The Development and Problems of Art Education in Modern Japan
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(2) . ) 第44巻 第1号 北海道教育大学紀要 (第1部C I Sec i ive i ion( lof Hokka i do Un ty ofEducat t journa onIC) VOL44 r s . , No. 平成5年7月 ly ju ,1993. The Development and Problems of Art Education in M odern japan. Kazu]mi YAMAI )A i i Hokka ido Univer ty ofEducat on s , Hakodate. l Art educat ion in Mod i i t s ng頃shed by changf認 in 仕 e em japan is d i ionsys tem,changesin textbook content ‐ goven・mentimposed educat ,var f l f d ionalg t 1 ous moveme n sby privateeducat ごoups ,and 位ein uence o e uca- ienced acceptance of l thought in advanced nabons iona t has exper t ‐ l ionalar Wreste ion ion ofjapanesetradi t ts ‐evaluat ln arteducat ,reforma- ,re ion ional d r raWing educat ions al t l aWing, 位e 丘ee‐d 1 ld changes in educat P誼zat ion e Postwar movement -orga ,a 6-3‐3 schoolsystem in 仕l ,repeatedre 1五us ion ofarteduct ion and せl ion zat e high 仰ごoWth economy co , ,new organi laxedl ioninthevol 山d u i □ netobel ea l 1 l edandre earPing andthereduct s . lnl 1 国zed to ac恒eve creat ive and i fおs sre‐orga proc ,postwar art educaton wa ld ththeideasofLowenfe zek,Langer mentalg 1 「OWth wi . The ,Read ,Ci ,etc ion ionandexpreSS contentofschoola【 wa sselectedtocenteronappreciat ・ ivate gr icat ion Theapproachchangedf romstudiesbypr oupstojo I U rnalpubl i iasuppor tedbysoci l esand g s stendency et andsyロロpos raduateschool ‐ Thi P o lartoad iol i ion whichappeareda貴e i i tudiesinarteducat lofs rect sst r伍e ion system in japan l960sin 廿l e United StatE器‐ However , 値e a貴 educat ical problems 故a l l f f i ime for t rema コ ばesolved lack of t n ul s e r s 台om crit i楯t iesand craf ion co t -product schoolact s l立ses ‐. ion move1 1 ion refonm andtheunauthor錫ed educat m L ent. . Educat The characteristics of a hundred years of art education f an of 1udes the deve1opエ f i ia l The h dstory of art education i 1 1 ー 1ent o 1 n modem japan i c c j hor i i l( textbook)system,amdじmaut rst system,a manua sed movementsagainstthese ‐ Forthef. ic ia l ional approach, and f 30 years( 2‐1 187 901 )the system was largely off ‐profess rom l902 to f l917there was an of f i ia1 iona 1one i ia1f r ‐educat -of awing was c c reed1 . From l918to l928 ,non f ferent i the key l f ic ia l and d iated i rst non‐of 1 l ethod used , and l929‐1945 saw the use of f hennat iona l icandl i i i i i icapproacheslaterinthePer i iod tar t approaches st l l s od ‐ Theper ,andt , 1945一199lsaw thegro沢 ionalapproachesin postwarsociety‐ th ofnew educat 7 lh i l lowing pattern emerges:1・theintroduction of v▽hen we.ook atthe overal torythefo s 71.
(3) . Kazu DA ] mi YAMA L. Wr i i ionaiJaPa t ternarteducation,2 t es rad l scoveryoft l esear rom ed”Gのめ7 2 .ared ‐thechangef ,3 iod of o% ‐dmz oZ ”g gd“cのあれ qf α“ to α“ Z“ 8ゐに防ぎ .the movementtowards 霜をe .a per ,4 ,5 intensere-organizat ion 6‐PostWrarco。 f i i us roduct onandtheint onofthe6ー3ー3schooISystem, ,. 