Reserve, Sarawak.. e.

(17) 53. Table 2 .: Tropical secondary forest with Macaranga gigaittea comreunlty. , Releve reference number Original releve number (in field) Releve date. 3e. 2 8 93 3 1 400 50 NW 20 10 80 7 30 3 20. 1. 5. O. 9. 70 65. 30 62. 4. 4. 5, 4 2. 2. 1. 4 93. 2 26 240 50 Nrv 20 12. Releve size (m) Altitude (m) Aspect S}ope Height of tree !ayer 1 (m) Cover of tree layer 1(%> Height of tree layer 2 (m) Cover of tree layer 2 (%) Height of shrub layer (m) Cover of shrub layer (%) Height of herb layer (m) Cover of herb }ayer (%) Number of species. 85 7 15. 3. 3 11 93 3 3 seo 45. E 25 13 80 8 20 3 20 2 40 63. Differential species :. Macarangagigantea Tl. T2 s. Vitex pubescens Tl T2 s. Blechnum sp. SH. ASpina sp. S. I{. Cyperus sp. H. Ll. +. .. 1. 2. +. 5. 4. '. + 2. 2. + 1. 2. .. .. 4. 4. .. 2. 2. 2. 3. 1. 2 3. 4. 3. 2. 2. 2. .. +. Dif￡erential species of under unit :. Ficus sp. Tl. 2, 3. Semecarpusglauca Tl. Ll. T2 s. Sarcostigmapaniculata Tl T2. Tetraeeraglaberrima Tl. T2. Macarangahepuluca Tl. L2. +. 1.2 1. 2. 3. 3. Macarangatriloba Tl. +. Pa}aquittrnsericium T2. .. Ficus hemsleyana T2. .. s. s. Endospermumdidinum T2. s. Ormosia sp. SH Anisophyllea sp. SH. .. +. L2. +. ' .. L2. 1. 1. + 2. 3 2. 3. + 1.1 2. 2. + + +. +. .. +. +.

(18) 5tl. Fordiacoreacia S . H.. +.+ Others. CaElicarpapentandra T2 +2 . .. S 1.2 + .. Melastomamalabathricum S 1,2 . . H. Ll .. Lygodiumsp, S + .H. .+.. Saurauiaglabra T2 . , s+.. 1,1. Ziziphussp. S + . +. Additional number of species occuring once in releve reference no 1 Mussaendopsis beccariaRa T2-+, Timonius polycarpa T2-+,Phytocrene racemosa T2-+, Leea irtdica T2-1.1, Durio zibethinus T2-+, Lithocarpus leptogyne T2-+, Artocarpus longifolius T2-+, Melastoma sp.1 T2--+, Randia grandifolia T2-+, Melletia vasta T2-+, Goniothalamus malayanus T2-+, Calamtts sp. T2-+, Aglaia trichosternon T2-+, Tetracera macrophylla T2-+, Shorea isoptera T2--+, Mallotus paniculantus T2-+, Goniothalamus tortilipelatus T2-+, Dillenia subfrutecosa S-1.2, Alpina sp. 2 S-+1.2, Conarus sp. S--+, Tetrastigma trifoliata S-+, Alstonia angustifolia S-+, Mangifera panjang S-+, Artobotrys costatus S-+, Memecylon edule S-+, Europhyllum borneensis S-+, Dirnophocalyx dentieu!atis S-+, Manispermaceae S-+, Pithecellobium borneense S-+, Dioscorea sp. S-+, Strychnos sp. S-+, Costus sp. S-+, Calamus sarawakensis S-+2, Brackenridgea hookeri S-+, Liliaceae 1 H-+, Cypraceae 2 H-+, Maranthes sp. H-+; no. 2; Connersonia bartrania Tl-2.2, Ficus eondensa Tl-2.2, Durio glaveolens T2-+, Po}itia sp. T2-+, Anisophyllea beccariana T2-+, Gnetum sp. S-+, Dillenia eximia S-+, Anisophy}}ea cornori S-+, Me!iosma pinnata S-+, Lephopetalum sp. S--+, Diospyros sp. S-+, Premna integrifo}ia S-+, Rinorea sp. S-+, Koompasia malacensis S-+, Asp}enium sp. S-+, Fagrea racernosa S-+, Diospyros pendula S-+, Dacryodes rugosa S-+, Dillenia excelsa S-+, Gironniera parvifolia S-+, Drypetes sp. S-+, Glochidion lutescens S-+, Barringtonia sarcostachys S-+, Macaranga hosei S-+, Vitaceae S-+, Baphinia sp. 1 S-+, Baphinia sp. 2 S-+, Xanthephyllum flavescens S-+, Arthocarpus elasticus S--1.1, Paranephelium sp. S-+, Dillenia subpruiticosa S-+, Fieus uncinata H-+, Derris sp. H-+, Cucurligo sp. H-+, Maranthes sp. H-+, Vitis trifoliata H-+, Stenoclena sp. H-+, Dsytochotria sp. H-+, Pteridium sp. H-+; No. 3; Timonius sp. Tl-+, Strolobus sp. Tl-+, Macaranga prunosa Tl-+, Leguminoceae Tl-1.2, Gnetum latifolium Tl1.2, Sindora sp, T2-+, Pentace sp. T2-+, lsonandra lanceolata T2-1.1, Beilchmiedia madang T2-1.1, Arthocarpus anisophyllus T2-1.1, Knema grandis T2-1.2, Palaquium stenophyllum T2-1.2, Smilax sp. S-+, Pinandra sp. S-+, Polyalthia caulifolia S--+, Paretta sp, S-+, Gloehidion sp. S-+, Garcinia sp. S-+, Fragrea b}umei S-+, Vatica oblongifolia S-+, Nephelium Repecium S--+, Tetracera sp. S-+, Ganua sp. 1 S-+, Milletia sp. S-+, Wallubergia sp. S-+, GaRua sp. 2 S-÷, Swintonia sp. S-+, Semecarpus sp. S-+, Ryparosa hullettii S-+, Pternandra multiflora S-+, lxora sp. S-1.1, Grewia blattacfolia S-+, Eugenia sp. S-+, Reprorusa rudii S-+, Hydnocarpus sp. S-+, Strombosia lucida S-+, Emmelia sp. S-+, Antidesma sp. H-+, Ardisia sp. H-+, Gleichenia linearis H-+, Putalsia sp. H-+, Rubiaceae 1 H-+2, Maranthaceae H-+, Stenoclena dactris H-+, Cortalsia sp. H-+, Hostus sp, H-+, Rubiaceae 2 H-+, Liquala spinosa H-+..

