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連続的な応力および湿度の変動下における構造用鋼材の非線形弾塑性クリープ挙動(梗概)

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NII-Electronic Library Service

Eilll.?T-7:',.X,i,.,,,,,,.,,.,,.,,

10TU,1".gL,,O,L・.S.tg:e,:")(rlr"Nd.fi3os",?tb".Rt;?r,g,nginee[ing

a",ff,vaz.gtff,krk6iv"Jgva1dira,

NONLINEAR

ELASTO-PLASTIC

CREEP

BEIHIAVIOR

OF

'

STRIUCTI[JRAL

STEEL

I[JNDER

CONTINUOIUSLY

VARYING

STRESS

AND

TE]M[PERATURE

by

FUKUJIRO

FURUMURA*,

TAKEO

AVE**,

WHA

JUNG

KIM'"'

and

TAKESHI

OKABE"**",

Members

of

AI.J,

1.

INTRODUCTION

A

great

deal

of research results are available

for

the

design

of structures such as

turbines

and nuclear reactors

to

cletermine

the

long-term

creep

deformation

behavior

at constant eleyated

tempe[atu[es.

Very

little

is

known,

however,

for

high-rise

structures

in

fire

in

which

the

creep

process

is

ielatively short

term

but

with

high

temperatur

ratei173).

The

success of analyzing

the

behavior

of steel structures

in

fire

depends

on

how

accurately certain mechanical

properties,

especially creep of steel, are

known

in

the

range of

3so

to

6oo

eCnN7)

In

the

previous

papersJN3),

the

creep

behavior

and relationship

between

creep strain and elasto-plastic strain under constant

load

and

temperature

with

three

kinds

of structural steel,

SS

41,

SM

50

A

and

SM

58

Q

were

inve$tigated.

However,

in

such as actual situation$ correspending

to

columns

in

continuous structures subjected

to

fires,

the

stresses and

temperatu[es

of columns will change with

time,

Therefere,

it

is

necessary

to

know

the

creep

law

under variable stresses and

temperatures.

The

investigatLons

of

the

effect of varying stresses o[

temperatures

on

primary

creep

have

been

already repofted

by

authorsS-iO).

Then,

the

main

purpose

of

this

study

is

to

make

clear

the

nonlinear elastD-plastic creep

behavior

uncler

continuously

varying stress

and

temperature.

2.

STRESS-STRAIN

RELATIONSHIP

Tbe

stress-strain curves obtained at

high

temperatures

are shown

in

Figs.]

to

3.

The

stress-strain curves obtained

together

with creep curves are shown

in

Figs.4

to

6.

In

these

figures.

the

horizontal

straight

lines

show

the

creep strains and cuives

following

them

show

the

stres-strain curves

obtained

at

the

tiTne

changing

the

stress

levels

and after

the

finish

of creep

tests.

Frorn

these

figu[es

and

the

results

of

the

previous

experiments]L3・S"iij,

the

relationship

between

creep strain and elasto-plastic strain

has

been

clarified.

That

is

to

say, when

the

stress

is

changed,

the

stress-strain

curve

arises

or

goes

down

approximately

with

the

same

gradient

as

the

initial

tangent

and

ifthe

stress-strain curve

arises

near

the

virgin

stre$s-strain

curve,

the

fermer

foilows

the

latteT

with STREssfuem",b

srrtEssrpm

2 1 STRNNr-]

Fig.1.

Stress-strain

curves at

high

temperatures

(SS41}

sTRNNeG)

Fig.2,

Stress-strain

curves at

high

tempe[atures

(SM50A)

#

DT,

Eng,,

Prefessor,

Tekyo

Institute

of

Technology

""

Dt

Eng.,

Research

Asseciate,

Tokye

Institute

of

Technology

#""

Graduate

Student.

Tokyo

Institute

of

Techno]ogy

"O:"

Visiting

Research

Assoclate,

Tokyo

InstLtute

of

TechnoLogy,

Present

Address

:KumamotD

Univefsity

Manuscript

received

November

ln,

1984

(2)

-92-S

Fig3,

Stress-strain

curves at

high

temperatures

STRES5Ciglmm]) LO so 20 10 STRA:N{-)

(SM

58

Q)

STRES5Ciglmrn1] ;o lo O 1 1 s 5TRAINt.A)

Fig.5.

Stress-strain

curves ebta'ined at creep

test

under step-

Fig.6.

wise varying slresses

a

little

difference

at

loweF

level

of stress as shown

in

Fig.7.

3.

TIME-AND

STRAIN-HARDENING

LAW

When

the

situation

involves

a nonsteady state stress

history

under constant

temperature

or a nonsteady state

temperature

history

under constant stress,

the

creep strain rate can not

be

described

as a

function

of stiesses or

temperatures

alone, respectively.

One

approach

to

this

problem

has

been

to

describe

the

creep strain rate as a

functien

of strain or

time

in

addition

to

stress and

that

of strain or

time

in

addition

to

temperature.

The

creep strain rate equation

including

stress and

tirne

er

tempera-ture

and

time

as variable$

is

called a

time-hardening

iaw,

whiLe

lt

is

called a strain-hardening

law

if

it

is

a

function

of

stress

and strain or

that

of

temperature

and strain]ZF.

