後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察 (マング・マング・ルウィン教授退職記念号)

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後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題について

の一考察 (マング・マング・ルウィン教授退職記

念号)

著者

木下俊和

雑誌名

熊本学園大学経済論集

巻

25 号

1-4

ページ

291-315

発行年

2019-03-31

URL

http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003342/

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1 ᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜศ㢮ࡢᴫせ࡜ࡑࡢ༞ᴗၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ୍⪃ᐹ

ᮌ ୗ ಇ ࿴

*

要旨

1950 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1960 ᖺ௦࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕప㛤Ⓨ㸦ᅜ࣭ᆅ ᇦ㸧ࠊࡲࡓࡣᚋ㐍㸦ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ㸧ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࠊᵝࠎ࡞㆟ㄽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡀࠊ᫂ ☜࡞ᐃ⩏௜ࡅࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢゝⴥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽ࠿ࡽඹ㏻ㄆ㆑࡜ࡋ࡚ぢ ฟࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ⏘ᴗࡀᮍⓎ㐩࡛⤒῭ⓗ࡟㈋ࡋࡃࠊಖ೺⾨⏕ࡢ㠃࡛୙ഛࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ୙ ೺ᗣ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༑ศ࡞ᩍ⫱ࡀཷࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᢏ⾡ຊ࣭⏕⏘ᛶࡀప࠸࡜࠸ࡗࡓⅬ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㛤Ⓨㄢ㢟࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᅜ㐃ࡣࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ㛤Ⓨㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼ࡿᅜࠎࡢ୰࡛ࡶࠊ≉࡟㛤Ⓨࡢ㐜ࢀࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ ᅜࠎࢆࠊᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ㸦the Least Developed Countries: LDCs㸧࡜ศ㢮ࡋࠊᅜ㐃ᶵ 㛵ཬࡧ௚ࡢᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵࠾ࡼࡧࢻࢼ࣮ᅜࡽ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᨭ᥼ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᅜ㐃㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ጤဨ ఍㸦United Nations Committee for Development Policy: UNCDP㸧ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᅜࠎ ࢆࠕపᡤᚓᅜ࡛ࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞㞀ᐖ࡟ᝎࡲࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎࠖ࡜ᐃ ⩏ࡋࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNIࠊேⓗ㈨⏘ᣦᩘࠊ⤒῭⬤ᙅᛶᣦᩘࡢ㸱ࡘࡢศ㢮㡯┠ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ ศ㢮ᇶ‽ࠊ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆᐃࡵࠊ3 ᖺẖ࡟ศ㢮ᅜ࣭༞ᴗᅜࡢホ౯ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢᅜ㝿༠ຊࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊ⾜ືィ⏬㸦Program of Action: PoA㸧࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ➨ 4 ḟ PoA ࡛ࡣࠊLDCs ࡢ෇⁥࡞༞ᴗ࡟ྥࡅࡓᨭ᥼ ᥐ⨨ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࠊ(1) ᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࠊ (2) 㔠⼥࣭࠾ࡼࡧᢏ⾡༠ຊࢆྵ ࡴ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓࠊ(3) ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᨭ᥼ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢᨭ᥼ࡣࠊLDCs ࡀࡑ ࡢศ㢮࠿ࡽ༞ᴗࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࡑࢀ௨ᚋࡶ⮬❧ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎฟ᮶ࡿࡼ࠺㓄៖ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ 1971 ᖺ࡟ LDCs ศ㢮ࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚௨㝆ࠊ1994 ᖺࡢ࣎ࢶ࣡ࢼࠊ2007 ᖺࡢ࣮࣭ࣦ࢙࢝࣎ ࣝࢹࡲ࡛༞ᴗᅜࡣⓙ↓࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣ༞ᴗㄆᐃࢆཷࡅࡿᅜࡀቑ࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀ ࡲ࡛࡟ 7 ࢝ᅜࡀ༞ᴗㄆᐃࢆཷࡅࠊ༞ᴗࡲࡓࡣ༞ᴗ࡟ྥࡅࡓࣉࣟࢭࢫ୰࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊ 2018 ᖺࡢ 3 ࣨᖺホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍᅜࡶ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋLDCs ࡟ࡣࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨࡟ࡼࡿ౽┈ࢆኻ࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡿ୙฼┈ࢆᜍࢀࠊ༞ᴗࢆ㌋㌉ࡍ ࡿᅜࠎࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢᣦ᦬ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࣛ࢜ࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡟ 1997 ᖺ௨᮶㛗ᖺ࡟Ώࡾ LDCs ༞ᴗ ࢆᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨ᭱኱┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚ࡁࡓᅜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ㛤Ⓨࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊᅜࢆ⤒῭ⓗ࣭ ♫఍ⓗ࡟㇏࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊLDCs ࡀᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞Ⓨᒎࢆྍ⬟࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᇶ♏ࢆ ഛ࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ༞ᴗၥ㢟࡟ὀどࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ * _{⇃ᮏᏛᅬ኱Ꮫ⤒῭Ꮫ㒊㠀ᖖ໅ㅮᖌ࣭⇃ᮏ┴❧኱Ꮫ㠀ᖖ໅ㅮᖌ [email protected]} 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻥㻝㻌䠉

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2 はじめに

ᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ㸦the Least Developed Countries: LDCs㸧࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊᅜ㐃࡟ࡼࡗ࡚タࡅ ࡽࢀࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖ࡟࠶ࡿᅜࠎࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉࡟㛤Ⓨ࡟㐜ࢀࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᇶ‽ࢆタࡅࠊ ホ౯ࡋࠊศ㢮ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࠕ㏆ᖺࡢ LDCs ༞ᴗၥ㢟࡟ಀࡿ≧ἣࢆᢅࡗࡓᑓ 㛛᭩➼ࡢᩥ⊩ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᑡ࡞ࡃࠊ≉࡟㑥ᩥᩥ⊩ࡣ࡯ࡰⓙ↓࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ LDCs ༞ᴗၥ㢟ࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓᩥ⊩ࡣᑡ࡞࠸᳃⏣ 㡫ࠋ≉ᐃࡢ /'& ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚༞ᴗ࡟ྥࡅ ࡚ࡢྲྀ⤌ࡸ༞ᴗㄆᐃ࠿ࡽࡑࡢᚋࡢ༞ᴗ⛣⾜ࡲ࡛ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜ㐃㛵㐃ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿሗ ࿌᭩➼࡟ጤࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ LDCs ศ㢮ࡀ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉࡟㛤Ⓨࡀ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜ࡟ὀどࡋࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᅜࠎ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ ≉ู࡞㓄៖ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ⮬❧ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࡋ࠺ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡢᡭຓࡅࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢศ㢮࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢᴫせ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋࠊ᳨ウࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᮏ✏ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ほⅬ ࠿ࡽࠊLDCs ศ㢮࣭༞ᴗᇶ‽ࠊᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࠊ༞ᴗ⛣⾜ࡲ࡛ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ ༞ᴗၥ㢟ࡢㄢ㢟࡜ᒎᮃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡓ᳃⏣ㄽᩥࡢᣦ᦬࠿ࡽࠊ༞ᴗᅜࡢ஦౛࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆヨࡳ ࡓ࠸ࠋ ➨ 1 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢᴫᛕࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࡀ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿᅜศ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆࡍࡿࠋ ➨ 2 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᅜ㐃ࡢ LDCs ࡢᐃ⩏࠾ࡼࡧศ㢮࣭༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆᩚ⌮ࡋࠊ➨ 3 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊᅜ㐃࠾ࡼࡧࡑ ࡢ௚ࡢᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࠊ᥼ຓᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡍࡿࠋ ➨ 4 ⠇࡛ࡣࠊLDCs3 ࣨᖺホ౯ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠾ࡼࡧ༞ᴗᅜࡢ஦౛ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊLDCs ༞ᴗࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡘ ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋ

1. 開発途上国

1

の概念と分類

1.1 開発途上国の概念㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡜ࡣࠊ୍⯡࡟⤒῭ࡸ♫఍ࡢ㛤Ⓨᗘྜ࠸ࡀపࡃࠊపᡤᚓࠊ㈋ᅔࠊᩍ⫱ࡸಖ೺⾨⏕ศ 㔝࡛ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚࠸ࡿⓎᒎ㏵ୖࡢᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉࡟␗ㄽࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ ࡋࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡟᫂☜࡞ᐃ⩏ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓᅜࠎࡢ≉ᚩ࡟ඹ㏻Ⅼࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡋࠊ₍ ↛࡜ࡑࡢゝⴥࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡶከ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ᅜ㝿♫఍࡛ࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜၥ㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ 1950 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1960 ᖺ௦㡭࡟ࡣࠊ୺ ࡟ࠕప㛤Ⓨ(ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ)ࠖࡸࠕᚋ㐍(ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦ)ࠖ࡜࠸ࡗࡓゝⴥࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1

_ࠕ

_{㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕⓎᒎ㏵ୖᅜࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ୧⪅ࡢព࿡࡟㐪࠸ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊཧ⪃ᩥ⊩} ࡢᘬ⏝➼ࠊᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚Ⓨᒎ㏵ୖᅜ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡜࠸ ࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻥㻞㻌䠉

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3

ࣦ࢓࢖ࢼ࣮ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏࡸປാຊࠊኳ↛㈨※ࡢᏑᅾ࡞࡝ࠊᑗ᮶⤒῭ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᅜࢆ ࠕప㛤Ⓨᅜࠖ㏙࡭ࡓ (ࣦ࢓࢖ࢼ࣮ 1957)ࠋ ࣈ࢟ࣕࢼࣥ࡜࢚ࣜࢫࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ప㛤Ⓨᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕప㛤Ⓨ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࡣࠊࠕேࠎ ࡢᖹᆒⓗᾘ㈝࠾ࡼࡧ≀㉁ⓗ⚟♴ࡀ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ప࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⾲ࡉࢀࡿ⤒῭ᡂᯝࡀ㈋ᅔ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊຍ࠺ࡿ࡟ࠊ᪤▱ࡢᡭẁࡢ㐺⏝࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᨵၿࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ₯ᅾᛶࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙ ࡭ࡓ(ࣈ࢟ࣕࢼࣥࠊ࢚ࣜࢫ 1958 5 㡫)ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊప㛤Ⓨᅜ࡟ඛ㐍ᅜࡀࡍ࡛࡟ᡤ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࠊ ᜍࡽࡃ㈨ᮏࡸᢏ⾡࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࢆࡑࢀࡽࡢᅜ࡟ࠕ⛣᳜ࡋ࡚ᛂ⏝ࡍࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾఫẸࡽࡀࡼࡾ ࡼ࠸⏕ά≧ἣ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᅜ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣛ࢖࣋ࣥࢩࣗࢱ࢖ࣥࡣࠊప㛤Ⓨᆅᇦࡢ≉ᚩࢆ(1)⤒῭ⓗ≉ᚩࠊ(2)ேཱྀⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ⾨⏕ୖࡢ≉ᚩࠊ (3)ᢏ⾡ⓗ≉ᚩࠊ(4)ᩥ໬ⓗ࣭ᨻ἞ⓗ≉ᚩ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓ㸦ࣛ࢖࣋ࣥࢩࣗࢱ࢖ࣥ 1960ࠊ53-56 㡫㸧ࠋ⤒ ῭ⓗ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⏘ᴗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㎰ᴗ౫Ꮡࠊ㎰ᴗࡢᢏ⾡ຊ࡜⏕⏘㔞࣭⏕⏘ᛶࡢపࡉࠊపᡤᚓࠊ㈨ ᮏࡢ୙㊊ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊேཱྀⓗ࣭⾨⏕ୖࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊ㧗࠸ฟ⏕⋡ࡸ㧗࠸Ṛஸ⋡ࠊࡑࢀ࡟࡜ ࡶ࡞࠺ᖹᆒవ࿨ࡢపࡉࠊ㣗⣊୙㊊࡜ᰤ㣴୙㊊ࠊ㠀⾨⏕ⓗ࡞⎔ቃࠊ㎰ᮧேཱྀࡢ㐣๫ᛶࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋᩥ໬ⓗᨻ἞ⓗ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᮍⓎ㐩࡞ᩍ⫱࡜㧗࠸㠀㆑Ꮠ⋡ࠊዪᛶࡢ㌟ศࡸᆅ఩ࡢపࡉࠊఫ Ẹࡢఏ⤫ⓗไ⣙ᛶࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊᢏ⾡ⓗ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᮍ⇍࡞ᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿ⏕⏘ᛶࡢపࡉ ࡸࠊᢏ⾡ࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡓࡵࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡸᢏ⾡⪅ࡢカ⦎ࡢḞዴࠊࡉࡽ࡟♫఍ᇶ┙ࡢ୙ഛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡓࠋ ࣛ࢖࣋ࣥࢩࣗࢱ࢖ࣥࡀᣲࡆࡓࠊప㛤Ⓨᆅᇦࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊᜍࡽࡃ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢ㛤Ⓨㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆ ࡽࢀࠊᙜ஦ᅜ࡜ᅜ㝿♫఍ࡀゎỴࡍ࡭ࡁㄢ㢟࡜୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡟ᣲࡆࡓ୕ࡘࡢప㛤Ⓨᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᴫᛕ࡛ඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ຊ࡛ࡣ㛤Ⓨࢆ⾜ ࠺ࠊࡲࡓࡣⓎᒎࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊእ㒊࠿ࡽࡢᨭ᥼ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1.2 開発途上国の分類 ➨ 1 㡯࡛㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢᴫᛕ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢᐃ⩏ࡣ᫂☜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅜ㝿♫఍࡟࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣࠊ࡝ࡢᅜࡀඛ㐍ᅜ࡛ࠊ࡝ࡢᅜࡀ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ඹ㏻ࡢᐃ⩏ࡣᐇ㉁ⓗ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞ ࠸࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࡣࠊࡑࡢᙺ๭࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ࠊୡ⏺ࡢᅜࠎࢆศ 㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᅜ㝿㐃ྜ(United Nations: UN: ᅜ㐃)ࡣࠊ193 ࢝ᅜࡀຍ┕ࡍࡿ᭱኱つᶍࡢᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅜ㐃ࡢຍ┕ᅜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿศ㢮ᐃ⩏࡟ࡣࠊᆅᇦูࡢศ㢮ࡸᆅ⌮ⓗ᮲௳࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ 㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡜࠸࠺ศ㢮ࡣᐇ㉁ୖᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋణࡋࠊᅜ㐃ࡢෆ㒊ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿᅜ㐃㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇ጤဨ఍ (United Nations Committee for Development Policy: UNCDP)ࡀᐃࡵࡓᇶ‽࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࠕపᡤ ᚓᅜ࡛ࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞㞀ᐖ࡟ᝎࡲࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎࠖࢆᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ(The

