第2部第3章

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(1)1. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 1.

(2) 䛆ゎㄝ䛾䝫䜲䞁䝖䛇㻌 3.1⠇䛷䛿䚸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰せồ䛸䛿ఱ䛛䚸せồ䛸せ௳䚸䝙䞊䝈䛸䛿ఱ䛛䛸䛔䛳䛯䛣䛸䜢ព㆑䛥䛫䛺䛜䜙䚸䛚ᐈᵝ䛜ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛䝅䝇䝔䝮໬䛻ᑐ䛩䜛せồ䜢䚸䝅䝇䝔䝮㛤Ⓨ䛜䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖䛻䝗䜻䝳䝯䞁䝖໬䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ㄝ᫂䛧䜎䛩䚹䛆ゎㄝ䛾䜺䜲䝗䛇㻌䝅䝇䝔䝮㛤Ⓨ䛾┠ⓗ䛿䚸ᴗົάື䜢ᨭ᥼䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾᪂䛯䛺௙⤌䜏䜢ᵓ⠏䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䛩䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸䛚ᐈᵝ䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺䝙䞊䝈䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛛䜢☜ㄆ䛧䚸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰㛤Ⓨ䜢䛩䜛᪂䛯䛺௙⤌䜏䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾せồ䜢ศᯒ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᚲせ䛻䛺䜚䜎䛩䚹㻌䛣䛾❶䛷䛿䚸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰㛤Ⓨ䛾ධ䜚ཱྀ䛸䛺䜛䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰せồ䛻䛴䛔䛶Ꮫ⩦䛧䜎䛩䚹䛆⿵㊊䛇㻌䛂1.1.4 V Ꮠ䝰䝕䝹䛃䛷䛿䚸䝅䝇䝔䝮㛤Ⓨᕤ⛬䜢䚸䝅䝇䝔䝮䛸䛧䛶䛸䜙䛘䜛ᕤ⛬䛸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰䛸䛧䛶䛸䜙䛘䜛ᕤ⛬䛸䛻ศ 䛡䛶ᩚ⌮䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛣䛾❶௨㝆䛷䛿䚸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰䛸䛧䛶䛾㛤Ⓨᕤ⛬䛻䛴䛔䛶Ꮫ⩦䛸ᐇ⩦䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䛝䜎䛩䚹. 2. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 2.

(3) 䛆ゎㄝ䛾䝫䜲䞁䝖䛇㻌䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰せồ䛻䛿䛒䛔䜎䛔ᛶ䛜䛺䛟䚸䝔䝇䝖䜎䛯䛿 ᐃ䛜ྍ⬟䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢⌮ゎ䛥䛫䜎䛩䚹䜎䛯䚸㢮ఝ䛧䛯ᴫᛕ䛸䛧䛶䝙䞊䝈䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜒ㄝ᫂䛧䜎䛩䚹䛆ゎㄝ䛾䜺䜲䝗䛇㻌䛚ᐈᵝ䛜ồ䜑䜛ᶵ⬟䜢䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛾䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䛷ᐇ⌧䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜䝅䝇䝔䝮㛤Ⓨ䛾┠ⓗ䛷䛩䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸䛚ᐈ ᵝ䛜ఱ䜢ᮃ䜣䛷䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺䝅䝇䝔䝮䜢స䜚䛯䛔䛾䛛䛸䛔䛳䛯せồ䜢☜ㄆ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜኱ษ䛷䛩䚹㻌䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰せồ䛸䛿䚸㐠⏝/ᶵ⬟/タィୖ䛾≉ᛶ䜢㆑ู䛩䜛䛯䜑䛾䝗䜻䝳䝯䞁䝖䛷䚸䛭䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛿䛒䛔䜎䛔ᛶ䛜䛺䛟䚸䝔䝇䝖/ ᐃྍ⬟䛺䜒䛾䜢♧䛧䜎䛩䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸ᴗົ䛺䛹䛾┠ⓗ䛻↷䜙䛧䛶ᚲせᛶ䛜༑ศ᳨ウ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛛䚸䛹䛖䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛷せồ䜢‶䛯䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䚸䛭䜜䜢♧䛩ᡭẁ䜎䛷䛒䛔䜎䛔ᛶ䛜䛺䛔䛛䚸䛸䛔䛖᮲௳䛾䜒䛸䚸䛚ᐈᵝ䛾ክ䚸ᛮ 䛔䚸ពᅗ䚸せᮃ䛺䛹䛛䜙ᚲせ䛺ᶵ⬟䜔ᡭ㡰䜢ྲྀ䜚ฟ䛧䚸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰せồ䛸䛧䛶䜎䛸䜑䛶䛔䛝䜎䛩䚹㻌䛣䛾ᕤ⛬䛷䛿䚸䝙䞊䝈䜢ศᯒ䛧䛶せồ/せ௳䜢䝔䝇䝖䜎䛯䛿 ᐃྍ⬟䛺ᙧ䛷䝗䜻䝳䝯䞁䝖䛻䛧䛶グ㘓䛧䜎䛩䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸䛚ᐈᵝ䛾༢䛺䜛䝙䞊䝈䜢ᣠ䛔ୖ䛢䜛䛰䛡䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰䛸䛧䛶ᐇ⌧ྍ⬟䛺ᶵ⬟䜢䜎䛸䜑䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䜛స ᴗ䛷䛩䚹. 3. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 3.