(1)

Creep

under varying stresses

If,

for

instance,

the

stress

is

raised

from

a

constant

stress

a,

to

a

lowervalue

a,after a ce[tain

time

period

t,

and

t,,

the

and

the

time-hardening

law

follows

OADE

and

OABC

in

(2)

Creep

uncler varying

temperatures

If,

for

instance,

the

temperature

is

raised

from

aconstant constant

ternperature

T,

to

alowervaLue

T,

afteracertain

time

of

OABC

and

OADE,

and

the

time-hardening

law

follows

Both

laws

have

been

widely used

to

represent creep

in

stress observed

by

rnost

investigators

that

the

strain-hardening

law

of creep

than

the

time-hardening

Law

for

metals.

But

it

can structural steel exhlbited neither

time-nor

strain-hardening

ro

le

O 1 3

srRNNen

Fig.4,

Stress-strain

curves obtained at creep

test

SIRES5Ckdind) op SO

10 10 o as 1.o 1.s sTRArgek]

Stress-straln

curves obtained at creep

test

under wise varylng

temperatures

5TRESS

Fig.7.

5TRAIN

Stress-strain

curves accompan{ed wlth creep strain

to

a

higher

value a,

or

iewered

from

a

constant

stress

o: strain-hardening

law

gives

a

paLh

of

OABC

and

OADE,

Figs,8

and

9,

respective]y.

temperature

T,

to

a

higher

vhlue

T,

or

lowered

from

a

period

ti

or

ti,

the

stTain-hardening

law

gives

a

path

OADE

and

OABC

in

Figs,

10

and

11,

respectively.

analysis of

time-dependent

materials.

It

has

been

usually

yields

a

better

representation and

predictabitity

be

deduced

from

results of

the

previous

studiesS-iO)

that

the

characteristics under step-wise stress

increments

and under

--

93

(3)

-NII-Electronic Library Service

moERATURE T, Tl envaffut eCREEP STRAIN anCasLent

e--c."

'''

ti TLME

E...-Tl e/''tl::i

.J.,

1'ttttttt A o drdl zitsaws

'''

O t, TIME

Fig.8.

Illustratien

of

behavior

of strain and

tirne-hardening

creep

law

$tuEth

dl ''' LtTeCenstani T]ME

・ut

Jttt

t-/t

-11t

ttl

/

E."-.--g A,'

....-'o-'

,/e.-B d: o OLI T]ME

Fig.9.

Illustration

of

behavior

of strain and

creep

Law

TEMPERATURE TI z:tsaws ''''' ti TIME T/ time-hardening' T=Ccrstant

.q

9/

t/

t/

c/

1

ez(II[

L-" , A

'

''J eCIIEEP5TRNN ''''' t7' tr=dmlant

Ji

Tl

tt

tt

tt

tt

'

tt

tt

tt

tt

tt

ttA.,

""--t""""";::j'

t

.-/

.

/c."e

TlktE E..tTl

O t, TIME e lt TIME

Fig

10.

IIIllstration

of

behavier

ef strain and time-hardening

Fig.

11.

Illustration

of

behavior

of straln and time-hardening

creep

law

creep

law

step-wise

temperature

increments.

The

discrepancy

between

experimental and

time-

or strain-hardening

law

can

be

considerecl

mostly

to

be

caused

by

neglecting

the

consideration

of

plastic

strain

except

experimental

errors.

4.

MODIFIED

STRAIN-HARDENING

LAW

AIthough

plastic

strain

is

defined

as

time-independent,

it

is

a

function

ef a

time

in

the

strict sence,

In

the

creep

test,

it

is

difficult

to

distinguish

clearly

between

plastic

and

creep

strain,

especialty

fer

a short while after

the

loading.

Therefore,

it

seems ieasonable

to

take

plastic

strain

into

consideration

in

addition

to

creep strain, when

the

strain-hardening

law

is

applied.

The

strain-hardening

law

in

which

plastic

strain was

taken

into

account as

the

same

kind

of strain as creep was called

the

modifiecl strain-hardening

law

in

the

case

involving

a nonsteady state stress or

temperature

history

under constant

temperature

or

stress, respectively.

This

law

is

based

on

the

asstimption

that

the

sum

of

the

plastic

and creep strain

is

constant at

the

step-wise change of stress or

that

of

tempe[ature.

(1)

Creep

under varying stresses

Now,

the

modified strain-hardening

law

is

applied

to

the

case

involving

a nonsteady state stress

history

under

constant

temperature,

In

this

law,

it

is

assumed

that

if

the

stress

is

changed

from

aconstant stress

to

anether

one,

the

stress-strain curve ascends or

decends

with

the

sarne

gradient

as

initial

tangent

amd

if

the

stress-strain curve arises

to

(4)

-94-STRE55 o

$wffut

4

$vts

d7 o o q tl oj tt tl.tlTIMEziftaawE t!'t4 qTIME P or-"--]t"J'-

."-FNITde-.---t

Gany[EpSIRMN,

'''

'4・q K.-cREEP ' or tStRAIN' '-,d` ojCREEPSJRAdNDosEPSTRAtN''''d] ; ' o: C,/CREEPSTRNNt' dl t OlCREEPSIRNN 'v' aL ' t J ' J 1 ' t

'

t ' ' ' ' ' t

tafiPE

',-・,.tthIE

t/',,tln'7E

Fig.12.

A H

STRAIN

Stress-stiain

ielatienship accompanied with creep strain "nder step-wise varying stresses zitsthEu

''

-・・t:---

r

'

-

-j

r

I

o"

....y

]1,ct/ro-rc

'''

'

tt

tt

-t

il

11 11 lt 1" tt t

-.===t.