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Least Developed Countries: LDCs)࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࠊ2018 ᖺ⌧ᅾ 47 ࢝ᅜࡀ LDCs ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ2_ࠋ ᅜ㐃ࡢ㛵㐃ᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿᅜ㐃㛤Ⓨィ⏬(United Nations Development Programme: UNDP)ࡣࠊ 1990 ᖺ࡟ᑟධࡋࡓே㛫㛤Ⓨᣦᩘ(Human Development Index: HDI)࡟ࡼࡿศ㢮ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ HDI ࡣຍ┕ᅜࡢฟ⏕᫬ᖹᆒవ࿨ࠊண ᑵᏛᖺᩘࠊᖹᆒᑵᏛᖺᩘࠊ㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI(Gross National Income: GNI)ࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀᣦᩘ໬ࡋ࡚ࠊ」ྜࡋࡓᣦᩘ࡜ࡋ࡚⾲ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ3_{ࠋHDI ࡢᩘ್} ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊே㛫㛤Ⓨ᭱㧗఩ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊ㧗఩ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊ୰఩ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࠊࡑࡋ࡚ప఩ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศ 㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅜ㐃ࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ஧ࡘࡢศ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ⤒῭ⓗほⅬࡢࡳ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ♫఍ ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢせ⣲ࢆ⤌ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔศ㢮࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ḟ࡟ࠊୡ⏺㖟⾜ࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗほⅬࠊ㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI 㢠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚పᡤᚓᅜࠊప୰ᡤᚓᅜࠊ㧗୰ᡤ ᚓᅜࠊ㧗ᡤᚓᅜ࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋศ㢮ᇶ‽࠾ࡼࡧᅜᩘࡣࠊ⾲ 1-1 ࡟♧ࡋࡓ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋୡ⏺㖟⾜ࡢᡤᚓศ㢮ᇶ‽ࡣࠊୡ⏺㖟⾜࢔ࢺࣛࢫἲ࡟ࡼࡿᐇໃ౯㢠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㐺ᐅᨵゞࡀ⾜ ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⾲ 1-1 ୡ⏺㖟⾜ࡢᡤᚓศ㢮(2017 ᖺᇶ‽)

ฟᡤ㸸World Bank, World Bank Country and Lending Groups ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ

⾲ 1-2 OECD࣭DAC ࡢ ODA4_{ཷྲྀᅜ࣭ᆅᇦࣜࢫࢺ}

ฟᡤ㸸 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, DAC List of ODA Recipients ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ

2 _{United Nations Committee for Development Policy, 2018 List of Least Development Countries}

(as of March 2018), UN.

3 _{United Nations Development Programme (2018) Human Development Indices and Indicators}

2018 Statistical Update UNDP N.Y.

4_{ODA(Official Development Assistance): ᨻᗓ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓࠋ}

ศ㢮 ᇶ‽㢠 ᅜᩘ పᡤᚓᅜ ௨ୗ ప୰ᡤᚓᅜ ௨ୖ௨ୗ 㧗୰ᡤᚓᅜ ௨ୖ௨ୗ 㧗ᡤᚓᅜ ௨ୖ పᡤᚓᅜ ప୰ᡤᚓᅜ 㧗୰ᡤᚓᅜ ௨ୗ㸧 ࢝ᅜ ࢝ᅜ ࢝ᅜ ࢝ᅜ ᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻥㻠㻌䠉

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⤒῭༠ຊ㛤Ⓨᶵᵓ(Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development: OECD)ࡣࠊ 1948 ᖺ࡟タ❧ࡉࢀࡓḢᕞ⤒῭༠ຊᶵᵓ(Organization of European Economic Cooperation: OEEC)ࢆ๓㌟࡜ࡍࡿ⤌⧊࡛ࠊᙜึ➨ 2 ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋࡢ⡿ᅜ࡟ࡼࡿḢᕞ᚟⯆ィ⏬ࡢཷධయไࢆᩚ ഛࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ⌧ᅾ OECD ࡢάືࡣタ❧ᙜึࡼࡾࡶᗈ⠊࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⤒῭ᡂ 㛗ࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ᥼ຓࠊ㈠᫆ࡢᣑ኱࡞࡝ࢆၥ㢟࡜ࡋࠊຍ┕ᅜ┦஫㛫ࡢ᝟ሗ஺᥮ࠊࢥࣥࢧࣝࢸ࣮ࢩ ࣙࣥࠊඹྠ◊✲ࠊᨻ⟇ᥦゝ࡞࡝ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2017 ᖺ 3 ᭶⌧ᅾ 35 ࢝ᅜࡀຍ┕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(OECD 2017)ࠋOECD ࡢෆ㒊⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓጤဨ఍㸦Development Assistance Committee: DAC㸧 ࡣࠊ᥼ຓཷྲྀᅜࢆ LDCs(48 ࢝ᅜ)ࠊపᡤᚓᅜ(4 ࢝ᅜ)ࠊప୰ᡤᚓᅜ㸦36 ࢝ᅜ㸧ࠊ㧗୰ᡤᚓᅜ㸦58 ࢝ᅜ㸧࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(⾲ 1-2)ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢศ㔝࡛ࠊᚲせ࡟ᛂࡌࡓᇶ‽࡛ྛᅜࢆศ㢮ࡋάືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋศ㢮ࡢᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᡤᚓࢆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋࡓ⤒῭ⓗ࡞ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢศ㢮ࡀ୍ࡘࡢ᪉ἲ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࡀࠊ㛤Ⓨࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡀᗈ⠊࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊ♫఍㛤Ⓨ≧ἣࢆ♧ࡍᣦᶆࢆྵࡴᇶ‽ࡶ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿ ࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ࡜࠸࠺ศ㢮ࡢ௙᪉ࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ⥲⛠࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ

2. 後発開発途上国の概要

2.1 後発開発途上国の定義と分類 LDCs ࡣࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ゝ࠼ࡤ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉࡟㛤Ⓨࡢ㐜ࢀࡓᅜ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢศ 㢮ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᅜ㐃࡛࠶ࡾࠕపᡤᚓᅜ࡛ࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞㞀ᐖ࡟ᝎࡲ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎࠖࢆ LDCs ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ5_{ࠋUNCDP ࡣ㸱ᖺࡈ࡜࡟ LDCs ࣜࢫࢺࡢᅜࠎ࡟ࡘ} ࠸࡚ᑂᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࠊLDCs ࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ LDCs ༞ᴗ࡜ࡍࡿ࠿ࡢᥦ᱌᭩ࢆసᡂࡋࠊ⤒῭♫఍ホ㆟఍ 㸦The Economic and Social Council: ECOSOC㸧࡟ᥦฟࠊECOSOC ࡣᥦ᱌᭩ࢆ᫝ㄆࡋࠊᅜ㐃 ⥲఍࡛᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ᡭ⥆࡟ࡼࡿࠋLDCs ㄆᐃࡢᣦᶆࡣ⤒῭㛤Ⓨㄪᰝ࡜ධᡭྍ⬟࡞⤫ィࡸぢ ㆑࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᩘᖺࡈ࡜࡟ᨵゞࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㸱ᖺࡈ࡜ࡢᑂᰝࡢ⤖ᯝ㸱ࡘࡢᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙ ྜࠊLDCs ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋణࡋࠊேཱྀࡀ 7,500 ୓ே௨ୖࡢᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㝖እࡉࢀࡿࠋLDCs ࠿ ࡽࡢ༞ᴗ࡟ࡣࠊ3 ࡘࡢᣦᶆࡢ࠺ࡕ 2 ࡘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸰ᗘࡢホ౯࡛ᇶ‽ࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽ ࢀࡿࠋ

UNCDP ࡣࠊLDCs ㄆᐃࢆࠕ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI (GNI per capita)ࠖࠊࠕேⓗ㈨※ᣦᩘ(Human Assets Index: HAI)ࠖࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠕ⤒῭⬤ᙅᛶᣦᩘ(Economic Vulnerability Index: EVI)ࠖࡢ 3 ࡘ

5 _{United Nations Department of Economic & Social Affairs Committee for Development Policy,}

2015, “The Least Developed Countries Category 2015 Country Snapshots”, LDC Definition p.1.

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6

ࡢホ౯ᇶ‽ࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᑂᰝࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᇶ‽ࡀ⾲ 2-1 ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᡤᚓ࡟ࡼࡿᇶ‽ࡣࠊ1 ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ ᐃࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊᅜẸ⤒῭ィ⟬ࢹ࣮ࢱ ࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢᅜࡢ཰ධ≧ἣ᝟ሗࢆᇶ࡟ィ⟬ࡉࢀࡿࠋLDCs ࡟ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ㸱ᖺ㛫ࡢ㸯ேᙜࡓ ࡾᅜẸᡤᚓࡢᖹᆒࡀୡ⏺㖟⾜ࡢపᡤᚓᅜ࡟࠶ࡓࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ2018 ᖺ 3 ᭶࡟බ⾲ࡉࢀࡓ 3 ࣨ ᖺホ౯࡛ࡣ 1,025 ࢻࣝ௨ୗ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊLDCs ༞ᴗࡢࡓࡵࡢᡤᚓᇶ‽ࡣ 1,230 ࢻࣝ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ ࡲࡓ 1 ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࡢ஧ಸࡢ 2,460 ࢻࣝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࡣࠊᡤᚓᇶ‽ࡢࡳ࡛ LDCs ༞ᴗ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ HAI ࡣࠊேⓗ㈨ᮏࡢỈ‽ࢆ ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ 5 ࡘࡢᣦᶆ࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠺ࡕ 3 ࡘࡣ೺ᗣ࡜ᰤ 㣴࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᣦᶆ࡛ࠊ5 ṓᮍ‶ඣࡢṚஸ⋡࠾ࡼࡧపయ㔜ேཱྀࡢ๭ྜࠊࡑࡋ࡚ዷ⏘፬Ṛஸ⋡ࡀ⏝ ࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௚ࡢᣦᶆࡣᩍ⫱࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᣦᶆ࡛ࠊ⥲୰➼ᩍ⫱ᑵᏛ⋡࡜ᡂே㆑Ꮠ⋡ࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࠊ ࡇࢀࡽࡢᣦᶆࢆᣦᩘ໬ࡋࠊ60.0 ௨ୗ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ LDCs ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ66.0 ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࢀࡤ༞ ᴗせ௳ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ EVI ࡣࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞⬤ᙅᛶࢆ ࡿᣦᶆ࡛ࠊேཱྀࠊ㐲㝸ᛶࠊၟᴗ㍺ฟࡢ㞟୰ᛶࠊ㎰ᴗࠊ⊁⊟ࠊᯘ ᴗࠊ⁺ᴗ࡞࡝ 1 ḟ⏘ᴗࡢ๭ྜࠊἢᓊᆅᇦࡢపᆅ࡟ᒃఫࡍࡿேཱྀ࡜ࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢࢩࣙࢵࢡ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ ⪏ᛶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈈࡜ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ㍺ฟࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࠊ⮬↛⅏ᐖࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅ᩘࠊ㎰ᴗ⏕⏘ࡢ୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡀྵ ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࢆᣦᩘ໬ࡋࠊ36.0 ௨ୖࡢሙྜ LDCs ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ32.0 ௨ୗ࡜࡞ࢀ ࡤ༞ᴗせ௳ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ ⾲ 2-1 LDCs ศ㢮ᇶ‽࡜༞ᴗᇶ‽㸦2018 ᖺ 3 ᖺホ౯ࡢᇶ‽㸧 ὀ 1: HAI ࡣࠊᩘ್ࡀ㧗ࡅࢀࡤ㧗࠸࡯࡝ேⓗ㈨⏘ࡢ≧ἣࡀⰋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࠊEVI ࡣᩘ್ࡀపࡅࢀࡤప࠸࡯࡝ ⤒῭⬤ᙅᛶࡀప࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ ὀ 2: 㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 2,460 ࢻࣝ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࠊᡤᚓࡢࡳ࡛༞ᴗせ௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ ฟᡤ㸸United Nations Committee for Development Policy, “The 2018 Triennial Review of the LDC

