ታ૕⊛ኻ⽎ߦ߅ߌࠆㅢᤨ⊛ห৻ᕈߣౝ࿷⊛ᄌ ൻߪ޿߆ߥࠆᗧ๧ߢਔ┙น⢻ߥߩ߆ࠍ໧߁ޟౝ

(1)

ၯ₹ᄢቇ♿ⷐ㧔ᢎ㙃ቇㇱ㧕╙Ꮞ╙㧞ภ ᐕ

শଷȆఛ௽Ȇ୆଼

ȝ΋ίρͬ૬̩শଷا̳ͥȝ

Tense, Endurance and Becoming (1) : Tensing the Copula Seriously

ح! ౷! ఱ! ٚ^ɖ

Daisuke Kachi

ᐨ

ታ૕⊛ኻ⽎ߦ߅ߌࠆㅢᤨ⊛ห৻ᕈߣౝ࿷⊛ᄌ ൻߪ޿߆ߥࠆᗧ๧ߢਔ┙น⢻ߥߩ߆ࠍ໧߁ޟౝ

࿷ ⊛ ᄌ ൻ ߩ ໧ 㗴

(the problem of intrinsic

change)

ޠߦኻߒߡߪޔ੕޿ߦኻ┙ߒว߁ሽ࿷

⺰⊛┙႐߆ࠄ޿ߊߟ߆ߩኻಣᣇᴺ߇ឭ␜ߐࠇߡ

޿ࠆ

⁽¹⁾

ޕߘߩਛߢޔᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍዻᕈ߽ߒߊߪߘ ߩ଀␜ߦኻߔࠆ೽⹖⊛ୃ㘼߳ߣォൻߔࠆߎߣߦ ߘߩ⌒⋡ࠍ⷗಴ߐࠇߚ⚿ᨐߣߒߡޟ೽⹖ਥ⟵

(adverbialism)

ޠߣ๭߫ࠇࠆߎߣߩᄙ޿ޔ࡚ࠫ

ࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ㧔

M. Johnston

㧕߿ࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯

ࠥࡦ

(P. van Inwagen)

ࠄߩᣇᴺߦኻߒߡߪޔห

ᤨߦߒ߫ߒ߫ޔࠦࡊ࡜ߩᤨ೙ൻ߿଀␜ߩਃ㗄㑐 ଥൻߥߤޔ޿ߊߟ߆ߩ⇣ߥࠆ․ᓽߠߌ߇ߥߐࠇ ࠆ ޕ ߹ ߚ ᓐ ࠄ ߩ ೽ ⹖ ਥ ⟵ ߪ ޔޟ ⃻ ࿷ ਥ ⟵

(presentism)

ޠ ߦ ኻ ᛫ ߔ ࠆ ޟ ᳗ ㆙ ਥ ⟵

(eternalism)

ޠ ߦ ၮ ߠ ޿ ߡ ޔޟ ᑧ ⛯ ਥ ⟵

(perdurantism)

ޠ ߦ ኻ ᛫ ߔ ࠆ ޟ ⠴ ⛯ ਥ ⟵

(endurantism)

ޠࠍᱜᒰൻߔࠆᣇᴺߣߒߡ૏⟎

ߠߌࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߽ᄙ޿

⁽²⁾

ޕ

╩⠪ߪޔᓐࠄ㧔․ߦ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ㧕ߩᣇᴺߩ

ᩭᔃࠍࠦࡊ࡜ߩᤨ೙ൻߦ⷗಴ߒߚ߁߃ߢޔ⠴⛯

ਥ⟵ࠍᠩ⼔ߔࠆߚ߼ߩၮᧄ⊛ᣇ㊎ߣߒߡߘࠇࠍ ᡰᜬߔࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔᓐࠄ߇ౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߦ઻߁⍦

⋫ߩ࿁ㆱߣ޿߁⋡⊛ߦ㓸ਛߔࠆ޽߹ࠅޔࠦࡊ࡜

ߩᤨ೙ൻࠃࠅ߽ᤨὐᜰ␜ߩ೽⹖ൻߦᒝ⺞ὐࠍ⟎

޿ߚߎߣޔ߹ߚޔ 㧔․ߦࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߦ ߅޿ߡ㧕ࠦࡊ࡜ߘߩ߽ߩߩᝒ߃ᣇߦ໧㗴߇޽ࠆ ߎߣߥߤ߇ޔ޿ߊߟ߆ߩਇචಽߐ࡮ᦌᤒߐ߿ᷙ

