修・士学位論文
題名
■狙)
δハ^包仁舳レー幻、、1ル
舳、附加舳一い舳伽
州4机ハl/才1ル1掌
炉㍗㌻タダ㌣㍗1
指導教授
uvイイ教授
平成オ年/月〆目 提出
首都大学東京大学院
理工学研究科教鋤菰術専攻 学修番号/〃8ψ
氏名
Pつ幻〆
学位論文要旨(修士 (理学))
論文著者名 川村 昌也
論文題名:On the K読h1er−Ricci且。w on projective Ca1abi−Yau varieties
with1og termina1singu1arities
(邦題):対数的末端特異点を持つ射影的カラビ・ヤウ多様体上の ケーラー・リッチブロウについて (英文)
概要
本論文の目的は、標準因子が数値的に自明な射影的代数多様体上でケーラー・リッ チブロウの収束を考察すること、そして射影的代数多様体上のケーラー・リッチブロ ウに沿うスカラー曲率の挙動を調べることにある。まずはじめに、ティアン、ソン両 氏による予想の申の一つを紹介する。可逆層0pN(1)と超平面東0cpN(1)は同一視で
きるのでこの同一視に従って滑らかな射影的代数多様体Pw上の(1,1)形式で複素射
影空間CPN上のフビニ・ストウディー計量に対応するものを同祥にPw上のフビニ・
ストウディー計量と呼ぶことにする。以下X。。g…X\X.i.gとする。
予想1Xを対数的末端特異点を持つ射影的カラビ・ヤウ代数多様体、L:X→Pwを 射影的埋め込みとする。ωoをX上の実学正値開(1,1)形式で、X、、g上で正かつ滑ら
かとし、またPN上のフビニ・ストウディー計量の↓による引き戻しにX上同値であ
るとする。このとき弱ケーラー・リッチブロウの一意解ω(亡)は亡→ooとしたとさ、[ωo]の申で一意的に定まる特異カラビ・ヤウ計量にグロモフ・ハウスドルフの意味で 収束する。
カラビ対称条件を用いて問題を簡単化することで次の補題を得た。
補題1Xを対数的末端特異点を持つ射影的カラビ・ヤウ代数多様体、ム:X→PNを 射影的埋め込みとする。このときLによるPw上のフビニ・ストウ.ディー計量の引き
戻しム*ω冊は。1(ム*0pw(1))の中で一意的に定まる特異カラビ・ヤウ計量である。この補題を用いることで次の定理が得られた。
定理1Xを対数的末端特異点を持つ射影的カラビ・ヤウ代数多様体とし、実学正値
開(111)初期形式ωo∈c1(ム*0pN(1))をと乱ωoはX・・g上で正かつ滑ら†で卒乱こ のとき弱ケーラー・リッチブロウ細(亡)一一助(ω(亡))
{
・n[0,・・)・X。。。,
ω(0,・)=ωo
on X ,
は【O,oo)×X上で一意解ω(亡,.)を持ち、この解はω∈0o。([O,○o)x X。、g)かつ、す べての寸∈[O,oo)に対してポテンシャル関数ψ(古ジ)∈P8H(X,ωo)∩工00(X)を持つ。
そして。1(L*0pw(1))の中で一意的に定まる特異カラビ・ヤウ計量ム*ωF8にグロモフ・
ハウスドルフの意味で収束する。
これにより初期形式に対する特別な仮定の下で、予想1に対して肯定的な結果を
例示したと言える。次に弱ケーラー・リッチブロウの一意解のスカラー曲率に関する結果を述べる。
定理2Xを対数的末端特異点を持っ射影的カラビ・ヤウ代数多様体とする。ω(古,・)を X上の実学正値開(1,1)形式でX、、g上で正かつ滑らか、射影的埋め込みム:X→Pw
によるPW上のフビニ・ストウディー計量の引き戻しにX上同値なω0を初期値に持 つ弱ケーラー・リッチブロウの一意解とする。このとき任意のδ>0に対して正の定 数0が存在してX。。g上で任意の尤>δに科して次の評価を満たすj
η 0 0
−7≦8(ω(ち・))≦丁・戸ここで3(ω(古,.))はωのスカラー曲率である。従ってこのスカラー曲率は左→ooと したとき、X、、g上0o。の位相で0に一様収束する。
スカラー曲率は、X、、gでのザリスキー位相による開集合上で定義されていること に注意する。これは既にクレパントな特異点の解消を持つ場合に示されているが、対
数的末端特異点を持つという更に弱い仮定の下でも同じ結果が得られることを示し
た。これは更に一般的な仮定の下で成り立つことが分かった。定理3Xを対数的末端特異点を持つ正規Q分解的な射影的代数多様体とする。Hを
X上の豊富なQ因子としτ≡sup{吉>0.H+オKxはネフ}と定義する。あるρ>1
に対してωo∈κH,ρ(X)であるとすると亡∈[0,T)に対してωoを初期値に持つ弱ケー
ラー・リッチブロウの一意解が存在する。更に任意のδ>0に対してある定数0>0
が存在してX、、g上任意のT>亡〉δに対してη 0 0
て≦8(ω(ち・))≦丁・戸 が成り立つ。この定理により、標準因子がネフであると仮定したとき次の収束に関する結果を得た。
系1定理3の仮定に加えて、X上の標準因子Kxはネフであるとしたとき左∈[O,oc)
に対してωoを初期値に持つ弱ケーラー・リッチブロウの一意解が存在し二そのスカ
ラー曲率は古→ooとすると、X干。g上0o。の倖相でOに一様収束する。以上の議論の方法と結果を組み合わせることで次の結果が得られた。
定理4Xを対数的末端特異点を持つ正規Q分解的な射影的代数多様体、L:X→Pw
を射影的埋め込みとする。π:X →Xを特異点の解消とする。もし標準因子Kxが
ネフかつ巨大であるとすると、このときムによるフビニ・ストウディー計量の引き戻し乙*ω冊のスカラー曲率はX、、g上で0となる。
各証明の概略:補題1の証明ではまずカラビ対称条件を用いるために射影的代数多様
体の滑らかな点全体X,eg上のP1一東を考え、これがX,egにグロモフ・ハウスドルフ の意味でケーラー・リッチブロウに沿って収束することを示す。収束し、退化した計 量を初期計量として、ケーラー・リッチブロウが再開されることを確認する。そして この計量が特異カラビ・ヤウ計量にX、、g上収束するので、曲率の収束の計算によっ て特異カラビ・ヤウ計量とフビニ・ストウディー計量の引き戻しが一致することを証明する。定理2の証明では、滑らかな双有理モデルから特異点の解消の例外集合を除
いた集合に含まれる任意のコンパクト集合を考え、その上に制限したカラビ・ヤウ体 積要素を考え、それを用いたモンジュ・アンペールブロウを考察する。放物型シャウ ダー評価を援用すると、各コンパクト集合上0o。一ノルムでの解の一様有界性が得られ るので、コンパクト集合による取りつくし列を考え、各集合上で収束する対角線上の 収束部分列を取り収束させることで、例外集合を除いたところ全体でスカラー曲率の評価を得る。同様の方法により定理3が示され系1、定理4が順に得られる。
On the Kまh1er−Ricci且。w on projgctive Ca1abi−Yまu varieties
with1og termina1singu1arities
Masaya−Kawamura
Contents
1 Introduction
2
3
5
Preユimin肛ies
2.1 Projective Ga1abi−Ya.u varieties and−some other d−e丘nitions 2.2 Ana1ytica1method for studying on a1gebraic varieties 2.3 Ga1abi symmetry conditon..............、
Convergem.ceresu1t undertheK註h1er−Ri㏄i且。winthe Gromov−HauSdor旺 SenSe
3.1 Convergence in the Gromov−Hausd−or丘sense 3,2 Some estimates for七he proof of Proposition3.1 3.3 Convergence resu1t as a metric space
The weak K童h1eトRicci且。w on projective Ca1abi−Yau variety
4.1 Surgery for the K或h1eトRicci且。w
4.2 Some estimates for the proof of Proposition4.ユ 4.3 Gonvergence to the so1ution of th−e degenerate Monge−Ampさre equation