7 ionintheen▽ i laxedl tyl ing ea貴 educat ron i c nentofahigh- ] 第 l earn gro次元hecono y -thenews .re ,8 ioninl and a reduct earmng content . Fol lowingthi i loPmentina食 educat ion i sSchemewereぜ ew acenturyofdeve chProvides ,wh ins ightinto recentprobl ibi l i i i T h l lb i i di l t J tl emsand poss n w n es apa . ese esu 1 1 xmarze n par ‐ Thel ion ofVVestern Att Educat troduct ion l 1 The governJ i i ioni i o nent c tabl tem in a貴 education r s s w超ch revol zed and es ut shed a sys beganinthe mid ineteenth century imethejaPanfeuda lgoven・mentandnat iona l ‐n st . Atthi lat laPsed i ionPol i l l lyandeconomi i i l l t ld so cyco ry waspol ca ca yopenedtothewor ,andthecount lrevo ia lut ion i iGoveminent moderni jectedto anindust ion andsub r j zed educat ‐ Thenew Me 1y to catch uP ヤ ヤ ー 1 ofindus 1 ia i ions th the 1 t raPid 二 raged eve r zed nat - The govenMnent encou l ds goal tudy 汎r tem learmng So that JaPan could attain th i ies eaders to s es t ‐ The author .abiand methods wi te i accePted ▽▽e thoutevaluationsthe s rn educationalsyl r aPProPriateness, l Fenoi 3to teach atjaPanese l i蓉ーteachers ike Fontanes i losa2 tedfore and a soinvi agener , ,l , Wr inst i i W旗 l K K k i ionsin βα那 加 S脳 僻みβ tutons tudying DutchschoolreE犯iat e . awa a 口n s s肋4 ‐ ,the lnst i igat h f ionof駅r d b ま A f tuteoflnves tem Books h h d t td d i t j t es e o m l as c u e 名 α 閉 れ e r e a s u ed g . , thecontentshes コ rawing tan : edtoteachthe Dut chaPproachtod s methodhasformedthe - Thi bas i l ject ”g,in modernJapzmeseschoo sfor a sub s ‐ , dmwi M[ l ion sta 〕 n ; th the SじれooZ S少勤の呪 in 1872 s for general educat ode rn schoo ed wi ‐ The i d Mini f E M d k d i b h dt b t t d 物 d t t t のめ ) r uca on( on us o,pro uce ex oo s o n o uce 粥勿 g sry o “c 7 zinto elementary school s一. However as drawing was cons idered a Pan of 下〃estern educat ion , ,. ′fore iy on booksofd textbooksin ele ; l r i igners t ten by l 工 l entai s hadtore aw血g wr r y school - For ‘ ’t i ins t純ng methods tance lated by tem dra shed the seをz z s脳“α“ Wes , Monbusho Publ , rans Kawakami ines ing tepstodraw Point s ‐ ThesebooksexP1ainedthes ‐ They ,shaPes ,andshad ,l ’ id not st d i ld ion i▽ i i l ty but Prec res s ch s thinking l ・on Penc ‐dlawing for s , exPress , or creat icalscience‐ Asthe method wasl imi f i i l ioni ted andinSuf t c entforschoo s sint roduct ed Pract ,i i i ion in educat iona ic i l i l l to d i t ssat sfact rc es z s履物αれ were used as the f rs . St , the se恕z ′ l Wr l 節 正 i te di t 力 d f d i i b k dl t t t t t t es lかsty etextbooksinJaPan n me a s o o e n e s r o n u e n c e a e r x o o g y g , ion Product . The Re山 i i 1JaPanese Art t iona scovery of Trad ln mid Me i i iona l i i l i i i limPor t t of i tthe ear t s c reaction agains er ul lcr ca ,there was a nat wes dn i i ionaiJaPanesear tem i ionand÷ Wr teducat t tem eami ng sl edtocot ctbetweent rad es ‐ Thi methodoiogy ‐ A keysy ioftheconf l i i landbrushdrawing ct wasthedi sPutebetweentheuseofPenc l ヒ nbo ion Board lnquiry on Drawing5in 1884 t at an Educa ry Was set up to ‐ The board ofinqui deter iated raw1ng me thodforelementaryschools‐ lninean aPProPr. Koyama ins isted on Penci l ,. draWing ion of brush d ing the adoPt ; rawing for a ion in 〕 “ educat , but backed down, enabl 72.
