8VWF[

8VWF[ QP+CVCN KVKGUKP , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP

* CTVJSWCMG 9UWPCOK CPF

* XCEWCVKQP5TGRCTGFPGUUCICKPUV+WVWTG * CTVJSWCMGU

/ WN [

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8VWF[ QP+CVCN KVKGUKP , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP

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* XCEWCVKQP5TGRCTGFPGUUCICKPUV+WVWTG * CTVJSWCMGU

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, TCFWCVG 8EJ QQNQH( TGCVKXG 8EKGPEG CPF * PIKPGGTKPI ) GRCTVOGPVQH( KXKNCPF * PXKTQPOGPVCN* PIKPGGTKPI

7 GUGCTEJ QP8VTWEVWTCN2 GEJ CPKEU

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† q [

9J KUFKUUGTVCVKQPYCURTGUGPVGF

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.VYCUFGHGPFGF QP

;^rf/ WPG CPF CRRTQXGF D[

- KTQMC\W&0 &, . 5TQHGUUQT ) GRCTVOGPVQH( KXKNCPF * PXKTQPOGPVCN* PIKPGGTKPI 9QOQ[C8- .'&>&2 & 5TQHGUUQT ) GRCTVOGPVQH( KXKNCPF * PXKTQPOGPVCN* PIKPGGTKPI 2 CUCPQTK - &2 &) & 5TQHGUUQT* OGTKVWU ) GRCTVOGPVQH( KXKNCPF * PXKTQPOGPVCN* PIKPGGTKPI ) KUUGTVCVKQP&FXKUQT 9GTWJ KMQ > 4 ) & 5TQHGUUQT ) GRCTVOGPVQH( KXKNCPF * PXKTQPOGPVCN* PIKPGGTKPI

( QR[TKIJ Vd

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Preface

4 P +TKFC[ 2 CTEJ CV VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP GCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK QEEWTTGF KP / CRCP &VVJCVVKOG . YCU QP VJG ^rf HNQQT KP 3 KUJ K-< CUGFC ( CORWU QH< CUGFC : PKXGTUKV[ YJ KEJ KU MO HTQO VJG GRKEGPVGT +QT OQTG VJCP VJTGG OKPWVGU VJG YJ QNG DWKNFKPIYCUUJ CMKPIXKQNGPVN[ FWG VQ CUVTQPIITQWPF OQVKQP . YCUUJ CMKPIYKVJ HGCTUKPEG KV YCULWUVVYQ YGGMUCHVGT . CTTKXGF KP/ CRCP CPF VJGTG CTG PQ GCTVJSWCMGU KP 8QWVJ 0 QTGC .V YCUFGHKPKVGN[ VJG XGT[ HKTUVVKOG VQ HGGNCPGCTVJSWCMG KPO[ NKHG 2 QTGQXGT YG YCVEJ GF VJG UEGPGUQHVJG FGXCUVCVKPIVUWPCOK VJCVYKRGF QWVGPVKTG XKNNCIGUKP9QJ QMWCTGCU!KVYCUFGGRN[ ECTXGF KP O[ J GCTV . MGRVCUMKPI D[ O[UGNH k< J CVECP YG FQ YKVJ VJG VJTGCVU QHPCVWTCN FKUCUVGTU% .U VJGTG PQVJKPI HQT WU VQ FQ%l .VKU PQVRQUUKDNG VQ UVQR VJG QEEWTTGPEG QHPCVWTCN FKUCUVGTU DWVKVKURTGXGPVCDNG J WOCPFCOCIGUFWG VQ VJGO 5TQHGUUQT- COCFCHKTON[ DGNKGXGU VJKUCPF . HWNN[ CITGG YKVJ J KO 9J GTGHQTG . FGEKFGF VQ EQODKPG O[ CECFGOKEDCEMITQWPF j EQORWVGT GPIKPGGTKPI CPF OCPCIGOGPVj YKVJ GCTVJSWCMG GPIKPGGTKPI VQ FQ TGUGCTEJ KP / CRCP

8KPEG VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK J KV9QJ QMW CUCXQNWPVGGTQTCUC TGUGCTEJ GT . YGPVVQ VJG UGXGTGN[ CHHGEVGF CTGCU 8QOC CPF .YCMK KP +WMWUJ KOC 5TGHGEVWTG 0 COCKUJ K CPF 7 KMW\ GPVCMCVCKP.YCVG 5TGHGEVWTG CPF 0 GUGPPWOCKP2 K[CIK 5TGHGEVWTG CDQWV VKOGU 9J GUG FGXCUVCVGF CTGCU CTG UVKNNTGEQXGTKPI HTQO NQVU QHRTQDNGOU GXGP CHVGT VJTGG [GCTURCUUGF 9J G VUWPCOK FWTKPIVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG ECWUGF CJ WIG COQWPV QHNQUU QHJ WOCP NKXGU!J GPEG O[ UVWF[ QP GCTVJSWCMG GPIKPGGTKPI DGICP YKVJ FKUCUVGT OKVKICVKQPQHJ WOCPKORCEVFWG VQ VJG GCTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK CPF GXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTU

9J G VJGUKUOCKPN[ EQPUKUVUQHHQWTEJ CRVGTU!VJG HKTUVEJ CRVGTQXGTXKGYUVJG , TGCV* CUV / CRCP GCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK CPF J WOCP FCOCIGU!VJG UGEQPF EJ CRVGT CPCN[\ GU GXCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQTU DGVYGGP VJG UWTXKXQTU CPF VJG PQP-UWTXKXQTU CU YGNNCU GZCOKPGU RTCEVKECN GXCEWCVKQP RTKPEKRNG!VJG VJKTF EJ CRVGT VCMGU KPVGTGUVKP VJG KPHNWGPVKCNHCEVQTUQP HCVCNKV[ TCVG YJ KNG RTQRQUKPIVYQ UVCVKUVKECNOQFGNUHQTGUVKOCVKPIVJG HCVCNKV[ TCVG!VJG NCUVEJ CRVGTGZRNQTGU VJG RTGRCTGFPGUUDGHQTG VJG FKUCUVGTKP9QM[Q CTGCDCUGF QPVJG HKGNF KPXGUVKICVKQP . J QRG CPF KPVGPF VQ DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPF J QY QPG ECP NGCTP HTQO VJG FKUCUVGT KP QTFGT VQ RTGFKEV OKVKICVKQPFWTKPIVJG HWVWTG GCTVJSWCMGU

3 CO >K>WP

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Acknowledgements

. YQWNF NKMG VQ UGPF QWVO[ EQPFQNGPEGU VQ VJG XKEVKOU CPF VJGKT HCOKNKGU QHVJG FKUCUVGT 9J TQWIJ VJG RTQEGUUQHRTGRCTKPIVJKUUVWF[ . J CXG TGEGKXGF J GNRHTQO OCP[ RGQRNG

+KTUVQHCNN . CO FGGRN[ ITCVGHWNVQ O[ TGUGCTEJ CFXKUQT 5TQHGUUQT2 CUCPQTK - COCFC YJ Q KUQPG QHO[ J GTQGUHQTJ KUKPXCNWCDNG J GNRCPF IWKFCPEG KPVJKUUVWF[ CPF CNUQ HQTJ KUUKPEGTG ECTG HQT NKXKPI QXGTUGCU - G RTQXKFGF PGEGUUCT[ TGUQWTEGU YKVJ HTWKVHWNFKUEWUUKQPU CPF TGXKGYGF VJG YJ QNG OCPWUETKRVECTGHWNN[ +WTVJGTOQTG 5TQHGUUQT9GTWJ KMQ >QFCJ CUIKXGPOG CNNVJG RQUUKDNG J GNRVJCVYCUPGGFGF < KVJQWVJ KUUWRRQTV. CO PQVUWTG YJ GVJGT. YQWNF J CXG GXGT DGGP CDNG VQ CEEQORNKUJ VJKU UVWF[ . YQWNF NKMG VQ CEMPQYNGFIG < GCVJGTPGYU .PE HQT RTQXKFKPIVJG XCUVCOQWPVUQHFCVCHQT, * 3 8&. VJGOG QPOGCUWTGUHQTTGFWEVKQPQHJ WOCP NQUUGUCICKPUVHWVWTG PCVWTCNFKUCUVGTU . CO OWEJ QDNKIGF VQ 5TQHGUUQT( J CTNGU8ECYVJQTPHQT RTQXKFKPI VJG PGEGUUCT[ TGHGTGPEGU CPF OGVJQFQNQIKECNHTCOG FWTKPI O[ UVWFKGU . CO XGT[

VJCPMHWNVQ VJG VJGUKU EQOOKVVGG OGODGTU 5TQHGUUQT 9QOQ[C 8J KDC[COC CPF 5TQHGUUQT - KTQMC\ W &MCIK HQT VJGKT ECTGHWNTGXKGY CPF EQPUVTWEVKXG EQOOGPVU , TGCVCRRTGEKCVKQP VQ 2 U &PIKG 2 GG - [WP0 KO HQTVJG ITCOOCTVKECNEQTTGEVKQPUCPF IKXKPIHGGFDCEMUVQ YTKVKPI O[ RCRGTU 9 J TQWIJ O[ FQEVQTCNRGTKQF . CO CRRTGEKCVKXG QH< CUGFC : PKXGTUKV[ HQT KVU HKPCPEKCNUWRRQTVU