4.4 Proof of Proposition4.1 。....
Exemp1i丘。ation of an欄rmati〉e resu1t for Co軸ec七ure1.1
5.1 Quick summary ofthe previous sections5.2 Proof of Lemma1.1 5.3 Proof of Theorem1.1
3
77
16
21
24
2425 34
3636 39 55 59
6262 63 64
6 Expand.ed−resu1t ofthe estimate for the sca1ar curvature wit耳a crepantresO1u七ion 66
6.1 Estimate for the sca1ar curvature−of the so1ution of七he perturbed lMonge−Ampさre iow. 66 6.2 P止。of of Theorem!.2 72
7 Estimate for the sca1趾。urvature on norma1Q−factoria1projective vari−
eties with1og termina1si耳gu1arities 73
7.1 Pre1i卿inaries for Theorem1.3 73 7.2 Smoothing property of1Monge−Ampさre且。ws with the initiaI da.ta in P8ル on c1osed−K地1er manifo1d−s. 74 7,3 Ana1ogous arguments of Proposit三〇n4,1with the initia1metric1量es in
jD8∬∩(ブ。o 81
7,4 GeneraIized resu1t of Proposition7・4with the initia1data in P8島 84 7.5 App1ication of Proposition7.5to projective varieties with1og temina1sin−
gu1arities. 91
7.6 Proof of Theorem1.3and Coro11ary1.1 100 7.7 Proof of Theorem1.4 101
1 Introduction
The Ricci且。w on Riemann manifo1d−s,whi(:h w鵬丘rst1y introduced−by R.S,Hami1ton
[Ha1,who was strong1y inspired by J,Ee11s and−J.H,Sampson s work on Harmonic map heat且。w(Which is actuany used to show the miqueness of the short time so1ution of the Ri㏄i且。W,This much simp1er皿ethod.comp砒ed−with陣a]is ca11ed.DeTurck,s trick
[De],[AH].),in ord−er to study on the deformation of metrics about thirty years ago,is
the evoユution equation be1ow:Let(M,go)be a compact Riemannian manifo1d.
∂
一9(む)=一2肋(9(む)),9(0)=9o.
∂t
The fami1y of Riemamian metrics on M:{g(む)}士∈p,T)satis丘es the partia1d−i丘erentia1 equation above is ca.11ed−Ri㏄i且。w.This equation sudden1y became worユd fa二mous after G.
Pere1man proved the Poincar6aエ1d Geometrization conjecture by comp1eting Ha血i1tonラs programwiththe ideaca11edsu平gery.Add−itiona11y,we shou1d−mention the Brend−1e−Schoen−
D雌erentia』1Sphere Theore=m was so1ved−with using the equa.tion[A呵,[Br].
In this paper,we study on the K気h1er−Ricci量。w,which主s its ana1ogue in Kまh1er geometry.H、一D.Cao[Cao1studied the且。w in deep irst1y and−so1ved−the prob1em of the existence of Ricci且at K註h工er metrics on a compact K註h1er manifo1d with vanishing the irst Ghem c1ass with some techniques of the K託h1er−Ri㏄i且。w.This probrem is re1ated to mirror symmetry and−such manifo1ds named Ga1abi−Yau manifo1d−s have been stud−ied−
in a1ot of丘e1d−s of mathematics and physics.
Especiauy,we阜hou1d−1ook at the re1ation between the且。w a.nd a1gebra.ic geometry.
The re1ationship has been d−eve1oping dramatica11y fast recent1y.To take a血examp1e,
G.Tian and−J.Song[ST21,[ST31have been stud−ying on the anaIytic minima1mode1 program.The mi血ima1㎜ode1program is the we11−known program in a1gebraic geometrγ h order to con−s虹uct a.minima1mode1,we id−ent欺subsets in an a.1gebraic variety and need tg co11apse them.If we consid−er a contraction map aIgebraica11y,it corresponds with so1ving a」simu1taneous no血一1inear a1gebraic equation sinc6an a1gebraic variety is de丘ned by a simu1taneous po1ynomia1system,In the case of the ana1ytic program,the program proceeds under the Kまh1er−Ri㏄i且。w.In this regard,we can easiIy expect that the re1ation of two is going to be much more stronger in the days包head.
Our interest re1ated to this丘e1d is tha.t how and when the unnQrma1ized weak K註h1er−
Ri㏄i且。w converges to a,unique singu1ar Ca1abi−Yau metric on a projective Ca1abi−Yau variety with its canonica1d−ivisor is numericauy trivia1.H.一D.Cao showed the且。w con−
yerges inσ。。一topo1ogy ifX is smooth[Cao].J.Song and Y.Yuan proved−that it converges in weak sense if X has1og terminaI singu1arities[SY11.In this paper,we丘rst1y try to unders申nd what kind of metrics can be tbe singuユar Ca1abi−Ya廿metric on a speci丘。
o㏄asion.For simpIifying the situation,we use the condition ca11ed−Ca1abi symmetric cond−ition[Ca11.This gives us an e丘ective expression that a given metric satisfying the cond−ition on a」projective va.riety can be written by the pu11−back of Fubini−Study metric and a potentia1function.In this way,we can study on the prob1em much easier and we wi11see the pu11−backed Fubini−Study metric can be regarded as a CaIabi−Yau metric under these circumstances.With using these resu1ts,we can exeInp1ify an a舐rmative
resu1t for a conjecture which wiu be intrqduced−1ater.The second−aim of this paper is to investigate the behavior of the sca1ar curvature a1ong K託h1er−Ricci且。w on a.projective variety with1og termina1singu1arities.Z.Zhang showed the sca1ar curvature of the soIu−
tion of norma・1ized−K曲1ρr−Ricci且。w on a projective manifo1d−with nef a.nd big ca・nonica・1
(iivisor h&s a・uniform.boun4in1Zh41,In[Zh61,we can丘nd the resu1t tha・t if the且。w on a projective manifo1d d.eve1ops its singu1arity at a丘nite time T,th−en the scaIar cur−
vature b1ows up at most of rate(T−t)一2und−er assuming the initia1K註h1er c1ass Iies in∬111(X,C)∩∬2(X,Q)一G,Tian and J.Song proved that on a K易h1er manifo1d with semi−amp1e canonica1divisor,the sca1ar curvature of the smooth g1oba1so1ution of the mnorma1izea K益h1er−Ri㏄i畳。w h&s a bound0(1+あ)一1and it converges to O as芭→oo
[ST41.J.Song a.nd Y.Yua.n studied on the behavior on a projective Ca1abi−Yau variety with crepant singu1肌ities in[SY11,not1og te㎜ina1.We wi11con丘m that曲eir resu1t can be expanded to more genera1one,In[ST3],we caI1畳nd that a simi1ar argument can be done on a norma1Q−factoria1projective variety with1og termina1singu1ar玉ties.The d舐erence between this pa.per a.nd[ST31is that we obta.ined more speciic upper bound for the sca1ar curvature and this resu1t te11s us that the sca1ar curvature converges to O as亡→oo on a norma1Q−factoria1projective variety with nef canonica1divisor.More−
over,with using the same method in the proof of Lemma1.1,we showed that the sca1ar curvature of the puu−back of Fubin三一Study metric is equ&ユto O on the set composed−of a11 smooth points in the projective variety with its canonica1d−ivisor is nef and big.