-ti/.f'

OIE

'

de K b.

.L

lffK

--dn'

u a)Fig.13. tl TJve

111ustration

of

behavior

of medified st[aln-harde-ning cieep

law

the

yirgin stress-strain

curve,

the

former

pursues

the

latter

perfectly.

This

law

wM

be

understood

immediatety

from

Figs.12

to

15,

If,

for

instance,

the

stress

is

raised

from

a constant stress a,

to

a

higher

yalue at after a certaln

time

period

t,

{see

Figs.

12

and

13),

the

cleep strain caused

during

the

time

period

t,

is

O,B

and at

the

time

t,

the

values of stress and strain change

from

those

of

B

to

C

in

Fig.

12.

After

that,

the

creep strain

follows

the

curve

CJ

(Fig.

13>

and after

the

lapse

of

time,

t,+

t,,

the

total

creep strain

becomes

O,B+CJ.

In

this

case,

the

creep

cllrve

is

O,BCJ.

Also,

the

stress

is

lowered

from

a

constant

stress a,

to

a

lower

value ah after

a

certain

time

period

t,

{see

Figs.

12

and

14),

the

creep

strain

caused

during

the

tirne

periocl

t,

is

O,E

and at

the

time

t,

the

values of stress and strain change

from

those

of

E

to

D

in

Fig.

12.

After

that,

the

creep strain

follows

the

cuive

DK

(Fig.

14>

and after

the

lapse

of

time.

t,+

t,.

the

total

creep strain

becomes

O,E+DK.

In

this

case,

the

c:eep curve

is

O,EDK.

Besides,

the

stress

is

[aised

from

a constant stress as

to

a

higher

vaLue a6 afteT acertain

time

period

ts

(see

Figs,

12

and

15),

the

creep strain caused

'during

the

time

period

ts

is

OsF

and at

the

time

ts

the

vatues of stress and strain change

frorn

those

of

F

to

O,

by

way of

G

in

Fig.

12.

After

that,

the

creep

strain

follows

the

curve

O,N

{Fig.]5)

and

after

the

lapse

of

time,

O,F+O,N.

In

this

case,

the

c[eep curve

is

OsFOeN.

(2)

Creep

under varying

ternperatures

Now,

the

modified

strain-hardefiing

Law

is

applied

to

the

case

invotving

under

constant

stress.

In

this

law,

it

is

assumed as a matter of

course

constant

temperature

(T,

or

T,)

to

another one

(T,

or

T,),

the

This

law

will

be

understoed

irnmediately

from

Fig.

16,

If,

for

instance,

aconstant

temperature

T,

to

a

higher

value

T,

after a cerLain

time

period

ti

been

caused, at

the

time

t,

the

values of elastic and

plastic

strains ch

Thereore,

the

value of

strain

(elasto・plastic

creep strain)

increment

equal

to

the

difference

of elastic strains

AE

=: ES-Ef(A,Ai),

plastic

and creep strain

is

constant.

In

this

case,

thvaEut

or4

tsFig.

14.

TIME

IIIustration

of

behavior

of modified $train-hardening creep

law

o

qq

Z3tstresEtf

k

N.'1i'

ts+te

'''

tttttt

F..

,""/

Lip

't/'i

''t''''''

' t

't'.I.".-1lo-,N1

-ntTIME ot OSS t5Fig.15.

t5+tfi,

T:ME

IIiustratien

of

behavior

of modified strain-hardening creep

)aw

the

totalcreepstralnbecomes

a

nonsteady

state

temperature

history

that

if

the

temperature

is

changed

from

a

stress-strain curve changes as shown

in

Fig.

16.

the

temperature

is

raised

in

amoment

from

in

which

the

creep strain E,(B,C,)

has

ange

from

Ef

to

E: and Ee

to

E;, respectively.

changes

from

that

of

C,

to

C,

in

Fig.

16

with

the

strain

according

to

the

assumption

that

sum of

the

the

value of creep strain changes

from

B,C,(

ef)

to

B!C2{

e;).

While,

(5)

-95-NII-Electronic Library Service

if

the

creep strain caused

during

the

time

periocl

t,

is

B,C{(Ef'),

at

the

tirne

t,

the

value of strain changes

from

that

of

C:

to

B,

in

Fig.

16

{CtB,>Ae).

In

this

case,

the

value of creep strain changes

from

B,C:(ef')

to

zero.

However,

if

the

value

of

C;B,

is

less

than

A,A2(Ae=eg-ef),

the

value of strain changes

from

that

of

Cl

to

the

point

which

is

AE

distant

from

C:

Also,

if

the

temperature

is

lowered

from

aconstant

temperature

T,

to

a

lower

value

T,

in

a moment after a certain

time

period

t3

in

which

the

creep strain

BtC,(e;)

has

been

caused, at

the

time

t,

the

values of elastic and

pLastic

strains change

from

e:

to

ef and Ee

to

ee, respectively.

Therefore,

the

value of strain changes

from

that

of

C,

to

C,

in

Fig.16

with

the

decrease

of

Ae.

In

this

case,

the

'value

of creep strain changes

fiom

B,Cz{E:)

to

BiCi(ef}.

Using

the

modified strain-hardening

law,

the

5TRESSeter A,/At AE

lg"f..

IIJJIt::III[.i.Illl:IIIIII

ll

ieiet,BT"

t-V]tr

Et

"1/'-gL

di o 5rR4JN

Fig.16.