. CO VJCPMHWNVQ 5TQHGUUQT 8GQM-< QP 1GG ) T >QPIJ QQP 1GG 5TQHGUUQT 2 KIWGN* UVGDCP ) T ) GRKPI, WQ 2 T 8J KPKEJ K - QPFC 2 T 3 QTKQ ) QK CPF 2 T 0 QLK 8KOQ HQTVJGKTMKPF J GNRU CPF KPURKTKPI FKUEWUUKQPU FWTKPI O[ HKGNF KPXGUVKICVKQP CPF FCVC CPCN[UKU . CO GZVTGOGN[ ITCVGHWNVQ 2 U 9COCOK 0 Q[COCCPF 2 U 7 KVUW&UCQMCHQTVJGKTNQXG CPF ECTG CUYGNNCUVQ 2 T .MMK 0 CVQ 2 U 8CKOC 7 KC\ 2 T - QTGC 8KDK{ VGCPW CPF 2 T - CMCP >GTNKMC[C HQT OCP[

LQ[HWNOGOQTKGU!CPF 2 U ) QIQ - KVQOK 2 U 0 QOQTK 0 GKMQ CPF 2 T 3 QTK[C9QPUJ Q HQTVJGKT CUUKUVCPEG KP - COCFC NCDQTCVQT[!CPF ) T - KFG[WMK 0 CUCPQ CPF ) T 1KP < GK < GK KP >QFC NCDQTCVQT[ HQTVJGKTCFXKEGU

. GZRTGUUO[ ITCVKVWFG VQYCTFU5CUVQT3 COUQQ ( J Q CPF 8QOCDQMWLQ OGODGTU2 T 2 KVUW

>COCOQVQ 2 U 2 KUCMQ >COCOQVQ 2 U &UCMQ >C\ CMK 2 T / KPYQQM 0 YQP CPF 2 U 2 CKMC 0 WPKVCMG - KOCYCTK J QWUG OGODGTU2 U >WMCMQ 9CMGEJ K 2 U 3 CQMQ * PFQ CPF 2 U >WMCTK 2 CTW[COC CPF 8J QWVCK ( J TKUV( J WTEJ OGODGTUHQTVJGKTNQXG CPF RTC[GTU &NUQ ITCVKVWFG VQ O[ FGCTHCOKN[ OGODGTUKUDG[QPF CP[ YQTFU . CO VJCPMHWNVQ O[ RCTGPVU ) GQM->QWPI>WP CPF / WPI-.O >CPI O[ UKUVGT8GJ GG >WP CPF O[ HCOKN[-gl-NCY HQTVJGKTUGNHNGUUUWRRQTVCPF RTC[GTU . FGGRN[ CRRTGEKCVG O[ J WUDCPF 0 YCPI-* QP ( J QK HQT J KU RCVKGPEG WPFGTUVCPFKPI CPF GPEQWTCIGOGPVU 1CUVDWVPQVNGCUV VJKUUVWF[ KU HQT>QW 'WVD[ VJG ITCEG QH, QF . CO YJ CV. CO . ( QTKPVJKCPU 9J CPM>QWUQ OWEJ

. CO QDNKICVGF7 QOCPU

W

Abstract

9J G , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP GCTVJSWCMG YKVJ C OCIPKVWFG QH QEEWTTGF QHHVJG 5CEKHKE EQCUVQH9QJ QMWCPF VTKIIGTGF RQYGTHWNVUWPCOK YCXGU 9J KUGCTVJSWCMG CPF VJG EQPUGSWGPV VUWPCOK ECWUGF FKUCUVTQWU FCOCIGU KP C XCUVCTGC CPF VQQM OQTG VJCP NKXGU YJ QUG QXGT RGTEGPVYGTG CVVTKDWVGF VQ CPGCTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK ) GURKVG VJG WPRTGEGFGPVGF FKUCUVGT UQOG QH VJG DWKNFKPIU CPF EQPETGVG DTKFIGU NQECVGF KP VUWPCOK-KPWPFCVGF CTGCU UWTXKXGF CPF HWPEVKQPGF CU GHHGEVKXG UJ GNVGTU HQT VJQUG YJ Q GXCEWCVGF .VKPFKECVGU VJCVVJG FKUCUVGT EQWNF DG VJG RTQFWEVQHQVJGT HCEVQTU UWEJ CU DGJ CXKQTCNQT GPXKTQPOGPVCNHCEVQT 9J GTGHQTG WUKPIFCVCHTQO VJG FKUCUVGT VJG NQUUQHJ WOCPNKXGUTGNCVGF VQ VJG GXCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQTXCTKCDNGUCPF RTGRCTGFPGUU( J CRVGT CPF VJG KPHNWGPVKCNHCEVQTUQPVJG HCVCNKV[ TCVG ( J CRVGT CTG KPXGUVKICVGF 1GUUQPU NGCTPVHTQO VJG FKUCUVGT CRRNKGU VQ 9QM[Q CTGC CICKPUVRTGFKEVGF GCTVJSWCMGU CPF UVWFKGU EJ CPIGU QHTGUKFGPVnU RTGRCTGFPGUU CHVGT VJG FKUCUVGT( J CRVGT DCUGF QPCPCN[UKUQHHKGNF KPXGUVKICVKQPCPF UVCVKUVKECNCPCN[UGU

.PQTFGTVQ UVWF[ VJG J WOCPKORCEVKPVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK KV KPXGUVKICVGU VJG TGNCVKQPUJ KRU COQPI GXCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQTU KG GXCEWCVKQP UVCTVKPI VKOG RTGRCTGFPGUU DGHQTG VJG FKUCUVGT CPF GXCEWGGnU EJ CTCEVGTKUVKEU CPF UWTXKXCNTCVG HQT DQVJ VJG lml-UWTXKXQTUCPF VJG UWTXKXQTUQHVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG 7 GUWNVUWUKPI FCVCUJ QY VJCVDGJ CXKQTUFWTKPIVJG FKUCUVGTFKHHGTGPVKCVGF HQTVJG UWTXKXQTUCPF VJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI 2 QTGQXGT VJG CEVWCNGXCEWCVKQP YCU CUUQEKCVGF RQUKVKXGN[ YKVJ C J KIJ GT UWTXKXCN TCVG & OQFGNHQT VJG RTGFKEVKQP QHVJG FGCVJ KU FGXGNQRGF DCUGF QP VJG CPCN[UKU QHGCEJ GXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTHCEVQTUQPVJG HCVCNKVKGU!KPVGITCVGF UVTCVGIKGUCTG RTQRQUGF CPF FKUEWUUGF HQTVJG TGFWEVKQPQHECUWCNVKGUKPVJG HWVWTG NCTIG-UECNGF PCVWTCNFKUCUVGTUKP( J CRVGT

.P CFFKVKQP C YGNN-FGUKIPGF OCPWCN KPENWFKPI VUWPCOK GXCEWCVKQP RTKPEKRNGU J GNRGF VQ OKPKOK\ G VJG PGICVKXG EQPUGSWGPEGUQHVJG GZRGEVGF FKUCUVGT .VFKUEWUUGUVJG GHHGEVKXGPGUUQH VJG VUWPCOK GXCEWCVKQPRTKPEKRNGUCUCUQWTEG QHMPQYNGFIG GZRNCKPKPIJ QY KVGPCDNGURGQRNG VQ CRRN[ XCTKQWU KPHQTOCVKQP VQ VJGKT DGJ CXKQTU 'CUGF QP VJG CPCN[UKU HTQO FGUETKRVKXG EQOOGPVU QP VJG UWTXKXQTU CPF VJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI WUKPI VGZVOKPKPI OGVJQF VJG TGUWNVU UJ QY FKHHGTGPEGU KP DGJ CXKQTU VCMGP D[ VJG UWTXKXQTU QT D[ VJG PQP-UWTXKXQTU WPFGT VJG FKUCUVGT UWIIGUVKPIJ QY VQ RTQXKFG COQTG RTCEVKECNOCPWCN

.P( J CRVGT TGUGCTEJ QPVJG HCVCNKV[ TCVG QHVJG TGUKFGPVUFWTKPIVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP

* CTVJSWCMG YCU OCFG ) CVC HTQO NQECNKVKGU YGTG VJGP GORNQ[GF VQ GUVKOCVG VJG HCVCNKV[

TCVG CUCHWPEVKQPQHVJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ V CTTKXCNVKOG GXCEWCVKQPFKUVCPEG GNFGTN[ HTCEVKQPQH VJG EQOOWPKV[ RGTEGPVCIG QHRGQRNG QXGT [GCTUQNF CPF VJG V[RG QHVQRQITCRJ [ TKCEQCUV XGTUWU HNCVRNCKP ( QPUKFGTKPI VJG GXCEWCVKQP TGNCVGF HCEVQTU YKVJ VJG VUWPCOK YCXG HCEVQTU TGUWNVKPIGSWCVKQPUECPDG WUGF VQ FGUKIPGXCEWCVKQPTGHWIG UKVG CPF TQWVGUKPCTGCUVJTGCVGPGF

D[ VJG VUWPCOK VCMKPIKPVQ CEEQWPVVQRQITCRJ [ EQOOWPKV[ CIG FKUVTKDWVKQPCPF QEEWRCVKQPU KPVQ EQPUKFGTCVKQP 'CUGF QPVJGUG TGUWNVU KPVGITCVGF UVTCVGIKGUCTG RTQRQUGF CPF FKUEWUUGF HQT VJG TGFWEVKQPQHJ WOCPFCOCIGUFWG VQ VJG GCTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK

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

.P( J CRVGT CNNQHVJG CDQXG EJ CRVGTUCTG UWOOCTK\ GF CPF VJG TGUWNVUCTG KPVGTRTGVGF &V VJG GPF UWIIGUVKQPUQPHWTVJGTUVWFKGUCPF NKOKVCVKQPUYKVJKPVJKUUVWF[CTG FKUEWUUGF

@Sec\_R`< * XCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQT! , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP ) KUCUVGT!1QUU QHVJG J WOCP NKXG!

