文化財後背斜面の崩壊予知のための超音波を用いた土中水分状態モニタリング法の開発

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Ṕྐ㒔ᕷ㜵⅏ㄽᩥ㞟 Vol. 3㸦2009ᖺ6᭶㸧

ᩥ໬㈈ᚋ⫼ᩳ㠃ࡢᔂቯண▱ࡢࡓࡵࡢ

㉸㡢Ἴࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᅵ୰Ỉศ≧ែࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢἲࡢ㛤Ⓨ

Study of the monitoring method for measuring soil moisture state using ultrasonic waves

to predict possibility of slope failure at slopes behind cultural assets

㻌

㡲⏣๛ᩥ

1

࣭ᖹ஭୍ᘯ

1

࣭⏣୰ඞᙪ

2

࣭㓇ໝ୍ᡂ

3

࣭῝ᕝⰋ୍

4

Takefumi Suda, Kazuhiro Hirai, Katsuhiko Tanaka, Kazunari Sako and Ryoichi Fukagawa

1_{❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔 ⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲⛉๰㐀⌮ᕤᏛᑓᨷ ༤ኈㄢ⛬๓ᮇㄢ⛬㸦ࠛ}_{525-8577 ⁠㈡┴ⲡὠᕷ㔝㊰ᮾ1-1-1㸧}

Graduate student, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

2_{❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫᐈဨᩍᤵ ⥲ྜ⌮ᕤᏛ◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦ࠛ525-8577 ⁠㈡┴ⲡὠᕷ㔝㊰ᮾ1-1-1㸧}

Professor, Research Organization of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

3_{❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫ෸ᩍᤵ ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂ࣭ࣝ࢖ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ◊✲ᶵᵓ㸦ࠛ525-8577 ⁠㈡┴ⲡὠᕷ㔝㊰ᮾ1-1-1㸧}

Associate professor, Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University

4_{❧࿨㤋኱Ꮫᩍᤵ ⌮ᕤᏛ㒊㒔ᕷࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᕤᏛ⛉㸦ࠛ}_{525-8577 ⁠㈡┴ⲡὠᕷ㔝㊰ᮾ1-1-1㸧}

Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

We present a proposed method and corresponding model test to measure soil moisture state using ultrasonic waves. In this method, soil moisture and groundwater level are monitored using one ultrasonic detector, which detects changes of water content and groundwater level from the intensity of wave reflection and time of wave propagation. It is shown that by using the proposed method the number of equipments setting on the slope can be reduced, thereby minimizing the negative environmental effects to the slope behind cultural asses.

