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(1)

Thompson’s F and links

Yuhei Inoue

Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University

(2)

自己紹介と背景

•  発表者は結び目に詳しくありません

•  発表者の専門はグラフ理論

•  特に四色定理に興味あり

Four color theorem

Thompson’s

𝐹

Links

“ 特別なグラフ達 ”

今回の結果

Four color theorem Every planar graph has a face 4-coloring.

最終目標

(3)

四色定理

平面に描かれた任意の地図は、四色を用いて、隣り合う領域が同じ色に ならないように塗り分けることができる.

(4)

四色定理

“特別なグラフ達”が全て辺3彩色可能

“出場者が同じトーナメント表”を 2つ張り合わせたグラフ

特別なグラフ

A B

(𝐴,𝐵)

Def

If (𝐴,𝐵) has a edge 3-coloring, we say (𝐴,𝐵) is colorable.

(Bowlin, Brin, 2013)

(5)

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ​ ℤ↓2 ×​ℤ↓2  0=(0,0)

1=(0,1)

2=(1,0)

3=(1,1)

0 1 2

3

1

(6)

𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ​ ℤ↓2 ×​ℤ↓2  0=(0,0)

1=(0,1)

2=(1,0)

3=(1,1)

0 1 2

3 1

1

1

3 3

2 1 2 3

2

(7)

Binary trees

Def (Binary tree)

​{0, 1}↑∗  ≔ {7inite words in the alphabets 0 and 1}∪{∅}

If a finite set 𝐺 satisfies these conditions as follows

1.  𝐺⊂​{0, 1}↑∗  , ∅∈𝐺,

2.  ∀𝑤∈𝐺, (𝑤0∈𝐺 ∧𝑤1∈𝐺) ∨ (𝑤0∉𝐺 ∧ 𝑤1∉𝐺), 3.  𝑤0∈𝐺 ∨ 𝑤1∈𝐺⇒𝑤∈𝐺,

then we say that 𝐺 is a binary tree.

0 00

000 001 01

1

11 110 111 10

Ex: 𝐺={∅, 0, 1, 00, 01, 000, 001, 10, 11, 110, 111}

leaf

root

(8)

自己紹介と背景再び

•  発表者は結び目に詳しくありません

•  発表者の専門はグラフ理論

•  特に四色定理に興味あり

Four color theorem

Thompson’s

𝐹

Links

“ 特別なグラフ達 ”

今回の結果

Four color theorem Every planar graph has a face 4-coloring.

最終目標

(9)

Thompson’s

𝑭

𝑫𝒆𝒇(𝑻𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒔𝒐​𝒏↑′ 𝒔 𝑭)

Condition 𝑄

•  𝜑:[0,1]→[0,1] is piecewise linear homeomorphism

•  𝜑 is differentiable except at finitely ​𝑏/​2↑𝑎   form numbers (𝑎,𝑏 𝜖ℤ)

•  on differentiable interval of 𝜑, the derivatives are powers of 2

𝐹≔{𝜑 | 𝜑 meets condition 𝑄} is a group by composition of maps.

𝐹≅⟨𝐴,𝐵∣[𝐴​𝐵↑−1 ,​𝐴↑−1 𝐵𝐴]=[𝐴​𝐵↑−1 ,​𝐴↑−2 𝐵​𝐴↑2 ]=id ⟩

with [𝑥,𝑦]=𝑥𝑦​𝑥↑−1 ​𝑦↑−1 

Cannon, J.W., Floyd, W.J., Parry, W.R.: Introductory notes on Richard Thompson’s groups. Enseign. Math. (2) 42(3–4), 215–256 (1996)

(10)

Thompson’s

𝑭

We can get a map 𝜑:[0,1]→[0,1] from a pair of binary trees.

∈𝐹

𝑔:𝐹≅{(𝐷,𝑅)∣(𝐷,𝑅) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 2 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒}

(11)

2 cycle

Theorem(Bowlin, Brin, 2013)

The four color theorem holds if and only if ∀𝑓∈𝐹, 𝑔(𝑓) is colorable.

𝑔:𝐹≅{(𝐷,𝑅)∣(𝐷,𝑅) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 2 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒}

(12)

Theorem(Jones, 2014)

We can obtain a link with a pair of binary trees.

In addition, Φ :𝐹→{𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠} is surjective.

Question:

What will happen if we append information about colorings?

Φ

(13)

We can attach + or sign to each vertices with a coloring.

どうやって?

(14)
(15)

Result

Def

ℎ:𝐹×{𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑠}→{𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠}

Theorem

is surjective.

(16)

(proof)

具体的に, 与えられた link 𝐿 からThompson’ F の元を構成する.

準備

•  𝐿 には右のような輪は無いとしてよい.

•  𝐿4次の正則平面グラフとみなしたとき, 連結であるとしてよい.

Step 1

𝐿 Start

Goal

(17)

(proof)

具体的に, 与えられた link 𝐿 からThompson’ F の元を構成する.

準備

•  𝐿 には右のような輪は無いとしてよい.

•  𝐿4次の正則平面グラフとみなしたとき, 連結であるとしてよい.

Step 1

𝐿 Start

Goal

1

(18)

Start

Goal

1

Step 2

0

(19)

Start

Goal

1

Step 2

0

0 1

(20)

上はトーナメント

下は交差無し

( ( ( ) ) )

(21)

上はトーナメント

下は交差無し

( ( ( ) ) )

1

3 2 3 2 1

(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)

Four color theorem

Thompson’s

𝐹

Links

“ 特別なグラフ達 ”

今回の結果

最終目標

(27)

Four color theorem

Thompson’s

𝐹

Links

“ 特別なグラフ達 ”

今回の結果

最終目標

•  𝐹 の元とヒモの本数の関係は?

•  良い” sign 悪い” sign の違いは link とどう関わる?

•  四色定理を結び目で言い換えれる?

四色定理 ⇔∀𝑓∈𝐹, ∃𝜎, 𝑔(𝑓) の任意の面の境界の sign の総和は3の倍数 Etc..

参照

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