.PHNWGPVKCNHCEVQTU!5TGRCTGFPGUUCICKPUVHWVWTG FKUCUVGTCTQWPF 9QM[Q CTGCUãÛ¶Y{á OKVKICVKQP

WJJ

List of Contents

E_STOQS...>

5QX[\cYSRUSZS[a`...>>>

5P`a_OQa...K

% ;DE@8-34 =7D...M>

% ;DE@8 ;9FC7D...M>>>

! ) - + "' - + ( . - "( ' ...+

2/2 4 ; * 7; .* < 4 + 9- * , 7 * &9 * &89 / &5&3 ) .8&89* 7...3

* CTVJSWCMG OCIPKVWFG...3

* CTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK...6

3 WENGCTRNCPVCEEKFGPVU PWENGCTGOGTIGPE[...9

- WIG J WOCPFCOCIGUCPF KORCEVU...21

2/3 7 * ; .* < 8 4 + 57 * ; .4 : 8 7 * 8* &7 ( - * 8...24

7 GUGCTEJ GUQPHCEVQTUQHGXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTYKVJ VJG HCVCNKVKGU...24

7 GUGCTEJ GUQPHCVCNKVKGUECWUGF D[ VJG GCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK...29

7 GUGCTEJ GUQPRTGRCTGFPGUUDGHQTG FKUCUVGTKP9QM[Q 'C[ CTGCU...31

2/4 7 * 8* &7 ( - 4 '/ * ( 9.; * 8 &3 ) 57 4 ( * ) : 7 * 8...33

SFGFSFODFT...36

! ) - + ,- . 2 ( ' / . - "( ' ! / "( + . + "' + - ,- # ) ' ", ,- + ...,3

3/2 JOUSPEVDUJPO...3;

3/3 ) &9&84 : 7 ( * ...41

3/4 * ;&( : &9 .4 3 '* - &; .4 7...42

* XCEWCVKQPUVCTVKPIVKOG...42

* HHGEVQHCIG...43

* HHGEVQHQEEWRCVKQP...45

* HHGEVQHRTGRCTCVKQP...46

3/5 57 * ) .( 9 9 - * 1.0 * 1.- 4 4 ) 4 + ) * &9- ) : * 94 9 - * 98: 3 &2 ...47

3/6 * ++* ( 9 .; * 3 * 88 4 + 98: 3 &2 . * ;&( : &9 .4 3 57 .3 ( .51* 8 ...4;

5TKPEKRNGUHQTVUWPCOK GXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQT...4;

) CVCCPF TGUGCTEJ SWGUVKQPU...53

2 GVJQFU...56

7 GUWNVU...5;

3/7 EJTDVTTJPO...63

3/8 TVNNBSZ...64

SFGFSFODFT...66

! ) - + "' % . ' - " % - ( + , ( ' - % "- 2 + - .../1

4/2 JOUSPEVDUJPO...68

4/3 89: ) > &7 * &...68

4/4 ) &9&84 : 7 ( * ...6;

4/5 .3 +1: * 3 9.&1 +&( 94 7 8 4 3 9- * +&9&1.9 > 7 &9* ...75

* HHGEVQHVJG 9UWPCOK - GKIJ V...75

* HHGEVQHVJG 9UWPCOK&TTKXCN9KOG...76

* HHGEVQHVJG&IGF ( QOOWPKV[...77

* HHGEVQHVJG * XCEWCVKQP) KUVCPEG...78

4/6 ) * ; * 14 52 * 3 9 4 + 2 4 ) * 1 +4 7 * 89 .2 &9.3 , +&9&1.9 > 7 &9* ...81

4/7 8: 2 2 &7> &3 ) ) .8( : 88.4 3 ...84

SFGFSFODFT...86

! ) - + ", ,- + ) + ) + ' ,, ! / "( + "' - ( $2 ( + ...11

5/2 JOUSPEVDUJPO...88

5/3 89: ) > &7 * &&3 ) 7 * 8* &7 ( - 6 : * 89 .4 3 8...89

5TG-FKUCUVGTRTGRCTGFPGUU CEVKQPUKPRTGRCTKPIHQTFKUCUVGTUKPCFXCPEG...92

) KUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPVTCKPKPIKPFKTGEVGZRGTKGPEG YKVJ FKUCUVGTU...93

* ZRGTKGPEG QHFCOCIGUD[ VJG GCTVJSWCMG FKTGEVGZRGTKGPEG YKVJ FKUCUVGTU .94 5/4 8: 7; * > 6 : * 89 .4 3 3 &.7 * 8...95

5/5 7 * 8: 19 4 + &3 &1> 8.8...96

5CTVKEKRCPVU) GOQITCRJ KE&PCN[UKU...96

5TG-FKUCUVGTRTGRCTGFPGUU...97

) KUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPVTCKPKPI...;1

* ZRGTKGPEG QHFCOCIGUD[ VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG...;2

JY

5/6 EJTDVTTJPO...;6

5/7 TVNNBSZ...;7

SFGFSFODFT...;8

! ) - + ( ' % . ,"( ' , ' . - . + + , + ! ,...33

6/2 8: 2 2 &7> 4 + 9- * +.3 ) .3 , 8 ...;; 6/3 +: 9: 7 * 7 * 8* &7 ( - * 8...213

5TGFKEVKQPQPGXCEWCVKQPUKVWCVKQPYKVJ RTQRGTGXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTRTKPEKRNGU...213

.ORTQXGOGPVUQPGCTN[ YCTPKPIU[UVGO HQTUWEEGUUHWNGXCEWCVKQP...215

7 GUGCTEJ QPQVJGTKPHNWGPVKCNHCEVQTUQPVJG HCVCNKV[ TCVG...215

5TGRCTGFPGUUVTGPF CPCN[UKU DGHQTG CPF CHVGTVJG FKUCUVGT...216

% ",- ( ) . % ",! ) ) + ,...+*1

YJ

List of Tables

9CDNG 9QRHKXG NCTIGUVGCTVJSWCMGUD[OCIPKVWFG KPVJG YQTNF...4

9CDNG 8WOOCT[ QH8WTXG[GF RQTVU DGCEJ CPF CKTRQTV...8

9CDNG ( CWUG QHFGCVJ KPVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG...21

9CDNG 3 WODGTQHVJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI...22

9CDNG ( QORCTKUQPQHFCOCIGUD[ VJG FKUCUVGTCPF D[ VJG FKUCUVGT...23

9CDNG ( QORCTKUQPQHGEQPQOKEKORCEVUD[ VJG FKUCUVGTCPF D[ VJG FKUCUVGT...24

9CDNG * XCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTUFWTKPIGCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK...26

9CDNG 4 XGTXKGY QHGZKUVKPINQUUQHNKHG OGVJQF CPF VJG HCEVQTUKPENWFGF...2;

9CDNG ) KUCUVGTRTGRCTGFPGUUKPVJG UWTXKXQTUCPF VJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI...46

9CDNG - QY VJG UWTXKXQTUYJ Q FKF PQ RTGRCTGFPGUUEQWNF MPGY CDQWVVJG VUWPCOK...46

9CDNG 5TGFKEVKQPQHYJ CVEJ CTCEVGTKUVKEUKPETGCUG VJG NKMGNKJ QQF QHFGCVJ FWG VQ VJG VUWPCOK ...48

9CDNG 2 GCPU 8VCPFCTF ) GXKCVKQPU ( QTTGNCVKQPUHQT* XCEWCVKQP'GJ CXKQTUCPF +CVCNKV[ D[ VJG VUWPCOK...49

9CDNG 7 CPMKPIQHVJG GXCEWCVKQP-FKUVWTDCPEG DGJ CXKQTU...55

9CDNG 7 CPMKPIQHVJG UWEEGUU-KPFWEGF DGJ CXKQTU...56

9CDNG * ZCORNGUQHIGPGTCVGF UKOKNCTUGPVGPEGUHQTVJG RTKPEKRNGU...57

9CDNG * ZCORNGUQHTGUWNVCPCN[UKUHWNN-VGZVEQOOGPVUTGICTFKPIVJG UKZRTKPEKRNGU...59

9CDNG EKVKGUYKVJ HCVCNKV[ TCVG VUWPCOK YCXG EJ CTCEVGTKUVKEU VJG GNFGTN[ TCVG CPF GXCEWCVKQPFKUVCPEG CPF FGPUKV[ QHUJ GNVGTHCEVQTU...71

9CDNG VQYPUYKVJKPVJG EKVKGUYKVJ HCVCNKV[ TCVG CIG VUWPCOK YCXG CPF UWTXG[GF NQECVKQP FKUVCPEG CPF URGGF...72

9CDNG 7 GITGUUKQP7 GUWNVUHQT+CVCNKV[ 7 CVG WUKPIVJG 9QYPU...83

9CDNG 9J G FKHHKEWNVKGUQHTGVWTPKPIJ QOG QP2 CTEJ ...91

9CDNG ) COCIGUKP9QM[Q CTGCFWG VQ VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG...94