Stress-strain

retationship accompanied

with creep strain under step-wise yarylng

temperatu[es

primary

creep

behavior

of

structural

steel

under

variable stresses

and

temperatures

can

be

estimatedwith more certainty

than

the

time-

or strain-haredning

law

whichhas

been

widely used, especially

in

the

case of

high

stress

ievels

accompanied with

large

plastic

strain, as shown

in

the

p[evious

papersSJiO].

5.

SHIFT

RULE

OF

THE

STRESS-STRAIN

RELATIONSHIP

In

order

to

express

the

change

in

the

level

of stress and st[ain associated with

the

change

in

temperature

and

creep

strain,

it

is

necessary

to

define

a

shift

rule of

the

stress-strain relationship,

Based

on

the

results of creep

tests

under varying stresses and under varying

temperatures

and stress-strain curves obtained at vaiious creep

tests.

This

shift rute contains

the

following

assumptions

as

weli

as

the

modifiecl

strain-hardening

raw.

(

1

)

If

the

stress

is

changed

from

a constant stress

to

another ene,

the

stress-strain

curve

ascends or

decends

with

the

same

gradient

as

initial

tangent

modulus and

if

the

stress-strain curve arises

to

the

virgin stress-strain curve,

the

former

pursues

the

latter

perfectly.

(2)

At

the

step-wise change of

temperature,

the

sum of

the

plastic

and

creep

strain

is

constant.

5.

1

Shift

Rule

of

the

Stress-strain

Relationship

Due

te

the

Change

in

Temperature

Now,

the

shift rule

is

applied

to

the

case

involving

a

nonsteady

state

temperature

history,

In

this

rule,

it

is

assumed as amatter

of

course

that

if

the

temperature

is

changed

from

a

constant

temperature

(

T,

or

T2)

to

another one

(T,

or

T,},

the

stress-strain curve changes

as

shown

in

Figs.

17

to

20.

This

rule undet constant

tota!

strain

(except

thermal

expansion) will

be

llnderstood

immediate]y

from

Figs.

17

Lo

2o,

According

to

the

assurnption

that

the

sum

of

the

plastic

and

creep

strain

is

constant,

the

stress

for

aconstant

temperature

(

T,

or

T2)

is

shifted

to

the

point

for

the

sarne strain, e,, on

the

unloading or re]oading straight

line

fer

another one

(

T,

or

T,)

through

the

point

E

(Figs.

17

to

20).

In

this

case,

if

the

vatue

of

shifted

stress

is

more

than

that

of virgin stress-strain curve

for

the

same strain

(see

Figs.18

to

20),

the

vatues of stress

follow

the

virgin stress-straln curve.

If,

for

instance,

the

temperature

is

raised

in

amoment

from

a constant

temperature

Ti

to

a

higher

value

T,,

the

values

of

stresses are

shifted

from

that

of

F

to

G

and

A

to

H

as

shown

in

Fig.

17,

respectively.

After

that,

the

stresses

follow

the

curve

ECD.

However,

in

the

case

of

the

stress-strain relationship as shown

in

Fig.18,

the

values of stresses

are

shifted

from

that

of

the

stresses on

the

line

FA

to

that

of

the

stresses on

the

virgin stress-strain cu[ve

CG

(for

example;F

to

C

or

A

to

G),

After

that,

the

stresses

follow

the

curve

ECD.

Also,

if

the

temperature

is

lowered

from

a constant

ternperature

Z

to

a

lower

value

T,,

the

values of stresses are shifted

from

that

of

H

to

F

and

C

to

G

as $hown

in

Fig.

19.

respectively.

After

that,

the

stresses

follow

the

curve

EAB.

HDwever,

in

the

case of

the

stress-stiain relationship as shown

in

Fig,

20,

the

values of stresses are shifted

from

that

of

the

stresses on

the

Iine

GC

to

that

of

the

stresses on

the

virgin stress-strain curve

AF

(for

example

;

G

to

A

or

C

to

F).

After

that,

the

stresses

follow

the

curve

EAB.

According

to

this

shift rule,

the

creep

behavior

under variab!e

temperatures

clescribed

formerly

can

be

illustrated

as

follows.

If

the

temperature

is

raised

in

a

moment

under

constant

stress

from

a

certain

temperture

T,

to

a

higher

value

T,

after

(6)

-96-STRESS

q

opopq

A

E9

et

I

:

'

F7!11c

p.----

:r

El

Y'LH

."-.-.

-

Z+-G

AI

11

11

/1

ll

il

11 ll

11

11

ld

ll

ld

bd

ei

::

Ex

e,

::

for

TiXe

fer

TzfD

STRESS

el

E

e,

OLEr+E7=censt

E'E2

sTRAiN

Fig

17.

Illustration

of shiftrule

due

to

the

change

in

tures

I

FS

letC

V+l

1

d

11 Ll 11

11 11 lb

IJ lt

dd dl

11

11

lb

IP

EI

11 11 11 11 ia 11

11

STRESS

qqqoj

o

A

""

.."

""tG

Ee

Ef

{+

!F

''

' f

Et

ti

:Xc

1-"

-ITH

!!

::

::

!l

::

::

11 11 11

11el 11

11

11

11 torTiXB

tor

TiXD

for

TifB

for

hGf

o

・o

E

eE`

STRAIN

Fig.