Here w6mention the one of conjectures in[ST3],a」nd we wiu show an a舐r㎜ative 舳swer for the conjecture in Theorem1.1.
Conjecture1.1.([ST31)Let X be a projective Ca.1abi−Yau variety with1og termina1 singu1arities andム:X仁→1PN be a projective embedd−ing of X.Letωo』a rea1semi−
positive c1osed(1,1)一form on X,positive and−smooth oh X、、g,equiva1ent to the pu11−back of the Fubini−Study metric byム。n X.Tben the unn0Hna1ized weak K註h1er−Ricci且。w
∂ω
一二一助(ω)
∂t
converges to the unique singu1ar Ga1abi−Yau metric in[ωo]in{he Gromov−Hausdor丘sense aS t→OO,
Remark1.1.Sinとe we can identifythe invertibIe sheafOpw(1)onthesmooth projective variety FN wi曲the hyperp1ane bund1e Oc炉w(ユ)over the associated mε㎜ifo1d CPN,we identify Fubini−StudymetricωF8∈c1(0cpw(1))with an associated smoothpositivec1osed わrm in c五(0pw(1)).In this paper,we ca11the associated form a1so Fubini−Stud−ymetric on
Pw,Wemayconsiderthe丘rst Chemc1悶sofaninvertib1esheafaswe−wi11seeinthenext
section.The pun−backedおrmム*ω珊∈c1(ム*0酬(1))is a semi−positive cIosed(1,1)一form,
which is positive and smooth on X、、g:=X\X.i㎎.
A c1osed semi−Positive(1,1)一formωis caI1ed−a singuIar CaIabi−Yau metric on a pro−
jective Ca1abi−Yau v航iety X ifωis a smooth positive c1osed一(1,1)一form away from a sub−variety亙⊂X and−satis丘es〃。(ω)=0away from亙.
The(1,1)一formωo is equiva1ent to,乙*ωF8means that there exists0〉O such that
1
一ム*ωF3≦ω0≦α*ωF8.
o
Our main resu1ts are as fo11ows:
Lemma1.1.Let X be a projective Ca1abi−Y測variety with1og temina1singu1arities andム:X」》PM be a project玉ve embedding ofX.Then the pu11−back ofthe Fubini−Study metric on PN by the embedding is the unique singu1ar Ca1abi−Yau metric三n the c1ass
c1(ム*0pN(1)).
Remark1.2.ム*0pw(1)is ca11ed an inverse image of Opw(1)by the embedding乙,which is an invertib1e sheaf of Ox−modu1es.
Theorem1.1.Let X be a projective CaIaもi−Y;au variety with Iog terminaI sin−gu1ariti♀s with the initia1c1osed semi−positive(1,1)一f0Hnωo∈c1(乙*0砕(1)),which is positive and smooth−on X。。g and gquiva1ent to the pu11−back of the Fubini−Study metric byム。n X.
Then the wea.k K註h1er−Ricci旦。w:
∂ {
・n[O,・・)×X、、。,
誘ω(乏)=一冊(ω(τ))
ω(0,・)=ωo
on X,
bas a unique so1utionω(尤,.)on[0,○o)×X,which sa.tisiesω∈00c([O,oc)×X、、g)and has a potentia1functionψ(之,.)∈P8∬(X,ωo)∩工。。(X)for t∈[0,○o).Furthermore ω(右)converges to the unique singu1ar Ca1abi−Yau metricム*ω珊in c1(ム*0帥(1))in the Gromov−Hausd−or任sense as左→oo.
士heorem1.2.Let X be a−
垂窒盾鰍?モ狽奄魔?@Ca1abi−Yau variety with1og termina1singu1arities.
Letω(広,・)be the unique so1u乍ion of the K義h1er−Ri㏄i且。w starting with a rea1smooth semi−positive c1osed(1,1)一formωo on X,equiva1ent to the pu11−back of the Pdbini−Study metric by the emb6dd−ing乙:X」>一1Pw.
Then for anyδ>0,there exists0>0such that 几 1 0 0
1≦8(ω(ち・))≦丁・戸・・X…f・・剛・δ1
where8(ω(之,。))is the sca1ar curvature ofω.Therefore七he sca1ar curvature converges to
zero uniform1y in Ooo−topo1ogy on X、、g as t一ト。o・
Remark1.3.The sca1ar curvature8is de丘ned on a Zariski open set of X。、g.
Actua11y,the resu1t of Theorem1.2can be gene五a1ized natura11y.
Theorem1.3.Let X be a norma1Q−factoria1projective varieties with1og termina1
singu1arities.Let H be an amp1e Q−divisor on X and−
T≡・up{f>01H+肌xi・n・f}.
Ifωo∈κH,ρ(X)for some p>1,then tb−ere exおts a unique so1utionωof the weak
K邑h1er−Ricci且。w for t∈[0,T).
Moreover,£or anyδ>・0,there exists0>0such that
η 0 0
一≦8(ω(ち.))≦7㌣onX…fo「an・T>之>δ,
where8(ω(左,・))is the sca1ar curv&ture ofω・
Theore皿L3teI1s us that we obtain a1so the convergence resu1t of the sca1ar curvature
if the canonica1divisor is nef.
Coro11ary1・1・Let X be a norma1Q・factoriaI projective varieties with1og termina1 singu1arities.Let H be an amp1e Q−divisor on X and
T…・up{¢>Ol∬十山xi・n・f}。
Ifωo∈κ:H,ρ(X)for some p>1and the canonica1divisor Kx is nef,then there exists a unique so1utionωof the weak K註h1er−Ri㏄i且。w for之∈[0,oo)、Furthermore,its sca1ar curvature5(ω(尤,・))uniform1y converges to zero in Ooo−topo1ogy on X、、g asカ→oo.
By combining some arguments used−for these c王aims above and some resu1ts,we can
conc1u(1e as fo11ows:
Theorem1.4.Let X be a norma1Q−factoria1 projective varieties with1og temina1
・ingu1・・iti・…dム:X→Pwb・・p・・j・・ti…mb・dding・fX.L・tπ:X!→Xb・
a reso1ution of singu1arities,Assume that the canonica1d−ivisor Kx is nef and−big on X.Then tb−e sca1ar curyature of the pu11−back of th−e Fubini−Study metric on Pw by the e血bedding is equa1to zero on X、、g.
