REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS RESEARCHES

7 GUGCTEJ GUQPHCEVQTUQHGXCEWCVKQPDGJ CXKQTYKVJ VJG HCVCNKVKGU

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17

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7 GUGCTEJ GUQPHCVCNKVKGUECWUGF D[ VJG GCTVJSWCMG CPF VUWPCOK

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19

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7 GUGCTEJ GUQPRTGRCTGFPGUUDGHQTG FKUCUVGTKP9QM[Q 'C[ CTGCU

&HVGT VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP * CTVJSWCMG VJG 9QM[Q 2 GVTQRQNKVCP , QXGTPOGPVnU ) KUCUVGT 5TGXGPVKQP( QWPEKNTGXKUGF CPF KUUWGF C TGRQTVQPCPGUVKOCVKQPQHFCOCIG ECWUGF D[ RTGFKEVGF GCTVJSWCMGU KP 9QM[Q CTGC QP &RTKN 9 J G 3 QTVJGTP-9QM[Q 'C[ GCTVJSWCMG YKVJ C OCIPKVWFG EQWNF YQTUGPVJKUUKVWCVKQPDGECWUG VJG VTCPURQTVCVKQPTGEQXGT[ OKIJ VDG FGNC[GF

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

VQ EJ GEM VJG RTGRCTGFPGUUQHTGUKFGPVUCTQWPF 9QM[Q 'C[ CTGCUCICKPUVVJG GZRGEVGF FKUCUVGTCHVGT VJG FKUCUVGT

&UVQ VJG RTGXKQWUUVWFKGUQPRTGRCTGFPGUUDGHQTG FKUCUVGT CEEQTFKPIVQ 'CPGTLGG CPF , KNNGURKG C ki C UGTKGU QHCEVKXKVKGU YJ KEJ FKTGEVN[ QT KPFKTGEVN[ UJ QWNF OKVKICVG NQUU QHNKHG CPF RTQRGTV[ KP FKUCUVGTi KU RTGFKEVGF QP VJG CUUWORVKQP VJCVFKUCUVGTU QHXCTKQWU HQTOU YKNNQEEWT DWVVJCVVJGKT PGICVKXG EQPUGSWGPEGU OC[ DG TGFWEGFl R .P QVJGT YQTFU RTG-FKUCUVGT RTGRCTGFPGUUKUCRTGRNCPPGF CEVKXKV[ VQ TGFWEG NQUUQHNKHG CPF CDCUKECUUWORVKQPWPFGTN[KPIVJG CEVKXKVKGUKUVJCVVJG[ EQPVTKDWVG VQ TGURQPUG GHHGEVKXGPGUU

8GXGTCNUVWFKGUQPFKUCUVGTRTGRCTGFPGUUJ CXG DGGPGZCOKPGF YKVJ OKZGF TGUWNVU &EEQTFKPIVQ 8CVVNGT 0 CKUGT CPF - KVVPGT kUQOGQPG YJ Q J CUVCMGPCEVKQPUVQ OKPKOK\G FCOCIG UGEWTG J KU QT J GT HCOKN[nU UCHGV[ QT TGRNCEG NQUVQT FCOCIGF RQUUGUUKQPU OC[ FGXGNQRG CP GPJ CPEGF UGPUG QHUGNHGUVGGO UGNH-GHHKECE[ RGTUQPCNEJ CTCEVGTKUVKETGUQWTEGU CPF UVTQPIGT DQPFU COQPI HCOKN[ CPF EQOOWPKV[ OGODGTU EQPFKVKQP TGUQWTEGUl R 9J GTGHQTG YJ GP KPFKXKFWCNU RGTEGKXG TKUMU QHFKUCUVGTU CPF DGNKGXG VJCVVJGKT YGNN-DGKPIU YKNNDG VJTGCVGPGF VJGP VJG[ CTG NKMGN[ VQ GPICIG KPRTGRCTGFPGUUDGJ CXKQTU &FFKVKQPCNN[ KPFKXKFWCNUYJ Q HGGNECRCDNG QHFGCNKPI

21

UKORN[ DGKPI CYCTG QHVJG TKUMU FQGU PQVUGGO VQ DG C UVTQPI HCEVQT HQT C IQQF RTGFKEVQT QH RTGRCTGFPGUUDGJ CXKQTU+CWRGN 0 GNNG[ CPF 5GVGG

- GPEG YG KPXGUVKICVGF RTGRCTGFPGUUDGHQTG FKUCUVGT CPF ECNEWNCVGF KVDCUGF QP VJG TGRNKGUVQ VJG SWGUVKQP < J CVJ CXG [QW FQPG HQT RTGRCTGFPGUU DGHQTG C FKUCUVGT TGICTFKPI VJG HQNNQYKPI ECVGIQTKGU% 0 GGRKPIUWRRNKGU HQQF YCVGT HKTUV-CKF MKV ENQVJKPI! 8VCDKNK\ KPIHWTPKVWTG!