Category”, United Nations,

https://www.un.org/ldcportal/the-2018-triennial-review-of-the-ldc-category/ (29 August 2018) HAI ࠾ࡼࡧ EVI ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿせ⣲ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࢯ࣮ࢫ࠿ࡽ␗࡞ࡿ༢఩࡛ ᐃࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ ࢱࢆẚ㍑ࠊ㞟⣙ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊHAIࠊEVI ࡣࠊඹ㏻ࡢࠕ᭱኱-᭱ᑠࠖᡭ㡰ࢆ౑⏝ࡋ ࡚సᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋᇶ♏࡜࡞ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠊཧ↷ᅜࡢ᭱኱್࡜᭱ᑠ್࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ 0~100 ࡢ⠊ᅖࡢᣦᩘ࡟ 㡯┠ 㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ*1, +$, (9, ศ㢮ᇶ‽ ࢻࣝ௨ୗ ௨ୗ ௨ୖ ༞ᴗᇶ‽ ࢻࣝ௨ୖ ௨ୖ ௨ୗ 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻥㻢㻌䠉

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7

ኚ᥮ࡉࢀࡿࠋHAIࠊEVI ࡢ⟬ฟᘧࡣ௨ୗࡢᘧ࡛⾲ࡉࢀࡿ6_ࠋ ܫ ൌ ሾሺܸ െ ݉݅݊ሻȀሺ݉ܽݔ െ ݉݅݊ሻሿ ൈ ͳͲͲ I ࡣࠊᙜヱᅜࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᣦᩘ໬ࡉࢀࡓ್ࠊV ࡣࠊᙜヱᅜࡢᣦᶆࡢᐇᩘ್ࠊmin ࡣࠊཧ↷ᅜᣦ ᶆࡢᐇᩘ್ࡢ᭱ᑠ್ࠊmax ࡣࠊཧ↷ᅜᣦᶆࡢᐇᩘ್ࡢ᭱኱್࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᣦᶆࡣࠊHAI ࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ኚᩘࡢ್ࡀ㧗࠸࡯࡝ࠊேⓗ㈨⏘ࡢࢫࢥ࢔ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊEVI ࡣ್ࡀప࠸࡯࡝ࠊ⬤ᙅᛶࡀపୗࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ 2.2 後発開発途上国に分類されている国々について⾲ 2-2 ࡣ 2018 ᖺ 3 ᭶⌧ᅾࡢ LDCs ࣜࢫࢺ࡟࠶ࡿᅜࢆᆅᇦࡈ࡜࡟ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1971 ᖺ࡟ 25 ࢝ᅜࡀ LDCs ࡟ㄆᐃࡉࢀࠊ2018 ᖺ⌧ᅾࠊᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ 4 ࢝ᅜࠊ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ 3 ࢝ᅜࠊ୰ᮾ 2 ࢝ᅜࠊ኱ὒᕞ 4 ࢝ᅜࠊ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ 33 ࢝ᅜࠊ୰⡿ 1 ࢝ᅜࡢィ 47 ࢝ᅜࡀ LDCs ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 1971 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2018 ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ LDCs ࠿ࡽ༞ᴗࡋࡓᅜࡣࠊࢃࡎ࠿ 4 ࢝ᅜࠊ༞ᴗணᐃᅜࡀ 2 ࢝ᅜ࠶ࡿ ࡀࠊLDCs ࡢ⤒῭ࠊ♫఍ࡢ㛤Ⓨࡀ࠸࠿࡟ᅔ㞴ࢆకࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ7_ࠋ ⾲ 2-2 ᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࣜࢫࢺ

ฟᡤ㸸United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Development Policy and Analysis Division, Committee for Development Policy LDCs ࣜࢫࢺࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/ldc_list.pdf 㸦2018 ᖺ 8 ᭶ 29 ᪥㸧

6 _{United Nations Development Policy and Analysis Division, LDC Criteria.}

7 _{1994 ᖺ࣎ࢶ࣡ࢼࠊ2007 ᖺ࣮ࣦ࢙࢝࣎ࣝࢹࠊ2011 ᖺࣔࣝࢹ࢕ࣈࠊ2014 ᖺࢧࣔ࢔ࡀ LDCs ࠿ࡽ༞ᴗࠊࡲࡓࠊ} ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ࠊࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡀ༞ᴗணᐃ࡛࠶ࡿ(UNCD 2015)ࠋణࡋࠊࣂࢾ࢔ࢶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢧ࢖ࢡࣟࣥ⿕ᐖࢆ⪃៖ ࡋࠊ2020 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 4 ᪥ࡲ࡛༞ᴗ‽ഛᮇ㛫ࢆᘏ㛗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀỴᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(UN 2015)ࠋ ᆅᇦ ᅜྡ ᅜᩘ ᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࢔ࠊࣛ࢜ࢫࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࠊᮾࢸ࢕࣮ࣔࣝ ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ ࣂࣥࢢࣛࢹࢩࣗࠊࣈ࣮ࢱࣥࠊࢿࣃ࣮ࣝ ୰ᮾ ࢔ࣇ࢞ࢽࢫࢱࣥࠊ࢖࢚࣓ࣥ ኱ὒᕞ ࢟ࣜࣂࢫࠊࢯࣟࣔࣥㅖᓥࠊࢶࣂࣝࠊࣂࢾ࢔ࢶ ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ ࢔ࣥࢦࣛ ࠊ࣋ࢼࣥࠊࣈࣝ࢟ࢼࣇ࢓ࢯࠊࣈࣝࣥࢪࠊ୰ኸ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ࠊࢳࣕࢻࠊ ࢥࣔࣟࠊࢥࣥࢦࠊࢪࣈࢳࠊ࢚ࣜࢺࣜ࢔ࠊ࢚ࢳ࢜ࣆ࢔ࠊ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࠊࢠࢽ࢔ࠊ ࢠࢽ࢔࣭ࣅࢧ࢘ࠊࣞࢯࢺࠊࣛ࢖࣋ࣜ࢔࣐ࢲ࢞ࢫ࢝ࣝࠊ࣐ࣛ࢘࢖ࠊ࣐ࣜࠊ ࣮ࣔࣜࢱࢽ࢔ࠊࣔࢨࣥࣅ࣮ࢡࠊࢽࢪ࢙࣮ࣝࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࠊࢧ࢜ࢺ࣓࣭ࣉࣜࣥࢩ࣌ࠊ ࢭࢿ࢞ࣝࠊࢩ࢚ࣛࣞ࢜ࢿࠊࢯ࣐ࣜ࢔ࠊ༡ࢫ࣮ࢲࣥࠊࢫ࣮ࢲࣥࠊࢺ࣮ࢦࠊ ࢘࢞ࣥࢲࠊࢱࣥࢨࢽ࢔ࠊࢨࣥࣅ࢔ ༡࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ ࣁ࢖ࢳ /'&Vᩘィ䠉㻌㻌㻞㻥㻣㻌䠉

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8 3. 後発開発途上国に対する国際支援措置について

3.1 LDCs 支援のための行動計画

ᅜ㐃ࡣࠊ1981 ᖺ௨᮶ 10 ᖺẖ࡟ LDCs ᨭ᥼ࡢࡓࡵࡢᅜ㝿༠ຊࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⾜ືィ⏬ (Program of Action: PoA)ࢆ⟇ᐃࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ(⾲ 3-1)ࠋ

1981 ᖺࡢ➨ 1 ḟ PoA ࡛ࡣࠊ㣗⣊⮬⤥࡟ࡼࡿ㈋ᅔ⦆࿴࡜㈨※ࡢ⤖㞟࡜᭷ຠά⏝ࢆಁ㐍ࡋࡓᅜ ᐙ㛤Ⓨィ⏬ࡢ⟇ᐃ࡟㔜ᚰࢆ⨨࠸ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ(UNDP 2015)ࠋ➨ 2 ḟ PoA ࡣ 1990 ᖺ࡟⟇ᐃࡉ ࢀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ㈨※ࡢຠ⋡ⓗ࡞෌㓄ศ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢᙺ๭ࡢಁ㐍ࡢࡓࡵࡢᕷ ሙ⮬⏤໬࡟ὀ┠ࡋࠊLDCs ࡢᕷሙ࢔ࢡࢭࢫᙉ໬࡜㍺ฟࡢከᵝ໬ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ༠ㄪࡉࢀࡓࠋ ➨ 3 ḟ PoA ࡣ 2001 ᖺ࡟⟇ᐃࡉࢀࠊ1995 ᖺ࡟タ❧ࡉࢀࡓ WTO ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢ୰࡛ࡢ㈠᫆ࠊ㔠⼥ࠊ ᢞ㈨࡟࠾ࡅࡿ LDCs ࡢࢩ࢙࢔ᣑ኱ࠊ࣑ࣞࢽ࢔࣒㛤Ⓨ┠ᶆ࡜ࡢ㐃ᦠࡀྵࡲࢀࠊ♫఍ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ ౪ࠊࢢࢵࢻ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࠊไᗘᨵ㠉࡜ἲࡢᨭ㓄ࠊᕷẸ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ἞ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗάື࡬ࡢཧຍ ࡢᶵ఍ᥦ౪࡟↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ2011 ᖺ࡟᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓ➨ 4 ḟ PoA ࡣࠊLDCs ࡢᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞Ⓨᒎࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ⏕⏘ ⬟ຊࡢྥୖ࡜ᵓ㐀ኚ㠉࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡁࠊࡼࡾዲࡲࡋ࠸⏕⏘㒊㛛࡬ࡢᢞ㈨ㄏᅉࡢࡓࡵࡢேⓗ࣭♫఍ ⓗ㈨ᮏࡢᵓ⠏࡞࡝࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋィ⏬࡟ࡣࠊ⏕⏘⬟ຊࠊ㎰ᴗࠊ㈠᫆ࠊၟရࠊேⓗ࣭♫఍ ⓗ㛤Ⓨࠊከඖⓗ࡞༴ᶵࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྲྀ⤌㸦ࢳࣕࣞࣥࢪ㸧ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡢ㈨※࡜࢞ ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢືဨࡢ 8 ࡘࡢศ㔝ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᳃⏣ࡀࠊ➨ 4 ḟ PoA ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕLDCs ༞ᴗࡢ㝿 ࡢ෇⁥࡞⛣⾜(smooth transition)ࠖࡀ㔜せ࡞ㄽⅬࡢ୍ࡘ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ࡜㏙࡭ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡇࡇ࡟ྵࡲ ࢀࡿ㡯┠ࡣࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞Ⓨᒎࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞せ⣲࡜ LDC ༞ᴗࡢせ௳࡜ࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ⮬❧ ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࡀྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᨭ᥼ࡀ㔜せ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ (᳃⏣ 2011)ࠋ ⾲ 3-1 PoA ࡢ≉ᚩ

ฟᡤ㸸Source: Committee for Development Policy and United Nations, 2015, Handbook on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation and Special Support Measures Second Edition,

United Nations, New York, Boxϩ.1, pp.21-22 ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ

PoA ᖺ PoAࡢ≉ᚩ ㈋ᅔ㍍ῶ ᅜᐙ࡟ࡼࡿ㛤Ⓨィ⏬ ⤒῭ᡂ㛗࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ㛫ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡢᙺ๭ࡢಁ㐍 ᕷሙ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢᙉ໬࡜㍺ฟࡢከᵝ໬ PoA 3 2001 ᕷẸ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ♫఍ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢᥦ౪ࠊࢢࢵࢻ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࠊไᗘᨵ㠉ࠊἲࡢᨭ㓄ࠊᨻ἞ ⤒῭άື࡜ཧຍ ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞Ⓨᒎࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ୰᰾せ⣲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ⏕⏘⬟ຊ࡜ᵓ㐀ኚ໬ ⏕⏘⬟ຊࠊ㎰ᴗࠊ㈠᫆ࠊၟရࠊேⓗ࣭♫఍ⓗ㛤Ⓨࠊከඖⓗ࡞༴ᶵࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ ྲྀ⤌㸦ࢳࣕࣞࣥࢪ㸧ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢẁ㝵࡛ࡢ㈨※࡜࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢືဨ PoA 1 1981 PoA 2 1990 PoA 4 2011 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻥㻤㻌䠉