(4) . The Deve l i dem Japan on m Mo op江 l entand Probl emsofA【 Educat. イ [ i l lowing th i igat ing elementary s choo s shed the co江亘nittee for1nvest sハ onbusho establ ‐ Fol i Draw1ng in 1885 L i ionaI t Val oft rad , and aPPo nted 〇kaku工a , a strong ProPonent ofthe re前 E 0 t h h d f h k k d F i l i tt Japz t t t t 紅 .ese ar as e ea o a ,虹a an eno osa were sen o urope to ecomm ee . inVest igatet h証uenceandledtorefor i t 1 ゴ ロ extbooksingeneralschool s rrePo比 hadas rongi ‐ The. ion igat ing drav v ing was ten1 method of a 〕 代 educat t tee for 無ves t of the VVes ‐ The conuni he Tokyo Fine ALrts School and started to funct ion as an educational agency to renamed t i ionaI Japanese f ine arts and hand i t t maintain t rad craf s s caused . Thi ion to educat. l ff distance i t rom se. draWing in. general. 汎resteln 故ough h t , and a Japanese approac to draWing. ion ga ineds ia l ordinance of1891 l ly stated that t ter educat rength ni s ear ‐ ln a Mi , Monbushoc d i thefundamentalpol i i d f i t h l m db b d b h i d ; r n e u c a o o n n w n cy a so e ase rus aw ng g ‐ Becauseof 6 口頭spol i l r i j r L ngtextbooks werepubl cy awi jmber shedinfargreaternu sthanotherd aw加 g ,brushd D W i d i textbooks b t l t h d d l l b h b h d d t t ra ng e uca onl ・ l 1 l e as e o oogy gra ua y ecal e on t e rus an ex ‐ ‐ bookschanged fro]n expla i種ng d i r i i ion t t t hat t was a transfor ng to ar lnat awi s c dra釈江ng ‐ l okakmr ic ipated a had ant . The Changefrom 鼠繍口GaZi o” ofArf to Ar云i z 鼠繍口ca額on Art education wi i thbrush draWing was one me化l od 伍at concentrated on japanese t rad - iona la貴s t l ing 仕l ee at alt education ごowing f . However between 1897 andl906there was a g1 depended too much on b ion of lat the extreme direct 11sh draWing and was a conce・n tr ional i thet i ime tudyofaes sm was a causeforre‐ass nat (おsment cschanged atthi st . Thes ,and ics a lschools‐ Later, aesthetics was aesthet i jectatsevera ldhistory of a1n appeared as a sub. i ipl ine ineans ga ined gr鋭a i terpubl 一国zed as an academic d recog sc E 渇pect cr ‐ ,andf At 伍ds t tme s School 1 roda - VVhen s‐Ku , a new movement staned at Tokyo Fine Art Z retul :ned to Japant ject 鉢を防禦z P鯛%Z oteachthesub “g atthe Tokyo Fine Art sSchoolafter ing European painting ul l l i ionsoff tudy ine arts had a l lder R‐Co s n ready changed ‐ ln ,percept i ion luenceofinte t ionalarteducat ionhadas igl i ldtook timpact add lnat 瞳f cz u l ‐ N‐Masa ,theinf i i l tFEA Con 1900 i IEメ iona コ ヒ ロbi ion‐ ) nthef rs t parti s( slnte sointhe Par lnat ー享essin Par ,and a Hi i i tabl s experiences in Par s played an impo比ant role in es ln system of a立 sh鑓g a mode ioninJapan educat. Helea1 立l ion movementin Germany att hecon鱒ごess 1 ・ed aboutl ea辻 educat. l lyhe ldbe l i l raWing wasimpo ldevelopment 〕 nantonbothfor仕l a l ldthegenera efせl at“d e menta ” i l l ldren lopmentofJapanese and mamp副at ngski sofchi , andhe madeuseofl粗sinthe deve ion‐ art educat. ln paral le l wi i ion ioninJapan wasarg団ng aboutthe ththeintelnationals tuat teducat ,ar i i ld l r ionai point of view‐ ln l902 mert s of bn・ sh and penc l aWing f rom a genera ‐ educat , Monbushose tup The Commi t teeofinqui iontoinves i t ryinto Drawing Educat gatetheplaceof d raWingin general education‐ The co口叩l i luded N‐Masaki t teeinc l 1 r oda ,S‐Ku , R.Uehara , A‐ Shi K T S d h h b h i i f f d i h t tf r欲lama o ama n a o ers e mem ers p was very eren rom t e prev ous ‐ , . y Board oflnq l 国ry t teeinvestigated d rawingeducat ionin ′into Drawing Education. Thecommi l the vves tandexaminedthe mer i i ldrawlng t tpresentedi t sofbrush and penc srepo1【 to ,andi thepubl i n ; i tabl ci n l904 antrolei splayed animpo] nthees s超mentofa modenlsystem of - Thi ‘ ‘ ” ‘ d i ld‐ ingthat‘ draWing educa- a貴 e ucation. The report had a ch red approach cente ,suggest 73.