18.

i]lustration

of shiftrute

due

to

the change

in

tures

STRESS

E;

elelEx

el

E7+E:=Const

EsEs

STRArN

,1Afi}==

+XF]:i

!i

N

::cG:

bl

Pl

11

bi

11

11

11

11

11 11

11

11

bl 11

11

11 11

11

ld

11

dd

dd

ld

lt

Fig.

19.

Itlustration

of shiftrule

due

to

the

change

in

tuTes

ferTi

IB

for

TifD

O

E

E7Ee

STRAIN

Fig,

20.

Itlustration

of shift rule

due

to

the

change

in

tures

a certain

time

period

t,

in

which

the

creep strain

AH

has

been

caused

as shown

in

Fig.

21,

at

the

time

t,

the

value of strain changes

from

H

to

K

by

way of

J,

In

this

case,

the

yalue of creep strain changes

from

AH

to

DK.

While,

if

the

creep strain caused

during

the

time

period

t,

is

AH

as

shown

in

Fig.

22,

at

the

time

t,

the

value of strain changes

from

H

to

E

by

way of

I

and

D.

In

this

case,

the

value of creep strain changes

from

AH

to

zero.

Also,

if

the

temperature

is

lowered

from

a constant

ternperature

Ti

to

a

lower

value

T,

in

a moment after

h

certain

time

period

t3

in

which

the

creep strain

DK

has

been

caused as shown

in

Fig.

21,

at

the

time

t,

the

$train

changes

frpm

K

to

H

by

way of

I.

In

this

case,

the

value of creep strain ehanges

from

DK

to

AH.

5.

2

Shitt

Rule

ot

the

Stress-strain

Relationship

Due

to

a

lncremental

Creep

Strain

This

shift

rule will

be

understood

easily

from

the

stress relaxation

behavior']"]2).

The

stress relaxation

is

the

tirne-dependent

decrease

in

stress

in

a member which

is

constrained

to

a certain

fixed

deformation.

If,

for

instance,

the

$tre$s

of

point

E

in

Fig.

23

is

maintained constant

for

avery short

time,

the

state of stress and strain shifted

from

that

of

E

to

H,

because

of

the

incremental

cieep strain

(AE=EH)

caused

during

the

tirne

increment

(At).

But

as

the

strain

is

maintained constant

in

the

relaxation

test,

the

state

of

stress

and

strain

is

shifted

from

that

of

H

to

G

due

to

the

decrease

of elastic strain equal

to

the

incremental

creep strain

(AE),

After

that,

stresses

(7)

-97-NII-Electronic Library Service

STFIES5

A

DH

ter

Ti

lc

B

1

fer

12

zil

`,

,E

---J-+

i/J

STRESS

A

H

e

f;"

i4

D

tor

Tilc

farTl,

1,

----STRESS

q

eq

O

G

o

G

-

O

DF

Ei

STRAIN

$TRAIN

STRNN

Fig.21.

Illustration

of

behavior

of

Fig.22.

Illustration

of

behavier

of

FigL23.

Illustration

of shLft rule

due

modified strain-hardening rnodified strain-hardening

to

creep strain

creep

law

dur

to

shift rule cTeep

law

dttr

to shlft rule

follow

the

curve

FBC.

ts.

Numerical

Example

The

problem

of

the

nonlinear

elasto-plastic

creep

behavior

of

structural

member

is

of

great

practical

interest.

As

the

example of

the

use of

the

information

presented

in

the

previous

sections,

the

column

fixed

at

the

both

ends

{see

Fig,24)

is

investigated.

This

celumn

is

cornposed of elernent

AC

(elastic-plastic

body)

and element

BC

(perfectly

elastic

body).

It

is

assumed

that

this

column

does

not

bow

or

backle

and only

the

temperature

of element

AC

changes with

time

(see

Fig.24).

To

analyze

the

strain and

stress

in

the

column

section,

the

following

assumptions were made

:

(1)

Plane

sections remain

plane.

This

assumption

is

approximately correct

for

tong

prismatic

members

in

continuous

construction.

{2)

For

each

element,

the

strain,

stress,

temperature

and

materia]

properties

are assumed llnifoTm,

(3}

The

the[mal

expansion

due

to

temperature

change [,.

is

as・

sumed

as

follows:

Strain{niu')

stros$t#gtcmo

eT=

LOX10'5

×

T--・-・-・-・t・・-・・-・・・--・-・・-・・--・-・・-(

1

)

where

T

is

in

degrees

Centigrade.

B

sTrtEsstltptrm')

.-Constant

tempareture

(eee)

c

-Vdiriable

temperature

A

Ternperature{eC)

600

1corctmin

1000Ctmin

4oo2oo

ro 10

O

Z46e

10

12

TimeCminutes)

Fjg.24.

Temperatuie・time

history

intioducedi

inte

computer

programme

-98-o 1Tan-tO,OlxE.)

rOrc1conmmoasaman

6

` 2 o

-1

-4

-6

2eao 1000

'/':F

o / : :

/:

tt

//

1 1'i//1

i

ltTdi,E.

I

'

O.il O.S SIRAHH(k;

Fig.

25,

Assumed

stress-strain curves

Fjg.

26.