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9

LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼࡟ࡣᵝࠎ࡞᪉ἲࡀタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣ኱ࡁࡃ 3 ࡘ࡟ศࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ 1 ࡘ┠ࡣࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࠊ2 ࡘ┠࡟㔠⼥࠾ࡼࡧᢏ⾡༠ຊࢆྵࡴ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓࠊࡑࡋ࡚ 3 ࡘ┠ࡀࡑࡢ௚ࡢ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ᨭ᥼࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 3.2 国際貿易についての支援措置 ᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ(1)ඃඛᕷሙ࢔ࢡࢭࢫ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓᨭ᥼ࠊ(2)WTO ⩏ົ ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≉ู࠿ࡘ␗࡞ࡿᚅ㐝つᐃࠊ(3)㈠᫆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨࠊࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ඃඛᕷሙ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡣࠊ㍺ฟ⪅࡟ᑐࡋࠊ㛵⛯ᘬࡁୗࡆࠊࡲࡓࡣ➨ 3 ᅜᕷሙ࡬ࡢ↓㛵⛯ࠊ๭ࡾᙜ ࡚ࣇ࣮ࣜ㸦Duty-Free and Quota-Free: DFQF㸧࢔ࢡࢭࢫᶒࢆ௜୚ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊ࡯ ࡜ࢇ࡝ࡢඛ㐍ᅜࡣ LDC ࠿ࡽࡢၟရ㍺ฟ࡟ DFQF ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 2012 ᖺᮎࡲ࡛࡟ࠊ Ṋჾ࡜▼Ἔࢆ㝖ࡃ LDC ၟရ㍺ฟࡢ⣙ 84㸣ࡀඛ㐍ᅜᕷሙ࡟↓⛯࡛ཧධࡋࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ 54㸣ࡀࡉࡽ ࡞ࡿඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ(UNCDP 2015)ࠋ

WTO ⩏ົ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ≉ู࠿ࡘ␗࡞ࡿᚅ㐝つᐃ(Special Differential Treatment: SDT)ࡣࠊWTO ࡟ຍ┕ࡍࡿ LDCs ࡀࠊ≉ู࡞㓄៖࡟ࡼࡗ࡚౽┈ࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟タࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ SDT ࡣ 5 ࡘࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ(1)ᕷሙ࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࡢቑ㐍ࠊ(2)LDCs ࡢ฼┈ಖ ㆤࠊ(3) ㈠᫆ᥐ⨨࡟ಀࡿつ๎࠾ࡼࡧศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ LDC ࡢᰂ㌾ᛶࡢྥୖࠊ(4)LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⛣⾜ ᮇ㛫ࡢᘏ㛗ࠊ(5)ᢏ⾡ᨭ᥼ࡢᥦ౪ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋSDT つᐃ࡟ࡣᵝࠎ࡞≉ᚩ࡜┠ⓗࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᥐ ⨨ࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡣࠊLDCs ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㛗ᮇⓗ࡞ᐇ᪋ᮇ㛫ࢆ୚࠼ࠊሗ࿌ࢆಁࡋࠊᢏ⾡᥼ຓࢆ฼⏝࡛ࡁ ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊไᗘⓗ⬟ຊࡀ㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ LDCs ࡟ WTO ࡢྲྀࡾỴࡵࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ ಁࡍࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊLDCs ࡣࠊ⤒῭άືࡢಖㆤಁ㐍࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ㎰ᴗ஺΅࡟࠾ࡅࡿ ๐ῶබ⣙࠿ࡽࡢ㝖እࡸࠊ㍺ฟ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ⚗Ṇ࠿ࡽࡢ㝖እࠊ≉ᐃࡢศ㔝ࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࠊ㈠᫆ୖࡢ㞀ᐖࢆ ᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢ≉ู࡞ᶒ฼ࢆࡶ௜୚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ8_ࠋ ㈠᫆࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࡣࠊ1997 ᖺ ࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓ⤫ྜࣇ࣮࣒࣮ࣞ࣡ࢡ (Integrated Framework: IF)ࡢࡶ࡜࡛ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ (1)ᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨᡓ␎࡬ࡢ㈠᫆ࡢ୺ὶ໬ࠊ (2)㈠᫆㛵㐃ᢏ⾡ᨭ᥼ࡢᥦ౪ࢆࢥ࣮ࢹ࢕ࢿ࢖ࢺࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞యไࡢᵓ⠏ࠊ(3)㔜せ࡞౪⤥ഃ ไ⣙࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆྵࡴ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨࡢ 3 Ⅼ࡟↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋIF ࡀᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨᨭ ᥼ࡣࠊᇶ㔠ࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊࡑࡢ㈨㔠࡟ࡼࡗ࡚◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ไᗘⓗ࣭ᨻ⟇ⓗᨭ ᥼ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓࠊ౪⤥ഃࡢไ⣙ࡢ࠶ࡿࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㈨㔠ᥦ౪ࢆ⾜࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ 8 _{SDT つᐃ࡟ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᥐ⨨ࡣࠊ࢘ࣝࢢ࢔࢖࣭ࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ(1986 ᖺࠥ1994 ᖺ)௨㝆ࠊ㛗ᖺ࡟Ώࡗ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ} ࡓᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡣᮇ㝈ษࢀ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡣ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠶ࡿ (UNCDP 2015)ࠋ 䠉㻌㻌㻞㻥㻥㻌䠉

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ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊIF ௨እ࡟ࡶᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࡀᅜ㐃㛵㐃ᶵ㛵࡜ඹ࡟ LDC ㈠᫆ࡢࡓࡵࡢ⬟ຊ㛤Ⓨάືࢆ⾜ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

3.3 金融および技術支援を含む開発援助

ᨻᗓ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓ(Official Development Assistance: ODA)ࡣࠊ஧ᅜ㛫᥼ຓ࡜ከᅜ㛫᥼ຓࡢ஧ࡘࡢ ᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ஧ᅜ㛫᥼ຓ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ2011 ᖺࡢ➨ 4 ḟ PoA ࡛ OECD/DAC9_{࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ᅜࡢ㛫࡛෌☜ㄆࡉࢀ} ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊLDCs ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ྛᅜࡢ GNI ࡢ 0.15%࠿ࡽ 0.2%ࢆ ODA ࡜ࡋ࡚౪୚ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ2015 ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ ODA ࡣ GNI ࡢ 0.15%࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠾ ࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟ 0.2%௨ୖ࡟㈉⊩ࡍࡿດຊࢆ᭱኱໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ከᅜ㛫᥼ຓࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᅜ㐃ᶵ㛵ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ ࡑࢀࡽࡣ≉ู࡞ㄪᰝࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡸࠊ࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ LDCs ≉᭷ࡢㄢ㢟࡟⤠ࡗࡓࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࡶࡢࡶ ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡢᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿᇶ㔠ࡶタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣ LDCs ࡢᢏ⾡ⓗࡶ ࡋࡃࡣ᪑㈝࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓᨭ᥼࡟඘࡚ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 3.4 その他の支援について ࡑࡢ௚ࡢ LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ(1)᪑㈝ࠊዡᏛ㔠ไᗘ࠾ࡼࡧㄪᰝ㈝⏝ࠊ(2)ண⟬ୖ㝈ࠊ (3)LDC ศ㢮࠿ࡽࡢ༞ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧᅜ㝿ᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࡢ⤊஢ࡢࡓࡵࡢᨭ᥼ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 1 ࡘ┠ࡢ LDCs ࡀᅜ㐃⥲఍➼࡬ฟᖍࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ᪑㈝ࡢᨭ᥼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊฟᖍࡍࡿ఍㆟ࡢ✀㢮࡟ ࡼࡗ࡚᪑㈝ᨭ᥼ࢆ⾜࠺௦⾲⪅ࡢேᩘࡸᅜ㐃௦⾲㒊ࡢ㥔ᅾဨࡢ⁫ᅾ㈝࡞࡝࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨭ᥼ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊዡᏛ㔠ᨭ᥼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᵝࠎ࡞ไᗘࡀタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᏛ⏕ࡸ୰ሀᑓ㛛ᐙࠊ◊✲ ⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨㔠᥼ຓࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࠋ 2 ࡘ┠ࡢண⟬ୖ㝈࡜ࡣࠊᅜ㐃㈇ᢸ㔠࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅜ㐃ຍ┕ᅜࡣࠊᅜ㐃ண⟬ࢆ㈇ᢸࡋ ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊLDCs ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࡑࡢ㈇ᢸ㔠࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྛᅜࡢ GNI ࡸ௚ࡢせ⣲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵ ᐃࡉࢀࡿ๭ྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅜ㐃ண⟬ࡢ 0.01%ࢆୖ㝈࡜ࡋ࡚ไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ᭱ ప㈇ᢸ⋡ࡣ 0.001%࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ18 ࢝ᅜࡢ LDCs ࡟ࡇࢀࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 3 ࡘ┠ࡢᨭ᥼࡜ࡋ࡚ LDCs ࠿ࡽࡢ༞ᴗ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࡢᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊCDP ࡟ࡼࡿ 3 ࣨ ᖺホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚༞ᴗ⛣⾜ᅜ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓ LDCs ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 4 ḟ PoA ࡛ ୰ᚰㄢ㢟࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ LDC ༞ᴗㄆᐃࢆཷࡅࡓᅜࡀࢫ࣒࣮ࢬ࡟㠀 LDC ࡟⛣⾜࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ 9 _{⤒῭༠ຊ㛤Ⓨᶵᵓࡢ㛤Ⓨ᥼ຓጤဨ఍ࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ᅜ࡛ࠊ ᖺ ᭶⌧ᅾ ࢝ᅜ࠶ࡿ2(&'ࠋ} 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻜㻌䠉

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Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢᨭ᥼ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2012 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 21 ᪥ࡢᅜ㐃⥲఍࡛ࡣࠊLDC ࣜ ࢫࢺ࠿ࡽ༞ᴗࡋࡓᅜࠎࡢ෇⁥࡞⛣⾜࡟㛵ࡍࡿỴ㆟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊLDC ༞ᴗᅜࡢ㛤Ⓨࠊ㈠᫆ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ ࣮ࠊᨭ᥼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᵝࠎ࡞ഃ㠃࠿ࡽࡢ⾜ືࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ㥔ᅾᅜ㐃ㄪᩚဨ࡟ࡼࡿ⛣⾜ᡓ␎‽ഛ࡜༞ᴗࡢࡓࡵࡢ┦ㄯࠊಁࡋࠊᨭ᥼࡞࡝ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ༞ᴗ࡟ ᙜࡓࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿ LDC ≉᭷ࡢᨭ᥼ࡢẁ㝵ⓗᗫṆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ༞ᴗᅜࡢⓎᒎࢆ㜼ᐖࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵ ࡢ㓄៖ࢆලయⓗ࡟♧ࡋࡓ࢞࢖ࢻࣛ࢖ࣥࡶᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡸࢿࣃ࣮ࣝࡢ౛࡟࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ༞ᴗ᪥⛬ࡀỴᐃࡋࡓᅜ࡛⮬↛⅏ᐖ➼ࡢせᅉ ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ୍᫬ⓗ࡟༞ᴗ᫬ᮇࢆᘏᮇࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࠊྛᅜࡢ≧ἣ࡟㐺ษ࡟㐺ᛂࡋࡓ㓄៖ࡶ⏝ពࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿ(UNCDP 2018)ࠋ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ᅜ㐃࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ௚㛵㐃ᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿ LDCs ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ᴫせࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢᨭ ᥼ࡀ㐺ษ࡟ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡇࡇ᳨࡛ウࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㔜せ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᨭ ᥼ᥐ⨨ࡣࠊࠕᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞㞀ᐖ࡟ᝎࡲࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ୍࡚᫬ⓗ࡞ᥐ ⨨ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊᨭ᥼ࢆ⾜࠺ഃ࡜ᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅࡿ LDCs ഃ࡜ࡀ༠ാࡋ࡚ࠕᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞㞀ᐖࠖࢆ ྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃດຊࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 3.5 LDCs 卒業に向けてのプロセス LDCs ࡣࠊCDP ࡀ 3 ᖺẖ࡟⾜࠺༞ᴗホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ3 ࡘࡢホ౯ᣦᶆࡢ࠺ࡕ㸰ࡘ௨ୖࢆ‶ࡓࡍ ࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡣ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI 㢠ࡀ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࡢ㸰ಸ࡜࠸࠺ᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࠊ࠿ࡘࡑࢀࢆ 2 ᗘࡢ 3 ࣨ ᖺホ౯࡛㐃⥆ࡋ࡚‶ࡓࡍ࡜ࠊ༞ᴗᅜ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋ 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻝㻌䠉

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ᅗ 3-1 LDC ༞ᴗࣉࣟࢭࢫ

ฟᡤ㸸UN-OHRLLS(United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States), 2017, "A Guide to