In the proof of Theorem1.1,we趾st consider a P1−bund1e over X、、g and−show the Pしb・・d1・・・・…g・…X、、g・i・・g・h・K註h1・トki・・i且・wi・・h・G・・m・・一H…d・・任・・…
W・・・・・…1imi・i・。・・。・・…t・・・…i・・・…i・i・i・i血…i・.…岬・・・・・・・・・・…;
I伯h1er−Ri㏄i且。w can.be restarted by the method−ca11ed surgery and the metric converges to the singu1ar Ca1abi−Yau metric.If we add.itiona11y assume the ini七ia1血e七ric satisies C邑1abi symmetry cond−ition,then the pu11−back of Fubini−Study metric ma七。hes with the singu1ar CaIabi−Yau metric.In the proofofTheoremユ.2,we consider an arbitrary chosen co皿pact set inc1uded−in a smgoth biration−a1mode1outside the exceptiona11ocus of the 臨。1ution of singu1arities.We construct a Ca1abi−Yau vo1ume form on曲むhむ。mpact set which is used−for studying on the Monge−Ampさre且。w associated to the k邑h1er−Ricci
且。w.Withusingtheparabo1ic Schauderesti血ate,weobtain auniform0◎。一bbuhdofthe
so1ution on each compact set and−we℃onsider the exhaustion by compact sets and may choosethediagona1sub−sequencewhichと。nverges oneach compact set.Thenthe estimate for the sca.1ar curvature can be obtained on who1e variety outside the exceptiona11ocus.In a simi1ar mamer,we can prove Theorem1.3and.then we gain the resu1t of Coro11ary 1.1and Theorem1.4in ord−er.
2 Pre1iminaries
2.1.Projective Ca1abi−Yau varieties and.some other d.e丘nitions
工n this section,we give some d−e丘nitions. They a」re standard−d−e丘nitions in aIgebraic geometry and commutative ringtheory[G珂,阻ar],[Ka1],[Ko],[SW3].
We de丘ne anorma1projectivevariety.First1y,1etλbe aring,andwe de丘ne Specλ三
{A11prime id−ea1s ofλ}・An e1ement in Specλis ca11ed−a point of Specλ.We de丘ne a Zariski topo1ogy£or SpecA For an arbitrary given idea1∫ofλ,we de丘neγ(∫)三 和∈Spec刈∫⊂担},which sa尤is丘es the弧iom of c玉。se(i set:γ(1):⑦,γ(0)二Specλ,
γ(〃)=γ(∫)Uγ(J)f・・…th・・id・・1Jラγ(Σ乞∫卜∩1γ(ム)・L・ψ(∫)三Sp・・λ\γ(∫)・
F・・α∈λ,σ(α)三Sp・・λ\γ(α)二{ρ∈Sp・・刈α帥}i…n・d・b・・1・・p・…b・・t,
which satis丘esσ(∫)=∪、∈∫ひ(α).This means tha七basic open subsets become bases for
an open set of Specλ.
For each Zariski open setひ⊂Specλ,we de丘ne
λ(σ)
¥㍗陸劣〃∴llll(・)一1/,which becomes Aa1gebra natura11y一λis the structure sheaf of Specλ、Where we put 8≡λ\卓・・dへ…8−1λd…t・・七h・1…1i・・ti・・dfλby・p・im・id・・1p.Th・p・i・
(Specλ,λ)isca.11edana舐nescheme.Apointp∈Spec■4isca11ed」agenericpointof a c1osed−sub−scheme Spec(λ/ρ)1f伽}:γ(ρ)={q∈Spec刈p⊂q},where{担}1s the c1osure of the set.(Actua11y,{や}=γ(ρ)is a1ways rea1ized for a ring A)亭∈Specλis ca11ed a c1osed−point if{p}=如},which correspond−s to that担is a maxim−a1id−ea1ofλ.
Ifλis£nite1y generated on C,(Specλ,λ)is ca11ed.an a1gebra.ic a舐ne scheme.Let C[ 1={cれが十…十。1 十。oicη,・.・,co∈C}be apo1ynom早aI ringon C・IfSpecλis an aIge−
braic a舐ne scheme,then there exists ana勺ura1number肌1such that A皇q 1,、..,軌、]/∫1 forsomeid−eaI∫10fq !ゾ.., η、1.This gives us Sp㏄λ⊂A肌1:SpecC1 1,_,zη11.There
exists an〇七herη2such thatλ皇q 1ゾ.、, η、]/∫2for some id−ea1∫20f C[∬1ゾ.、,軌、]一A1so
we have Specλ⊂A肌2.This te11s us that Specλis determined by on1yλ,d−oes not d−e−pend on the㎡五ne space Aη.Let Specλ b?@an a.1gebraic a駈ne sche皿e.Then we have an
expressionλ皇q 1ゾ..; η]/∫for some id−ea1∫of C[ !,.一一,軌]、There遣。re we have
{A11c1osed points6f Specλ}: {A1I maxima1ideaIs ofλ}= {A11maxima1idea1s of C[ 1ゾ.., η1/∫}
一{P∈Cψ(ρ):0f…11ん∈∫}≠②、
That not becoming an empty set is given by the fact th−at C is,it goes without saying,an a1gebraica11y−c1osed丘e1d.(Hi1bert s Nu11ste11ensa.tz)
Ifλis丘nite1y generated−on C and integra1d−omain,(Specλ,λ)is caued an a田ne a.1gebraic variety and the quotient丘e1d.ofλis c&11ed the rationa1function丘e1d of Specλ,
which is written as C(Specλ).
Let a pa・ir(X,0x)be a五〇ca1−ringed space.If there exists an open neighborhood−0;
for each pointρ∈X such that(叫,0xlσ、)is isomorphic to an a舐ne sche岬e(Specλ,λ),
then(X,0x)is ca11ed a scheme and Ox is ca11ed−the structure sheaf of X.
Let8be an another scheme.Ifthere exists a morphism from the scheme X to3,then X is ca11ed a3_schen1e.
Let X be a SpecC−scheme−Since SpecC={(0)}(one point),X is covered with a 丘・it…mb…f・p・…t・ひ・1−1=ひ肌・Th・p・i・(X10・)i…11・d…1g・b・・i…h・m・li£
each structure㎜orphism(σ{,0x.σ、)→SpecC is isomorphic to an aIgebraic a舐ne sclheme
(Specλ,λ).An a1gebraic scheme X on C is de丘ned by a.1gebraic equations with coe駈。ient
in C.
Let(X,0x)be an n−dimensiona1a1geもraic scheme.A functionん:X→Al is ca11ed hoIomorphic at a pointρ∈X if there exist a・n open neighborhood0らand po1ynomia1s
∫,9∈C[工・,…コ小・・h・h・tgi…wh・・・・・…叫・・dん一書・叫・W・…th・・んi・
ho1omorphic on X if it is ho1omorphic at every point of X.