ੂߩ߽ߣߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕߐࠄߦߎߩᣇ ᴺߪޔᔅߕߒ߽⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߢߪߥ޿ߦߒߡ߽ޔᤨ

೙ࠍሽ࿷⺰⊛ߦ㊀ⷞߔࠆޟᷓ޿ᤨ೙ൻ

(serious

tensing)

ޠߩ߭ߣߟߩᒻߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆߴ߈

ߢ޽ࠅޔᧄ᧪ߪ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߦ߻ߒࠈኻ┙ߔࠆᣇะ ᕈߩਛߦ૏⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆߴ߈ߛߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ

⁽³⁾

ޕ ╙ੑㇱ߹ߢ฽߼ߚᒰ⺰ᢥో૕ߩ⋡ᮡߪޔ ޟ⽾਎

⇇ห৻ᕈ

(transworld identity)

ޠߩ᭎ᔨ߿࠹ࠗ

࡜࡯

(R. Taylor)

ߩޟ⚐☴↢ᚑ

(pure becoming)

ޠ ߩ᭎ᔨࠍ߽េ↪ߒߥ߇ࠄޔᤨ೙ਥ⟵࡮⠴⛯ਥ⟵࡮

↢ᚑਥ⟵ࠍߢ߈ࠆߛߌᧄḮ⊛߆ߟ৻૕⊛ߦቯᑼ ൻߒޔᠩ⼔ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩߚ߼ߩḰ஻૞

ᬺߣߒߡޔ⺰ᢥో૕ߩ╙৻ㇱࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆᧄⓂߢ ߪޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦࠄߩ┙႐ࠍᎼࠆ਄ㅀߩࠃ߁ߥ

⻉⼏⺰ߦߟ޿ߡಽᨆߒߚᓟߦޔ⠴⛯ߦ↱᧪ߔࠆ

⁛․ߩࠦࡊ࡜⊛

de re

᭽⋧ߣߒߡᤨ೙ࠍⷙቯߔ ࠆޕߘࠇߦࠃߞߡ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦࠄࠃࠅ߽ᷓߊࠦ

ࡊ࡜ࠍᤨ೙ൻߒޔណ↪ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ޟᷓ޿ᤨ೙ਥ

⟵(serious tensism)ޠߩᒻࠍឭ␜ߒߚ߁߃ߢޔ ߘࠇߦၮߠߊౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿ᴺࠍᦨᓟ ߦᡷ߼ߡ⏕⹺ߔࠆޕ

㧖߆ߜ࡮ߛ޿ߔߌ

ၯ₹ᄢቇᢎ㙃ቇㇱᢎ᝼ޔືቇ

(2)

㧝

߹ߕޔౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߦኻߔࠆ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻

ࡦߩኻಣᴺࠍޔᓐߩ⺰ᢥޟᜬ⛯ߦ㑐ߒߡ૗߆໧

㗴߇޽ࠆ߆㧫ޠߦහߒߡ⏕⹺ߒࠃ߁

⁽⁴⁾

ޕ࡚ࠫࡦ

ࠬ࠻ࡦߪޔ଀߃߫㕍޿࠻ࡑ࠻߇⿒ߊߥࠆߥߤߩ

ౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߦ߅޿ߡޔ࠻ࡑ࠻ߣ޿߁ห৻ߩ୘૕

߇޿߆ߦߒߡ⋧ኈࠇߥ޿ᕈ⾰ࠍᜬߜ߁ࠆߩ߆ߣ

޿߁ޟౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻࠍ⽾ߊห৻ᕈߩ໧㗴

(the problem of identity through intrinsic

change)

ޠߣޔ଀߃߫㕍ߊ⦡Ⴃࠄࠇߚࡏ࡯࡞߇

⿒ߊ⦡Ⴃࠄࠇߡ޿ߚ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߣ޿߁ౝ࿷⊛

น⢻ᕈߦ߅޿ߡޔࡏ࡯࡞ߣ޿߁ห৻ߩ୘૕߇޿

߆ߦߒߡ⇣ߥࠆน⢻਎⇇ߦ߅޿ߡ⋧ኈࠇߥ޿ᕈ

⾰ࠍᜬߜ߁ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ޟ᭽⋧⊛ᄌ᭽ࠍ⽾ߊห

৻ᕈߩ໧㗴(the problem of identity through

modal variation)