(5) . Kaz田川 YAMAのA ion reasons” and a ionshould be conduc l ibedthe pun)ose of t ted for general ‐educat so descr ,. labusi d r ionandproposedrevlslonstothesyl ry ry,secondal l aWingin generaleducat n elemental , ’ h l T b f l f d i l h i h h n b i d d i i t t t r s c o o s e o a n e rs u s e u e n a r e u a nr e o r m n e a grs g ecame gu e o c o p q , . i l usein the revlslon ordinance ofl907 r t l aWing and was putto prac ca ‐・ The textbooks ford ion wereorga匝zedinto 卸s彰伽の北 Z ch werecaref副lythoughtout eαc膨れg 粥鱗多血ゐ7 whi educat ing to 故e psycho lo鱒ca l deve lopment of c l 態ldren accord ‐ VVhen Masaki became the head‐ i f i p n dque ter of the Tokyo Fine Art mas s School s ed wi故 the tech ‐ centered , he was not sat i inted Shi th h rahama wi s profotmd knowledge of art cdndcul um of the school ‐ He appo iontheol f 故ecomrse, and es i ry, as head o tabl educat shed a teacher‐training comrse‐. Hand bi ionof1851 i t t tdevelopment,afterthe Londonexhi te I T 1interes sin es craf ,showed Wr iannat ions ike thecraf t t 1 ni t sofEas ‐As s sansl . lnthose days,a ,andJapanbegantoexpo比 craf d smi d d decorators had becomeseparatedfrom Samuraisociety and ths potters ,swor ‐ ,an swor. hadbeenforcedto change occupations. ‐mode Aga instthi i ions l tsingeneraleducat tartedf craf sback虹omld {溺ehand rom the ,Japan ’ l ten at tached to ochanomi ndergar zu Gi r s Schoolin 1876 of F知るβPS G2るe atthe ki ‐ At 位e l i b imethe govenunentt iedto speeduptheindust ia lrevo uton ecause ofせl j ゴ ロet sa r r ecolmtry’s backwar ( b l l imi larto 官l ian po i s ess e Russ cy and method . The motivation wass . Thati ,the ion me t lays in the domest i ial thod was brought about by the de t new craf ‐educat c indus r ion‐ Thus Japane icraf l ld ion wasestabl i teducat revolut sehand shedu l ldertheinf uenceof wor ,. l l lade l bi ions ia i i ionaleducat ion ian me t 士 } t exhi rin1876 odol oを汐, ythePh p恒afa ,espec ,vocat ,Russ igat ivereports bythe Br i i t tee t someinv f鵜t sh RoyaICommi ,and others‐ , 故e sloyd method Theyearsbetween1897andl lopmentofhand i 906al teducation. The sosawthedeve craf l idatenat ionalpower,to increase production,to promote trade, goven]ment wanted to conso ial i ld fore 廿l th 故eindus t ere andtoreform practicaleducation to catch up wi r zed wor ‐ There i コ 雨s ior i t ty to was a movement away from the humna c to the practical and people gave pr handicraf ion‐ t educat. Under 批ese ci せl rcwmstances e ordinzmce was re晒sed i n l9oo and ,. hand icraf i f f i ieve 故enew t twasd ttoach s wasemphasizedinelementa1γ school cul ‐ Howeveri l I School he lped to es i i i tabl l s l ld Tokyo Higher Norma sh a ld d ssemmate hand cr証t goa ,a ion. Thes l l i ttohavehandi tasa′ tdetehロロned .sub ject educat rs l ・di craf schoo choo ef .was 壮l ,a t 江副ゴ l l au r i i ion pl thecu 1ばi c ロbypubl shing deta edinstn・ ct a u l s コ ヒ ロ wasd l awn upby H‐ ‐ Thecロロdc okayama i tinthe elemental t tached・ to the ry school a craf ,and was based on lessons ofhand idance of R‐Uehara and Higher Norma f inedi ISchool he g therre t ul ・der t 1 u ‐ okayama fur ’ b l i h d i t h 坊 た 劣 膨 E Z 品 伽 f 加 t た a s 舜 s B 伽 e “ u s e e 錆 o o γ e α c 鴛 αれ cm “ S物 の声. okayama q p ,. for れ顔uencedtheeducat ld atthe ion add亘nistration,and a sul笈mertraining cot立se washe t ef si i icraf t rectors rom l903 and l eaders schoolfor three years f , schoolinspectors , hand , e×‐ d l i teachers t力ers icraf t becanne pract ced in elementary schoo s , and o ,took pa賞. Thus hand 士ばoughoutthe coWユt丈γ- t The plan of th formed by M[ i 2山ama and、 i the tem was per r s education sys asaki and sh i inspi 〕 n ; redl eaders垣pofUeharaand0kayamaplayedan mコpo antrol einestabl s鏡ng a mode r i l i i i i 達f :1 system i n generalart education‐ The rachievement s were cedthes canceof gr ‐theynot ion l i P ing and hand i ld be t craf s shou zed that draF a武 teaching in general educat ;2 ‐they rea 74.