9CDNG 8WTXG[ SWGUVKQPPCKTGU...95

9CDNG 5CTVKEKRCPVUn&TGC...96

9CDNG &IG CPCN[UKU...97

9CDNG ) KUCUVGTRTGRCTGFPGUUDGJ CXKQTU...98

9CDNG 7 CPM QTFGTKPIQHVJG FKUCUVGTRTGRCTCVKQPDGJ CXKQT...99

9CDNG ( QTTGNCVKQPUCPF FGUETKRVKXG UVCVKUVKEU3 # ...;3

9CDNG 7 GITGUUKQPTGUWNVHQTRTGRCTGFPGUU FKUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPVTCKPKPIRCTVKEKRCVKQP...;4

9CDNG 7 GUWNVQHVJG V-VGUVCPCN[UKU RCTVKEKRCPVUKPVJG VTCKPKPICPF FKUCUVGTDGHQTG npcn_pcblcqq...;5

9CDNG 7 GUWNVQHVJG V-VGUVCPCN[UKU GZRGTKGPEGF FCOCIG D[ VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP GCTVJSWCMG RTG-FKUCUVGTRTGRCTGFPGUU...;5

YJJJ

List of Figures

+KIWTG C 8GKUOKEKPVGPUKV[ OCR8QWTEG HTQO / 2 & D 2 CRQHVJG , TGCV* CUV

/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG TGIKQPYKVJ UNKRFKUVTKDWVKQPQPVJG HCWNV...5

+KIWTG 2 GCUWTGOGPVQH9UWPCOK - GKIJ V2 CVUWVQOK 4 MCOQVQ ...7

+KIWTG 9UWPCOK KPWPFCVKQP TWP-WRJ GKIJ VUQH , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG VUWPCOK 8QWTEG VJG 9QJ QMW* CTVJSWCMG CPF 9UWPCOK / QKPV8WTXG[ , TQWR ...9

+KIWTG 3 WENGCTTGCEVQTUCPF GXCEWCVKQP\ QPG 3 WENGCTCPF .PFWUVTKCN8CHGV[&IGPE[...; +KIWTG +NQY ( J CTVHQT8WOOCT[ QHVJG 7 GUGCTEJ ...35

+KIWTG C * XCEWCVKQPUVCTVKPIVKOG QHVJG UWTXKXQTU3T PWODGTQHVJG UWTXKXQTU# CPF D QHVJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI3E TGURQPUGUHQTPWODGTQHVJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI# 43

+KIWTG C &IG TCVKQ QHVJG UWTXKXQTU3T# CPF D CIG TCVKQ QHVJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI )OE# WUKPIICVJGTGF FCVC...44

+KIWTG C * XCEWCVKQPUVCTVKPIVKOG HQTVJG CIG ITQWR CPF QNFGTKPVJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI 3 # CPF D CPUYGTUVQ VJG SWGUVKQPCDQWVVJG TGCUQPUQHVJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPIQXGT [GCTUQNF 3 # ...44

+KIWTG C 8WTXKXQTUnQEEWRCVKQP3T# CPF D VJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPI3E# 9J G CDQXG FCVCGZENWFGUDNCPM CPUYGTUCPF KVGOUQHNGUUVJCPQPG RGTEGPV...45

+KIWTG 7 GUGCTEJ 2 GVJQFQNQI[...54

+KIWTG * ZCORNGUQHCPCN[UKUHWNN-VGZVEQOOGPVUTGICTFKPIVJG UKZRTKPEKRNGU...59

+KIWTG 7 GUWNVUQHVJG UWTXKXQTU...61

+KIWTG 7 GUWNVUQHPQP-qsptgtmpq...61

+KIWTG 7 GUWNVUQHDQVJ VYQ ITQWRU...62

+KIWTG C 8VWF[ CTGCU EKVKGUKPENWFKPI VQYPU KP.YCVG 5TGHGEVWTG 2 K[CIK 5TGHGEVWTG CPF D +CVCNKV[ TCVG QHUOCNNVQYPUKP7 KMW\ GPVCMCVC( KV[ .YCVG 5TGHGEVWTG...69

+KIWTG C +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ V3 # CPF D +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ V3 # ...75

+KIWTG C +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VYKVJKP OKPWVGUQHVUWPCOK CTTKXCN VKOG 3 # CPF D +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VYKVJ OQTG VJCP OKPWVGUQH VUWPCOK CTTKXCNVKOG 3 # ...76

+KIWTG C +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VNGUUGTVJCP QHQXGT [GCTUQNF 3 # CPF D +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VJ KIJ GTVJCP QHQXGT [GCTU QNF 3 # ...77

+KIWTG C 2 GVJQFQNQI[ VQ GUVKOCVG VJG FKUVCPEG HTQO VJG EGPVGTQHGCEJ TGUKFGPVKCNDNQEM VQ PGCTGUVGXCEWCVKQPRNCEG CPF D &PGZCORNG QH4 VUWEJ K VQYP...79

+KIWTG C +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VYKVJKP O QHGXCEWCVKQPFKUVCPEG 3 # CPF D +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF YKVJ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VNQPIGTVJCP O QHGXCEWCVKQP FKUVCPEG 3 # ...7;

+KIWTG +CVCNKV[ TCVG TGNCVGF VQ VJG URGGF FGRGPFKPIQPVJG TGIKQPGHHGEV3 # ...81

+KIWTG * UVKOCVGF HCVCNKV[ TCVG WUKPIVJG EKVKGUFCVC3 # ...82

+KIWTG * UVKOCVGF HCVCNKV[ TCVG WUKPIVJG UOCNNVQYPUFCVC3 # ...84

+KIWTG 9QM[Q 2 GICNQRQNKU7 GIKQP 9QM[Q CPF KVUUWTTQWPFKPICTGC...89

+KIWTG 1QUUGUVKOCVKQPD[RTGFKEVGF GCTVJSWCMG KP9QM[Q...8;

+KIWTG 8GNH-TGRQTVGF RTGRCTGFPGUUNGXGN3 # ...9;

+KIWTG 5TGRCTGFPGUUCEVKQPUHQTQWVUKFG CJ QOG...;1

+KIWTG 5CTVKEKRCVKQPKPVJG FKUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPVTCKPKPI...;1

+KIWTG ) COCIG V[RGUD[ VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG...;2

1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

4 P 2 CTEJ CVVJG NQECNVKOG QH : 9( C OCIPKVWFG 2 Y GCTVJSWCMG QEEWTTGF QHHVJG 5CEKHKEEQCUVQH9QJ QMW 9J KUGCTVJSWCMG QEEWTTGF YJ GTG VJG 5CEKHKE 5NCVG RNWPIGF DGNQY VJG 3 QTVJ &OGTKECP5NCVG KPPQTVJGTP/ CRCP 9QJ QMWCTGC 9J G GRKEGPVGTYCU GUVKOCVGF VQ DG CV b3 b* KP C TGNCVKXGN[ UJ CNNQY FGRVJ QHCRRTQZKOCVGN[ MO : 8 , GQNQIKECN8WTXG[ 9J G GCTVJSWCMG VTKIIGTGF RQYGTHWNVUWPCOK YCXGU VJCV RTQRCICVGF YKFG TCPIG QHCTGCU UWEJ CU HTQO VJG 9QJ QMW TGIKQPU VQ VJG 8J KMQMW EQCUV 9J G VUWPCOK ETGCVGF YCXGUYKVJ J GKIJ VUQH OGVTGUCPF HQWPF CPGUVKOCVGF VUWPCOK TWPWRJ GKIJ VQH WRVQ OGVTGUKPVJG 8CPTKMW( QCUVTGIKQP CPF VTCXGNNGF WRVQ CDQWV MO KPNCPF KPVJG 8GPFCK CTGC 9J G GCTVJSWCMG CPF EQPUGSWGPVVUWPCOK ECWUGF FKUCUVTQWUFCOCIGU KP XCUVCTGCU HTQO VJG 9QJ QMW FKUVTKEVVQ VJG 0 CPVQ FKUVTKEVQHVJG OCKP KUNCPF QH/ CRCP 9J G PWODGT QHNQUU QHJ WOCP NKXGU TGCEJ GF CPF OKUUKPI CEEQTFKPI VQ CP CPPQWPEGOGPVD[ VJG 3 CVKQPCN5QNKEG

&IGPE[ 3 QXGODGT 9J G VUWPCOK KPWPFCVGF NCTIG CTGCU MO³ , GQURCVKCN .PHQTOCVKQP &WVJQTKV[ QH/ CRCP CPF FGUVTQ[GF C J WIG PWODGT QHJ QWUGU DWKNFKPIU CPF KPHTCUVTWEVWTGU UWEJ CU TCKNYC[U TQCFU DTKFIGU CPF SWC[ YCNNU 2 QTGQXGT VJG VUWPCOK UGXGTGN[ FCOCIGF XCTKQWU NKHGNKPG U[UVGOU YCVGT UGYGT GNGEVTKEKV[ CPF VGNGEQOOWPKECVKQP 9 J G GCTVJSWCMG CNUQ ECWUGF UGXGTG NKSWGHCEVKQPKPGZVGPUKXG CTGCU CTVKHKEKCNKUNCPFUTGENCKOGF HTQO VJG 9QM[Q 'C[ CPF VJG NQY NCPF CTGCUCNQPIDKITKXGTU 5CTVKEWNCTN[ CV: TC[CUWKP( J KDC5TGHGEVWTG CDQWV VJQWUCPF COQPIVJG VQVCNQH VJQWUCPF J QWUGUCPF DWKNFKPIUNCTIGN[ UWDUKFGF CPF YGTG UGXGTGN[ GODGFFGF - COCFC >WP < QTUG [GV VJG CEEKFGPVKP VJG +WMWUJ KOC ) CKKEJ K 3 WENGCT5QYGT5NCPVECWUGF D[ VJG GCTVJSWCMG CPF VJG VUWPCOK J CF VJG OQUVUGTKQWUFCOCIG CPF / CRCPGUG CWVJQTKVKGU FGENCTGF KVVQ DG CVNGXGN VJG J KIJ GUVNGXGNQP VJG .PVGTPCVKQPCN3 WENGCT