ޠ㧔޿ࠊࠁࠆޟ⽾਎⇇ห৻ᕈߩ

໧㗴㧔the problem of trans-world identity㧕ޠ㧕 ߣߩਗⴕᕈ࡮㘃ૃᕈࠍᜰ៰ߒߚ߁߃ߢޔ޿ߕࠇ ߩ໧㗴߽৻⒳ߩᡆૃ໧㗴ߛߣਥᒛߔࠆޕߒߚ߇ ߞߡߘࠇࠄࠍ⌀ᱜߥືቇ⊛໧㗴ߣߒߡᝒ߃ߚ߁ ߃ߢߘߩኻಣᴺߣߒߡឭ␜ߐࠇࠆޔ

(1)න⒓ฬߩ

㑐ଥൻޔ

(2)

ㅀ⺆ߩ㑐ଥൻޔ

(3)㒢ቯ⹖ߩᢥṶ▚ሶ

ൻߣ޿߁ਃߟߩᣇᴺߩ޿ߕࠇࠍ߽ਇⷐߥേ߈ߣ ߒߡㅌߌࠆޕ

ߘߒߡޔ᭽⋧⊛ᄌ᭽ߦහߒߚᒻߢߘࠇࠄߦઍ ࠊߞߡᓐ߇ឭ␜ߔࠆߩ߇ޔ ޟ᭽⋧⊛ᄌ᭽ߩ໧㗴ߩ

⺆Ḯ⊛(eponymous)

⸃᳿ޠߣ๭߱ᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆޕ

ᓐ߇ޟ⺆Ḯ⊛ޠߣ⒓ߔࠆߩߪޔ ޟ᭽⋧

(modality)

ޠ ߣߪᧄ᧪ޔ ޟ‛߇ዻᕈߦኻߒߡ㑐ଥߠߌࠄࠇࠆ઀

ᣇ

(ways or modes)

ޠߦ㑐ㅪߔࠆ᭎ᔨߛߣ޿߁ὐ ߦᓐ߇⌕⋡ߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ଀߃߫ޟࠨࡓ ߇⃻ታ਎⇇

w

ߦ߅޿ߡߪᄥߞߡ޿ࠆ߇น⢻਎

⇇

v

ߦ߅޿ߡߪ∳ߖߡ޿ࠆޠߣ޿߁ߎߣߪޔ ޟࠨ

ࡓ߇ޔᄥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ዻᕈߦኻߒߡޡ⃻ታ਎

⇇⊛ߦ(in the actual world way)ޢ ޽ࠆ޿ߪ

ޡw

ߣ޿߁ᒻߢ

(in the w way)ޢ㑐ଥߠߌࠄࠇߡ޿

ࠆ߇ޔ

∳ߖߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ዻᕈߦኻߒߡߪޡ

㧔น⢻

਎⇇㧕v ߣ޿߁ᒻߢޢ㑐ଥߠߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޠߣ

޿߁ߎߣߣߒߡ⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆޕߘߒߡᓔޘߦߒߡ ߎ߁ߒߚ᭽⋧⊛㒢ቯߦ᭴ᢥ⺰⊛ߦኻᔕߔࠆߩߪ ޟ⃻ታߦ(actually)ޠޟv ⊛ߦ(

v-ly)ޠߥߤߩޟ೽

⹖

(adverb)

ޠߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆޕߎࠇ߇ޔ

ᓐߩ┙႐ࠍ⴫ߔฬ⒓ߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡߩޟ೽⹖ਥ

⟵ޠߩ↱᧪ߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߘߩ߁߃ߢޔᓐߪߎߩᣇᴺࠍ߽߁৻ᣇߩౝ࿷

⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߦ߽ㆡ↪ߒޔޟࠨࡓ߇ᤨὐ

t*ߦ߅

޿ߡߪᄥߞߡ޿ࠆ߇ᤨὐ

t

ߦ߅޿ߡߪ∳ߖߡ޿

ࠆޠߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍޔ ޟࠨࡓ߇ޔ

ᄥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁

ዻᕈߦኻߒߡ

ޡ

㧔ᤨὐ㧕

t*ߣ޿߁ᒻߢޢ

㑐ଥߠߌ ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔ∳ߖߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ዻᕈߦኻߒߡ ߪ

ޡ

㧔ᤨὐ㧕

t

ߣ޿߁ᒻߢޢ 㑐ଥߠߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޠ ߣ޿߁ߎߣߣߒߡ⸃㉼ߔࠆޕߘߒߡߎࠇࠄߩᒻ ኈ߽ޔ᭴ᢥ⺰⊛ߦߪޔޟ⃻࿷