(6) . i The Deve 1 n Modem Japan emSofA【 Educat oni op ] 広 l entand Probl. l inc ludedin 故e reg~dar cmTi cul t皿 of e ementa 1γ schools; 3‐ they recogldzed thatteaching r i ial ldbeaccordingtoc雌ldinteres i t mater sandtextbooksshou s eyt r edtoi ncorporate 故ese ;4 .t i buted ble in 故e education sys r tem to make art education Po s cont ミ 海i ‐ These achievement ing usedto making i 〕鴎ent of mode ly to 故ees i f i i tabl sh ln a忙 education‐ However be cant s g p n l d 「 thodolo tatef rom textbooks,teachers could not put new me 1 chi enimi をW into Practice- ion Movement The F・ee Drawing Educat ia- ionaf t Thesystematization ofa辻 educat ter1872depended on M[ onbushotaking 伍eini ivetoe lbooksandeducationalteacl穎ng materials, i t t tabl s shi ‐ M【onbushohadtoprovideschoo d i h i h ‐ term training courses th aneyeon arrangeteachercowses ,an systematzet ese wi ,g ves ort inte1 ionaldeve i ieswassuccessfulin 故esho lopment 〕 n‐ term‐ t 1 1at s sapproachbytheauthor ‐ Thi. i lyf l bi leto accom modate せiestrong des f ic i Butthef retolealn or exi ent ramework wasnotsuf ialcharacteristicsofeach l teacha thoughi twasanimpo貴antfactorin せl ed顕lami csofl由espec i l pmty ionalaims were ul h i lderstood commu etheeducat ‐ Vr , 出ey were not much Practcedin ion r lass ideredthe b l f器td aWingtextbook,draWing educat c ‐ Though S脳“彰ズ G%姦o wascons ly iasm g l lydisappeared and l lopfu貴her iedtoo much oni ttodeve l re radua ‐ Subsequent ,en億us ier pe iod S煽れZ i Q露姦o fe l lback ontothe methodsofthe earl r e - ion movemen f ia lgI However an al ive a【 educat i te tsta 1 式edin l919by a no l l lat ー 企of c roup: , 8 F M [ f K Y H d i dt d i i l t d l i D i h t t t n a r c o c e t e ee raw ng ovemen o ‐ amamo o l ca med e ene ra ona ps l ‐. lds Personal i ld think of a 角ee dmw物g method based on the chi ty and that people shou ivi ty‐ creat cotmt ly‐. The movemen t excited. 故e art education world and spread rapidly acroミ渇 the. The a ize an educa l山ご im wasto real ion based on creativity andto encowrage chi t en. ’ ly‐ Yaman im was very he i to free t noto s cla r imaginations and express themselves natural ’ important when compa io国zed an education t revol th F.Ci ut red Wi zec s Practice because i doct ine r ‐ ln those days, education tended to react against the systematic and stereot~やed t垣ods of the Herbart group and to focus on trends of thought in art me . Unforttはlately, ’ i r lar Yamamoto t力o ty wheni tcameto a me - reed l aWinglackedc srevolutiona1γ approach tof dolo 士ds weaknessthere was a tendency for many educators to 圭弾 forteachers‐ Because oft i l 牡ld ビ ion madecr i l i t cyinteaching c 1 en us cs strongly adopt a let‐alone po ‐ The resulting co副F lared 紅ーendtof reedrawi ngin s後 のZA“inl928 reedrawing opposedtof . ,and Yamamotodec l i l However 故e Monbusho was aware ofthe qua ty offree drawing and compi ed a textbook, 左“ Zzわ,es S跨og i tabl i z z ng a new direction in draWing education f rom l932 to l937 s shi ‐ Thi development was an interpretat ion o ftheof f ialsys l i i ins tem fol ngtheint c owi r c motivation of ivate gl 2山鑓コ t was opposite tothe approach of MasakiandShi r Qa 「oups andi pr ‐. M[any Approachesto Re-organization V▽hen we see 廿l e systematization by M[asaki and s粒r証】ama as an attempt of strong ’ to s movement was lacking a steady Protot汀)e protot円)e ‐ other approaches , the Yamamo コ ber than Yama ions rat rect Im ]moto’ were al so introduced fro s in the 1920 s r 窟ーany di ‐ For instance wh i l 記ng methodof i l ingf i i impl t reedraW1nghighly zedthes eteac erat c , ,S-Shimotacr. ionofthe iV i iat draWingf tyandanapPrec teadadvocatedtheneedforcreat rom nature ,andins 75.