* XGPV8ECNG 9J QUG NKXKPIYKVJKP MO OKNGU TCFKWUQHVJG RQYGTRNCPVJ CXG DGGPHQTEGF VQ OQXG CNQPIYC[ QHHHTQO VJG EQPVCOKPCVGF CTGC CPF VJG NKHG KPVJG TGHWIG CTGCUKUUWRRQUGF VQ EQPVKPWG HQTCNQPIVKOG

9J GUG FKUCUVGTU C OCIPKVWFG GCTVJSWCMG VJG GPUWKPI VUWPCOK CPF VJG PWENGCT TCFKCVKQP ETKUKU CVVJG +WMWUJ KOC ) CKKEJ K 3 WENGCT 5QYGT 5NCPV ECWUGF WPRTGEGFGPVGF FCOCIGU VQ VJG

RGQRNG CPF VJG UQEKGV[ QH/ CRCP .VYKNNVCMG C NQPI VKOG HQT VJG TGEQPUVTWEVKQP QHVJG FCOCIGF CTGCCPF TGEQXGT[ HQTVJG RGQRNG - QYGXGT KVKUPGEGUUCT[ VQ HKPF HWVWTG FKTGEVKQPUVQ ETGCVG UCHGT CPF OQTG UGEWTG UQEKGV[ CICKPUVHWVWTG GCTVJSWCMGUCPF VUWPCOKUDCUGF QPVJG NGUUQPUHTQO VJKU FKUCUVGT

< J KNG VJG / CRCP2 GVGQTQNQIKECN&IGPE[ TGHGTTGF VQ J GTGCHVGTCUk/2 &l QHHKEKCNN[ CPPQWPEGF VJG * PINKUJ PCOG CU m9J G QHH VJG 5CEKHKE EQCUVQH 9QJ QMW * CTVJSWCMGn VJG / CRCPGUG PQOGPENCVWTG QHVJG GCTVJSWCMG XCTKGUDGVYGGPOGFKCUQWTEGU .PVJKUUVWF[ VJG CWVJQTWUGUm9J G , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP * CTVJSWCMGn QT m9J G , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP * CTVJSWCMG CPF 9UWPCOKn KPVGTEJ CPIGCDN[ YJ GPFGCNKPIYKVJ FKHHGTGPVTGUGCTEJ UEQRGU .PCFFKVKQP KVKUETWEKCNVQ EQPUKFGT J QY PCVWTCNGXGPVU KG GCTVJSWCMG VUWPCOK CHHGEVXWNPGTCDNG RGQRNG CPF J QY C FKUCUVGT GXGPVWCNN[ QEEWTUYJ GPCUKIPKHKECPVPWODGTQHRGQRNG UWHHGTHTQO UGXGTG FCOCIG < KUPGTGVCN .PVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG CPF 9UWPCOK UQOG QHVJG DWKNFKPIUCPF EQPETGVG DTKFIGUNQECVGF KPVUWPCOK-KPWPFCVGF CTGCUUWTXKXGF CPF HWPEVKQPGF CUGHHGEVKXG UJ GNVGTUHQTVJQUG YJ Q GXCEWCVGF .VKPFKECVGU VJCVVJG FKUCUVGT EQWNF DG VJG RTQFWEVQH QVJGT HCEVQTU UWEJ CU DGJ CXKQTCNQTGPXKTQPOGPVCNHCEVQT - GPEG KVWUGUm9J G , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPFKUCUVGTnVQ FKUEWUU VJG HCVCNKVKGUD[ VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG CPF 9UWPCOK

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE 2011 GREAT EAST JAPAN DISASTER

9J G 2 X , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG CPF 9UWPCOK QP2 CTEJ YCUQPG QHVJG VQR HKXG NCTIGUVGCTVJSWCMGU KP VJG YQTNF CPF VJG UVTQPIGUVVQ J KV/ CRCP UKPEG UGKUOQNQIKECNTGEQTF- MGGRKPIDGICP .VWPNGCUJ GF CFGCFN[ VUWPCOK YKVJ YCXGUWRVQ OGVGTU HV 9J G FKUCUVGTNGHV VJQWUCPFUFGCF CPF KPHNKEVGF GZVGPUKXG OCVGTKCNFCOCIG VQ DWKNFKPIUCPF KPHTCUVTWEVWTG VJCVNGF VQ UKIPKHKECPVCEEKFGPVUCVVYQ OCLQTPWENGCTRQYGTUVCVKQPU - QY KVUVCTVGF CUCPCVWTCNFKUCUVGTJ CU VJG RQVGPVKCNVQ DGEQOG CPGXGPOQTG VJTGCVGPKPIOCP-OCFG FKUCUVGT

* CTVJSWCMG OCIPKVWFG

9J G OCIPKVWFG 2 X GCTVJSWCMG QP 2 CTEJ KP VJG HCWNVCTGC MO NGPIVJ CPF MO YKFVJ YCU VJG OQUVRQYGTHWNMPQYP GCTVJSWCMG VQ J CXG J KV/ CRCP CPF QPG QHVJG HKXG NCTIGUVGCTVJSWCMGUD[ OCIPKVWFG KPVJG YQTNF CUUJ QYPKP9CDNG

3

-34 =7 9QRHKXG NCTIGUVGCTVJSWCMGUD[ OCIPKVWFG KPVJG YQTNF

+<B?13 0D- +!+ - + !3<9<571/9+B?C3D

Om * CTVJSWCMG 3 COG ) CVG N_elgrsbc Mma_rgml +CVCNKVKGU

2 ; CNFKXKCGCTVJSWCMG

2 C[ ;/6 ; CNFKXKC ( J KNG 3-341

3 &NCUMCGCTVJSWCMG

2 CTEJ ;/3 5TKPEG < KNNKCO 8QWPF &NCUMC : 8& 24;

4 .PFKCPQEGCPGCTVJSWCMG

) GEGODGT ;/2 .PFKCP4 EGCP 8WOCVTC .PFQPGUKC 341-111 5 9QJ QMWGCTVJSWCMG

2 CTEJ ;/1 5CEKHKE4 EGCP 9QJ QMWTGIKQP / CRCP 29-111

6 0 COEJ CVMCGCTVJSWCMG

3 QXGODGT ;/1 0 COEJ CVMC 7 WUUKC 3-447

.P/ CRCPGUG J KUVQT[ DKIGCTVJSWCMGUJ CXG QEEWTTGF TGRGCVGFN[ CNQPIVJGUG UWDFWEVKQP\QPGUKP YJ KEJ HQTOGF D[ VJG GCTVJnUHQWTETWUVU-* WTCUKCP5NCVG 3 QTVJ &OGTKECP5NCVG 5CEKHKE5NCVG CPF 5J KNKRRKPG 8GC5NCVG GPEQWPVGTKPIWPFGTVJG / CRCPGUG KUNCPFUCPF KVUUWTTQWPFKPIUGCU2 CTVKPGV CN ( QPVKPWKPI OQXGOGPVU QP VJG UWDFWEVKQP \ QPG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ VJG / CRCP 9TGPEJ KP YJ KEJ VJG 5CEKHKE5NCVG RNWPIGU DGNQY VJG 3 QTVJ &OGTKECP 5NCVG KU QPG QHVJG OCKP ECWUGU QH VUWPCOKU CPF GCTVJSWCMGU KP PQTVJGTP / CRCP 9QJ QMW CTGC 9J G 9QJ QMW CTGC YCU UWDLGEVGF VQ C UGTKGUQHVUWPCOKUKPVJTGG OCLQTGXGPVUj 2 GKLK 8CPTKMW2 8J QYC8CPTKMW2 CPF ( J KNG 2

9J G , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG ECWUGF DGVYGGPCRRTQZKOCVGN[ DGVYGGP - VTKNNKQP [GPCTQWPF - DKNNKQP: 8) KP GUVKOCVGF D[ ( CDKPGV4 HHKEG , QXGTPOGPVQH/ CRCP KP FKTGEVFCOCIG VQ VJG UVQEM KPENWFKPI UQEKCNECRKVCN J QWUKPI CPF RTKXCVG EQTRQTCVG HCEKNKVKGU

< J KVG RCRGTQP) KUCUVGT2 CPCIGOGPV CPF CRRTQZKOCVGN[ FGCVJU / CRCPnURQYGTHWN GCTVJSWCMG FKF PQVLWUVUJ CMG VJKUKUNCPF CPF VJGTG YGTG TGURQPUGUKP EKVKGUCETQUUVJG YQTNF .P/ CRCP FCOCIKPIGCTVJSWCMGUYGTG OCKPN[ TGEQTFGF ECWUGF D[ VJG CHVGTUJ QEMUCUC TGUWNVQHVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP GCTVJSWCMG 'GUKFGU GCTVJSWCMGU KP / CRCP VJGTG YGTG FCOCIKPIGCTVJSWCMGUKP( J KPC KP9WTMG[ CPF KP3 GY ?GCNCPF OCKPN[ KP( J TKUVEJ WTEJ CU

CHVGTUJ QEMUQHVJG GCTVJSWCMG)Nu7/4*QP+GDTWCT[ Ksqr KP3122 _jmlc VJGTG J CXG DGGP CVNGCUVCVQVCNQH GCTVJSWCMGUYKVJ ECUWCNVKGU)) CPKGNN / ;GTXCGEM &3123*/