Since the category of rings and.the category of a伍ne schemes are equiva1ent,for a
scheme X and aringλ,morphisms X→Specλandhomomorphismsλ→F(X,0x)have
one to one correspondence each other.From the equiva1ence,we can obtain the resu1t that for a SpecC−scheme X,ho1omorphic functions8∈F(X,0x)and−ho1omorphic functions X→Al have one to one correspondence each other.This gives us the isomorph−ism Ox,ρ皇A1for each p∈X.
Since{Aエ1c1osed points of Specλ}≠②for an a}gebraic a伍ne scheme Specλand there exists a neighborhood一町for each pointρ∈X such that叫皇Specλ,there a1ways exists at1east one c1osed point of X near each pointρ.This gives us that we may consider on1y c1osed−Points as points in X in many cases.
In genera1,if we ass早me that3is scheme,and X,γare8−scheme,then there exists the丘ber prod−uct X×8γ.Therefore if X is SpecC−scheme,we may consider the丘ber product X×sp、、c X・
X・。。、c.X4X
1・・
I ↓1X 一→SpecC ∫
And we donsider amorphis血△x/sp。。c:X→X×sp。。cX,which is unique1y determined−by universa1mappingpropertyofthe£berprod−uct,sothe morphism satis丘esρrlo△x/sp,cc=
〃2o△x/sp。。c Fωx.△x/sp。。c is caned the diagona1morphism of X.If the diagona1 morphism is an isomorphic morphism to a c1osed sub−scheme in X×sp,cc X,X is ca11ed separated(This condition is equivalent to the Hausdor任。ondition for manifo1ds.)、
Atopo1ogica1spaceXisreducib1eifitisexpressedasX=X1∪X2withtwoc1osed
subsets in X.If it is not reducib1e,it is caI1ed−irreducib1e−Let(X,0x)be a scheme.
(X,0x)is ca.11ed reduced if for each pointρ∈X,a sta1k Ox,p,wh耳。h is a1oca1ring,does not have any ni1potent e1ements.
Dc丘nition2.1.If SpecC−scheme(X,0x)is irreducib1e,red−uced and separated,and if each morphism(σ壱,0xlσ、)→SpecC(乞=1ゾ..,m)is isomorphic to an a1gebraic a伍ne scheme(Specλ,λ),then it is ca11ed−an a1gebraic variety・
Any a。舐ne open setσ≠②of an a1gebraic variety X is an a飼ne a1gebraic va.riety and−
its ra.tiona.1function丘e1d−C(ひ)does not d−epend−onひ.The rationa.1function丘e1d ofX is de丘ned by C(X)≡C(ひ).
Letλbe asub−ringofaring3.λisintegrauyc1osed inB ifforeverymonicpo1ynomia1
∫with coe舐。ient inλ,qvery root of∫be1onging to B a1so be1ongs toλ.We sayλis a nρrmahing if aIi integra1domainλis in尤egra11y c1osed−in its qu〇七ient丘e1d一.
De丘nition2・2・Let(X,0x)be ascheme・Wesay (X,0x)is norma1ifa1oca1ring Ox,ρ is a norma1ring for any pointρ∈X,
Aring月isca11edagradedringifR。。。Σ二{∈z兄,where払isasub−Abe1iangroup,
sa.tis丘es兄ユ.凧。⊂兄ユ十{。.Then Ro⊂R is a sub−ring and R is an Ro−a1gebra.Moreover,
R is caned a ring with non−negative grading if代コ0for{<0,An e1ement of兄is ca1ed a homogeneous e1ement of degree4−An idea1of R is caued a homogeneous idea1if it is genera七ed by homogeneous e1ements of the same d−egree or di丘erent d−egrees−
We de趾e Proj月which is caued the homogeneous spectrum ofa ring月.For arbitrary chosen ring with non−negative grading R、,Proj月、is d−eined to be
Proj月…{a11homogeneous prime id−ea1s not inc1ud−ing R+}⊂Spec月
wh…R・≡Σ{。。札
Since Cko,.、、, wl is regarded as a ring with non−negative grading− A projective
space is de丘ned−as fo11ows:
1PN≡ProjC[ o,..., w]一⊂SpecCkoゾ.., w1=Aw+1,
The space PN becomes.a smooth a1gebraic variety and.the sheaf of grad.ed Opw−modu1e Opw(肌)becomes an invertib1e sheaf for any m∈石,where0ぴis the structure sheaf of pN.
Weneedtodeineac1osedsub−schemeforthenextde丘nition.Let(X,0x)and(γ,0γ)
be schemes.If we say(∫,∫):X→γis a morphism between two schemes,then it is de丘ned as a皿。rphism betweentwo1oca1−ringed spaces,whiψmeans that i七is amorphism between two ringed−spaces and a map ofsta.1ksプ∫(ρ):0X∫(p)→0x,ρfor each pointρ一∈X is a1oca1ho皿。morphism.
Letエbe a qua.si−coherent idea1sheaf of Ox. The quotient sheaf Ox/エis gen−
erated by the image ofψe g1obaI section1,especia11y since which is of丘nite type,
Z…Supp(0x/エ)二{ρ∈XI(0x/エ)ρ≠O}is c1osed.Its structure sheaf Oz is d−e丘ned by the pu11−back of Ox/エ.The1oca1−ringed space(Z,0z)is ca11ed−a c1osed−sub−scheme de丘ned by工If a morphism of schemesん:X→γg三ves an isomorphism to a c1osed sub−scheme d.eined.by a quasi−coherent idea1sheaf of0γ,then it is ca11ed a c1osed em−
bedding.A c1osed embedding(∫,∫):(X,0x)→(γ,0γ)satis丘es as fouows:プ:X→γ is injective and・a c1osed map・∫:0γ→∫・0x of sheaves onγis surjec声ive,where∫・0x is the direct image of Ox by∫whiとh wi11be de丘ned1ater.
De丘nition2・3・Let(X,0x)be an an a1gebraic variety・X is caエ1ed a projective variety ifthere exists an embeddingゲX→Pw as a c1osed sub−scheme.We ca11the embedding a projective embedd−ing.
Let(X,0x)be an肌一dimensiona1a1gebraic variety.A d−imension of a variety is deter−
mined by maxpεxdimOx,ρ.We say a pointρ∈X is a smooth point if the ass㏄iated 1oca1ring Ox,ρis regu1ar・X is ca11ed−smooth if a1110ca1rings Ox,ρare regu1ar for each ρ∈X.A1oca1ring Ox,ρis regu1ar mean−s that the unique1y determined maxima1id−ea1肌ρ is generated by a sequence ofη一e16ments{z1ゾ..,z、}ca11ed a regu1ar pa戦meter system,
whereη:dimOx,ρ.Ifa1oca1ring Ox,ρis not regu1ar at a poinけ∈X,then we sayρis a singu1ar point.The set composed of an singu1ar points in X is written X.i.g.If X is nor−
maI,then X,i㎎is a c1osed−set in X and its co−dimension is more than1(codimX,i㎎≧2).