(7) . KazumiYA D側A. 加 如 。。。 く く. technique. D 綱 NG EDUCAnON. r ee -F. 1 dea - - -. -- --. Free. 総獅 e e - t a -楯 一 r ぐ 一 m , 。 Ar t Hi i stor cal. - - ーem , 。nt 曇on p-at. EDUC翼刀Q~. - - Free. Yamamoto’ thod by Free Drawi s Me ng (Kaneko,K‐1987) - ‐{. \. 1owerses bl i i ヤ ーdes i 1d fro1n theヤ tab1 tposs t sfol shed a New e perspective・ He andhi c wor plas i ic izedthei i ive ion Groupin l920 l 冠no and other young teachers Drawing Educat t tat l l l s - l ,cr ′ ion i i i ivesasf truct ject onalob ‐ sm andemphas zedthat eshouldregardins reebased peopl product i craf ionfol l i ld inct i i t Z -product owingthech s creativeinst shed a Creat ve Hand - s - They establ “( ‘坦” 互s f 1 9 2 d i i i d D B 〆 R K i h i 5 d t のめ t ) t Groupinl923 a n c r c z e s o れ mw ” ” c れ craf s a w r o e qy g ‐ ‐ , i i thet draWing nl thout any aes ethods that i口立tated for ln wi c sense sted that the . He ins 7 ldbepla顕E i ious ly terexper s approachshou student ul eyshouldfos enceandbeu l l consc ,that 廿l ive ゴ ロ編ng・ iint t teぱs 拓oγを姦好,i terret口 toJapanf creat rom Germany zutan roducedl . Af ‐ ,T‐Mi. hebas i igl t 達 lausSchool e rom the Ba sandlectures ccoursein des lf ‐t ‐ Thecontents ,injournal r l f luenced K‐Take / q iand八 stronglyi eamngeducators -Yabuki ,andpromotedthereform ,bothl i i i publ t f C鰯 馴れに“鯛 α7 2α of craf shed ‘為” ○の””e q gm, and crafts‐production‐ Take , des “ D8 imetherewere manyout tand 1 nedby R‐Kawaki tainl934 st s - sを“ Ed”cのま o% . Atthi , suppo iestheyl ivedand ingteachers whohadgainedvaluabl icalexpenencefro1nthecol t l l lnu□i epract ” ’ 互 k di E i f t 親 b f G A k i b k Z脳 模痛 d di 如彰 Z f 粥例 wor e n s q Dmwi〃g ‐ v ence or scan e oLm n . o s oo , ’ 〕 阻shis βd”cα瓦鯛 Z and Y‐Naka “ Ag“c“劫閉昭/ 伽 〆 肌o“ 7 2加勿 偽物影 , ℃ 霧姫 Edzcα郷“ “ h i T h b d d ) 〆 あの2偲 i iv idualideas 〔 云 び力乙ばβα上 〆 z z似 ’”g ese var ous approac es com ne an suppo edind - , iasm sens bl i i ionsforthe i i i 、 r i l i恒es t ty ed rect enthus shed manyposs ‐ Theyestabl , ,and otherabi ion in the future im司 L advancement of a貴 educat onbusho ated by such approaches . St , M[ incorporatedt 左“ “た○‐ heseideasintonew school books imaryschooldrawingブand s海og z z ,pr. However dueto theincreaseln mi l i ia山sm inJapan l 頭ldren were i i tar tar smYand au値or , ,c. i l lowed to express the i ivi ly tyf not a rcreat ree s . Underthese circuエロstances, a craft emphas increased wi i ion i ld▽var ththe worsemng ofthe wars tuat ththe onsetofthesecond▽▽or ‐ ▽v , i d h f i h d di t the needsofnationaldefenseand national t t sm overro e ose o e uca on wasc anged ,an. inat ioni losophy ofnat iona ldefense and せま ings i toi rst ndoct r n a phi e making ofth ‐ Forthef ional ime C粥舜 schoolbooksforc l組dren were wr i i lvi int tenf t t ca ew「 rom apract po ,thatofnat ion were not real i i defense j he results of th zed s educat . soon, war fortunes reversed and t because oft iに ionofinstructors andl i コ ヒen he mobi l i zat aborandthe e▽acuation ofch .. 76.