(4) 䛆ゎㄝ䛾䝫䜲䞁䝖䛇㻌せồ䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䛜䝅䝇䝔䝮ᴗ⏺䛷䛿䜘䛟౑䜟䜜䜎䛩䛜䚸༢䛺䜛䝙䞊䝈䛸ㄗゎ䛧䛺䛔䜘䛖䛻䛧䜎䛩䚹䝙䞊䝈䛻䛿䛒䛔䜎䛔ᛶ䛾䛒䜛䛚ᐈᵝ䛾ክ䜔ᕼᮃ䛺䛹䛜ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䚸せồ/せ௳䛿䛒䛔䜎䛔ᛶ䛾䛺䛔 ᐃ/䝔䝇䝖ྍ⬟䛺䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢ㄝ᫂䛧䚸䝙䞊䝈䛸せồ/せ௳䛾㐪䛔䜢⌮ゎ䛥䛫䜎䛩䚹䛆ゎㄝ䛾䜺䜲䝗䛇㻌䝅䝇䝔䝮㛤Ⓨ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䝙䞊䝈䛸䛿䚸ᅗ䛻䛒䜛䜘䛖䛻䛚ᐈᵝ䛜ᛮ䛔ᥥ䛔䛶䛔䜛ክ䜔せᮃ䛺䛹䜒ྵ䜑䛯䛒䛔䜎䛔䛺䜒䛾䛸఩⨨௜䛡䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛒䛔䜎䛔䛥䛜ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸䚸䛭䜜䜢䝅䝇䝔䝮䛾ᶵ⬟䛸䛧䛶ᐇ⌧䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿ᅔ㞴䛺䜒䛾䛻䛺䛳䛶䛧䜎䛔䜎䛩䚹䝅䝇䝔䝮䛸䛧䛶ᐇ⌧䛩䜛䛻䛿䚸䛭䛾䝙䞊䝈䛾୰䛛䜙䚸䛒䛔䜎䛔䛥䜢ྲྀ䜚㝖䛝䚸ྜ⌮ᛶ䜔ᙧᘧᛶ䜢ᣢ䛱䚸䛭䛾ෆᐜ䜢䝔䝇䝖/ ᐃ䛷䛝䜛せồ/せ௳䛻䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䜎䛩䚹㻌䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸䝙䞊䝈䜢༑ศ᳨ウ䛧䛶䚸せồ/せ௳䜈ኚ᥮䛩䜛䛾䛜せồศᯒ䛾ᕤ⛬䛷䛩䚹. 4. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 4.

(5) 䛆ゎㄝ䛾䝫䜲䞁䝖䛇㻌せồศᯒ䛷సᡂ䛩䜛㛤Ⓨ⏝䝗䜻䝳䝯䞁䝖䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸୍ぴ䛻䛒䜛䜒䛾䜢సᡂ䛩䜛䛣䛸䜢ㄝ᫂䛧䜎䛩䚹䛆ゎㄝ䛾䜺䜲䝗䛇㻌 3.2⠇䛷䛿䚸せồศᯒ䛷౑⏝䛩䜛䝗䜻䝳䝯䞁䝖䛻䛿䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺䜒䛾䛜䛒䜛䛾䛛䚸䝃䞁䝥䝹䜢ぢ䛺䛜䜙☜ㄆ䛧䛶䛔䛝䜎䛩䚹. 5. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 5.

(6) MEMO. 6. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 6.

(7) 1䠊┠ⓗ 㻌㻌㻌䝅䝇䝔䝮໬䛩䜛ᴗົ䛾⠊ᅖ䜢᫂☜䛻䛩䜛 2䠊సᡂᕤ⛬ 㻌㻌㻌䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰せ௳ᐃ⩏ 3䠊సᡂ᪉ἲ䚸䝫䜲䞁䝖㻌㻌㻌䞉䝅䝇䝔䝮໬䛩䜛ᴗົ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䛚ᐈᵝ䛾せồ䜢ලయⓗ䛻グධ䛩䜛㻌㻌㻌䞉䛒䛔䜎䛔ᛶ䛾䛺䛔᫂☜䛺ෆᐜ䜢グධ䛩䜛 4䠊ὀពⅬ 㻌㻌㻌䝅䝇䝔䝮໬䛾ᚲせ䛺ᶵ⬟䛻₃䜜䛜䛺䛔䛛☜ㄆ䛧䛶సᡂ䛩䜛㻌㻌. 7. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 7.

(8) 8. Copyright 2012 IPA All Rights Reserved. 8.

(9)