The set composed−of a1I smooth points in an a1gebraic variety X is written X。。g,which is an open set and not empty in X.When X is a smoothη一dimensi㎝a1a1gebraic variety,
for anyρ∈X,a m狐ima1idea1帆ρof Ox,ρis generated by regu1ar parameter system
{z1,_,z肌}。Then,there exists a su舐。iently sma11open neighborhood叫such that au z壱
(乞二1,_,η)are expand−ed to e1ements of r(σρ,0x)、If it is need−ed一,we choose叫to be
much more sma11er,and then.for any cIosed point q∈叫,the maximaI id−ea1mg ofOx,g is generated by{z1−z1(q)ゾ、.,z肌一zη(q)}.Then,{z1,一.、,z肌}is ca11ed a1oca1coor(1inate SySteIn On0,・Let X be an作d−imensiona1smooth a1gebraic varie七y,Let F⊂」X be a c1osed−subset.
The subset F is ca11ed a simp1e norma1crossing divisor if for eachρ∈F,there exist a regu1ar parameter system{z1,_,zη}of a1oca五ring Ox,ρand an integer0≦r≦ηsuch that an equation of F is expressed by z1_一命=0in an open neighborhood ofρ.Then,
each irreducibユe component of F b㏄omcs a smooth sub−variety whose co−dimension is1.
Let X be an n−d−imensiona1smooth a1geb士aic variety.Since X is separated,the diago−
na1morphism△x/sp、、c:X→X×sp。、cX is c1osed embedding・This means that theimage
△x/・。ec・(X)i・・1…d・ub一…i・tyi・X×・。。。・X・ndp・・j・・ti・n・ρ・パX・・。。。・X→X
(4・=1,2)induces an isomorphism△x/sp、、c(X)竺X(This is because the morphism
△x/sp,cc satis丘esργ 1o△x/specc=ρr2◎△x/specc=〃x・)・ Letエbe an id・ea1sheaf of Ox×、、、、、x朋sociated−t〇七he image△x/sp。。c(X).Since X is smooth,we血ay choose 1oca1coordinate system{z1,_,z肌}around−a c1osed−pointρ∈X.Then,we can re−
9・・d{ρ中ユ,...,バ・、,ρ伽,..。,ρ・奏・、}・・1…1・…di・・t・・y・t・m・・…d・・1…dp・i・t
(ρ,ρ)∈X×。。、、・X・・dth・id・・1もh・・fτi・1…11yg・n…t・dby伽芸・。一バ・・,_,パ・π一 ρ吋zη}around the point(p,ρ).In other word−s,we can say that it is1oca11y exprgssed by ho1omorphic functions.Thereforeエ/工㊥2can be regarded−as a1oca11y free sheaf(A sheaf ア。n a scheme X is1oca11y free means that for any p∈X,there exists a neighborhood い・・hth・・月σ、窒①λ、。0.1喝.).W・d・趾・th…t・・g・・t・h・・叫…(ρザ。)、(Z/エ㊥2),
which becomes1oca11y free sheaf of rankれ一The sheaf of d舐erentia1ρ一forms is d−e丘ned
Ω隻…〈ρΩ妄andωx:Ω隻…detΩ妄is ca11ed the canonica1sheaf,which becomes an
inve士tib1e sheaf(1oca11y free sheaf of rank1).For an arbi位ary given open setひ⊂X and a sectionσ∈F(ひ,0x),we have〃婁(σ)_〃王(σ)∈Z.Therefore we can de丘ne a.d−eriva七ion∂≡(〃1)、o(〃葦_ρ吋):0x→Ω妄,which satis丘es d(σ1+σ2)=dσ1+dσ2,
d(cσ1)=cdσ1an(i d(σ1σ2)=σ2dσ1+σ1dσ2for anyσ1,σ2∈F(ひ,0x),c∈C−For in−
stance,we obtain0:d(d(σ2))=d(2σ伽)=2∂σ〈dσwhere〈:Ω隻⑳oxΩ妄→Ω苧⑰and−
theexteriorderivatived:Ω妄→Ω苧1ca.nbedeinedsatisfyingd(σ1+σ2):dσ1+dσ2,
d(σ1〈σ2)二dσ1〈σ2+(一1)ρσ1〈dσ2forσ1∈I「(ひ,Ω隻),σ2∈r(ひ,Ω妄)・
We obseたve the space Spec(qε1/(ε2))・Which is the same as SpecC:{(0)}as a topo1ogica1space.Whose sheafis a1it元1e bit expanded byε,which means that secti㎝s
are express台d−byρ十εg andεc㎜be treated as in丘nitesima1.From this point of view,
we can regard Spec(C[ε]/(ε2))as vectors−For ea.ch c1osed−pointρ∈X,a tangent vector atρis a morphism∫:Spec(C[ε]/(ε2))→X such that the image of∫as a point set
becomesρ一There exists an open ieighborhood叫。fρsuch−that叫皇SpecA Let 肌ρbe the maxima1idea1of the ringλassociated to the c1osed pointρ.Th6morphism
∫:Sp・・(qε1/(三2))→叫豊Sp・・λ…b・t・…1・t・dby尤h・h・m・m・・phi・mア:λ→
C[ε]/(ε2)with∫(mρ)⊂(ε)、This transition gives us the idea that we can see a tangent
vector as a e1ement of Homc(肌、/肌言,C)≡η一町is caned−a tangent space andη…U{η1ρi・a cosed point of x}i・caI1ed a tangent sheaf・wb cau a sec七ion of the sheaf ηa ho1omorphic vector丘e1d.With using a1oca1coordinate system{z1,..。,zη},a hoユ。1morphic vector丘e1dξis wr批enξ=Σ二、仏名,where each〜is aユ。cauy deined h・1・m・・phi・f…ti・…d{者,…去}i・th・d・・1b・・i・・f{d・・ゾ・・フd・η}・
Let X,γbe a1gebraic varieties.For an open setひ≠⑦,we consider the fo11owing e♀uiva1ence c1as・:Uσ≠⑦Hom(ひ,γ)/〜
ヅ・一グ・
O構、続1㌫}}出。。、。、、1、■、、ごヅ、1晩.
Wecandeinearationa1maponanappropriateopensetbutnot onwho1eX−Apparent1y,
open sets on X are determined by Zariski topoIogy.
If a rationa1mapヅhas an inverse map as a rationa1map,wh三。h means that two rationa1mapsヅ,んare inverse maps each other ifroん,ん。r are equiva1ent to the identity
morphism,thenグis ca1Ied a birationa1map.If a morphism7r:X→γis a birationa1
map,7r is ca1!e(1a birationa}morphism,Then,there exists到n open setひ≠②such thatπ1σ:ひ斗π(ひ)becomes an isomorphic morphism.we ch◎ose the biggest open set among them,and we write itひ』ig.Th=e c1osed set亙 c(7r)≡X\σ』ig is ca11ed an exceptiona11ocus ofπ.If it is a divisor,it is ca11ed an exceptiona1dlivisor.Let(一X,0x)be a norma1projective varietγLet D=Σユ1φD乞(φ∈Z)be a W6i五 divisor,i.e.,each D乞is a prime divisor,which.means Dづis a sub−variety in X and its co−dimension is L Since X is norma1,that is,a1−dimensiona1Noether1oca1ring Ox,ρ壱is
DVR fo士a.ny generic point p{∈D乞,we ca.n de丘ne the order of zero points ordD、(ん)on−D乞
forho1omorphicfunctionん∈F(X,0x).Whenit is arationa1fmctionヅ:篭∈C(X)on
X,we de丘ne its ord.er of zero points on D乞by ordD壱(r)=ordD、(ヅ1)一〇rdD、(r2).For any
given rationa1function r,the number of prime divisors where ord−D、(グ)d−oes not become O is丘nite.Hence we may de丘ne the divisor of r as fo11ows:di・(ヅ)≡Σ・・d・壱(・)D1・
D{
A d−ivisor which becomes a divisor of a rationaI function is ca11ed a princip1e divisor.