(8) . The Deve lopr ionin ModenュJapan tEducat ] 【 lentand Probl emsofAr Postwar Conf ion andthe6‐3‐3 Schoolsyste1m us. A f i iod ofrooting out and rebui ld ing ter、 the war,thef rstdecadein education was a per L - h i Thenew e庄ーp ass Wasthatpeopl i rthought rankl eshould expressthe s and demandsf y ‐ The i ion in art educat ion was Character i rect postwar d zed by the C鋤 鴛B sq f s如吻. 尤γ S物の康. i inct ivefeature wasthatfor 茄ef i imeasol idchi ld‐ A戒‐賊α”〆 ぎ ( b l t sd st rstt centere ess cm曲‐ l i tabl wases shedin art education,andthecourses ofstudy showed objectives mld me contents tstarted again as aschool jectas a referencefor each school oftheschoolsub ‐ Drawingcraf. jectin elementary andlowersecondary schools. sub A6-3-3schoolsys i tem wasins t tuted afterten years,andsincethen,educationreforln was k f d 1 t t h b i f i ialcounci t tedby of un er a en on e a s atten yearsinterVa1 s ss o repo]宣ssubmi c ‐ The i f ferentfeaturesaccordingtothesoc ia ls i ionand iona tuat lad j ゴ ロ i l l i reports haveshown d ‐ educat s 、 iVebackg l trat 「 『 I slon ofcours 3 ー nd E sofstudyfro]n 1956to 1960 roU ‐ Fore×ample,inthere ,peop e. ive ly d i ionofanewindependentcoursebasedon japan’sindependencef engagedi n al scuss rom lowingreports せl ionsandtheexpansion oftheeconomy‐ Fol the Uni ted Nat fstudy seso , ecomr izedsothatthe rom tentative plansto national minimuヱns‐ Handicraft wasre-orgz un changedf. i i f i sc ent c content was moved to a new tech面calschoolsub ject %政雄云“〆 de s省“,and arts ,Z hand icraf ine a1nsin upper seconda1γ schools‐ Furthermore,fine a貴s wasdi西ded tbecamef intotwof i lds i a e e s s o 7 zand α ec α云わ“. Z め〆 ; 沈め〆 z New Formations of Art Educat ion and High Economic Growth Between l9 68 andl970 lopedrapid t ly ry and economy deve ere wasconsider- ,indus ,and 化l. iona ・reforln- From a nat l vi iona int ion wasrequi i abl eeducat ewつ redto emphas ze po ,educat i d h sc ence and to be mode rn to e ucate uuman resources to support the rapid 淳roWth ofthe economy-. The l iciency was the goa l of ea叩亘ng content was questioned and economic eff. teducation wasfo皿ldtobea weaknessinthesub rews lons jectf ramework,and attempts ‐ Ar i ttheoret tbecame engagedina gameofsurVival wi th many were madeto makei cal ‐ Andi lsub ional content was e in core was created, though educat ject schoo s I甘i ched and a ma . A1 there wa i s much to teach andthi tudy sledto overcrowding‐ Because ofth s ,the cot茸ses ofs f thtoo much materia1forteachersto digest werepacked Wi ,exceptforteachers who ,o comrse. had s igl i ロf ldren increased andthe phe cant experience‐ The number of 旧lder ‐achi eving chi ‐ lopedinto a soc ialproblem‐ nomenon deve Re laxed Learning and Reduct ionsin Learning vo1mme lndheear 1yha1 fofthel970sconcernsaboutindustria1po1 1ut ion anden▽i rommenta1da 】 庄 ーage emerged‐. A react ion tot he assuェnption that economic efficiency was priorto ever直h ing set. in andthere wa s a reduction in the vol皿ne to be leamed‐ Thi sreform stressed , をαγ 7 2効g and “ed”ば力“s i“ をαγ“〆“g の 彰 粥a. の粥あ翫2弱8. ln consequence the art co則r ses cu ]廿iculu1n ,. f retmrned to 踏め惚s s o 7 2and α臨め惚c如互o 7 2andthey were decresedto onethi rd ofthe previousi n l i elementarys choo sreorgadization oftheartcourseseemedtoembodythe mostsophi i t ‐ s ‐ Th 1at ionship between chi 1d deve1opmentandthe overa1 1curr icu1uヱn cated post-warre ‐ However inl989 ; ressed al i bera l i ion ofeducation red onethat add zat ,a new education refor1n wasrequi 77.
(9) . KazwmiYAMA のA. lder l long educat ion fe i - y citizens lncreased and the and demands forl ‐ The proportion of e f l h t fthepop司 L i。nandt i t l 〕 re。 structu at econsciousnesso peopec angedrapidly. Asaresult,adul ion ion lder lypopulat l dngforwomenandtheagedbecameanissue Withthelargee earn - Educat lowing i bl i fe longl ied 。utt ie i ty wherel e ‐ earがng wasposs ref。nn was,canr oestabl shasoc . Fol l i ty ignprocessandtheabi d i i ivi i i ‐ t ty t h ds zedaesthet csens ,andexpres ,des ,an e ucat on emphas ion and appr ionofcreative crafts. iat s ec. 1 1 . PRESENT DAY PROBLEMS ding ion as Character BI遡l Art Educat ご ion over one h Thi ln imd l ed yearsin mode s hasre汎ewedthe development of a茸 educat i lprocessthatthe Me lopmenta i igovenMnentestabl ln shed Japan j ,created a mode . The deve f w ア i 1 r , コ d i h r = r h n t b t t d i t t e s e 工 n o e mp。 ea ng and oug comprom ses e ween a【 e ucat on sys em l ing me t力ods ( 五t ional a茸 teach t e years many Practical educators attempted to ra ‐ over tr lowing the f ferent approaches i ic ialsys form せl f tem al ldin せ} e l920s pro汎ded d re e of . Fol ionas に鯛ほ財8 ldWrar l defeatin せl 7 吃彰姦“ 7 2 e。farteducat eSecondWror gor に“”s妙αd雄鶏g洗 ,thero l i 1 98 9 t F i ) 1 山lout neoftheconten fs如か( sin 故e C鰯鴛倦 q g . . CONTENT. SCHOOLSUBJECT EXPRESS工ON. EXPRESSION. APPRECIATION. P1as i t t Expres on s l c Ar. ten (Kinde ) rgar ARTS & HAND工CRAFTS ) t @l emen aw Schools. A:EXPr es s lon * P1as i t tpl ay car * To exPres tures or c s by Pi i l l id what a ch d want sto so. i i B:Appr ec at on * Toen joy * To haveinter ( 渇t s l i * To bef th works ar wi ami. e×pr es s i l dwant * To makewhatach s to make FINE ARTS l ) (LowerSecondary Schoo s. A:Expre s s lon int ing * Pa. iat i B:Apprec on l int ing andScu * Pa pture. l * Scu pture. t Pro * De i - s gn and and Craf ion duc t. ign * Des ion * Craf t t sproduc Fi t s ne Ar in ART. 78. i i B:Apprec at on. l * Scu pture. ART (Uppe r Secondary School ) s. A:E×Pres s on l int ing * Pa. i i * De ) c s aph gn 愈r ion Craf tProduc t in ART. A:Expre s s ・ on i ign Craf * Des tProduc t on ion i ICraf t * Prac t t ca sProduc. i i B:Apprec at on.