Least Developed Country Graduation", United Nations, pp.12-13.ࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠊ➹⪅࿴ヂࠋ

ᅗ 3-1 ࡣࠊ༞ᴗࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆᅗᘧ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋLDC ᅜࡀ CDP ࡟ࡼࡿ 1 ᅇ┠ࡢ༞ᴗᇶ ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ࡜ࠊCDP ࡣ༞ᴗᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ㐺᱁ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆࢆࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆཷࡅ࡚ࠊᅜ㐃㈠᫆㛤Ⓨ ఍㆟㸦United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: UNCTAD㸧ࡀḟࡢ 3 ࣨᖺホ౯ ࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫࡟ࠊᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ⬤ᙅࣉࣟࣇ࢓࢖ࣝࢆ‽ഛࡋࠊࡉࡽ࡟ᅜ㐃⤒῭♫఍ᒁ(United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: UN-DESA)ࡣホ౯ࢆ‽ഛࡍࡿࠋᑐ㇟ᅜࡣࠊࡑࢀ ࡽࡢሗ࿌᭩࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⮬ᅜࡢ༞ᴗ࡟ࡴࡅ࡚ࡢᒎᮃ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑐ ㇟ᅜࡀḟࡢ 3 ࣨᖺホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍ࡜ࠊCDP ࡣྠᅜࡢ༞ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ ECOSOC ࡟༞ᴗࡢ᥎⸀ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋECOSOC ࡣࠊCDP ࡢሗ࿌ࢆᨭᣢࡋࠊᅜ㐃⥲఍࡟ᥦฟࠊࡑࡇ࡛᥇ᢥࡉࢀ ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ༞ᴗㄆᐃ࡟⮳ࡿࠋࡇࡢẁ㝵࡛༞ᴗᑐ㇟ᅜࡣࠊLDC ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡀࠊ༞ᴗ ⛣⾜ᅜ࡜ࡉࢀࠊ༞ᴗ࡟ྥࡅ࡚༠㆟఍ࡢタ⨨࡜ࠊࢫ࣒࣮ࢬ࡞⛣⾜ᡓ␎ࡢసᡂࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠾ ࡾࠊ୍᪉࡛ᅜ㐃ࢩࢫࢸ࣒࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊ㛤Ⓨ࣭㈠᫆ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࡢᅜࠎࡣࠊᑐ㇟ᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨭ᥼ࢆ⾜ ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟༞ᴗ⛣⾜ᮇ㛫ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ༞ᴗᅜ࡜࡞ࡿࡀࠊᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ㛤Ⓨࡢࡓࡵ ࡢᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ༠ຊࡀࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ᅜ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᅇ┠ࡢࣨᖺホ౯ ᅇ┠ࡢࣨᖺホ౯ ༞ᴗ ᅇ┠ࡢ༞ᴗᇶ‽඘㊊ ᅇ┠ࡢ༞ᴗᇶ‽඘㊊ ᅇ┠ ᅇ┠ࡢ ࡢࣨᖺホ౯ ࡢ༞ᴗᇶ‽඘㊊ ࣭ᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ⬤ᙅࣉࣟࣇ࢓࢖ࣝࡀ81&7$' ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚‽ഛࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࣭஦๓ᙳ㡪ホ౯ࡀ81'(6$࡟ࡼࡾ‽ഛࡉ ࢀࡿࠋ ࣭ᑐ㇟ᅜࡣࠊ81&7$'ࣉࣟࣇ࢓࢖ࣝ࠾ࡼ ࡧ'(6$ホ౯࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ㄽホࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᑐ㇟ᅜࡣࠊ&'3ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ ఍㆟࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᅇ┠ࡢࣨᖺホ౯࡟ྥ ࡅࡓ/'&༞ᴗ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᒎᮃࢆⓎ⾲ࡍࡿࠋ ᖺ ࣭ᑐ㇟ᅜࡀᅇ┠ࡢࣨᖺホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚༞ᴗ ᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓሙྜࠊ&'3ࡣྠᑐ㇟ᅜࡀ/'& ༞ᴗ࡟㐺᱁࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡜࡞ ࡿࠋ ࣭&'3ࡣࠊ(&262&࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ྠᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ/'&༞ ᴗ᥎⸀᭩ࢆ௚ࡢ㝃ᒓ᭩㢮࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ᥦฟࡍࡿࠋ ࣭(&262&ࡣ&'3࡟ࡼࡿ/'&༞ᴗホ౯ࢆᨭᣢࡍ ࡿࠋ ࣭&'3ࡣࠊᅜ㐃⥲఍࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ྠᑐ㇟ᅜࡢ/'& ༞ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᥎⸀ࢆ⾜࠸グ㘓ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜ ࡞ࡿࠋ ᖺホ౯ ༞ᴗ ‽඘㊊ ࣭༞ᴗᅜࡣࠊ༠㆟఍ࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊࢫ࣒࣮ ࢬ࡞⛣⾜ᡓ␎ࢆ‽ഛࡋࠊᅜ㐃ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅࡘࡘ༞ᴗࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡢ㝃ᒓሗ࿌᭩ࢆᥦฟࡍࡿࠋ ࣭㛤Ⓨ࠾ࡼࡧ㈠᫆ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࡣࠊ༠㆟ ఍࡟ཧຍࡋࠊタᐃࡉࢀࡓᨭ᥼ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ ࣭&'3ࡣ㛤Ⓨࡢ㐍䬖≧ἣࢆ┘どࡋࠊ (&262&࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᖺḟሗ࿌ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ ᖺ ࣭༞ᴗࡀ஦ᐇୖࡢࡶࡢ࡜࡞ ࡾࠊྠᑐ㇟ᅜࡣ/'&࡛ࡣ࡞ ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ࣭༞ᴗᅜࡣࠊ⛣⾜ᡓ␎ࡢᐇ᪋≧ἣሗ࿌ ᭩ࢆ⮬ࡽ&'3࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᥦฟࡍࡿࠋ ࣭&'3ࡣࠊ㛤Ⓨ㐍䬖≧ἣࢆ┘どࡍࡿ࡜࡜ ࡶ࡟ࠊ(&262&࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ሗ࿌ࡍࡿࠋ ࣭㛤Ⓨ࣭㈠᫆ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮࠾ࡼࡧᅜ㐃ࢩ ࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ⛣⾜ᡓ␎ᐇ᪋࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ/'&≉ูᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࡢᛴ⃭࡞๐ῶ ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿࠋ 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻞㻌䠉

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13 4. 後発開発途上国卒業の重要性

4.1 2018 年 3 ヶ年評価 CDP ࡣࠊ2018 ᖺ 3 ᭶࡟ 3 ࣨᖺホ౯ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆබ⾲ࡋࡓ10ࠋሗ࿌᭩࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊࢪࣥࣂࣈ࢚ࡀ 3 ࡘࡢศ㢮ᇶ‽࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㸳ᖺ㐃⥆࡛ LDCs ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ࡜グ㍕ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢪࣥࣂࣈ࢚ࡀ LDCs ศ㢮ࢆᮃࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡢពᛮࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊCDP ࡣࠊࢪࣥࣂࣈ࢚ࢆ LDCs ࡟ศ㢮ࡏࡎࠊࡇࡢ Ⅼࢆグ㍕ࡍࡿ࡟␃ࡵࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ୍᪉ࠊ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓᅜࠎ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ6 ࢝ᅜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ༞ᴗࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ࡜グ㍕ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ11_ࠋ ࣈ࣮ࢱࣥࡣࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI(2,401 ⡿ࢻࣝ)࠾ࡼࡧ HAI(72.9)࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸰ᗘ㐃⥆࡛༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ ‶ࡓࡋࠊ2015 ᖺホ౯௨㝆ࡢྥୖࡀⴭࡋ࠸࡜ࡉࢀࡓ12ࠋࡲࡓࠊࣈ࣮ࢱࣥࡣࠊ2018 ᖺ-2023 ᖺ➨ 20 ḟᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨィ⏬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㠀 LDC ᅜ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࡢ㛤Ⓨィ⏬ࢆ⟇ᐃࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ ࡟ᚲせ࡞ᨭ᥼ࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ༡ኴᖹὒࡢᓥᕋᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࢟ࣜࣂࢫࡣࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI(2,986 ⡿ࢻࣝ)ࡢࡳ࡛ࡢ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ 3 ᅇ㐃⥆࡛‶ࡓࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࢟ࣜࣂࢫࡢᡤᚓࡣࠊࡑࡢከࡃࢆᅜ㝿⁺ᴗᶒ࠿ࡽࡢ཰ධ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠ᫬࡟ CDP ࡣ࢟ࣜࣂࢫࢆࠊLDCs ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ᭱ࡶẼೃ ኚື࠾ࡼࡧ㐲㝸ᛶࡢ㠃࡛⬤ᙅ࡞ᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊẼೃኚື࡜⎔ቃ㠃࡛ࡢ⾪ᧁ࡟ ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢿࣃ࣮ࣝࡣࠊHAI(71.2)࠾ࡼࡧ EVI(28.4)࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 2 ᗘ㐃⥆࡛ᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓ࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI ࡣ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆୗᅇࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ቯ⁛ⓗ࡞⿕ᐖࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ ࡓ 2015 ᖺࡢᆅ㟈ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࢿࣃ࣮ࣝࡀ⮬↛⅏ᐖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ⬤ ᙅᛶࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊCDP ࡣࠊࢿࣃ࣮ࣝࡢ LDC ༞ᴗ࡟ྥࡅ࡚ ࡢホ౯ 2021 ᖺࡢ㸱ࣨᖺホ౯ࡲ࡛ᘏᮇࡍࡿ࡜ࡋࠊᘬࡁ⥆ࡁὀどࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᆅ㟈࠿ࡽࡢ᚟⯆ ࠾ࡼࡧ༞ᴗࡲ࡛ࡢ⊰ணࢆタࡅࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋ ࢧ࢜ࢺ࣓࣭ࣉࣜࣥࢩ࣌࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊCDP ࡣ LDCs ࠿ࡽࡢ༞ᴗࢆ㐍ゝࡍࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓ㸦㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI1,684 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊHAI86.0ࠊEVI41.2㸧ࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊྠᅜ࠿ࡽࡣ༞ᴗࡲ࡛ࡢ‽ഛᮇ㛫࡜ࡋ࡚㸴 ᖺ㛫ࢆせồࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚༞ᴗᅜ࡬ࡢ⛣⾜ࡲ࡛࡟ᚲせ࡞እ㒊ⓗ࡞ᨭ᥼࡜ᡓ␎ࢆྠᅜࡢ

10 _{United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Committee for Development Policy, “Report on}

the Twentieth Session”, E/2018/33, United Nations, New York.

11 _{ࣈ࣮ࢱࣥࠊ࢟ࣜࣂࢫࠊࢿࣃ࣮ࣝࠊࢧ࢜ࢺ࣓࣭ࣉࣜࣥࢩ࣌ࠊࢯࣟࣔࣥㅖᓥࠊᮾࢸ࢕࣮ࣔࣝ(UNCDP 2018)ࠋ}

12 _{ࡇࡇ࡟♧ࡍ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ㸯GNIࠊHAIࠊEVI ࡢᩘ್࠾ࡼࡧᣦᩘࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ 2018 ᖺ CDP㸱ࣨᖺホ౯ࢆᇶ࡟ࡋ} ࡓࠋUnited Nations, Economic Analysis & Policy Division, “LDC Data”, United Nations.