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(21) 57 Zaki et al. 1993). In comparing these data with phytosociologica} field results, one can see that. tropical As!a (Fujiwara 1993),. The above is summarized as follows:. the seedling speeies from moist sites and short. 1. Three types of tropical forests were recog-. (Iess than 50cm) had not grown so well. The. nized in the tropical forests in Kuching and. kerangas species and spec2es from mesic sites,. Bintulu area. [l]hey are Cyrtostachys lakka-. such as Shorea ovata, S. maxwelliana,. VVhiteodendron moultianum cemrnunit>r. CotyZeiobium burcfeii, Diptenocarpus actangu-. (kerangas forest), Hopea kerangasensis-. lus, Dryobalanops aromatica, etc., and also. Allantospermum bomeense comrnunity (dipterocarp forest), and Palaquium. pioneer species as Durio graeolense aBd Anisophyllea beccariaha have good growth,. walsuraefolium-Dryobalanopsis rappa com-. At the mesic site and with intensive care of. muRity (swamp) (Table 1).. weeding and watering, the species from mesic. 2, Seeds and seedlings were picked up from. siies grow very well (Zaki et al. 1993).. natural forests in the UPM campus and from the. planning area for clear cutting. Then UPM 6. Conelusion. members germinated these seeds and made potted seedlings, Seedlings to be used under. Restoration of tropical forests is a difficult. different shade condit!ons were nursed in the. problem in deveioping countries because of the. nursery. TheR they were planted in the aban-. cost for plantation and maintenance, Also,. doned shifting-cu}tivation areas in the UPM. generai peopie use forests for firewood,. campus (M!yawaki 1993).. charcoal, hunting, shifting cultivation, etc.. 3. The keraBgas species have grown especially. Even governments in developing countries cut. well on the abandoned shifting-cuitivation. tropicalforestsfortirnberexportandusedareas. ayeas, which were dry, sunny, low 2n nutrients,. forrubberplaRtations(before,intropicalAsia). and windy,. and now for oil-palm plantation, pastures etc,. 4. The restoration of natura} forests to use seed-. Foytheseproblems,localland-useplanningis. lings of natural canopy trees, with well deve]-. mostimportant where tropical forests are pye-. oped rootsystems, succeeded even in the tropScal. served. How many percent should be restored. forest region, with the above plantation method. for local and people in the other wor}d is a. (Miyawaki method), It ls based on the. queshon. Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM). phytosociological method (to understand the. succeeded at restoration of several tropical. Then seeds and seedlings are collected and. dipterocarp forests in the Malay peninsula since. nursed to make seedlings with well dexieloped. 1932, which took a long tlme. Frorn 1972, we. root systems. The deRse plantation of these. got ca 200 experimental sites in Japan based on. seediings shouid suceeed,. community composition and site condition).. phytosocioiogy (the idea of potential natural vegetation) aRd in tropical Asia from l990.. Restoratlon of native forests especial!y. This successful result involved dense planting of. tropicalforest are the main key to local green. mixed pot seedlings of canopy species whlch. pianning and recovering the dlversity of ecosys-. havewelldevelopedrootsystems. Theresults. tems from today, based on phytosociology and. showed that this is the best way to recover. severaiexperimentalresults.. natural forests in a very short time with short,. concenirated maintenance after plantation.. These plantations were recorded to grow one meter in a year, even in the warm-temperate zone, and 50 cm to one meter in a half year in. References. Ashton, P. 1991,. Toward a. Regional. Ciassification of the Humid Tropics of Asia..