-laco

.nm

Thefmal

inelastic

behavior

of column elernent

during

a

temperature-tirne

history

(8)

(

4

)

The

relationship

between

steel

stress

a, and strain e,

in

tension,

is

assumed as

those

indicated

in

Fig,25.

where

ErlE,=-LOIXIO'GXTi+O.994H'---''-・・----・・-・・-・・・---・--・・-・・・-・-・---・---'・・・(2)

In

this

expression,

E,

is

the

initiai

tangent

modulus at

T

OC

and

E,

is

that

at

O

,

Besides

these

data,

the

material

description

must

include

behavior

in

compression and

during

unloading.

This

is

arranged

by

rnaking

two

'

assumptlons

:

(a)

behavior

in

compression

is

the

same as

that

in

tension,

and

(b}

behavior

during

unioading

from

(or

reloading

to

)

a

previously

obtained value of stress

is

linear

daldE=E,,

the

initial

tangent

modulus.

(s>'To

evaluate

the

creep

deformation,

it

is

assumed

that

the

creep

strain

under

varying stresses

ancl

temperatures

for

the

structural

steel

SS

41

is

related

to

time

t,

absolute

temperature

T

and current stress a as

the

following

equation

based

on

the

previou$ly

obtained

ten$ile

c[eep

data,

Ec=lola/T+b)xa[CfT+dixtieT+n-.-"-".",,","..--.--."k.-."""-H"H.-..-,-.H"H--hHH...".""HHH(3)

where

a:-7.

21

×

10'

bi3.

26

cll.

55

×

103

d:2.

25

e:8.

98

×

10"

f:-3.

3oxlo"

T:absolute

temperature

t:time

(minutes)

a:stress

(kg!mm!)

ec:creep strain

(%)

The

modified strain-hardening creep

law

is

applied

foT

the

calculation of

the

primary

creep

deformation

and creep

behavior

under comperssive

stress

is

assumed as

the

same

that

of

Lensile

creep.

(6)

It

is

assumed

that

the

total

strain E, can

be

decomposecl

into

instantaneous

ancl

time-dependent

components

as

fo!lows:

e==Ee+ep+Ec+er'"''""-'H'"'HHH-"'-''H'''"''"'-HH"H-HHH-"HHH''"''H'""''-"'"''-''-'"""-(4)

in

which

e.

and E. a[e

the

instantaneolls

elastie and

plastic

strain, E.

i$

the

time

and

temperature

depende"t

creep strain and ET

is

thermal

strain.

Based

on

these

assumptions,

the

stress and strain

is

calcuLated

for

each

O.Ol

minute

interval

during

heating

and cooling

period.

Figure

26

shows

the

numerical result and

how

the

strain and stress of cross-sectien vary with

time.

After

about

2.

5

minutes

(2so

OC)

during

heating

process,

the

creep

strain

begins

to

increase

rapidly,

but

hardly

produces

during

cooLing

pracess.

Until

the

temperature

raises about

2,

5

minutes

(250

DC),

the

compressive stTe$s

increases

to

the

peak

clue

to

the

therrnal

stfain.

After

that,

the

compressive stress

decreases

due

to

the

increase

of creep strain and

the

decrease

of modulus

of

elasticity.

During

cooling

process,

the

stress reverses

from

the

state of compression

to

tensien

due

to

the

decrease

of

longitudinal

elongation

by

the

thermal

strain.

Finally

the

column

yields

in

tension.

7.

Conclusions

Based

on

the

detailed

investigations

of

the

data

obtained

from

the

various cTeeb experiments,

the

shift rule

has

been

proposed

in

order

to

evaluate

the

nonlinear elasto-plastic creep

behavior

of structural steel under continuously varying stresses and

temperatuTes.

Using

this

shift rule of

the

stress-strain relationship and

the

modified

strain-hardening

law,

it

seems

like

that

the

nonlinear elasto-p}astic creep

deformation

of steel structures under

continuouEly

varying

strsses

and

temperatures

can evaluate with reasonable accuracy,

However,

it

goes

without saying

that

the

more

detailed

experiments and numerical analysis on

the

creep

behavior

of structural steel should

be

carried out

to

complement

this

work.

Reterences

1)

Fujimoto,

M.,

Fururnura,

F.,

Aye,

T.

and

Shinohara,

Y.:Primary

Creep

of

Structural

Steel

{SS41)

at

High

Ternperatures,

Trans,

of

A.I.J.,

No,296,

October1980,

pp.145-157

2)

Fujimoto,

M.,

Furumllra,

F.

,

and

Ave,

T,

:

Primary

Creep

of

Structural

Steel

(SM

50

A)

at

High

TemperatuTes

Trans.

of

A.I.J.,

No.306,

Augustl981,

pp.148-l56

3}

Fujimoto,

M,

,

Fururnllra,

F.

,

and

Ave,

T.

:

Primary

Creep

ofStructural

Steel

(SM

58

Q}

atHigh

Temperatures,

Trans.

of

A.I.J.,

No.319,

September]982,

pp.147-155

4)

Furumura,

F.

andShinohara,

Y.

:

Inelastic

Behavior

ofProtected

Steel

Cotumnsin

Fire,

ReportofRLEM,

TokyoInstittite

(9)

-99-NII-Electronic Library Service

5)

6)

7}

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

of

Technoiogy,

No.2,

1977,

pp.45'61

Furumura.

F.

and

Shinohara,

Y.

:

Inelastic

Behavior

of

Protected

Steel

Beams

and

Frames

in

Fire,

Repe[t

of

RLEM,

Tokye

Institute

of

Technology,

No.3,

1978,

pp.1'14

Eggwertz,

S.

:

Creep

Buckling

ef

Stee}

Column

at

Elevated

Temperatllres.