Key Words: ultrasonic wave, slope failure, soil moisture, ground-water level

㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ி㒔┅ᆅ࿘㎶ࡢᒣ⭡࣭ᒣ㯄࡟ࡣ㸪ୡ⏺ᩥ໬㑇⏘ࢆࡣࡌࡵᩘከࡃࡢ㔜せᩥ໬㈈ࡀ㞟✚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪㝆㞵᫬ ࡢᩳ㠃ᔂቯ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᩥ໬㈈ࡀኻࢃࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㝆㞵࡟ࡼࡿᩳ㠃ᔂቯࡢ୺࡞せᅉࡣ㸪(1) 㞵Ỉࡢᾐ㏱࡟ ࡼࡿᅵሢ⮬㔜ࡢቑຍ㸪(2) ᆅ┙ෆࡢ㣬࿴ᗘࡢቑຍ࡟ࡼࡿᅵࡢࡏࢇ᩿ᙉᗘࡢపୗ㸪(3) ᆅୗỈ఩ࡢୖ᪼࡟ࡼࡿ㛫㝽Ỉᅽࡸᾐ㏱ຊࡢቑຍ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᩳ㠃ᔂቯࡢⓎ⏕᫬้ࡸつᶍࢆࡼࡾ⢭ᗘⰋࡃண ࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ㸪㞵㔞ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃᑐ ㇟ᩳ㠃ෆࡢྵỈ㔞ࡸᆅୗỈ఩ࢆ┤᥋ᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮃࡲࡋ࠸ࠋ ᡃࠎࡣ㸪ி㒔ᕷ࡟࠶ࡿ㔜せᩥ໬㈈ࡢᚋ⫼ᩳ㠃࡟ࢸࣥࢩ࣓࣮࢜ࢱ㸪⇕㟁ᑐ㸪㞵㔞ィ㸪ᆅ⾲㠃ኚ఩ィ㸦 B-OTDR ᪉ᘧ㸧ࢆタ⨨ࡋ㸪㛫㝽Ỉᅽ㸪ᆅ୰ ᗘ㸪10 ศ㛫㞵㔞㸪ᆅ⾲㠃ኚ఩ࢆ㛗ᮇ㛫ィ ࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪ᆅୗ Ỉ఩ࡣィ ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣᚑ᮶ࡢᆅୗỈ఩ィ ⿦⨨ࡀ㸪タ⨨ࡢ㝿ࡢ࣮࣎ࣜࣥࢢ࡟ࡼࡿᆅ┙≧ែࡢᨵኚࡸ ᑐ㇟ᩳ㠃ෆࡢᆅୗỈở⃮ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍᠱᛕࡀ࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᆅ┙࡬ࡢ㈇Ⲵࡢᑠࡉ࠸ᆅୗỈ఩ ᐃ⿦⨨ࡢ㛤Ⓨ ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞ᅵ୰Ỉศࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢἲ࡜ࡋ࡚㉸㡢Ἴࢆ฼⏝ࡋࡓ㠀᥋ゐ ᐃ᪉ᘧࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ㸪ᇶ♏ⓗ᳨ ウࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ୍ḟඖᾐ㏱ヨ㦂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ᪉ἲࡣ㸪୍ࡘࡢィ Ⅼ࡛ᅵ୰ࡢྵỈ㔞࡜ᆅୗỈ ఩ࢆࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ┬ࢫ࣮࣌ࢫ໬ࡀᅗࢀ㸪ィ ᆅⅬࡢከⅬ໬࡟ࡼࡿᆅ┙࡬ࡢ⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵࢆపῶ࡛ ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ 1 −111−

(2)