De丘nition2.4.0=Σ乞dρ4(φ∈Z)is caued Cartier divisor on a norma1projective variety X if for anyρ∈X,七here exists an open neighborhood乙ら⊂X and a rationa1 f…ti・・町、…hth・tDlσ、=di・(〜、)・
Letγ,Z be norma1a1gebraic varieties and∫be a morphism betweenγand−Z.Let Dz be a Cartier d−ivisor on Z.If each irreducib1e component of Dz d−oes not contain
the image∫(γ),then we can de丘ne the pu11−back∫*Dz.From the de丘nition of Cartier divisor above,for each point,there exist an open neighborhoodひand a rationa1function ザσonσsuch that DzIσ :div(rσ)。 This te11s that it is副ppropri就e for us Ito d−e丘ne ア*Dz1∫_。(σ)=d−iv(町。∫)onプ1(ひ).Then a1so we have0γ(∫*Dz)呈∫*0z(Dz)、
Let X be a norma1projective variety and D be a Cartier divisor on X.We can
constructaninvertib1esheafassociatedtoD.Asheaf£iscaued−aninvertib1eshea.fif there exists a neighborhoodσfor each pointρ∈X such that£1σ隻0xlσ,where Ox is the structure sheaf of X.
For any open setひin X,we de丘ne
Ox(D)(ひ)二r(σ,0x(D))…{∫∈r(σ,片)l d−iv(プ)十Dlσ≧0},
where片is a.constant sheaf of the ra.tiona.1function丘e1d C(X),which mean−s that the
sheafみsatis丘es八(γ)=C(γ)foranyopensetsγ≠②inX.Then,sin−ceD is Cartier,
there exist an open neighborhoodσand a rationa1function rσsuch that Dlσ二div(ヅσ).
Th…f…w・h…di・(培)十di・(グひ)一di・(んひ)≧0f・…yんσ∈r(σコ0・),・・d
1
0x(D)1σ=一0xし⊂フ㍉1σ。
rひ
This means that Ox(D)is the associated invertib1e sheaf.
For an invertib1e sheaf9,a section of9⑳σx戸x is ca11ed−a rationa1section of9.Since g is a.1oca.uy free shea.f whose rank is1,for eachρ∈X,七here exists an open setσ⊂X such 七hat∫:91σ隻0xlσ.Therefore we have glぴ⑳ox■σみIひ皇0xlひ⑭ox1σみ1σ皇み1σ.
This indicates that we have the isomorphism∫:9⑱ox行呈み。Fo士a rationa1section 0≠θ∈F(X,9⑳oxみ),we de丘ne a zero divisor div(θ)by div(θ)Iひ=div(プ(θIσ)).
AWei1divisor D:Σ4dρ仏∈Z)isca11ede鉦ectiveifa11山≧O.Wesaytwodivisors
D,五are1inear1y equiva1ent ifD_亙becomes a princip1e divisor,which is written D〜五.
We next de丘ne the1inear system ofD:
lDl≡{亙1亙i・…丘・・ti・・di・i・・…ti・fyi・g亙〜D}・
Since X is norma王and.0is Ca」rtier,the1inear system l.01satis丘es
ρ1星P(∬o(X,0x(D)))=∬o(X,0x(D))\{O}/C*,
where∬0(X,0x(D))is the set composed−of a11g1oba1sections,which is aIso a11inear
sub−spa.ce ofthe ra.tiona.1function丘e1d C(X).
If there exists a positive integer m sucb that H0(X,0x(mD))≠0,the1inear system lmDl induces a rationa1map
亜一㎜。一:トー→Pd一利棚1,
where dim∬0(X,0x(mD))二d肌十1.
De丘nition2.5.Let X be an71−dimensiona1norma1projective variety and D be&Cartier divisor on X.The Iitaka−Kod−aira dimension of&pair(X,D)is d.e丘ned to be
κ(X,D)=max{dimIm(亜1mD,)}
m∈z〉o
,andκ(X,D)=一○c if there does not exist such positive integer m・Ad−ditiona11y,D is
・・11・dbigifκ(X,D)=肌.
Let X be a norma1projective varietγ Since X is norma1,singu1ar1ocus X,i㎎is a c1osed・set and its co−dimension is more than1(cod−imX,i㎎≧2),which is because Ox,ρis a1−dimensiona1Noether Ioca1norma1ring for any generic point jρof a prime divisor on X and−then Ox,p is a1so a regu1ar ring.This means that there is no divisor on X contains in X.ing.Therefore we have the iso平。rphism:Z1(X)皇Z1(X.eg),where X、、g≡X\X,i,g and Z1(X)is an ad−d−itive group composed−of au divisors on X.Since X工、g is smooth,
the sheaf of d雌erentia1forms()妄restricted on X、、g becomes a1oca11y free sheaf of rank η.When we choose&rationa1section0≠θx、、、∈r(X。。g,ωx、。、⑳ox、。、八),then its zer0 divisor div(θx、、、)is the canonica1d−ivisor Kx、、、of X。。g・Wさwrite Kx∈Z1(X)as the divisor associated to Kx、。、∈Z!(X。。g)This is ca11ed the canonica1divisor on X.When X is smooth,we say a Cartier div享sor D is the canon三。a1divisor if Ox(D)星ωx.
De丘nition2.6.A norma1projective variety X is Q−factoria.1if any prime d−ivisor on X
is Q−Cartier.
Remark2.1.We cantentheimportanceof1ettingX be Q−factoria1by1ooking at these
fa.cts be1ow:
●We camot consider the pu11−back ofdivisors which are mt Q−Cartier.
●We camot de丘ne anintersecti㎝㎜mberofadivisor and acurvefordivisorswhich
are not Q−Ca.rtier.Hence we caエ}not de丘ne nef d−ivisor,nuIIlerica.11y trivia。ユdivisor and so on,if it is not Q−Gartier.
●Wecamotde丘neIitaka−Kodairadimensio血,Kodairadimensionandnumerica1Iitaka−
Kodaira.dimension for divisors which are not Q−Gartier.
In ad−d−ition,we shou1d−know that a11divisors are Cartier on a smooth variety.
De丘nition2.7.Let X be a咋d−imentiona1norma1Q−factoria1projective variety and Kx be the canonica1divisor on X.Then the Kodaira dimension kod一(X)of X is d−e丘ned。七〇be
k・d(X):κ(X,Kx).
Let(M,0M)be anη一d−imensiona1compact norma1comp1ex am1市。 variety(It wi耳 be d−e丘ned−forma11y in sub−section2.2).The reason we concid−er M is that it has Zariski topo1ogy a.nd rea1topo1ogy,especia11y it is separated in rea1topo1ogγAnd one more thing we shou1d mention here is that in Goro1Iary2.2,we win see that we have the isomorphism 耳1(X,0})皇H1(Xん,0㍍)where X is a projective variety,Xんis an−associated−compact comp1ex ana1虹ic v肛iety.This means if we cou1d de丘ne the丘rst Chem c1ass on M一 Cit a1so can be de丘ned−on a norma1projective va』riety.