(presently)

ޠޟt ⊛

ߦ(

t-ly)ޠߣ޿߁೽⹖ߦኻᔕߠߌࠄࠇࠆޕߎ߁ߒ

ߡޔᄌൻߩႎ๔ߦ߅ߌࠆᤨ㑆⊛㒢ቯߩౖဳߪޔ ޟㅀቯߩࠦࡊ࡜ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ೽⹖

(adverbs which modify the copula of predication)

ޠߢ޽ࠆߎߣ ߦߥࠆޕߘߒߡߎߩߎߣࠍࠃࠅືቇ⊛ߦ⴫⃻ߔ ࠆߥࠄ߫ޔ ޟᄌൻߩႎ๔ߦ߅ߌࠆᤨ㑆⊛㒢ቯߩᯏ

⢻ ߪ

ޡ

଀ ൻ ߩ 㑐 ଥ ࠍ ୃ 㘼 ߔ ࠆ

(modify the relation of instantiation)ޢ

ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޠߣ޿߁ ߎߣߦߥࠅޔ߹ߚᗧ๧⺰⊛ߦߪޔ ޟ

ޡa

ߪ

t

⊛ߦ

F

ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޢ ߇⸒⺆

L

ߦ߅޿ߡ⌀ߢ޽ࠆߩ ߪޔ

a

߇ㅀ⺆ޡ

F

ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޢࠍ㨠ߦ߅޿

ߡల⿷

L

ߔࠆ

(satisfy _L-at-t)

ߣ߈ߢ޽ࠆޠߣ޿߁ ᒻߢ⴫⃻ߢ߈ࠆ㧔ޟ㨠ߦ߅޿ߡల⿷

L

ߔࠆޠߪၮ

␆⊛ߥήቯ⟵⺆ߣߒߡ૏⟎ߠߌࠄࠇࠆ㧕ޕ

ߎߩࠃ߁ߥޟల⿷㑐ଥ޽ࠆ޿ߪ଀ൻ㑐ଥߩ⋧

ኻൻ

(relativizing)

ޠ߇వ߶ߤ᜼ߍߚޟ

(2)

ㅀ⺆ߩ

㑐ଥൻޠߦኻߒߡᜬߟ೑ὐߪޔ߹ߕ૗ࠃࠅ߽ዻ

ᕈߩౝ࿷ᕈࠍ଻ᜬߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔ

ߐࠄߦޔㅀ⺆ߩ㑐ଥൻߦࠃߞߡ‛ߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ

ߩ଀ൻߣ޿߁੐⽎߇ᤨ㑆ߩᵹࠇߦଐሽߒߥߊߥ

ߞߡߒ߹߁ߣ޿߁ ᔨޔߔߥࠊߜޔᧄ᧪ߩᗧ๧

(3)

ߢߩޟ‛ߩዻᕈߩᄌൻޠߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇ᄬࠊࠇߡ ߒ߹߁ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ᘷᘦ߆ࠄ఺ࠇࠆߎߣ ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡᓐߪޔ⚿ዪ ߩߣߎࠈޔౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻ߿᭽⋧⊛ᄌ᭽ࠍ⽾ߊห৻

ᕈߩ໧㗴߇޽ߚ߆߽⌀ߩ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߦ ᕁࠊࠇߚߩߪޔߎߩࠃ߁ߦ଀ൻ㑐ଥࠍ⋧ኻൻߢ ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᔓࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚ⚿ᨐߦߔ߉ߥ

޿ߣ⚿⺰ߔࠆޕߔߥࠊߜޔᤨ㑆⊛߅ࠃ߮᭽⋧⊛

㒢ቯߩޟ⺆Ḯ⊛ޠ↱᧪ߩᔓළߎߘ߇ޔᡆૃ໧㗴

ߩ⊒↢ߩේ࿃ߢ޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ

ᰴߦޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣ㘃ૃߒߚ⊒ᗐߦၮߠ޿

ߡ߿ߪࠅౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ࠍᡆૃ໧㗴ߣߒߡㅌ ߌࠆޔࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߩ┙႐ࠍޔᓐߩ⺰

ᢥޟᤨ㑆⊛ㇱಽߣㅢᤨ⊛ห৻ᕈޠߦහߒߡ⏕⹺

ߒࠃ߁

⁽⁵⁾

ޕᓐߪޔ

‘St. Pauls in 1850 was dingy.’