㸰㉸㡢Ἴࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᅵ୰Ỉศࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢἲ ㉸㡢Ἴ䝖䝷䞁䝇䝕䝳䞊䝃䜰䝹䝭ᯈ 䝅䝸䝁䞊䞁䝂䝮 ᆅ┙ ㉸㡢ἼᑟἼ⟶ 0.3~1.0 m ᅗ2 ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࡢタ⨨ ᅗ1 ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࡢᴫほ䠝) ஝⇱≧ែ 䠞) 㞵Ỉᾐ㏱≧ែ 䠟) ᆅୗỈ఩ୖ᪼≧ែ 䠝) ஝⇱≧ែ 䠞) 㞵Ỉᾐ㏱≧ែ 䠟) ᆅୗỈ఩ୖ᪼≧ែ ᅗ3 Ỉศ≧ែ࡟ᛂࡌ࡚ほ ࡉࢀࡿἼᙧ ࡇࡢ᪉ἲ࡟⏝࠸ࡿ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࢆᅗ 1㸪ᅗ 2 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࡣ㉸㡢Ἴ㏦ཷಙව⏝ࢺࣛࣥࢫࢹ࣮ࣗࢧ ࡜㉸㡢ἼᑟἼ⟶࠿ࡽ࡞ࡿࠋᑟἼ⟶ࡣ୰✵ࣃ࢖ࣉ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ୗ➃ࡣᅵ⾲㠃࡟᥋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢺࣛࣥࢫࢹ࣮ࣗࢧࡣᑟ Ἴ⟶ࡢୖ➃࡟ࢲࣥࣃ࣮ᮦ㸦ࢩࣜࢥ࣮ࣥࢦ࣒㸧ࢆ௓ࡋ࡚ᅛᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢺࣛࣥࢫࢹ࣮ࣗࢧ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓ㉸㡢Ἴࡣ ᑟἼ⟶ୗ➃࡬㏦ಙࡉࢀ㸪ୗ➃ࡢᅵ⾲㠃࡛཯ᑕࡋࡓ㉸㡢Ἴࡢಙྕࢆࢺࣛࣥࢫࢹ࣮ࣗࢧ࡛ィ ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾᅵ ୰ࡢỈศ≧ែࢆほ ࡍࡿࠋ ᅗ 3 ࡟ᅵࡢྵỈ≧ែ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ཯ᑕἼࡢἼᙧࢆ♧ࡍࠋ౑⏝ࡋࡓᅵヨᩱࡣ⁠㈡┴ಙᴦ⏘ࡢ┿◁ᅵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋA)࠿ ࡽ B)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᅵࡢྵỈ㔞ࡢቑຍ࡟క࠸ࣆ࣮ࢡᙉᗘࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᅵࡢ㛫㝽ࡀỈ࡛‶ࡓࡉࢀࡿ࡟ࡘ ࢀ࡚㸪཯ᑕ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㉸㡢Ἴࡢᩓ஘ࡀῶᑡࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪B)࠿ࡽ C)ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᆅୗ Ỉ఩ࡀᑟἼ⟶ෆ㒊ࢆୖ᪼ࡍࡿ࡜㸪཯ᑕỈ㠃ࡲ࡛ࡢ㊥㞳ࡀ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿࡓࡵఏ᧛᫬㛫ࡀ▷ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ࣆ ࣮ࢡᙉᗘ࡜ఏ᧛᫬㛫ࡢኚ໬࠿ࡽ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀྵỈ㔞࡜ᆅୗỈ఩ࡢኚືࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ 㸱᳨ウᐇ㦂ヨ㦂ᴫせ㉸㡢Ἴࢆ⏝࠸ࡓィ ᡭἲࡢ᭷⏝ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪ேᕤ㝆㞵⿦⨨ࢆ⏝࠸୍࡚ḟඖᾐ㏱ヨ㦂ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋヨ㦂᮲௳ࢆ⾲1 ࡟♧ࡍࠋ࢔ࢡࣜࣝ〇ᅵᵴ㸦ෆᚄ 37.5 cm, ῝ࡉ 50 cm㸧࡟ᅵヨᩱࢆධࢀ㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ࡜ㄏ㟁⋡ 2 −112−