, GVVKPIJ C\ CTF-TGNCVGF KPHQTOCVKQP! 2 CMKPICRNCPVQ OGGVWRYKVJ HCOKN[ CHVGTFKUCUVGTU!

8VTWEVWTCNN[ UVTGPIVJGPKPIVJG DWKNFKPIl KP( J CRVGT

3 WOGTQWUUVWFKGUJ CXG UJ QYPVJCVRTGXKQWUGZRGTKGPEGUYKVJ FKUCUVGTUCTG RQUKVKXGN[ TGNCVGF VQ RTGRCTGFPGUU'CPGTLGG CPF , KNNGURKG D .PQVJGTYQTFU VJGTG CTG UQOG GXKFGPEGUCDQWVC VGPFGPE[ VQ DG DGVVGT VTCKPGF CPF MPQYNGFIGCDNG KP FKUCUVGT CU C TGUWNVQHRTGXKQWU GZRGTKGPEG

&NVJQWIJ VJG , TGCV* CUV/ CRCP GCTVJSWCMG ECWUGF FGCVJU KP VJG 9QM[Q CTGC 3 CVKQPCN 5QNKEG &IGPE[ / WN[ RGTUQPU KP VJG 9QM[Q CTGC J CXG GZRGTKGPEGF UQOG NQUU QHVJGKT J QOG ECT HWTPKVWTG GVE FWG VQ WPHQTIGVVCDNG UVTQPIUJ CMKPIU

5TGXKQWUTGUGCTEJ RTQXKFGURQUKVKXG GXKFGPEGUHQTVJG TQNG QHFKUCUVGTGZRGTKGPEG KPVJG FKUCUVGT RTGRCTGFPGUU- QDHQNN !+TGGF[ 8J CY / CTTGNN CPF 2 CUVGTU &EEQTFKPIVQ 8CVVNGTGVCN KPFKXKFWCNU YJ Q GURGEKCNN[ GZRGTKGPEGF J WIG TGUQWTEG NQUU YQWNF DG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ CEMPQYNGFIG C FKUCUVGT VJTGCV CPF EJ QQUG RTQRGT EQWTUGU QH CEVKQP VJCP RGQRNG YJ Q J CXG GZRGTKGPEGF OGTG FCOCIGUFWG VQ CFKUCUVGTQTVJQUG YJ Q J CXG PQ FKUCUVGTGZRGTKGPEGU ) KUCUVGT UWTXKXQTUYJ Q GZRGTKGPEG J KIJ GTNGXGNUQHRTQRGTV[ NQUURC[ CVVGPVKQPVQ PGYUTGRQTVUCPF J CXG C DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QHVJG RQVGPVKCNEQPUGSWGPEGU QHFKUCUVGTU 8CVVNGT GVCN .P CFFKVQP TGUKFGPVU YJ Q NKXG KP CTGCU VJCVCTG HTGSWGPVN[ VJTGCVGPGF D[ RTGFKEVGF FKUCUVGTU OC[ DG OQTG NKMGN[ VQ WPFGTUVCPF C J C\CTFU CPF VJTGCV1KPFGNNCPF 5GTT[ &EEQTFKPIN[ VJKU UVWF[

GZCOKPGF VJG KORQTVCPEG QHVJG TCPIG QHCFXGTUG GZRGTKGPEGU QHTGUQWTEG NQUU QP KPFKXKFWCN CFLWUVOGPVHQNNQYKPICPCVWTCNFKUCUVGT

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

FKUCUVGT RTGXGPVKQP VTCKPKPI PGGFU VQ EQXGT OKVKICVKQP RTGRCTGFPGUU CPF TGURQPUG CURGEVU QH PCVWTCNFKUCUVGTQEEWTTGPEG - QYGXGT +CWRGNGVCN UVCVGF VJCVHQTCP[ PWODGTQHTGCUQPU MPQYNGFIG NGCTPGF KPVJG FKUCUVGTGFWECVKQPRTQITCOUFQGUPQVCNYC[UVTCPUNCVG KPVQ CRRTQRTKCVG DGJ CXKQT .PQVJGTYQTFU KVECPPQVDG RTGUWOG VJCVGXGPKHRGQRNG MPQY YJ CVVQ FQ KPCFKUCUVGT VJG[ YKNNPGEGUUCTKN[ CEVQPVJG DCUKUQHVJCVMPQYNGFIG

'CUGF QPVJG CDQXG DTKGHTGXKGY KVKUPGEGUUCT[ VQ ICVJGTFCVCHTQO VJG CTGCUCHVGTVJG FKUCUVGTCPF EQORTGJ GPUKXGN[ EQPUKFGTCNNQHVJGUG KPHNWGPEGU 9 J GTGHQTG VJG RTGRCTGFPGUUKP9QM[Q 'C[ CTGCUYKNNDG FKUEWUUGF KP ( J CRVGT YJ KEJ KU DCUGF QP HWNN[ CPUYGTGF FCVC VQ VJG FGUKIPGF UWTXG[ CPF OWNVK -TGITGUUKQPCPCN[UKU