9J G , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP GCTVJSWCMG YCU RTGEGFGF D[ C PWODGT QHNCTIG HQTGUJ QEMU CPF J WPFTGFU QHCHVGTUJ QEMU YGTG TGRQTVGF 9J G HKTUVOCLQT HQTGUJ QEM YCU C NX GXGPVQP 2 CTEJ CPF VJG NCTIGUVHQTGUJ QEM QH NX QP 2 CTEJ CV CO HTQO VJG NQECVKQP QHVJG 2 CTEJ os_ic KUUJ QYPKP;W;W9FC7 + %O& YKVJ CPQVJGTVJTGG QPVJG UCOG FC[ KPGZEGcbgleQH

NX +QNNQYKPI VJG SWCMG VJG NCTIGUVPWODGT QHCHVGTUJ QEMU YKVJ PWODGTU TGCEJ KPI J KIJ CDQXG QP VJG UECNG J CF QEEWTTGF - KTQUG GVCN !>QUJ KFC GVCN ;9FC7 + %P&

KNNWUVTCVGUVJG NCTIG ITGGPUVCTCUVJG GRKEGPVGTQHVJG OCKPUJ QEM OQOGPVOCIPKVWFG 2 X# YJ KEJ KUFGVGTOKPGF D[ / 2 & CPF VJG ITC[ EKTENGUFGPQVG CHVGTUJ QEMU2 Xh YKVJKPQPG FC[

QHVJG OCKPUJ QEM VJCVKUmsrjglcbcb `w`wVJG TGF FQVVGF NKPG &EEQTFKPIVQ / 2 & WPVKN2 CTEJ QXGT CHVGTUJ QEMUQHOCIPKVWFG QT ITGCVGTJ Cb maasppcb/ JVKUVYKEG VJG CHVGTUJ QEMUHTQO - QMMCKFQ 9QJ Q-4 MK * CTVJSWCMG CPF VJGUG TGURGEVKXG CHVGTUJ QEMU ECWUGF HWTVJGT FCOCIGU 9 J G FQVVGF DNWG NKPGUQWVNKPG VJG RNCVG DQWPFCTKGU 9 J G ETQUUGUKPFKECVG ITKF RQKPVUQPVJG HCWNVRNCPG HQTECNEWNCVKPIU[PVJGVKEYCXGHQTOUYKVJ O QHEQPVQWTKPVGTXCNKPUNKRFKUVTKDWVKQPKP ;9FC7

%P&VJCVKUOQFKHKGF HTQO >QUJ KFCGVCN CPF 1C[ GVCN

5

&PCN[UKU KP ;9FC7 4 UJ QYGF VJCVJ WIG OCIPKVWFG QH GCTVJSWCMG EQPUKUVGF UGVU QH VJTGG UGTKCNOCKPTWRVWTGU YJ KEJ KUTCTG CTQWPF VJG YQTNF 0 QMGVUWGVCN !1C[ GVCN

&HVGTVJG KPKVKCNSWCMG CV 52 QP+TKFC[ 2 CTEJ VJGTG YGTG VYQ UWDUGSWGPVSWCMGU VJCVECWUGF OCLQTFGUVTWEVKQP 9 J G / 2 & KPKVKCNN[ ECNEWNCVGF COCIPKVWFG QH DCUGF QPN[ QPVJG KPKVKCNSWCMG KP YJ KEJ VJG FGUVTWEVKQP QHVJG ETWUVNCUVGF HQT CDQWV UGEQPFU &HVGT C UOCNN TWRVWTG KP VJG KPKVKCN U VJG HKTUVTWRVWTG GZRCPFGF CVC UNQY URGGF QH MOU VQ VJG PQTVJGCUV CPF VJG GCUV

9J G UGEQPF TWRVWTG DGICP UNCVGTCVVJG UNQYGUVURGGF QH MOUCPF DGECOG FQOKPCPV YKVJ VJG NCTIGUVUNKRQH O 9J G ETWUVKPCPCTGCUNKIJ VN[ UQWVJ QHVJG QTKIKPCNSWCMG CNUQ DGICP VQ EQNNCRUG CPF KVUFGUVTWEVKQPNCUVGF HQTCDQWV UGEQPFU

9 J G VJKTF ETWUVFGUVTWEVKQP DGICP HWTVJGT UQWVJ .P VJG GPF VJTGG ETWUVFGUVTWEVKQPU VQQM RNCEG CPF NCUVGF CVQVCNQHUKZOKPWVGU 9J G VJKTF TWRVWTG VJGPRNC[GF VJG NGCFKPITQNG RTQRCICVKPI UQWVJYCTF CVCURGGF QH MOU0 QMGVUW GVCN 9J G UGEQPF CPF VJKTF RGTKQFUQH FGUVTWEVKQP YGTG UKOKNCT KP UECNG VQ VJG HKTUVCPF UWIIGUVGF VYQ \ QPGU QHNCTIG UNKR CU [GNNQY GNNKRUGUKP ;9FC7 4

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* CTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK

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9 J G , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG ECWUGF COCLQTVUWPCOKrf_rUYGRVQWVCNQPIVJG 5CEKHKE EQCUVNKPG QH/ CRCPnU PQTVJGTP KUNCPFU 9UWPCOK ECWUGF VJG J KIJcqr FGCVJ VQNN .P RCTVKEWNCT VJG WPGZRGEVGF NCTIG UK\ G QHYCVGTUWTIG KORCEVUQPVJG ECUWCNV[ 9 J G UGCYCNNUCPF HNQQFICVGUKPVJG UGXGTGN[ CHHGEVGF OCLQTEKVKGUYGTG DCUGF QPOWEJ UOCNNGTVUWPCOK J GKIJ VU &NVJQWIJ / CRCPJ CU KPXGUVGF QPCPGSWKXCNGPVQHDKNNKQPUQHFQNNCTUQPCPVK-VUWPCOK UGCYCNNU-YJ KEJ NKPG CVNGCUV QHKVU MO OK EQCUVNKPG CPF UVCPF WR VQ O HV J KIJ VJG VUWPCOK UKORN[ u_qfGF QXGTVJG VQRQHUQOG UGCYCNNU EQNNCRUKPIUQOG KPVJG RTQEGUU

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7

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9

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11 11

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13

2 QTGQXGT VJG GEQPQOKENQUUQHVJG FKUCUVGTUJ CUOQTG RQUUKDNG TKUMUYKVJ VJG FCOCIGUQH / CRCPGUG UWRRNKGTU HQT GNGEVTQPKEU CWVQOQVKXG UJ KRDWKNFKPI KPFWUVTKGU DGECWUG C J GCX[

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1.2 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS RESEARCHES

7 GUGCTEJ GUQPHCEVQTUQHGXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTYKVJ VJG HCVCNKVKGU

* XCEWCVKQPFWTKPIVJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP* CTVJSWCMG CPF 9UWPCOK YCUCOCUUOQXGOGPV QHOQTG VJCP RGQRNG GUECRKPI HTQO VJG GCTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK 2 CTEJ 3 CVKQPCN5QNKEG &IGPE[ ( QORCTCVKXG CPCN[UKU DGVYGGP VJG UWTXKXQTU CPF PQP-UWTXKXQTU ECP RTQXKFG XCNWCDNG KPUKIJ VU KPVQ VJG HCEVQTU HQT UWTXKXCNYKVJ UQOG XGT[ KORQTVCPVRTCEVKECNKUUWGU TGICTFKPIVUWPCOK CPF GXCEWCVKQP

2 CP[ RTGXKQWUTGUGCTEJ GUQPGXCEWCVKQPFWTKPIGCTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK CKOGF VQ RTGFKEV YJ Q QTJ QY OCP[ GXCEWCVGF CPF HQEWUGF QPDQVJ VJG KPFKXKFWCNEJ CTCEVGTKUVKEUCPF EQOOWPKV[

GXCEWCVKQP EWGU +KTUVN[ VJG EJ CTCEVGTKUVKEU UWEJ CU CIG RTGUGPEG QHEJ KNFTGP QT GNFGTN[ KP VJG J QWUGJ QNF IGPFGT CPF RTGXKQWU GZRGTKGPEG YKVJ FKUCUVGT J CXG DGGP VGUVGF YKVJ TGUWNVU QHC UWEEGUUHWNGXCEWCVKQP CPF UJ QYGF OKZGF TGUWNVU FGRGPFKPI QP VJG UKVWCVKQP ) CUJ , NCFYKP !>GJ !, QVQ * CTN[ GXCEWCVKQP YCU GZCOKPGF CU C MG[ HCEVQT HQT UWTXKXCNCPF VJG GXCEWCVKQP TGCUQPU CPFQT TGCUQPU HQT PQVGXCEWCVKPI J CF DGGP CPCN[\GF 6 WCTCPVGNNK ! 7 KCF GVCN !8QTGPUGP 8GEQPFN[ VJG EQOOWPKVKGUVJCVHCEKNKVCVGF GXCEWCVKQPYKVJ VJG

FKUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPVTCKPKPICPF GCTN[ YCTPKPIUGPCDNGF TGUKFGPVUVQ UCHGN[ CPF GHHKEKGPVN[ GUECRG VUWPCOK FCPIGTU+WLKPCYC 3 QFC !, TGIIGVCN !5CRCVJQOCGVCN

* XCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQTU VCMGP D[ VJG TGUKFGPVU CTG HWPFCOGPVCNVQ J WOCP FCOCIG OKVKICVKQP OGCUWTGUCICKPUVFKUCUVGTU +QTGZCORNG VJG KPKVKCNUVGRKPRTQVGEVKPIJ WOCPNKXGUHTQO CVUWPCOK KUGXCEWCVKPIVQ CJ KIJ GTITQWPF UYKHVN[ CPF CWVQPQOQWUN[ YKVJQWVJ GUKVCVKQP CUUQQPCUCUVTQPI QTCP GZVGPFGF UJ CMKPIKUHGNV 2 QTG FGVCKNGF KPHQTOCVKQP KUPGGFGF DGECWUG MPQYNGFIG QHYJ CV RGQRNG FQ FWTKPI CPF KOOGFKCVGN[ CHVGT C UGXGTG GCTVJSWCMG ECP CUUKUVTGUGCTEJ GTU KP IKXKPI CFXKEG CPF VTCKPKPI TGUKFGPVU QP J QY VQ CEVKP YC[U VJCVYKNNTGFWEG RCPKE KPLWT[ QT FGCVJ KP HWVWTG GXGPVU * XCEWCVKQPTCVGU FGHKPGF CUVJG PWODGTQHGXCEWGGUHTQO VJG VQVCNRQRWNCVKQPXCT[

HTQO RNCEG VQ RNCEG HQTVJG UCOG VUWPCOK CPF HTQO VUWPCOK VQ VUWPCOK HQTVJG UCOG RNCEG

-34 =7 UJ QYUCPQXGTXKGY QHGXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTUCICKPUVVUWPCOKUKP/ CRCPUKPEG KP CFFKVKQPVQ KNNWUVTCVKPIVJG TGUWNVUQHUWTXG[UQPCHHGEVGF TGUKFGPVU &NCTOUYGTG KUUWGF VKOGU CPF HQWTQHVJGUG CNCTOUYGTG HQTYCTPKPIUHQTVUWPCOKUOQTG VJCPVJTGG OGVGTUKPJ GKIJ V

-34=7*XCEWCVKQPDGJCXKQTUFWTKPIGCTVJSWCMGCPFVUWPCOKKP/CRCP 2KFFNG/CRCP8GC F_prfos_icImii_gbm-O_lqcg- 4MK*CTVJSWCMGUmi_afg-4MK F_prfos_ic*CUV(JKUJKOC KUNCPFU*CTVJSWCMG2KFFNGRCTVEQCUV GCTVJSWCMGKP(JKNG,TGCV*CUV/CRCP F_prfos_ic 9KOGQHQEEWTTGPEG N_elgrsbcNh8/8Nh8/9Nh9/1Nh8/;Nu9/9Nh;/1 9UWPCOKYCTPKPI'KIVUWPCOK'KIVUWPCOKUqsl_kgUqsl_kg'KIVUWPCOK'KIVUWPCOK 2CZVUWPCOKJGKIJV )nj_ac*O )Omqfgpmims*OCPFOQTG )Fq_qfg*O9QMCEJKMQWO2K[CMGLKOC Uqs`mr_*O8WUCMKMQWO8QOC +CVCNKVKGUCPFOKUUKPI2153413112;-336 .PXGUVKICVKQPRNCEG VJGPWODGTQHVJG q_knjcq*

3QUJKTQUJK )2-111*4MWUJKTKEJQW )315*EKVKGUKP-QMMCKFQ EQCUVEKVKGUKP-QMMCKFQ EQCUV)711*

agrgcqKP&QOQTK- Ju_rcNgw_eg )6-111*

Ju_rcNgw_eK Gsisqfgk_)981* *XCEWCVKQP7CVG)&*4/7&9;/3&66/9&57/8&48/6&68& 4RRQTVWPKV[QH ct_as_rgml

-*ZRGTKGPEGQH 2KFFNG/CRCP8GC *CTVJSWCMG )61/6&*Bnnc_j QHVJGHCOKN[ )4;/1&*&RRGCN QHpcj_rgtc- PGKIJDQT 9JQWIJVVJCVVUWPCOK ECOGHTQOUJCMKPI EQPFKVKQP &RRGCNQHVJGEKVKGU CPFVQYPU 9UWPCOKYCTPKPI )62/2&*

9UWPCOKYCTPKPI )78/;&*&RRGCNQH VJGEKVKGUCPFVQYPU )61/1&*&RRGCNQH VJGHCOKN[

&RRGCNQHVJGEKVKGU CPFVQYPU0 *ZRGTKGPEGQH (JKNGGCTVJSWCMG VUWPCOK 'KI-VUWPCOK YCTPKPI

.PUVKPEVKXGVJQWIJV VJCVVUWPCOKYKNN EQOGCHVGTUWEJCDKI UJCMKPI0 &RRGCNQHHCOKN[ PGKIJDQTJQQF 0-GCTDKI-VUWPCOK YCTPKPI)27&* 7GCUQPQHPQV ct_as_rgle--

)KFPnVVJKPMVJG RNCEGYCUFCPIGTQWU )6;/7&*9JQWIJV VJCVVJGDKIVUWPCOK YJKEJGZEGGFGFC DTGCMYCVGTCPFC UGCYCNNFKFPQVEQOG )32/5&*-GCTFVJG DTQCFECUVVJCV VUWPCOKJGKIJVYCU O )KFPnVVJKPMVJG nj_acYCUFCPIGTQWU )65/1&*9JQWIJV VJCVVJGDKIVUWPCOK YJKEJGZEGGFGFC DTGCMYCVGTCPFC UGCYCNNFKFPQVEQOG )47/9&*-GCTFVJG DTQCFECUVVJCV VUWPCOKJGKIJVYCU O 4PVJGJKNNCPFFKF PQVVJKPMVJGTGYCU HNQQFGF 9JGVUWPCOKJGKIJV QHQVJGTCTGCYGTG PQVJKIJ UJQWIJVVJCVQPN[VJG VUWPCOKYJKEJYCU UOCNNGTVJCPO ECOG

,QDCEMJQOG 1QQMHQTQTIQVQ OGGVHCOKN[ (JGEMVJGKTHCOKN[nU UCHGV[ 9JGTGEGKXGFTCVKQQH VUWPCOKYCTPKPI65/3&24/3&97/9&93/3&;9/5&98/8& 8QWTEG 2QFKHKGFCPFVTCPUNCVGFHTQO(CDKPGV4HHKEG,QXGTPOGPVQH/CRCP8GRVGODGT

* XCEWCVKQPTCVGUFKF PQV J QYGXGT FGRGPF QPVJG UK\ G QHVJG FKUCUVGT .VTCPIGF HTQO KP VQ KP 9J KU UJ QYU VJCVOQTG EQORTGJ GPUKXG UVWFKGU UJ QWNF DG RGTHQTOGF VQ WPFGTUVCPF GXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQT

8GXGTCNUVWFKGU QHTGUKFGPVUn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

&NUQ QHTGURQPFGPVUYJ Q FKF PQVGXCEWCVG YGTG PQVCDNG VQ YKVJFTCY KOOGFKCVGN[ 4 WVQH VJG VQVCNUCORNGU YGPVDCEM VQ VJGKT J QWUGU VQ NQQM HQT QT RKEM WR HCOKN[ OGODGTU CPF DGNKGXGF VJCVKVYCU PQVRQUUKDNG HQT C DKI VUWPCOK VQ EQOG VQ VJGKT CTGC IKXGP VJGKT GZRGTKGPEG QT QVJGT TGCUQPU UWEJ CU VJG UVTQPI RTQVGEVKXG DTGCMYCVGTU KP VJGKT VQYPU 8QOG J GUKVCPVGXCEWGGU YGPVVQ CP WPFGUKIPCVGF NQECVKQP QT VQ VJG WRRGT HNQQTU QHVJG DWKNFKPI YJ GTG VJG[ YGTG 9 J KU KPFKECVGU VJCVKVKU KORQTVCPVVQ GZCOKPG VJG UVCTVKPI VKOG HQT GXCEWCVKQP RTGRCTGFPGUUDGHQTG CFKUCUVGT CPF GXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQT YJ KEJ KUCPCN[\ GF KPVJKUUVWF[

.P CFFKVKQP FKUCUVGT GXCEWCVKQP RTKPEKRNG ECP RTQXKFG C RTKOCT[ MPQYNGFIG J QY VQ GXCEWCVG CPF J QY VQ RTGRCTG DGHQTG FKUCUVGT 9J G ECUWCNV[ YCUPGCTN[ KP0 COCKUJ K DWVVJGTG YGTG XKEVKOU VQVCNQH EJ KNFTGP QHVJG FKUCUVGT >WP - COCFC D 4 PG OCKP TGCUQP HQT VJGKT UWTXKXCNKU VJCVVJG[ HQNNQYGF VJTQWIJ YJ CVVJG[ RCTVKEKRCVGF KP VJG GXCEWCVKQP FTKNNCPF VTCKPGF YKVJ VUWPCOK GXCEWCVKQPOCPWCN .VKUKORQTVCPVVQ TGXKGY J QY VJGUG KPUVTWEVKQPUYKNNJ GNR UCXG J WOCPNKXGU < J GPCFKUCUVGTUVTKMGU RGQRNG OWUVOCMG KORQTVCPVUWTXKXCNFGEKUKQPU 9 J G[

OWUVENGCTN[ WPFGTUVCPF VJG UKVWCVKQP CPF FGEKFG YJ CVVQ FQ KOOGFKCVGN[ & YGNN-FGUKIPGF FKUCUVGTOCPWCNYQWNF HCEKNKVCVG OCMKPIVJG DGUVEJ QKEGU