(22) 58 Tropics l: i-l2.. Miyawaki, A. 1991. Restoration of Native. Research between UPM and YNU. ISTE, INTECOL Symposium on Restoration of. Forests from japan to Malaysia. ISTE,. Tropical Forest Ecosystems, pp. 19-20,. Tropical Forest Ecosystems. pp. 19-20.. University of Bonn.. INTECOL Symposium on Restoration of Unlversity of Bonn.. Braun-Blanquet, J. I951. Rlflanzensoziologie,. Miyawaki, A. 1992. Restoration of Tropical. Grundztzge der Vegetationshande. 2nd. Rain Forest Ecosystems from }Vlalaysiato. edition. 631pp. Springer-Verlag, Vienna.. South America. InterBational Symposium on. Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964, Rflanzensoziologie.. Grundzdege der Vegetationshunde. 3rd. Rehab"itation of Tropical Rainforest Ecosystems: Research and Developrnent. edition, 865pp, Springer-Verlag,Vienna/. Priorities. pp. 7-8. Universiti Pertanian-. New York.. Malaysia.. Ellenberg, H. 1956, Grundlagen der. Miyawaki, A. 1992. Ecologica} Perspectives for-. Vegetationsgliederung. Part 1: Aufgaben und. Sustainable Development of Southeast Asian. Methoden der Vegetationskunde. "Einfuhrung in die Phytosoziologie" (Walter, H. ed.),. vol. 4. 136pp. Eugen U}mer, Stuttgart.. Fujiwara, K, 1987, Aims and Methods of. Forests, Proceedings of International. Seminor on Agricu}tural Change and.. fit. Development in Southeast Asia (ISACDSA-･. III), pp. 97-106. Tokyo University of. Phytosociology of "Vegetation Science", Plant Ecology and Taxonomy to the Memory. Miyawaki, A. 1993. Restoration of Native. of Dr. Satoshi Nakanishi. pp, 607-628. The. Forests from Japan to Malaysia, Lieth, H,. Kobe Geobotanical Society, Kobe.. and Lohman M. (eds): Restoration of. Fuji'wara, K. 1991. Rehabilitation of Tropical. Foyests from Countryside to Urban, ISTE,. INTECOL Syrnposium on Restoration of Tropica} Forest Ecosystems. p. 16. University of Bonn. Fujiwara, K. 1992, Rehabilitation of Tropical. Forests from Countryside to Urban Areas, Part 2. Results of One-Year Growth after Planting. p. I7.. Agriculture.. Tropical Foyest Ecosystems, pp.5-24, Kluwer. Academ2c Publishers. Miyawaki, A., Sasaki, Y,, and Mochida, Y.. 1982. Tropical Rain Forest in the East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Inst. Environ. Scie. &. Tech., Yokohama National University 8:233264. (In Japanese with Eng}ish synopsis and. summary). Sald, Abas B. 1991. The Rehabilitation of the. Fujiwara, K. 1993. Rehabi12tation of Tropica}. Tropical Rainforests: Cooperative Whitmore,. Forests from Countyyside to Urban. Lieth, H.. T. C, (ed,) 1984. A Vegetation Map of. and Lohman M. (eds): Restoration of. Malaysia. Journal of Biogeography ll:461-. Tropical Forest Ecosysterns, pp. 119-131,. 471,. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Miyawaki, A. 1982, Phytosoc2ological Study on. the East Kalimantan, Indonesia, Inst. Environ, Scie. & Tech. Yokohama National , University 8:219-232. (In Japanese with Eng}ish synops!s)..

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