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ᅗ4 ᅵᵴࡢᴫほ⾲1 ヨ㦂᮲௳ ⁠㈡┴ಙᴦ⏘┿◁ᅵ 9.5 mm 0.85 mm 2.6 g/cm3 1.5 g/cm3 0% 㝆㞵ᾐ㏱㐣⛬ ୖ㠃㝆㞵࡟ࡼࡿὀỈ ቃ⏺᮲௳ ᗏ㠃 ᤼Ỉ 15 mm/h タᐃ㝆㞵ᙉᗘ 㛤ጞ᫬ྵỈẚ ヨ㦂ヨᩱ ᭱኱⢏ᚄ ᖹᆒ⢏ᚄ タᐃ஝⇱ᐦᗘ ᅵ⢏Ꮚᐦᗘ ᅗ5 ィ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᴫ␎ᅗ ேᕤ㝆㞵⿦⨨ PC PC ࢜ࢩࣟࢫࢥ࣮ࣉ ಙྕࣆ࣮ࢡ ᳨ฟჾ ㉸㡢Ἴ㏦ཷಙᶵ ྵỈ㔞᳨ฟჾ ⇕㟁ᑐ ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィ㞵㔞ィ ࢹ࣮ࢱ࣮ࣟ࢞ 20 cm ᅵᵴ ᅵተỈศィEC-5㸦ࢹ࢝ࢦࣥ♫〇㸧ࢆィ ᆅⅬࡀྠࡌ῝ࡉ࡟࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟タ⨨ࡋࡓࠋᅗ 4 ࡣヨ㦂‽ഛ᏶஢ᚋࡢ ᅵᵴࡢᵝᏊ࡛࠶ࡿࠋヨ㦂๓༙ࡣேᕤ㝆㞵⿦⨨࡟ࡼࡿ㝆㞵ᾐ㏱ᐇ㦂㸪ᚋ༙ࡣᅵᵴᗏ㠃࠿ࡽࡢᆅୗỈ౪⤥࡟ࡼࡿ ᆅୗỈ఩ୖ᪼ᐇ㦂ࢆ⾜࠸㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࡢ཯ᑕᙉᗘ㺃ఏ᧛᫬㛫࡜ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィࡢయ✚ྵỈ⋡ࢆẚ㍑ࡋࡓࠋ ィ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ᅗ 5 ࡟ヨ㦂ࡢィ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᅵᵴ࡟ࡣ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ㸪ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィ EC-5㸪⇕㟁ᑐࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓࠋ ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࡢᑟἼ⟶ࡣ┿㘷〇ࡢ୰✵ࣃ࢖ࣉ㸦ෆᚄ14 mm㸪㛗ࡉ 500 mm㸧࡛㸪ୖ➃࡟ࡣබ⛠࿘Ἴᩘ 40 kHz ࡢ MA40E8-2 㜵⁲ᆺ✵୰㉸㡢Ἴࢺࣛࣥࢫࢹ࣮ࣗࢧ㸦ᮧ⏣〇సᡤ〇㸧ࢆᅛᐃࡋࡓࠋ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ࡟ࡼࡾィ ࡉ ࢀࡓ཯ᑕἼࡢಙྕࡣ࢜ࢩࣟࢫࢥ࣮ࣉ࡟㏦ࡽࢀ㸪Ἴᙧࢆ⏬㠃࡟⾲♧ࡉࡏࡓࠋㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィ࡜⇕㟁ᑐࡢฟຊ ࡣ┤᥋ࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥグ㘓ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ࡛ィ ࡉࢀࡓ཯ᑕἼࡢಙྕࡣ࢜ࢩࣟࢫࢥ࣮ࣉ࡟㏦ࡽࢀ㸪⏬ 㠃࡟ࣜ࢔ࣝࢱ࢖࣒ࡢἼᙧࢆ⾲♧ࡋ㸪ྠ᫬࡟ࡑࡢಙྕࡣಙྕࣆ࣮ࢡ᳨ฟჾ㸦ᱵ⏣㟁ᶵ〇㸧࡟ࡼࡾ཯ᑕἼᙧࡢࣆ ࣮ࢡ್ࢆ ᐃࡋ㸪ᑓ⏝ࢯࣇࢺ࢙࢘࢔ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥグ㘓ࡋࡓࠋ ヨ㦂⤖ᯝ ᅗ 6 ࡟㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ࡟ࡼࡾィ ࡉࢀࡓ཯ᑕᙉᗘ㸦㛤ጞ᫬ࡢࣆ࣮ࢡᙉᗘ್࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┦ᑐ್㸧࡜ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተ Ỉศィ࡟ࡼࡾィ ࡉࢀࡓయ✚ྵỈ⋡ࡢ⤒᫬ኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡍࠋᅗ 6 ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ࡟ࡼࡿ཯ᑕᙉᗘࡢኚ ໬࡜ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィ࡟ࡼࡿయ✚ྵỈ⋡ࡢኚ໬࡟ࡣⰋ࠸ᑐᛂ㛵ಀࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪཯ᑕᙉᗘࡢቑຍࡣ㸪ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィ㸦య✚ྵỈ⋡㸧ࡢቑຍ㛤ጞ᫬้ࡼࡾ⣙ 50 ศ㐜ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࡀᑟἼ⟶ 3 −113−

(4)