- QYGXGT RTGXKQWU UVWFKGU J CXG RTQXKFGF HGY SWCNKVCVKXG CUUGUUOGPVUQP J QY RGQRNG DGJ CXG FWTKPI FKUCUVGTU NKMG VJG TGEQOOGPFGF RTKPEKRNGU HQT GXCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQTU 4 P 2 C[ VJG 2 KPKUVT[ QH* FWECVKQP ( WNVWTG 8RQTVU 8EKGPEG CPF 9GEJ PQNQI[ QH/ CRCP2 * = 9 TGRQTVGF UQOG XCNWCDNG TGUWNVU QP GXCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQT RTKPEKRNGUn CUUGUUOGPV KP QHHKEKCNFQEWOGPV VKVNGF m< QTMKPI , TQWRnU TGRQTV HQT GXCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQT DCUGF QP GCTVJSWCMG FKUCUVGT RTGXGPVKQP

17

RTKPEKRNGUHQTGCTVJSWCMG GXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTYGTG XGTKHKGF CPF TGRQTVGF 9J G HQWTRTKPEKRNGUCTG C UGGMKPI UVWTF[ HWTPKVWTG CU C TGHWIG D RTQVGEVKPI [QWT J GCF CPF J KFKPI [QWT DQF[ E PQV IQKPI QWVHTQO KPUKFG CHVGT HGGNKPI VJG GCTVJSWCMG CPF F EJ GEMKPI HKTG UQWTEGU YJ GP CP GCTVJSWCMG QEEWTU +QT GZCORNG mC UGGMKPI UVWTF[ HWTPKVWTG CU CTGHWIGnUJ QYU OKZGF TGUWNVU

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

9J KU UVWF[ VJGTGHQTG GZVGPFU CPF EQORNGOGPVU RTGXKQWU TGUGCTEJ KP VJG FKUCUVGT OKVKICVKQP HKGNF D[ KPXGUVKICVKPI DGJ CXKQTCNRGTURGEVKXG QHGXCEWGGU FWTKPI FKUCUVGTU 5TGXKQWU TGUGCTEJ GTU J CXG CPCN[\ GF UWTXKXQTUn GXCEWCVKQP DGJ CXKQT DWVIGPGTCNN[ GZENWFGF PQP-UWTXKXQTU FWG VQ KVU FKHHKEWNVKGUKPICVJGTKPIFCVC - GTG . KPENWFG YKVJ UGXGTCNHCEVQTUVJCVKPHNWGPEG KPFKXKFWCNEQRKPI TGURQPUGUWUKPIDQVJ UWTXKXQTUCPF PQP-UWTXKXQTUQHVJG VUWPCOK 9J G TGUWNVUWUKPIVJG FKUCUVGT FCVC UJ QY YJ CVMKPF QHKPFKXKFWCNEJ CTCEVGTKUVKEU KPETGCUG VJG NKMGNKJ QQF QHVJG HCVCNKV[

FWG VQ VJG VUWPCOK

+KUVN[ ( J CRVGT YKNNHQNNQY VJG RTGXKQWU TGUGCTEJ HCEVQTU VQ UVWF[ VJG IGPGTCNVTGPF QH HCVCNKVKGUTGNCVGF YKVJ GXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTUFWTKPIVJG FKUCUVGT CPF HWTVJGTEQORTGJ GPUKXGN[ FKUEWUUVJG GHHGEVKXGPGUUQHGCEJ KPHNWGPVKCNHCEVQTQPHCVCNKVKGUCUVJG HQNNQYKPIU

* XCEWGGnUEJ CTCEVGTKUVKEUKG CIG j VQ YJ CVGZVGPVFQ FGCVJUJ CXG KPFKXKFWCNECWUGU%

5TGRCTGFPGUU DGHQTG FKUCUVGTU j YJ CVKUVJG TGNCVKQPUJ KR DGVYGGP NGXGNU QHRTGRCTGFPGUU YKVJ FKUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPGFWECVKQPCPF UWTXKXCNTCVGU%

* XCEWCVKQP VKOG j J QY FQ UWTXKXQTUCPF VJG FGCF CPF OKUUKPIFKHHGT KPVJG DGJ CXKQTQH KPFKXKFWCNUKPTGURQPUG VQ CYCTPKPIQTVJG ITQWPF UJ CMKPI%

) KHHGTGPEGU KP DGJ CXKQT DGVYGGP ITQWRU QH PQP-UWTXKXQTU CPF UKPING UWTXKXQTU j GHHGEVKXGPGUUQHVUWPCOK GXCEWCVKQPRTKPEKRNGU

7 GUGCTEJ GUQPHCVCNKVKGUECWUGF D[ VJG GCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK

9J G 2 u , TGCV* CUV/ CRCPGCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK VTKIIGTGF CPWPRTGEGFGPVGF COQWPV QHFCOCIGU J WOCP NQUUGU .VRWVHQTYCTF C ITGCVEJ CNNGPIG VQ OKVKICVG HCVCNKVKGU ECWUGF D[ CP c_prfos_ic-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK OGCPYJ KNG RTQXKFKPI C NCTIG COQWPVQHFCVC VQ GZRNQTG TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGPVJG HCVCNKVKGUCPF KVUKPHNWGPVKCNHCEVQTU ) GURKVG VJG GPQTOQWUKORCEVUQHVJG VUWPCOK C NKOKVGF PWODGT QH OGVJQFU CTG CXCKNCDNG HQT GUVKOCVKPI VJG HCVCNKV[ * XGP HTQO VJG INQDCN XKGYRQKPV VJGTG CTG NKOKVGF UVWFKGU QP SWCPVKVCVKXG TGNCVKQPU DGVYGGP HCVCNKV[ CPF KPHNWGPVKCN HCEVQTUFWG VQ VJG GCTVJSWCMG-KPFWEGF VUWPCOK

9J G HCVCNKV[ TCVG FGRGPFUPQVQPN[ QPVJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VCPF VJG CTTKXCNVKOG DWVCNUQ QPVJG GXCEWCVKQP TGNCVGF HCEVQTU & TKUM CUUGUUOGPVOQFGN YJ KEJ EQPUKFGTU VUWPCOK GPXKTQPOGPVCN CPF DGJ CXKQTCNTKUM HCEVQTU YKNNDG C OGCPKPIHWNVQQNVQ HCEKNKVCVG GHHQTVU VQ RTGRCTG YGNNKP VJG HWVWTG VUWPCOKU5GGM-&UCGVCN - GPEG VJKUTGUGCTEJ FGXGNQRUCHCVCNKV[ GUVKOCVGF OQFGN WUKPIVJG VUWPCOK YCXG HCEVQTU CUYGNNCUVJG GXCEWCVKQPHCEVQTUCPF KPFKXKFWCNHCEVQTU

+QWT OQFGNU NKUVGF KP-34 =7 CTG DCUGF QP FKHHGTGPVFCVC UGVU DWVVCMGU KPVQ CEEQWPVVJG VUWPCOK YCXG J GKIJ VHQT VJG HCVCNKV[ GUVKOCVKQP < KVJ VJG GZEGRVKQPU QH8WIKOQVQ GVCN YJ KEJ UKOWNCVGF KVWPFGT URGEKHKE VUWPCOK EQPFKVKQPU CPF GXCEWCVKQPU VCTIGVKPI QPG VQYP CNN RTGXKQWUOQFGNUEQPUKFGTUVJG VUWPCOK HCEVQTUTGICTFNGUUQHVJG GXCEWCVKQPHCEVQT!CPF VJGTG KUPQ TGRQTVQHVJG FGVCKNUHQTVJG OQFGNHKVVKPI7³ 9J G VYQ OQFGNUWUKPIVJG J KUVQTKECNVUWPCOK FCVC KP/ CRCPRTQXKFG VJG GUVKOCVGUTGICTFNGUUQHVJG GXCEWCVKQPHCEVQTUCPF URGEKHKECTGCUnEQPFKVKQPU 8WIKOQVQ GVCN CPF 0 QUJ KOWTC GVCN UKOWNCVGF VJG GUVKOCVGU QHVJG HCVCNKVKGU VCTIGVKPIQPG URGEKHKECTGC

'GECWUG VJG VUWPCOK ECWUGF J WIG HCVCNKVKGU OCP[ TGUGCTEJ GUYGTG EQPFWEVGF VCMKPIVJG KORCEVQHVJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ V8WRRCUTK GVCN KPWPFCVKQP FGRVJ PF TGRQTVRWDNKUJ GF D[

2 KPKUVT[ QH1CPF .PHTCUVTWEVWTG 9TCPURQTVCPF 9QWTKUO CPF VJG TCVKQ QHVJG FCOCIGF DWKNFKPIU , QMQP 0 QUJ KOWTC QP VJG HCVCNKV[ TCVG KPVQ EQPUKFGTCVKQP &NVJQWIJ VJGTG YGTG PQ FQWDVU VJCVVJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VYKNNDG WUGHWNHQT GUVKOCVKPI VJG HCVCNKVKGU CPF HQT EQPUKFGTKPI VJG VUWPCOK RTQVGEVKQP FWTKPI VJG GXGPV KVYCU KPUWHHKEKGPVVQ GZRNCKP VJG QDUGTXGF HCVCNKVKGUYKVJ VJG VUWPCOK J GKIJ VFWG VQ QVJGTKPHNWGPVKCNHCEVQTU8WRRCUTK GVCN !8WIKOQVQ GVCN !0 CYCVC !.OCOWTC 8WRRCUTK