(10) . The Deve lopmentand Probl ioni emsofA【 Educat n Modem Japan. ior i ion as character bui ldi ty i wasg1ven pr si sa賃 educat ng t 刀 r sued on the bas softhe . Thi ,p ing thattheend result wou ld be a cul ivat tand ion of 位echi lds sg“瓦伽e“≠ al t m・ders ld リメガZ . Thi ividua l ior i ty and also shows how the sformulareco淳豆zes 廿l e concept matind s have Pr ious approaches o fnon‐of f i ialg1 var c re reconsidered‐ ごoups we. There has a l so been a strong. inf luence of 鉱e p ] 誼losop 1 匝es of Read, Langer, al ld on an education in general ld Lowe晒e , l i 〕 代edby a movementWi thin UNESC0 af terJapan wasrehabi tated suppo Buti thas not been easy to emphasize character bmld ing 口l rough a1忙 e×Periencein せl e h l d i b h i l d ご d b f d l i i d t t h l i i i l l t t dt sc oo e uca onsysem’ ecausec 1en ono ene a equatey nt e m te mea owe , dueto alack ofequipmentandteac l 頭ng mater ial lude 官i ionto s emsinc ereduct ‐ RecentProbl ive day school week andthe movementto opt lsub iona af ject s sincreases 化le stress on ‐ Thi ld ren and reduces oppo菖山国t ies for creat ivi ty‐ chi l. Because of l i fe style changf認 and 伍e. inf luence o fthe me嶺a fers fewer oppo i l 冠I Cben to experience 〕 武山国t esforc ,japans society of. drawingandhan虚craf bu i ld ingexperiencesby a1靴 t ter ‐ . Nowadays, 山econtribution tocharac ioni ing reevaluatedin a 鏡gh‐ logy and computerized society‐ tech口o educat sbe. E×Press ion and APPrec iat ion asthecu i l 頑mm 〕 rr c ioni f i ia 1 1 1udedin kinderga【en,e1ementary schoo1s,1ower secondary A=teducat sof c yinc F i 2 Stn・ I Educat tureofAI i i ) c on(ohash g. ,K‐1989. K-NDERGARTE汎 ・. Eー上 …M日JTARY M潤PP1s 執 u 』. I Three l ni m。nq,nnq I. l・. LOWERSECOND‐UPPERSECOND‐ AF ]YSCHOOLS. Handi ts craf. ー. ,. P1ast i c Ar t. TotaI P1ast ic Ar ts. ARYSCHOOLS. l ー l. . Ues lgn. I. Craf i t t s Produc on. l 1. ー l. 1. l i i l i b i t t c Ar s y of P1ast - POSs. Act i ies t vi - 1. .. . Two Dimens l ons. Pictures. (A 能). I ,. - ,. Paint ing. i. scu l p佃e ; Expressーon. FoRM妊1oNoFA 班LUEV I酬. M. 歳. 。丁 ,。. . Appreciation i ー. ; 1. i. l ー. Aes he t i t i i t c A 叩 ec a on. l 1. 一「 一【 一一 丁÷. i. l ー. l ‐ ー r ” ‐ = Hi i I十 Apprec ia ion st or t ca i Cr i i I App「ec t ia i ca t or l. 79 Fi t Educat i r Uct u「 e of Ar i g‐2 St on (ohash 1989) , K..
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