㧔ޟ

1850ᐕߩ࠮ࡦ࠻࡮ࡐ࡯࡞ኹ㒮ߪᳪ߆ߞߚޕޠ㧕

ߣ޿߁ᢥࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦಽᨆߔࠆ㧦

ߎߩᢥߦ߅޿ߡޔ

‘in 1850’

ߪ

‘was’

ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ೽⹖ߢ޽

ࠆ㧦޿ߟ࠮ࡦ࠻࡮ࡐ࡯࡞ኹ㒮ߪᳪ߆ߞߚߩ߆㧫

(When was St. Paul’s dingy?)

㧧ߣ߽޽ࠇޔ

1850

ᐕߦ߅޿ߡߢ޽

ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔߎߩᢥࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ᭴ㅧࠍᜬߟ‛ߣߒ ߡ⠨߃ࠆߎߣߪ⺋ࠅߢ޽ࠆ㧦

St.Paul’s in 1850 was

dingy

ਥ⺆

ㅪ૕ᒻኈ⺆ ࠦࡊ࡜

(

❬ㄉ

)

ㅀቯᒻኈ⺆

ਥㇱ ㅀㇱ ߘߩ᭴ㅧߪޔ߻ߒࠈᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧦

St. Paul’s in 1850

was dingy

ਥ⺆

೽⹖

ࠦࡊ࡜

ㅀቯᒻኈ⺆

ਥㇱ

ㅀㇱ

‘in 1850’

ߩࠃ߁ߥ⺆ฏߩ೽⹖⊛ᯏ⢻ࠍ⹺⍮ߖߕޔߘࠇࠄ

ߩ⺆ฏ߇ታ㓙ߦୃ㘼ߒߡ޿ࠆേ⹖ߩਥ⺆ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆᒻኈ

⺆ߩࠃ߁ߦߘࠇࠄࠍขࠅᛒ߁ືቇ⠪ߚߜߪޔ⑳߇೽⹖⾍

ઃ

(adverb-pasting)

ߣ๭߱⺋⻪ࠍ‽ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ߽ߒ߽ߔߴ ߡ೽⹖⾍ઃ⠪ߩ⥄↱ߦߥࠆߥࠄ߫ޔ޽ࠅߣ޽ࠄࠁࠆᄸᅱ ߥືቇ⊛໧㗴߇↥ߺ಴ߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ଀߃߫ޔ

ᰴߩᢥߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁㧦

ࠕ࡝ࠬߪޔᱜ㕙߆ࠄ⷗ࠆߣ㓙ߛߞߡ⟤ߒ޿߇ޔᮮ߆ ࠄ⷗ࠆߣᄢߒߡ⟤ߒߊߥ޿ޕ

ߎ߁ߒߡⷰὐࠍㅢߓߚห৻ᕈ

(cross-perspectival identity)

ߩ໧㗴ߩ⪚⧘߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧦㓙ߛߞߡ⟤ߒ޿ޟᱜ 㕙߆ࠄ⷗ࠄࠇߚࠕ࡝ࠬޠߣᄢߒߡ⟤ߒߊߥ޿ޟᮮ߆ࠄ⷗

ࠄࠇߚࠕ࡝ࠬޠߩ㑐ଥߪ૗߆㧫

ߎߎߢౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߦ㑐ߒߡޟ೽⹖⾍ઃ

⠪ޠߦᒰߚࠆߩ߇ޔᤨ㑆⊛ㇱಽ

(temporal parts)

ߣ๭߫ࠇࠆኻ⽎ߦࠃߞߡ᭴ᚑߐࠇࠆ৻⒳ߩᤨ㑆

⊛ᑧ㐳ߣߒߡߩޟᑧ⛯(perdurance)ޠߣ޿߁ᜬ

⛯᭎ᔨࠍឭ᩺ߒޔߘࠇߦၮߠ޿ߡౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ

໧㗴ࠍస᦯ߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆޟᲑ㓏ਥ⟵⠪

(stage theorist)

ޠ ޽ ࠆ ޿ ߪ ޟ

྾ ᰴ ర

ਥ ⟵ ⠪

(four-dimensionalist)

ޠߣ๭߫ࠇࠆੱߚߜߢ޽

ࠆޕࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߪޔᓐࠄߪ৻⒳ߩ೽

⹖ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆߴ߈ᤨὐᜰ␜⴫⃻ࠍ⺋ߞߚ ᒻߢᝒ߃ߚ⚿ᨐޔᡆૃ໧㗴ࠍ↥ߺ಴ߒߡߒ߹ߞ ߚߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻

ࡦߦ߅޿ߡ߽ޔߎࠇࠄߩᲑ㓏ਥ⟵⠪ߣ྾ᰴరਥ

⟵⠪ߦߘࠇߙࠇኻᔕߔࠆߩ߇ޔᓐ߇ਇⷐߥേ߈ ߣߒߡㅌߌߚޟ

(1)න⒓ฬߩ㑐ଥൻޠߣޟ(2)

ㅀ⺆

ߩ㑐ଥൻޠߣ޿߁ᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆ

⁽⁶⁾

ޕߒߚ߇ߞߡߎ ߩੑੱߪޔᡆૃ໧㗴ߩ⚿ᨐ↥ߺ಴ߐࠇߚਇㆡಾ

ߥᜬ⛯᭎ᔨߣߒߡᑧ⛯ߣ޿߁᭎ᔨࠍㅌߌࠆߎߣ ߦࠃࠅޔᢙ⊛ߦห৻ߥਃᰴర⊛ኻ⽎߇⇣ߥࠆᤨ

ὐ ߦ

ᷰ

ߞ ߡ ሽ ࿷ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ߣ ߒ ߡ ߩ ޟ ⠴ ⛯

(endurance)

ޠߣ޿߁ᧄ᧪ߩᜬ⛯᭎ᔨࠍᠩ⼔ߔ

ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢ౒ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕ

(4)

㧞

਄ߢ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߥ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗ

ࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߩ┙႐ߦኻߒߡߪޔ⾥ุ޿ߕࠇߩ஥

߆ࠄ߽ᄙߊߩ෻ᔕ߇␜ߐࠇߚ߇ޔ෻ᔕߒߚ⠪ߦ ࠃߞߡ߆ߥࠅߘߩᕈᩰઃߌ߇⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆޕࠫ

࡚ࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ߇਄ߩ┙႐ࠍឭ␜ߒߚඳ჻⺰ᢥߩࠬ

࡯ࡄ࡯ࡧࠔࠗࠩ࡯ߢ߽޽ߞߚ࡞ࠗࠬ

(D. Lewis)

ߪޔ

1988ᐕߩ⺰ᢥޟ☸ሶߩౣ㈩⟎㧦ࡠ࠙߳ߩ࿁

╵ޠߩ⸼(1)

ߦ߅޿ߡޔ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ᛕ್ߔࠆౝ࿷⊛

ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߩ╙৻ߩ⸃᳿ᴺߩޟ೽⹖⊛ᄌ⒳

(‘adverbial’ variant)

ޠߣߒߡࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯

(S.

Haslanger)

ߩᣇᴺࠍ⚫੺ߒޔߘࠇߣޟዋߥߊߣ

߽น⢻ᕈߣߒߡޠห㘃ߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ┙႐ ߣߒߡ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߩ┙႐ࠍ૏⟎ߠߌߚ

⁽⁷⁾

ޕߘ ߩޟ╙৻ߩ⸃᳿ᴺޠߣߪޔዻᕈࠍᤨ㑆ߦኻߔࠆ 㑐ଥߣߒߡౣ⸃㉼ߔࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠅޔࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ

࡯ߩ┙႐߇ߘߩ৻ᄌ⒳ߢ޽ࠆߣ࡞ࠗࠬ߇⠨߃ࠆ ߩߪޔᤨ㑆ߦኻߔࠆ㑐ଥᕈࠍዻᕈߘߩ߽ߩߦߢ ߪߥߊޔዻᕈࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁㑐ଥߦ⚵ߺㄟ߻߆ࠄ ߢ޽ࠆޕߔߥࠊߜߎߩ┙႐ߢߪޔ଀߃߫ޟ⑳ߪ

޽ࠆᤨὐ

t

ߦ߅޿ߡ⋥┙ߒߡ޿ࠆޠߣ޿߁๮㗴 ߪޔ⑳࡮ᤨὐ

t

࡮⋥┙ߣ޿߁ਃ㗄㑆ߢߩ㑐ଥᚑ

┙ࠍਥᒛߔࠆ๮㗴ߣߒߡ⸃㉼ߐࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ ߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߎߩᓟ⹦ߒߊㅀߴࠆߎߣߦߥࠆⷰὐ߆ࠄ߭ߣ ߟ⥝๧ᷓ޿ߩߪޔ࡞ࠗࠬߪޔห⺰ᢥߩ⛯ߊ⸼(2) ߢޔᓐ߇ᛕ್ߔࠆ╙ੑߩᣇᴺߦኻߒߡ߽೽⹖⊛