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-data -retrieval.html (29 August 2018)

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ᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨィ⏬࡟┒ࡾ㎸ࡴࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ ࢯࣟࣔࣥㅖᓥࡣࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI(1,763 ⡿ࢻࣝ)࠾ࡼࡧ HAI(74.8)࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ 2 ᗘ㐃⥆࡛༞ᴗ ᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊEVI ࡣ⮬↛⅏ᐖ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⬤ᙅᛶࠊ㐲㝸ᛶࠊఆᮌ⏘ᴗ࡟ ౫Ꮡࡋࡓ㍺ฟࢆせᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓࠋCDP ࡣࠊࢯࣟࣔࣥㅖᓥࡢ LDC ༞ ᴗࢆ㐍ゝࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ෇⁥࡞༞ᴗ⛣⾜࡟ྥࡅ࡚ࡢྠᅜࡢᡓ␎ࡢ⟇ᐃ࠾ࡼࡧ HAI ࡢྥ ୖࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ᏻᐃⓗ࡞㍺ฟ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ࡢ☜❧ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋ ᮾࢸ࢕࣮ࣔࣝࡣࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI(2,656 ⡿ࢻࣝ)ࡢࡳ࡛ࡢ༞ᴗᇶ‽඘㊊ࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ྠᅜࡣࠊ2018 ᖺࡢホ౯࡛ึࡵ࡚ HAI(66.6)࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ EVI(56.8)ࡣ㧗ࡃࠊ㍺ฟࡀ▼Ἔ࡜࢞ࢫ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᅜ㝿౯᱁࡟ᙳ㡪ࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸ Ⅼࠊ୺せ▼Ἔ࣭࢞ࢫ⏣ࡢᯤῬ࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡞࡝ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㛗ᮇ࡟Ώࡿᾏୖ ᅜቃ⣮தࡀゎỴࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ⤒῭ⓗᙳ㡪ࡣࡲࡔぢ㎸ࡵ࡞࠸࡜ࡢ⤖ㄽࡀฟ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬ࠿ࡽ CDP ࡣྠᅜࡢ LDC ༞ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢุ᩿ࢆ 2021 ᖺࡢ 3 ࣨᖺホ౯ࡲ࡛ᘏᮇࡍࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛♧ࡋࡓ 6 ࢝ᅜࡢ LDCs ༞ᴗ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢุ᩿ࡢ௚࡟ࠊᮏሗ࿌ࡣࣂࣥࢢࣛࢹࢩࣗࠊ࣑ࣕ ࣐࣮ࣥࠊࣛ࢜ࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆึࡵ࡚‶ࡓࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢶࣂࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡣࠊ2012 ᖺ࡟ LDCs ࠿ࡽࡢ༞ᴗࢆ㐍ゝࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢẼೃኚື࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⬤ᙅᛶ࠿ࡽࠊᮏሗ ࿌ࢆྵࡵ࡚ 3 ᗘ࡟Ώࡾ༞ᴗࢆᘏᮇࡋࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏሗ࿌᭩࠿ࡽ LDCs ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍᅜࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᅜࡶఱࡽ࠿ࡢㄢ㢟ࢆᢪ࠼࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊ༞ᴗᅜ࡬࡜⛣⾜ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࡑࡢᅜࡢ஦᝟࡟ྜࢃࡏࡓ㐺ษ࡞ᨭ᥼ࡀᘬࡁ⥆ࡁᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡣࠊኳ↛㈨※࡟౫Ꮡࡋࡓ⏘ᴗᵓ㐀ࡸࠊ༡ኴᖹὒࡢᓥᕋᅜ࡛ࡣࠊẼ ೃኚືࡸ⮬↛⅏ᐖ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ⬤ᙅᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 4.2 後発開発途上国卒業事例について 1971 ᖺ࡟ LDCs ࡢศ㢮ࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚௨᮶ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟ 7 ࢝ᅜࡀ༞ᴗㄆᐃࢆཷࡅࠊ༞ᴗࠊࡲ ࡓࡣ༞ᴗ⛣⾜ᅜࠊ༞ᴗணᐃᅜ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊ2015 ᖺ࡟༞ᴗㄆᐃࢆཷࡅࠊ༞ᴗ⛣⾜ᅜ ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ 4 ࢝ᅜ㸦ࣔࣝࢪࣈࠊࢧࣔ࢔ࠊ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ࠊࣂࢾ࢔ࢶ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࡢᚋ༞ᴗᣦᶆࡀ࡝ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡿ࠿ࠊࡲࡓ༞ᴗㄆᐃࢆཷࡅࡓ 7 ࢝ᅜࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ౑⏝≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ ࣔࣝࢪࣈࡣࠊ࢖ࣥࢻὒ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᓥᕋᅜ࡛ࠊ1971 ᖺ࡟ LDCs ࡟ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋ2017 ᖺࡢேཱྀࡀ ⣙ 43.6 ୓ேࠊᅜᅵ㠃✚ 300 ੎ࡢᅜ࡛ࠊ୺せ࡞⏘ᴗࡣỈ⏘ᴗ࡜ほග⏘ᴗ࡛ࠊ㎰ᴗࡣ GDP ࡢ 3.3% ࡟ࡍࡂࡎࠊᕤᴗࡀ 23.0%ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗࡀ 73.7%࡜ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᴗ࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ13_{ࠋࣔࣝࢪࣈࡢ}

13 _{ேཱྀ࠾ࡼࡧᅜᅵ㠃✚ࡣ World Bank, 2018, World Development Indicators ࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠊ୺せ⏘ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ⏘ᴗ}

๭ྜࡣእົ┬ࠊ2017ࠊࣔࣝࢹ࢕ࣈඹ࿴ᅜᇶ♏ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠋ

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㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI ࡣࠊ2006 ᖺࡢ CDP ホ౯᫬࡛ 2,320 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊ2009 ᖺࡀ 2,940 ⡿ࢻ࡛ࣝࠊ2015 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 6,645 ⡿ࢻࣝ࡟ࡲ࡛ቑຍࡋࠊ2018 ᖺホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 9,200 ⡿ࢻࣝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ(⾲ 4-1)ࠋHAI ࡣࠊ2006 ᖺ 81.9ࠊ2009 ᖺ 87.5 ࡜ 2 ࡘࡢせ௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࠊ2018 ᖺ࡟ࡶ 91.4 ࡜Ᏻᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ EVI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᇶ‽್ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ3 ࡘࡢ࠺ࡕ 2 せ௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡛༞ᴗㄆᐃ ࡉࢀࡓࠋEVI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ2009 ᖺ࡟ 58.2ࠊ2012 ᖺ࡛ 55.2ࠊࡉࡽ࡟ 2015 ᖺ 49.9ࠊ2018 ᖺ࡟ ࡣ 50.9 ࡜୙Ᏻᐃᛶࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ ⾲ 4-1 ࣔࣝࢪࣈࡢ LDCs ༞ᴗせ௳ᣦᶆࡢ᥎⛣ 㸦2006 ᖺ࣭2009 ᖺ࣭2012 ᖺ࣭2015 ᖺ࣭2018 ᖺ㸧㸧

ฟᡤ㸸Committee for Development Policy and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015, "Hand Book on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation, and Special Support Measures Second Edition", New York. United Nations Department of Economics & Social Affairs Committee for Development Policy, 2015, “The Least Developed Country Category 2006, 2009, 2012,

2015 Country Snapshots”, New York. ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ

⾲ 4-2 ࢧࣔ࢔ࡢ LDCs ༞ᴗせ௳ᣦᶆࡢ᥎⛣ 㸦2006 ᖺ࣭2009 ᖺ࣭2012 ᖺ࣭2015 ᖺ࣭2018 ᖺ㸧

2015 Country Snapshots”, New York. ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ ḟ࡟ࠊ2014 ᖺ࡟༞ᴗㄆᐃࢆཷࡅࡓࢧࣔ࢔ࡢ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢧࣔ࢔ࡣࠊ༡ኴᖹὒ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᓥᕋ ᅜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ2017 ᖺࡢேཱྀࡀ⣙ 19.6 ୓ேࠊᅜᅵ㠃✚ 2,840 ੎ࡢᅜ࡛ࠊ1 ḟ⏘ᴗࡢ GDP ࡟༨ࡵࡿ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ேᙜࡾ*1,༞ᴗせ௳⡿ࢻࣝ௨ ୖ㸧 ࡲࡓࡣࠊ*1,ࡢࡳ⡿ࢻࣝ௨ୖ +$,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୖ㸧 ᣦᩘ (9,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୗ㸧 ᣦᩘ 5,473 6,645 9,200 ᣦᶆ ᩘ್ ⡿ࢻࣝ㸧 2,320 2,940 ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ேᙜࡾ*1,༞ᴗせ௳⡿ࢻࣝ௨ ୖ㸧 ࡲࡓࡣࠊ*1,ࡢࡳ⡿ࢻࣝ௨ୖ +$,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୖ㸧 ᣦᩘ (9,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୗ㸧 ᣦᩘ ᣦᶆ ᩘ್ ⡿ࢻࣝ㸧 1,596 2,240 2,880 3,319 4,124 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻡㻌䠉

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๭ྜࡣ 9.3%ࠊ2 ḟ⏘ᴗࡀ 24.2%ࠊ3 ḟ⏘ᴗࡀ 68.6%࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ14_{ࠋࢧࣔ࢔ࡢ 2006 ᖺ㸯ே࠶} ࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 1,596 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊ2009 ᖺ࡟ࡣ 2,240 ⡿ࢻࣝ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟ 2012 ᖺ࡟ 2,880 ⡿ࢻࣝ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 4-2㸧ࠋHAI ࡶ 2006 ᖺ࡟ࡣࡍ࡛࡟ 90.4ࠊࡑࡢᚋ 2009 ᖺ 92.2ࠊ2012 ᖺ 92.8 ࡜せ ௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࠊ2 せ௳ࡀᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚༞ᴗㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࢧࣔ࢔ࡶࡲࡓࠊEVI ࡟ࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ2015 ᖺࡢ CDP ホ౯࡛ࡶ 44.0 ࡛࠶ࡾᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ2018 ᖺࡢ㸯ே ࠶ࡓࡾ GNI4,124 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊHAI94.1ࠊEVI39.7 ࡜㸱ࡘࡢᣦᶆ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྥୖࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ ⾲ 4-3 ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ࡢ LDCs ༞ᴗせ௳ᣦᶆࡢ᥎⛣ 㸦2006 ᖺ࣭2009 ᖺ࣭2012 ᖺ࣭2015 ᖺ࣭2018 ᖺ㸧

2015 Country Snapshots”, New York. ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ

㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ࡣ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝୰ኸ㒊すᓊ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿ኱㝣㒊࡜ᓥᕋ㒊ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿᅜᐙ࡛ࠊ2017 ᖺࡢே ཱྀࡀ⣙ 127 ୓ேࠊᅜᅵ㠃✚⣙ 2 ୓ 8 ༓੎ࡢᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୺せ࡞⏘ᴗࡣ㖔ᴗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ▼Ἔ࡜ኳ↛࢞ ࢫ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࢆ㐙ࡆࡓᅜ࡛ࠊ1 ḟ⏘ᴗࡢ GDP ࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡣ 2.1%ࠊ2 ḟ⏘ᴗࡣ 60.0%ࠊ 3 ḟ⏘ᴗࡀ 37.9%࡜࠸࠺⏘ᴗᵓ㐀࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ15_{ࠋ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ࡢ 2015 ᖺࡢ༞ᴗせ௳ᣦᶆࡣࠊ㸯} ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 16,089 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊHAI ࡣ 54.8ࠊEVI ࡣ 39.3 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ(⾲ 4-3)ࠋ2006 ᖺ࡟ࡣࡍ ࡛࡟㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 3,393 ⡿ࢻࣝ࡜ᇶ‽ࢆ኱ᖜ࡟ୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊHAIࠊEVI ࡀᇶ‽ࢆ‶ ࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ2018 ᖺࡢホ౯࡛ࡣࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 9,665 ⡿ࢻࣝ࡜኱ᖜ࡟ῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋHAI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᘬࡁ⥆ࡁᨵၿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡾࠊEVI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ27.8 ࡜ᨵၿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2018 ᖺࡢホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 9,665 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊHAI ࡣ 58.4ࠊEVI ࡀ 27.8 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡣ༡ኴᖹὒ࡟఩⨨ࡍࡿᓥᕋᅜ࡛ࠊ2017 ᖺࡢேཱྀࡀ⣙ 27.6 ୓ேࠊᅜᅵ㠃✚ࡀ 12,190 ੎࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୺࡞⏘ᴗࡣ㎰ᴗ࡜ほගᴗ࡛ࠊ1 ḟ⏘ᴗࡢ GDP ࡟༨ࡵࡿ๭ྜࡀ 28.2%ࠊ2 ḟ⏘ᴗࡣ

14 _{ேཱྀ࠾ࡼࡧᅜᅵ㠃✚ࡣ World Bank, 2017, World Development Indicators ࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠊ୺せ⏘ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ⏘ᴗ}

๭ྜࡣእົ┬ࠊ2017ࠊ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ඹ࿴ᅜᇶ♏ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠋ

15 _{ேཱྀࠊᅜᅵ㠃✚ࡣ World Bank 2017, World Development Indicators ࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠊ୺せ⏘ᴗ࠾ࡼࡧ⏘ᴗ๭ྜ}

ࡣࠊእົ┬ࠊ2017ࠊ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ඹ࿴ᅜᇶ♏ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠋ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ேᙜࡾ*1,༞ᴗせ௳⡿ࢻࣝ௨ ୖ㸧 ࡲࡓࡣࠊ*1,ࡢࡳ⡿ࢻࣝ௨ୖ +$,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୖ㸧 ᣦᩘ (9,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୗ㸧 ᣦᩘ 16,089 9,665 ᣦᶆ ᩘ್ ⡿ࢻࣝ㸧 3,393 8,957 15,090 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻢㻌䠉