IABSE

]Oth

Congress,

Prelimifiary

Report,

Tokyo,

1976,

pp.235-240

Eggwertz,

S.

:

Creep

Buckling

ofSteel

Colurnn

in

a

Temperature-Tlme

History

SimuLating

aFire,

IABSE

1

Congress,

Final

Report,

Tokyo,

]976,

pp.189-l92

Fujimoto,

M.

,

Furumura,

F.

and

Ave,

T.

:

Effect

of

Step-wise

Change

of

StTess

on

Primary

Creep

ef

Structural

Steel,

Trans.

of

A.I.j.,

No.308,

October19Bl,

pp.165-173

Flljimote,

M.,

Furumura,

F.

and

Ave,

T.

:

Further

Studies

of

the

Primary

Creep

of

Structural

Steel

under

Step-wise

Change

of

Stress,

Trans,

of

A.

I.

J.,

No,322

Decembe[

]982,

pp.146'156

Fttrumura,

F.

and

Ave,

T.

:

Effect

of

Step-wise

Change

of

Temperature

on

Primary

Creep

ef

Structufal

Steel,

Trans.

of

A.LJ.,

No.339.

May1984,

pp.165-173

Fujimote,

M.

,

Furumura,

F.

and

Ave,

T.

:

Stiess

Relaxation

of

Structural

Steel

at

High

Temperatures,

Trans,

of

A.

I,

J.

,

No.306,

Allgust1981,

pp.l57-163

Finnie,

I.

and

Heller,

W.

R.,

:Creep

of

Engineering

Materials,

McG[aw-Hill

Book

Ca.,

Inc.,

1959

-100

(10)

研 究 論 文

1

UDC :614

84 :691 ;

691

フ:

624

04

日本 建 築 学 会構 造 系 論 文報告集 第 353 号

昭和 60 年 7 月

的 な

応 力

お よ

び湿度

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造 用

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解 析

で き る かど うか は

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力 学 的 性 質

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と な る。

  第

期 (

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4

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に お い て

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に 示 す よ うに前 者 は

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より

説 明

え ること を

示 唆

し て い る

 

し か し

研 究

s

10jに

れ ば

構 造

鋼 材

は,

階 段

状 応 力

お よ び

階 段 状 温 度 変 動 下

に おい て

時 間 硬 化

性 状

もひ

硬 化 性 状

さ な い ことが

推 論

され てい るD

 

実 験 値

間 ま た は ひ

硬 化 法 則 間

実 験

誤 差の

ひずみ を

考 慮

し て い ない ことに

起 因

す る と

え ること がで

 

4.

正ひ

硬 化 法 則

 

ひずみ は

時 間

し て

独 立

であると

され てい る が

厳 密

には

時 間

関 数

クリ

プ試 験

におい て

塑性

み と ク リ

を 明確

区 別

す るの は 困 難であ り

載 荷 直 後

短 時 間

に おい て はそ うである

       

 

そ れ

硬 化 法 則 を適

用 す る

ク リ

み に

え て

塑 性 歪

考 慮

に入 れ るのが

わ れ る。

塑 性

ひずみ をク リ

プひ

み と

同 種

の ひず み と して

考 慮

し たひずみ

硬 化 法 則 を

定 温 度

ま た は

応 力 下

に お ける

非 定 常 応 力

また は温

履 歴 を

む 場

にお け る

正 ひずみ

硬 化 法 則

ぶ ことに し た

文献

8

ト 10 )

参 照

 

こ の

法 則

塑 性

み と ク リ

みの

合 計

応 力

ま た

温 度

階 段 状

動に おい て

,一

で あるとい

う仮 定

づいている

 

ま た

応 力

が あ る

定 応 力

か ら

応 力

する場

応 力

曲 線

弾 性 係 数 と 同 じこ う配 で

上 昇

ま た は

下 降

する し

応 力

曲線

処 女 応 力

曲線

まで

上 昇 す

れ ば

その

完 全

処 女 応 力

ひずみ

曲線

上 を 追

す るとい う こと が

仮 定

さ れ てい る。

 

Fig.

12

5

を 用い て

変 動 応 力

お よ び

動 温 度 下 でのこ の

法 則

明 を

っ て い る

101

(11)

NII-Electronic Library Service

 

修 正 ひ

み 硬 化 法 則 を 用い ることによっ て

動 応 力 や

で の

造 用

鋼材

過 渡 期

ク リ

プ挙

動 を

,一

く 用い られ て い る

時 間 も

しく はひ

み 硬 化

則 よ り も

もっ と正

推 定

す る こ と がで き るs

10)

 

5.

応 力

関 係

移 動 法 則

 

温 度

とク リ

ひずみ の

応 力

とひ

み の

説 明

する た め には

応 力ひ

み 関 係の移

動 法 則

義 す

必 要

る。

 

この

移 動 法 則

に お いて は

変 動 応 力

変 動 温 度 下

で の クリ

プ試 験

果およ び

各 種

の ク リ

プ試 験

られ た

応 力

曲線

づいて

修 正

硬 化 法 則

じ よ うに

仮定

を設

け る

 

1

応 力 が あ る

定 応 力か ら 他の応 力へ

動 する場

応 力

曲線

は,

初 弾 性 係 数

と 同 じこう

上 昇

ま た は

下 降

も し

応 力

曲 線 が

処 女 応 力

曲 線

到 達

すれ ば

その

完 全

同 曲 線 上

追 跡

す る

  (

2

) 温 度

段 階状 変 動

におい て

塑 性

ひずみ ク リ

ひずみ の

合 計

で あ る。

  5

1 

度 変 動

によ る

応 力

動 法 則

 

この

移 動 法 則

非 定 常

度履 歴

場 合

用 してみ る。

 

この

法 則

におい ては

も ち ろ

温 度

定 温 度

T

,また は

Tr

か ら

温 度 (

T

,また は

T

変 化

し た

場 合

応 力

曲 線

は,

Fig.