ୗ➃ࡢᆅ⾲㠃࡟㞵Ỉࡀ฿㐩ࡋ࡚ึࡵ࡚Ỉศ㔞ࡢኚ໬ࢆឤ▱࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ㸪ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィ࡟ẚ࡭࡚㐜ࢀࡀ⏕ ࡌࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᅗ7 ࡟཯ᑕᙉᗘ࡜ఏ᧛᫬㛫㸦㛤ጞ᫬ࡢఏ᧛᫬㛫࡟ᑐࡍࡿ┦ᑐ್㸧ࡢ⤒᫬ኚ໬ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ㝆㞵ࡣ㛤ጞ 475 ศᚋ ࡟⤊஢ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ᅵᵴࡢୗ㒊࠿ࡽỈࢆ౪⤥ࡋࡓ㸦ᆅୗỈ఩ୖ᪼㸧ࠋᅗ 7 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㸪ᆅୗỈ఩ࡢୖ᪼࡟కࡗ ࡚ఏ᧛᫬㛫ࡀ኱ࡁࡃῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ᆅୗỈ఩ࡢኚືࢆィ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ ᅵᵴୗ㒊࠿ࡽࡢỈ౪⤥ 0 10 20 㸦ᆅୗỈ఩ࡢୖ᪼㸧 ఏ᧛᫬㛫 ཯ᑕᙉᗘ 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 ⤒㐣᫬㛫PLQ ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィ㸦య✚ྵỈ⋡㸧㸲࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ ㉸㡢Ἴࢆ⏝࠸ࡓᅵ୰Ỉศࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢἲࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ㸪ேᕤ㝆㞵⿦⨨ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ୍ḟඖᾐ㏱ヨ㦂࡟ࡼࡾᇶ♏ⓗ᳨ ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ୍ḟඖᾐ㏱ヨ㦂࡛ࡣ㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾࡢ཯ᑕᙉᗘ࡜ㄏ㟁⋡ᅵተỈศィࡢయ✚ྵỈ⋡㸪㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟ ჾࡢఏ᧛᫬㛫࡜ᆅୗỈ఩ࡢ㛫࡟Ⰻዲ࡞ᑐᛂࢆᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ௨ୖࡼࡾ㸪୍⤌ࡢ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ࡛ᅵ୰ࡢྵỈ≧ែ࡜ ᆅୗỈ఩ࡢ୧᪉ࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ᪉ἲ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ィ ⿦⨨ࡢタ⨨ᩘࢆῶࡽࡋ࡚ 㔜せᩥ໬㈈࿘㎶ᩳ㠃࡬ࡢ⎔ቃ㈇Ⲵࢆపῶ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௒ᚋࡣࡇࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆ⮬↛ᩳ㠃࡟ᑟධࡋ㸪㛗 ᮇⓗ࡞ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⵳✚ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ ㅰ㎡㸸ᮏ◊✲ࡢ୍㒊ࡣ㸪⛉Ꮫ◊✲㈝⿵ຓ㔠㸦2008㹼2010ᖺᗘ㸧ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅ࡚⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࡈᨭ ᥼ࢆ࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓᰴᘧ఍♫ᮧ⏣〇సᡤఀ⸨⪽㸪ὸ⏣㝯᫛୧Ặ࡟ឤㅰࡋࡲࡍࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ 1) 㓇ໝ୍ᡂ㸪῝ᕝⰋ୍㸪ᒾᓮ㈼୍㸪㔛ぢ▱᫛㸪Ᏻᕝ㑳ኵ㸸ࠕ㝆㞵᫬ࡢᩳ㠃⅏ᐖ㜵Ṇࡢࡓࡵࡢ㔜せᩥ໬㈈ᩳ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⌧ ᆅࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࠖ㸪ᆅ┙ᕤᏛࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝ㸪Vol.1㸪No.3㸪pp57-69㸪2006 ᅗ6 ཯ᑕᙉᗘ࡜య✚ྵỈ⋡ࡢ⤒᫬ኚ໬ ᅗ7 ཯ᑕᙉᗘ࡜ఏ᧛᫬㛫ࡢ⤒᫬ኚ໬ ㉸㡢Ἴ᳨ฟჾ 㸦཯ᑕᙉᗘ㸧 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 ⤒㐣᫬㛫PLQ 4 −114−