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9.1%ࠊ3 ḟ⏘ᴗࡣࠊ62.7%㸦2014 ᖺ㸧࡜࠸࠺⏘ᴗᵓ㐀࡛࠶ࡿ16_{ࠋࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡢ 2015 ᖺࡢ LDCs} ༞ᴗせ௳ᣦᶆࡣࠊ㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 2,997 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊHAI ࡀ 81.3ࠊEVI ࡀ 47.7 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2009 ᖺ௨㝆 2 ࡘࡢせ௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ(⾲ 4-4)ࠋ2018 ᖺホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ 3,014 ⡿ࢻࣝࠊHAI78.5ࠊEVI ࡀ 47.0 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡣࠊ2013 ᖺࡢ 3 ࣨᖺホ౯࡟ ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ2017 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 4 ᪥࡟༞ᴗணᐃ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࢧ࢖ࢡࣟࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ 2020 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 4 ᪥ࡲ࡛༞ᴗ‽ഛᮇ㛫ࢆᘏ㛗ࡍࡿ࡜᥇ᢥࡉࢀࡓ17_ࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡓ㸲࢝ᅜ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡽ࠿࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ㸯ே࠶ࡓࡾ GNI ࡀ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࡢ㸰ಸ ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊHAI ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸱࢝ᅜࡀᇶ‽ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ㸲࢝ᅜ࡜ࡶ࡟ EVI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᇶ‽࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ༞ᴗせ௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡋࡓᅜ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ ࡞࠾୙Ᏻᐃ࡞せ⣲ࡀᇉ㛫ぢࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡶ㢮ఝᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ⾲ 4-4 ࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡢ LDCs ༞ᴗせ௳ᣦᶆࡢ᥎⛣ 㸦2006 ᖺ࣭2009 ᖺ࣭2012 ᖺ࣭2015 ᖺ࣭2018 ᖺ㸧

2015 Country Snapshots”, New York.ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ

16 _{ேཱྀࠊᅜᅵ㠃✚ࠊ⏘ᴗ๭ྜࡣ World Bank Database, World Development Indicators ࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠋ}

୺せ⏘ᴗࡣእົ┬ࠊࣂࢾ࢔ࢶඹ࿴ᅜᇶ♏ࢹ࣮ࢱࡼࡾᢤ⢋ࠋ

17 _{United Nations, General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/78, 17 December 2015.}

ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ᖺ ேᙜࡾ*1,༞ᴗせ௳⡿ࢻࣝ௨ ୖ㸧 ࡲࡓࡣࠊ*1,ࡢࡳ⡿ࢻࣝ௨ୖ +$,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୖ㸧 ᣦᩘ (9,༞ᴗせ௳௨ୗ㸧 ᣦᩘ ᣦᶆ ᩘ್ ⡿ࢻࣝ㸧䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻣㻌䠉

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⾲ 4-5 LDC ༞ᴗㄆᐃᅜࡢ༞ᴗᣦᶆ

ὀ ࢔ࣥࢦࣛ࠾ࡼࡧࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡣ༞ᴗணᐃᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ὀ 㸸ࠕ*1, ࡢࡳࠖ࡜ࡣ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ *1, ᣦᶆࡢࡳ࡛༞ᴗㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿሙྜࡢᡤᚓỈ‽࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ฟᡤ㸸United Nations, Economic Analysis & Policy Division, "LDCS at a Glance", UN.

(14 Sep. 2018) ࡼࡾ➹⪅సᡂࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ⾲ 4-5 ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟ LDC ༞ᴗ᪥⛬ࢆཷࡅࡓ㸵࢝ᅜࡢ⌧ᅾࡢ LDC ᣦᶆࢆぢ࡚ ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᅜࡀ㸯ேᙜࡓࡾ GNI ࡛ࠊ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࡢ㸰ಸࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊᡤᚓࡢྥୖࡀ༞ᴗㄆ ᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞せ௳࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿࠋHAI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࢔ࣥࢦࣛ࡜㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ࢆ㝖ࡃ࡜ࠊ ༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ኱ࡁࡃ㉸࠼࡚࠾ࡾࠊᩍ⫱ࡸಖ೺࡜࠸ࡓேⓗ㈨※ࡢྥୖࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊEVI ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚⤒῭᮲௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄢ㢟 ࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ LDCs ࡣࠕపᡤᚓᅜ࡛ࠊᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㛤Ⓨ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᵓ㐀ⓗ࡞㞀ᐖ࡟ᝎࡲࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࠎ࡛ࠖ࠶ ࡾࠊపᡤᚓ࡛࠶ࡿࡀᨾ࡟⮬ຊ࡛ࡢᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨࡀᅔ㞴࡞≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡿࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ⤒῭ⓗ࡞Ⓨ ᒎࡀ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㛤Ⓨࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨㔠ࡀᑡ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵேⓗ㈨※ࡸኳ↛㈨※ࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢᅜ ᐙࡀ᭷ࡍࡿ㈨※ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶࡞࠸≧ែ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊపᡤᚓᅜ࠿ ࡽ୰ᡤᚓᅜ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᮍࡔᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵ࡸእᅜࢻࢼ࣮ࡢᨭ᥼ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿ㒊ศࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊHAI ࡢྥୖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᣢ⥆ྍ⬟࡞㛤Ⓨࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᇶ♏ࡀᩚࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ LDCs ༞ᴗㄆᐃ࡟⮳ࡗࡓ࡜ ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ LDCศ㢮ᖺ ༞ᴗ㸦ணᐃ㸧ᖺ *1,ࡢࡳ㸧 ࢧࣔ࢔ ࣂࢾ࢔ࢶ ㉥㐨ࢠࢽ࢔ ࣔࣝࢹ࢕ࣈ ࣎ࢶ࣡ࢼ ࣮࣭ࣦ࢚࢝࣎ࣝࢹ ࢔ࣥࢦࣛ 㸯ேᙜࡓࡾGNI ⡿ࢻࣝ㸧 HAI EVI /'&༞ᴗᇶ‽ ௨ୖ ௨ୗ ᅜྡ 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻤㻌䠉

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4.6 後発開発途上国からの卒業の重要性

᳃⏣ࡣࠊ/'&V ࡢ༞ᴗၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ/'&V ศ㢮࠿ࡽእࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡿᨭ᥼ࡢ႙ኻࡀࠊ /'&V ༞ᴗࢆ㌋㌉ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࠕ/'& ༞ᴗၥ㢟࡟㛵 ࡋ࡚᭱ࡶ␃ពࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊ/'& ㅖᅜࡀࠊ/'& ྥࡅࡢ≉ᐃࡢ౽┈ࢆᡭᨺࡋࡓࡃ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ/'& ༞ᴗ࡟ ኱ࡁ࡞᢬ᢠࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜ㐃ཬࡧࢻࢼ࣮ᅜ࠿ࡽࡢ౽┈ᡭᙜࡢᮇ㛫ᘏ㛗ࢆᙉࡃせㄳ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽ /'& ഃࡢᛮᝨࡀࠊᅜ㐃࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ෇⁥࡞⛣⾜ࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᨻ⟇ᑐヰᐇ ᪋ࡢࡑࡶࡑࡶࡢືᶵ࡙ࡅ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡓ㸦᳃⏣ 㡫㸧ࠋ ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୍᪉࡛ LDC ࡀ༞ᴗࢆ㌋㌉ࡍࡿ᭱኱ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊLDC ࣜࢫࢺ⦅ධ࣭༞ᴗᇶ‽ࡢタᐃࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ᑐࡍࡿ୙‶࡛ࡣ ࡞ࡃࠊ༞ᴗᚋࡢᑗ᮶ࡢ୙☜ᐇᛶ࡬ࡢᠱᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ௒ᚋࠊᅜ㐃࡟࠾࠸࡚ศ㔝ẖࡢࠕ෇ ⁥࡞⛣⾜ᡓ␎ࠖࡢ⟇ᐃࡸྛ✀つᐃ➼ࡢᩚഛࡀ㐍ࡳࠊLDC ༞ᴗᅜࡢᡂຌ஦౛ࢆ LDC ࡀ┠ࡢᙜࡓ ࡾ࡟ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࠊྠᵝࡢ≧ἣࡀ⥆ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸦᳃⏣ 2011 27 㡫㸧࡜ࡶ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠕ㛤Ⓨࠖࡢ᭱኱ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊᅜࢆ㇏࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣከࡃࡢሙྜࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞㇏࠿ࡉ ࢆᣦࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ⤒῭ⓗ࡞㇏࠿ࡉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᩍ⫱ࡸ་⒪ࠊಖ೺ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾࠊ ೺ᗣ࡛ᩥ໬ⓗ࡞⏕άࢆ࠾ࡃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ⤒῭ⓗ࡞㇏࠿ࡉࢆ㏣࠸ồࡵࡿ ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣࠊேࠎࡢ⏕άࡣᨵၿࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵே㛫ࡀ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛᭱ప㝈ᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢ ࢆᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ே㛫ࡑࡢࡶࡢ࡟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓே㛫㛤Ⓨࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊࡼࡾලయⓗ࡞┠ᶆࢆᐃࡵࠊࡑࡢ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋLDCs ࡢศ㢮࣭༞ᴗᇶ‽࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᣦᶆࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᣦᶆࡢ୰࠿ࡽ᭱ࡶ ே㛫㛤Ⓨࢆ➃ⓗ࡟⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡜ࡉࢀࡿᣦᶆࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ ࡚ࠊLDC ༞ᴗࡢㄆᐃࢆᚓࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㔜せ࡞┠Ᏻࡢ୍ࡘ࡜࡞ࡿࡶ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢨࣥࣅ࢔ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅ࢲࣥࣅࢨ࣭ࣔࣚࡣࡑࡢⴭ᭩࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ㅖᅜ࡟ࡤࡽࡲ࠿ࢀࡓ᥼ຓ ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᅜࢆ㇏࠿࡟ࡣࡏࡎࠊ㈋ࡋࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᢈุࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊLDCs ࠿ࡽ᭱ึ࡟༞ᴗ ࡋࡓ࣎ࢶ࣡ࢼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊྠᅜࡀ࠿࡞ࡾࡢつᶍࡢእᅜ᥼ຓࢆཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ஦ᐇࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࠊ ࡇࡢᡂຌࡢせᅉࡣࠊ᥼ຓ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᕷሙ⤒῭ࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࢆ⢭ຊⓗ࡟㏣ồࡋࠊᅜෆ⤒῭ࢆ➇த࡟ࡉࡽ ࡍ㈠᫆ᨻ⟇ࡸᏳᐃⓗ࡞㔠⼥ᨻ⟇࣭㈈ᨻつᚊࡢ⥔ᣢ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᨻ⟇࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜㏙࡭ࡓ㸦ࣔࣚ 2010 52 㡫㸧ࠋ 1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊ᪂⯆ᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓᮾ༡࢔ࢪ࢔ࡢᅜࠎࡣࠊ㍺ධ௦᭰ᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇࠿ࡽ㍺ ฟᚿྥᆺᕤᴗ໬ᨻ⟇࡬࡜㌿᥮ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊᇦෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⤒῭༠ຊࢆ῝໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡛Ⓨᒎࡋ ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟ࡣ⮬⏤㈠᫆ᅪࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࠊ➇த࡜༠ຊ࡟ࡼࡿᇦෆࡢⓎᒎࢆᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻜㻥㻌䠉

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ࡇࢀࡽࡢ஦౛ࡣࠊ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡀⓎᒎࡋࡓせᅉࡣࠊ⮬ࡽ⮬❧ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࡢ㐨➽ࢆᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ⤖ ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡟⮳ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢᇶ♏ⓗ࡞せ⣲ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࡛ ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋLDCs ༞ᴗ࡜ࡣࠊࡑࡢᇶ♏ⓗせ⣲ࡀഛࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࢆ⌧ࡍ㔜せ࡞ᇶ‽࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ LDCs ࡢศ㢮ᇶ‽ࡣࠊᅜࡢ㛤Ⓨ≧ἣࢆ♧ࡍᩘከࡃࡢᣦᶆࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࢆ㑅ᢥࡋᣦᩘ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᣦᶆࡢࡳ࡛ᅜࡢⓎᒎࢆ♧ࡍࡇ࡜࡟㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊEVI ࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᣦᶆࡢ࠸ࡃࡘ࠿ࡀࠊᯝࡓࡋ࡚⤒῭⬤ᙅᛶࢆ♧ࡍᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࠿࡜ ࠸࠺ၥ㢟Ⅼࡶᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ➹⪅ࡀ㛗ᖺ◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࣛ࢜ࢫேẸẸ୺ඹ࿴ᅜ㸦ࣛ࢜ࢫ㸧ࡣࠊ1971 ᖺ࡟ LDCs ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀ ࡓࠋ1975 ᖺ࡟⌧ᅾࡢࣛ࢜ࢫࡀᘓᅜࡉࢀࠊ1986 ᖺ࡟ࡣᕷሙ⤒῭ᑟධ࡟ࡼࡾ⛣⾜⤒῭ᅜ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ 㛤ᨺᨻ⟇࡟ࡼࡿእ㈨ㄏ⮴࡟ࡼࡿ⤒῭Ⓨᒎࢆᶍ⣴ࡋࡓࠋ1997 ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊᅜᐙ᭱኱ࡢ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ LDCs ࠿ࡽࡢ༞ᴗࢆᐃࡵࠊ௨᮶ከࡃࡢࢻࢼ࣮ࡢᨭ᥼࡜እ㈨ㄏ⮴ᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࠊᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵ ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ⤖ᯝࠊ4.1 ࡟♧ࡋࡓ 2018 ᖺ 3 ᭶ࡢ CDP3 ࣨᖺホ౯࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊึࡵ࡚༞ᴗᇶ‽ࢆ඘㊊ ࡋࡓ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࣛ࢜ࢫࡀ⌧ᅾࡢ㛤Ⓨᨻ⟇࡜ࡑࡢᡂᯝࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊ2024 ᖺ࡟༞ ᴗ⛣⾜ᅜ࡜࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀᴟࡵ࡚㧗࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᳃⏣ࡀᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊLDC ༞ᴗㄆᐃᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ༞ᴗࢆ㌋㌉ࡍࡿᅜࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ஦ᐇ ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊࣛ࢜ࢫࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨࡢࡓࡵ࡟ LDC ༞ᴗࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚㛤Ⓨࢆ㐍ࡵ ࡚࠸ࡿᅜࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ༞ᴗࢆ㌋㌉ࡍࡿᅜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᬒ࡟ᵝࠎ࡞せᅉࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ ࡶ␃ពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࣂࢾ࢔ࢶࡸࢿࣃ࣮ࣝࡢࡼ࠺࡟⅏ᐖ⬤ᙅᅜࡶᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊCDP ࡢつᐃ࡛ࡣࠊ༞ᴗ⛣⾜ᅜࡢ෇⁥࡞⛣⾜ࡢࡓࡵࡢᥐ⨨ࡸ༞ᴗᅜ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ࣉࣛࣥࡶ⏝ពࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋLDCs ࡀ⮬❧ⓗ࡞Ⓨᒎࢆ☜࠿࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊLDC ༞ᴗࡣ㔜せ࡞➨୍Ṍ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ

まとめ

ᮏ✏ࡣࠊLDCs ࡜࠸࠺㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉࡟㛤Ⓨࡢ㐜ࢀࡓᅜࠎࡢᐃ⩏࡜ศ㢮ࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀࡽ ࡢᅜࠎ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᩚ⌮ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊLDCs ༞ᴗࡢ㔜せᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ LDC ᇶ‽࡟ㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ␃ពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㛤Ⓨࡢ㐜ࢀࡓᅜࠎ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ ࡢᇶ‽࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࠿ࡽࡶࠊLDC ศ㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜ⮬㌟ ࡀ⮬❧ⓗ࡟Ⓨᒎྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅜᐙ㛤Ⓨࡢᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࡢᇶ‽ࢆᥦ㉳ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜ ࡋ࡚ LDC ࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࡑࡢ༞ᴗၥ㢟࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1994 ᖺࡢ࣎ࢶ࣡ࢼࡢ༞ᴗㄆᐃ௨㝆ࠊࡋࡤࡽࡃ༞ᴗㄆᐃᅜࡣ⌧ࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ2018 ᖺ ࡢ 3 ࣨᖺホ౯࡛ࡣࠊ༞ᴗ⛣⾜ᅜ࠾ࡼࡧ༞ᴗㄆᐃᅜࡀቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢᅜࠎ࡟ࡣࠊ⮬❧ⓗ 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻝㻜㻌䠉

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21

࡟Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ‽ഛࡀᩚ࠸ࡘࡘ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡽࡢᅜࠎࡀ༞ᴗࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ ࡚ࠊࡉࡽ࡟㛤Ⓨᗘྜ࠸ࡢప࠸ᅜࠎ࡟ᨭ᥼ࢆ㞟୰ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡼࡾከࡃࡢᅜࡀ⮬❧ⓗ ࡟Ⓨᒎ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓព࿡࡟࠾࠸ ࡚ࠊLDCs ࡢ༞ᴗ࡟ὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡶᚲせ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ᮏ✏ࡣࠊLDC ศ㢮ࡢᴫせࡢ☜ㄆ࡟⤊ጞࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊLDC ศ㢮ࡢᇶ‽࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡇ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿᣦᶆࡢጇᙜᛶࠊࡲࡓࠊᨭ᥼ᥐ⨨ࡢᶵ⬟ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡲ࡛ࡣ㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࠋ➹⪅ ࡀព㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ LDC ศ㢮ࡢ㔜せᛶࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊࡑࢀࡽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㆟ㄽࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢⅬ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢ◊✲ࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴᡤᏑ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

＜参考文献＞

㟷ᒣ฼຾ (1991) ࠗ➨୕ୡ⏺◊✲ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ 㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࠘ ວⲡ᭩ᡣ ㉥⩚⿱ (1971) ࠗప㛤Ⓨ⤒῭ศᯒᗎㄝ࠘ ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤ (1961) ࠗ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ࢩ࣮ࣜࢬ➨ 4 㞟 ప㛤Ⓨᅜ㛤Ⓨ⌮ㄽࡢ⣔㆕࠘ ࢔ࢪ ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤ ᯈᇉ⯅୍⦅ (1969) ࠗ༡໭ၥ㢟ࡢ◊✲(Ϩ)࠘ ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭◊✲ᡤ ࣦ࢓࢖ࢼ࣮㺃ࣖࢥࣈ ┦ཎගヂ (1959) ࠗᅜ㝿㈠᫆࡜⤒῭Ⓨᒎ࠘ ᕑᯇᇽฟ∧ ࢚ࣜࢫ࣭ࣁ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭S ࣈ࢟ࣕࢼ࣭ࣥࣀ࣮࣐࣭ࣥS ᑠᓥΎ┘ヂ (1958) ࠗᚋ㐍ᅜ㛤ⓎࡢᒎᮃѸၥ㢟 ࡜Ṕྐ࠘ ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ ᑠ㔝୍୍㑻 ྜྷಙ⢔⦅ (1979) ࠗ༡໭ၥ㢟ධ㛛࠘ ᭷ᩫ㛶཮᭩ ᮾ⏿⢭୍┘ಟ ᯈᇉ⯅୍⦅ (1971) ࠗ࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭ㅮᗙ➨ 6 ᕳ༡໭ၥ㢟࠘ࠊᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ すᕝ₶ (1979) ࠗ༡໭ၥ㢟 ୡ⏺⤒῭ࢆື࠿ࡍࡶࡢ࠘ NHK ࣈࢵࢡࢫ ࢾࣝࢡࢭ࣭ࣛࢢࢼ࣮ ᅵᒇභ㑻ヂ (1955) ࠗᚋ㐍ㅖᅜࡢ㈨ᮏᙧᡂ࠘ ᕑᯇᇽ᭩ᗑ ࢾࣝࢡࢭ࣭ࣛࢢࢼ࣮ Ἑᮧ㙡⏨ ᯇỌ჆ኵ ኱⏿ᙗ୐ Ώ㎶⾜㒄ヂ (1967) ࠗୡ⏺⤒῭ࡢᆒ⾮࡜ᡂ 㛗࠘ࠊࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ♫ࠋ ࣭ࣔࣚࢲࣥࣅࢨⴭ ᑠ὾⿱ஂ┘ヂ (2010) ࠗ᥼ຓࡌࡷ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝ࡣⓎᒎࡋ࡞࠸࠘ ᮾὒ⤒῭᪂ሗ♫ ᯇ஭Ύ⦅ (1971) ࠗᚋ㐍ᅜ㛤Ⓨ⌮ㄽࡢ◊✲࠘ ᭷ᩫ㛶 ᯇୗ෱⦅ (2006) ࠗ㏵ୖᅜ♫఍ࡢ⌧ᅾ ᅜᐙ࣭㛤Ⓨ࣭ᕷẸ♫఍࠘ ἲᚊᩥ໬♫ ࣑࣭࣐ࣜ࢝ࣥࢵࢡࢫ࣭F ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣐࣮࣭ࢻࢼࣝࢻ⦅ ▼ἑඖᬕヂ (1962)ࠗప㛤Ⓨㅖᅜࡢ㏆௦໬ Ѹࡑࡢ㐣⛬࡜ᑐ⟇Ѹ࠘ ᪥ᮏእᨻᏛ఍ ࣑࣭ࣜ࢝ࣥM࣭F ࣟࢫࢺ࢘ W࣭W ๓⏣ኖኵヂ (1958) ࠗᚋ㐍ᅜ㛤Ⓨィ⏬ࡢㅖၥ㢟࠘᪥ᮏእᨻᏛ ఍ 䠉㻌㻌㻟㻝㻝㻌䠉

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࣑ࣥࢺ࣭H ⤖ᇛྖ㑻ḟ ᮌᮧಟ୕ඹヂ (1968) ࠗప㛤Ⓨᅜࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ ᨵゞ∧࠘ 㮵ᓥ◊✲ᡤฟ∧ ఍ࠋ ᳃⏣ᬛ (2011) ࠕᅜ㐃࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚋⓎ㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࡜༞ᴗၥ㢟ࠖ ࠗእົ┬ㄪᰝ᭶ሗ࠘ No.4ࠊ1-31 㡫 እົ┬ ࣛ࢖࣋ࣥࢩࣗࢱ࢖࣭ࣥࣁ࣮࣋࢖ ୕ἑᕌ㑻┘ಟ ▮㔝ຬヂ (1960) ࠗ⤒῭ⓗᚋ㐍ᛶ࡜⤒῭ᡂ㛗࠘ࠊ ⣖ఀᅧᒇ᭩ᗑࠋ

Committee for Development Policy and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2015) Hand Book on the Least Developed Country Category: Inclusion, Graduation, and Special Support Measures Second Edition New York Lao People’s Democratic Republic (2016) Five Year National Socio-Economic Development Plan ϯ (2016-2020) Vientiane

Lao People’s Democratic Republic Ministry of Planning and Investment (2015) The Millennium Development Goals and Lessons Learnt for the Post-2015 Period: A Summary Review Vientiane

*supported by the United Nations in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic Ministry of Planning and Investment, and United Nations Development Programme in Lao PDR (2017) Graduation from Least Developed Country Status Lao PDR 2017 The 5th National Human Development Report Vientiane

United Nations (2016) The Least Developed Countries Report 2016 The Path to Graduation and Beyond: Making the Most of the Process N.Y.

United Nations Committee for Development Policy (2018) Report on the Twentieth Session E/2018/33 Economic and Social Council Official Records 2018 Supplement No.13 United Nations Committee for Development Policy and Department of Economics & Social Affairs Committee for Development Policy (2006) (2009) (2012) (2015) The Least Developed Country Category 2015 Country Snapshots N.Y.

United Nations Committee for Development Policy (2018) List of Least Development Countries (as of March 2018) UN N.Y.

United Nations Development Programme (2018) Human Development Indices and Indicators 2018 Statistical Update UNDP N.Y.

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UN-OHRLLS (United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least

Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States) (2017) A Guide to Least Developed Country Graduation United Nations pp.12-13. እົ┬ (2017) ᅜ࣭ᆅᇦᇶ♏ࢹ࣮ࢱ እົ┬ http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/index.html (2017 ᖺ 2 ᭶ 1 ᪥) ᅜ㐃㛤Ⓨィ⏬㸦UNDP㸧㥔᪥௦⾲஦ົᡤ (2016) ࠕ࣑ࣞࢽ࢔࣒㛤Ⓨ┠ᶆࠖ ᅜ㐃㛤Ⓨィ⏬ 㸦UNDP㸧㥔᪥௦⾲஦ົᡤ http://www.jp.undp.org/content/tokyo/ja/home/sdg/mdgoverview/mdgs.html (2016 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 26 ᪥)

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http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2007/pn07106.htm (05 Jan. 2017) Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (2018) “DAC Members” OECD.

http://oecd.org/dac/dacmembershtm#members (11 September 2018)

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https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ ldc-data-retrieval.html (29 August 2018)

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https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank- country-and-lending-groups (01 Sep 2018)

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http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications (01 Sep. 2018) . World Bank World Development Indicators (2018) World Bank

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WTO.

https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/dev_special_differential_ provisions_e.htm (06 Sep. 2018)

Summary

A Summary of the Classification of the Least Developed Countries and

a Consideration about the Graduation Problem

Toshikazu Kinoshita

From the 1950s to the 1960s, the words "low development (country /

region)" or "backward (country / region)" were used and the concept of those

words was discussed, however the definition was not clear. What was found

as a common recognition from discussions on those words is that the industry

is underdeveloped and economically poor, there are inadequacies in terms of

health and hygiene, Unhealthiness arises, because education is inadequate,

technical skills and productivity is low. In addition, these issues are

consistent with current development issues.

Among the countries that have such development issues, the United

Nations has classified countries that are particularly delayed in development

as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and the United Nations agencies

and other international organizations and donor countries, etc. have been

supporting this. The United Nations Committee for Development Policy

(UNCDP) defines these countries as "low-income countries suffering from

structural impediments to sustainable development". To identify LDCs, the

CDP uses three criteria: GNI per capita, Human Assets Index and Economic

Vulnerability Index to set inclusion and LDC graduation thresholds to

evaluate every three years.

The framework of international cooperation for assistance to LDCs is

䠉㻌㻌㻟㻝㻠㻌䠉

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後発開発途上国分類の概要とその卒業問題についての一考察 (マング・マング・ルウィン教授 退職記念号)