Letハ4i㎎be the set composed−ofau singu1ar points ofM.Letλ4.g:M \M;i㎎,wbich is a rea12η一dimensiona1connected,oriented and compact topo工。gica1smooth varietγ Since〃is norma1,rea1co−dlimension of仏i,g is more than1.Therefore,we may consider
the fundamenta1homo1ogy c1ass
ω…[M1∈H・、(M,Z)堅∬・肌(払、。,π)隻Z、
Hereωis ageneratorofH2肌(〃,Z).Wemayde丘nethetracemap H2n(M,Z)斗Zbythe
fund−amenta1homo1ogy c1ass and−which makes it possib1e to identify∬2η(M ,Z)with Z.
∬*(M「,Z)c狐be immed−iate1y regarded as a graded−ring(,which is actua11y commutative)
with unit e1ement by cup Product[ω!1U[ω21二[ω1Uω21∈∬*(M,Z)。H*(M ,Z)is ca11ed−
a singu1ar cohomo1ogy ring.We consider the exact sequence O→Z→,0M斗0㌦→O
where0㌦is the sheaf of mu1tip1icative group whose sections are ho1omorphic functions which never become0.This sequence induces the next exact sequence(As written in[GH],
we can con丘r皿the induced sequence becomes exa.ct by consid−ering Cさ。h cohomo1ogy groups.)
O → 亙。(M一,Z)→Ho(M一,0〃)→H0(M,0云4)
→ ∬1(M,Z)→∬1(M,0M)→∬1(M,0㌦)
斗H2(M ,Z)→.
Let g and£be invertib1e sheafs over M(They are a1so regard−ed as OM−mod−u1e de丘ned−
1ater.)、With usi㎎a tensor product of OM−modu1e9⑳oM∠二as an operation in the set of isomorphic c1asses of invertib}e sheafs,then it beco二mes狐Abe五ian group and which is written Pic(〃).Tb−e isomorphism H1(M ,0㌦)墨Pic(M.)、can be obtained−by consid−er三ng C6ch cohomo1ogy groups.This is because we can prove that if X is a separated−a1gebraic scheme,the sheafフ=is coherent,and the covering is an open a茄ne covering Z4,then these Cさ。h cohomo1ogy groups (α,ア)isomorphic to cohomo1ogy groups of sheafs de趾ed by taking the right d−erived−functors of the g1oba1section functor Hρ(X,フ=)、for any p≧
0.In genera1,Cさ。h cohomo王。gy may not give the same resu1t as七he derived−functor cohomo1ogy.lBut if we considerπ1,we can obtain仙e isomorphism even if we take the direct hmit1im一→H1(α,£)=:H1(X,£)over a11coverings of X.Therefore we have 亙1(Xコ∠:)皇亙1(X,ア).If X is a paracompact Hausd−or丘space,then these cohomo1ogy groups are isomorphic eadh other for anyp≧O.Which is why the1ong exactβequence above are obtained by observing G6ch cohomo1ogy groups.(cf.[Har1)The趾st Chem c1ass c1(9)can be de丘ned by the sequence above and the isomorphism:
∬1(M ,0㌦)皇Pic(M)∋9→c1(9)∈∬2(M,Z),
Now we can d−e丘ne an ihtersection number of a Cartier d.ivisor D and−i−d−imensiona1c1osed sub−varietyγas fo1iows:
(0M(D)グγ)…(c1(0M(D))U…∪c1(0M(D)))[γ1∈π,
∈H2壱(M,Z)
where U indicates cup product,0M(D)is an invertib1e sheaf associated to D and[γ1∈
∬2包(M一,Z)is the fundamenta1homo1ogy c1ass ofγ・Therefore,we can consider尤he丘rst Ghem c1ass and in七ersection number on a norma1projective variety as we11.
De丘nition2.8.Let X be a norma1projec也ve variety.A Cartier d−ivisor D on X is ca11ed nef−if we have(0x(D)・0)≧O for any curve O on X・
We de趾e anumerica11ytrivia1canonlca1divisor.
De丘nitio皿2−9.Let X be a norma1Q−factoria1projective variety.Canonica1divisor Kx is c&11ed numerica11y triviaいf we have(0x(Kx).0)三0for any curve O on X.
Now we d.e丘ne numericaHitaka−Kod−aira d−imension:
Let X be a norma1projective variety and−D be a nef Cartier divisor on X.Numerica.1 Iitaka−Kod−aira dimentioI1is deined as fo11ows:
μ(X,0x(D))…≡max{(0x(D)グγ)≠0},
{∈Z≧o
whereγ⊂X is an{一dimensiona1c1oseasub−va.riety.Ifcanonica1divisor Kx is numerica11y 七rivia1,we haveμ(X,0x(Kx))二〇.Add−itiona.11y,we introduce so皿e other de丘ni七ions apPeared in our main resu1ts.
De丘nition2.10.A projective Ga1abi−Yau variety is a norma1Q−factoria1projective va−
riety with numerica11y triviaI canonica1divisor.
Deinitiom−2.11.Let X be a norma1Q−factoria1projective variety.Let7r:X!→X be a reso1ution of singu玉arities and1et{亙}琴=1be the irreducib1e components of the exceptiona1 1ocus亙 c(π)ofπ一Then there exists a unique conectionφ∈Q such that
ρ
K・にπ*K・十Σα1風 ・
乞・=1
We say X has1og temina1singu1arities ifα{>一1for a11ゼ.Ifα{=0for a11i,thenπis ca11ed crepant.
Last1yコwe d−e丘ne the weak K或h1er−Ricci且。w on Ca1abi−Yau projective varieties with 1og termina1singu1arities.Let X be a norma1Q−factoria1projective variety andωbe a semi−positive c1osed(1,1)一form on X.We de丘ne P8∬(X,ω)to be the set of a11upper semi−co早tinuous functionsψ:X→卜。o,oo)such thatω十ρ∂∂ψ≧0.
De丘nition2.12.Let X be a norma1Q−factoria1projective Ca1abi−Yau variety with1og temina1singu1arities.Letωo be a rea1semi−positive c1osed(1,1)一form on X,positive and smooth on X、、g,equivaIent to the pu11−back of the Fubini−Study metric by a projective embedding of X.A fami1y bf rea1c1osed(1,1)一formsω(乏,.)∈[ωo]on X for t∈[0,oo)is
ca11ed−a solution of the wea」k K批1er−Ricci且。w if it sa.tisfie千fo11owing−cond−itions:
(1)ω(之,.)is positive and smooth on X、、g for広>O.Furthermore,we have ω=ωo+〉⊂了∂∂ψforso㎜一epotentia1ψ∈0oo(t0,oo)×X、、g)
and
ψ,・)∈P服(X,ω・)∩ム。o(X)f…1㍑∈[0,由)一
(2)
品ω(1)=一助(ω(t))・・[0,・・)・X。。。,
{
ω(0デ)=ω・ ・nX・