17〜

20

す よ う に

す る もの と

仮 定

す る

 

み が

定 (

膨 脹

み を

た れ てい る

条 件

下での こ の

則 は

,Fig.

17

20

か ら

ちに理

で き る

 

塑 性

み と ク リ

み の

合計

で あると い う

仮 定

か ら,

定 温 度 (

Tl

た は

T

にお

応 力

E

Fig

17

20

温 度 (

T

、ま た は

T

する

除 荷

また は

再 載 荷 線

上の

じ ひずみ εt に

対 応 す

移 動 す

こ の

場 合 も

移 動

し た

応 力

じ ひ

みに

す る

処女応 力

曲線

よ り

も大

きい

場 合 (

Fig

18

お よ び

20

参 照 )

応 力の

処 女 応 力

曲線 上

移 動

す る

 

え ば

温 度

瞬 間 的

定 温 度

T

,か ら

T2

ヒ昇

し た と す る と

応 力

は ,

Fig.

17

に お い て,

F

G

へ ,

A

H

へ , そ れ ぞ れ

し, その

ECD

曲線

う。

 

しか し,

Fig.

18

す る よ う な 応 力ひ

関 係

の場

FA

線 上

応 力

処 女 応 力

曲 線

CG

応 力

値 (

えば

,F

C

 

A

G

移 動

そ の

ECD

 

ま た

も し

温 度

あ る

Tz

か ら

Tl

下 降

し た 場

Fig.19

に おいて

 

H

F

 

C

G

そ れ ぞ れ

動 し

の後は

EAB

曲 線に従 う

102

 

し か し

応 力ひ

み 関 係 が

Fig.

20

す よ う な 場

GC

線 上

処 女 応 力

曲 線

AF

上の

応 力

えば

,G

A

 

C

F

移 動

そ の

EAB

曲線

 

こ の

動 法 則に

えば

前に述べ た 温 度

動 下で の

プ挙

Ut1

°) は,

の よ う に

説 明

で き る。

 

も し 温

瞬 間 的

ある

定 温 度

T

、か ら

間 間 隔

ti

 

Fig

21

す よ うな クリ

AH

を伴

っ て, 

T

温 度

上 昇

し た と

る と

時 間

ti

に おい て

み の

 

H

か ら

K

移 動

す る

こ の場

ク リ

み の

AH

か ら

DK

す る

 

時 間 間 隔

t

,の

じ たク

み が

Fig

22

に示 す よ うに

AH

で あれば

t

,に おい て

みの

は,

H

か ら

1

お よ

D

E

変 化 す

こ の

場 合

みの

,AH

か ら

0

る。

 

ま た

も し 温

間 的にあ る

T

,か ら

あ る

時 間 間 隔

t3

 

Fig

21

よ う

な ク リ

DK

っ て

 

T

な る

温 度

下 降

した と する と

時 間

ts

におい て

み の

K

か ら

1

H

わ る。 こ の

場 合

ク リ

みの

DK

か ら

AH

わ る。

  5

2 

ク リ

に よ る

応 力 歪

動 法

      則

 

こ の

移 動 法 則

応 力 緩 和 挙 動

11)

「a }か ら

容 易

理 解

で き る

応 力 緩 和

あ る

固 定

さ れ た

形 下

に あ る

部 材

に お け る

時 間 依 存 性

応 力

減 少

  例

え ば

Fig.

23

にお

E

応 力

非 常

時 間

,一

たれたとす ると

応 力

とひ

み の

状 態

時 間 増 分

,At

じた ク リ

増 分

 

A

ε

=EH

の た め に, 

E

か ら

H

す る

し か し

リ ラ ク セ

ショ ン

試 験

に おい て は

みが

たれ て いる の で

応 力

と ひ

み の関

ク リ

プひ

分 △ε に

しい

弾 性

み の

減 少

に よっ て

H

か ら

G

後 応 力

FBC

曲 線

従 う

 

6

数 値 計 算 例

  前 節 ま

で に

し た

知 見

使 用 例

Fig

24

26

いて

説 明

して いる

 

7.

結    

  種

々 の ク リ

プ実 験

か ら

タの

詳 細

解 析

づ い て

応 力

温 度

す る

場 合

構 造 用 鋼

弾 塑 性

クリ

プ挙 動

評 価

する ための

移 動 法

則 を提 案

し た

 

こ の

応 力

関 係

移 動 法 則

修 正

硬 化 法 則

い る ことによっ て

連 続 的な応 力 や 温 度の

動 下に お け る

鋼 構 造

非 線 形

ク リ

形 を

十 分な

精 度

計算

す ること が で き る よ うになっ た と

え てい る。 N工 工

Eleotronio  Library  

Fig 10. IIIllstration of behavier ef strain and time-hardening Fig. 11. Illustration of behavior of straln and time-hardening
Fig. 19. Itlustration of shift rule due to the change in ternpera-

参照

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