ᄌ⒳߇޽ࠆߣߒߡޔࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈ

(M. Hinchliff)

ߩ┙႐ࠍ⚫੺ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ

⁽⁸⁾

ޕ╙ੑߩᣇ ᴺߣߪޔ⌀ᱜߥᤨὐߪ⃻࿷ߒ߆ߥ޿ߣ⠨߃ࠆߎ ߣߦࠃߞߡౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ⍦⋫ࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆޔ޿ࠊ ࠁࠆ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߦၮߠߊᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔㅢᏱߩ⃻

࿷ਥ⟵ߪㆊ෰߿ᧂ᧪ߩᤨὐࠍޟઍ↪⊛ᤨὐ

(ersatz time)

ޠߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅߘߩࠃ߁ߥ

ᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈߣ⃻࿷ߦ߅ߌࠆ㕖ਔ┙⊛ߥዻ ᕈߣߩᚲ᦭ࠍ޿ߕࠇ߽น⢻ߥࠄߒ߼ࠆߩߦኻߒޔ ߎߩ┙႐ߢߪㆊ෰߿ᧂ᧪ߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈߩᚲ᦭ࠍޔ

ᤨ㑆⊛ߦୃ㘼ߐࠇߚᒻߢߩޔ⃻࿷ߦ߅ߌࠆᚲ᦭

ߣ⷗ߥߔߎߣߦࠃࠅޔ⋧⍦⋫ߔࠆዻᕈߩਔ┙ࠍ น⢻ߦߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߎࠇࠄߦኻߒ࡞ࠗࠬߪޔ╙৻ߢ޽ࠇ╙ੑߢ޽

ࠇޔ೽⹖⊛ߦୃ㘼ߐࠇߚᒻߢߩዻᕈᚲ᦭߇┵⊛

ߥዻᕈᚲ᦭ߦኻߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ଥࠍᜬߟߩ߆ ߇ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ߣ޿߁ὐࠍ໧㗴ⷞߔࠆޕߘߒߡ╙

৻ߩᄌ⒳߽⚿ዪߩߣߎࠈᤨὐ߳ߩ㑐ଥࠍ฽߻ὐ ߢ৻ᤨ⊛ౝ࿷ᕈ⾰ߩᚲ᦭ࠍุቯߔࠆߎߣߣߥࠅޔ

╙ੑߩᄌ⒳߽⃻࿷એᄖߩᤨὐࠍ⹺߼ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ ὐߦ߅޿ߡޟᜬ⛯ޠߣޟᄌൻޠࠍุቯߒߡ޿ࠆ ߚ߼ޔߘࠇߙࠇᧄ⾰⊛ߦㅢᏱߩ㑐ଥਥ⟵ޔ⃻࿷

ਥ⟵ߩ໧㗴ὐࠍస᦯ߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߣᓐߪᢿቯߔࠆޕ ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ޔᓐ߇⸒߁ߣߎࠈߩ╙ਃߩ┙႐ߣߒ ߡߩᲑ㓏ਥ⟵ߩ┙႐߆ࠄ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡧࠔ ࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߩᣇᴺࠍᛕ್ߒߚߩߦኻߒޔ ߘߩᣇᴺߦ⾥ᚑߔࠆ┙႐߆ࠄᝒ߃ߚߩ߇ࡠࡦࡃ

࡞࠼

(L. B. Lombard)

ߢ޽ࠆ

⁽⁹⁾

ޕ߹ߚޔ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ ޟ೽⹖⊛ᄌ⒳ޠߣ޿߁↪⺆ߢᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍ೽⹖ൻ ߔࠆߣ޿߁ὐࠍᓐࠄߩᣇᴺߩ․ᓽߣߒߡᒝ⺞ߒ ߚߩߦኻߒޔࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߪޔዻᕈߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߣ ዻᕈࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁᭎ᔨࠍ඙೎ߔࠆߣߎࠈߦੑੱ

ߩᣇᴺߩਥߚࠆ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ޔߘࠇࠍޟ଀

␜⸃ᴺ

(exemplification-solution)

ޠߣ๭ࠎߛ

⁽¹⁰⁾

ޕ ᓐߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ଀߃߫ޟ⿒ߐޠߣ޿߁ዻᕈߪ㑐ଥ ߢߪߥߊᕈ⾰ߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔޟ଀␜ޠߪ㑐ଥߢ޽ࠅޔ ޟ⿒ߐࠍᜬߟޠߪ㑐ଥ⊛ዻᕈߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡࠫ

࡚ࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߦࠃࠆ⸃ᴺ ߩ⌒⋡ߪޔዻᕈࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁㑐ଥࠍੑ㗄㑐ଥߢ ߪߥߊޔ‛ߣዻᕈߣᤨὐߣ޿߁ਃ㗄ߩ㑆ߦᚑ┙

ߔࠆਃ㗄㑐ଥߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡౝ࿷⊛

ᄌൻ߇ሺ߻⍦⋫ࠍ࿁ㆱߒߚߎߣߦ޽ࠆߣᓐߪ⠨

߃ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߒ߆ߒߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⠨߃ࠆߣޔ ޟ೽⹖⊛ߦୃ㘼ߐ ࠇߚᒻߢߩዻᕈᚲ᦭߇┵⊛ߥዻᕈᚲ᦭ߦኻߒߡ ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ㑐ଥࠍᜬߟߩ߆߇ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ޠߣ޿

߁వ߶ߤ␜ߒߚࠃ߁ߥ࡞ࠗࠬߩᛕ್ࠍᶎ߮ࠆߎ

(5)

ߣߦߥࠆ߇ޔߘࠇߦኻߒߡࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߪᰴߩࠃ ߁ߦ╵߃ߡ޿ࠆ

⁽¹¹⁾㧦

ߚߒ߆ߦޔޟ଀␜ޠߪᤨ㑆⊛ߦ⋧ኻൻߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔߜࠂ ߁ߤ޿߆ߥࠆ‛߽ߚߛනߦޟ̖ࠃࠅ⢛߇㜞޿ޠߣ޿߁ߎ ߣߪߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦޔ޿߆ߥࠆ‛߽ߚߛනߦዻᕈࠍ଀␜ߔࠆ ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒ޽ࠆᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡ૗߆߇⿒ߐ ߦኻߒߡߘߩ㑐ଥࠍᜬߟߣ߈ޔߘߩ‛߇ߘߩᤨὐߦ߅޿

ߡ㑐ଥࠍᜬߟߩߪ┵⊛ߥ⿒ߐߦኻߒߡߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡߘ ߩᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡޔߘࠇߪߚߛනߦ⿒޿ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߘߒߡࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߪޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥޟ଀␜⸃ᴺޠ ߪޔ޿ࠊࠁࠆޟᤨ㑆⊛ㇱಽޠࠍዉ౉ߔࠆߎߣߥ ߊౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߦኻಣߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢޔ

⠴⛯ਥ⟵ߣ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߣࠍਔ┙ߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߎߩ⸃ᴺߩ㐳ᚲࠍ⷗಴ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߎߎߢ⥝๧ᷓ޿ߩߪޔࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼߇਄ߩࠃ߁ ߥ⺰ὐࠍឭ␜ߒߚߩ߇ޔ ޟ৻ᤨ⊛ౝ࿷ᕈ⾰ߩ໧㗴 ߦኻߔࠆࡠ࠙ߩᣇᴺޠߣ㗴ߔࠆ⺰ᢥߦ߅޿ߡߢ

޽ࠅޔߘߩ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞߆ࠄ߽┍߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔᓐ߇ ޟ଀␜⸃ᴺޠߩᄌ⒳ߛߣ⠨߃ࠆࡠ࠙

(E. J. Lowe)

߅ࠃ߮ࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߩᣇᴺࠍᛕ್ߔࠆߣ޿߁⋡

⊛ߩ߽ߣߢߢ޽ߞߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ

⁽¹²⁾

ޕࡠ࠙ߪޔవ

߶ߤ⚫੺ߒߚ࡞ࠗࠬߩ⺰ᢥߦኻߔࠆᔕ╵⺰ᢥ

ޟౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴㧦࡞ࠗࠬ߳ߩᔕ╵ޠߦ߅޿

ߡޔ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ߘߩ⺰ᢥߩ⸼(1)ߢ⚫੺ߒߚࡂࠬ࡜

ࡦࠟ࡯㧔߅ࠃ࡚߮ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ㧕ߩᣇᴺࠍᠩ⼔ߔ ࠆߣหᤨߦޔߘߩᣇᴺ߇ዻᕈߩᚲ᦭ࠍ৻⒳ߩਃ

㗄㑐ଥߣ⷗ߥߔߎߣߛߣਥᒛߔࠆవ߶ߤ␜ߒߚ ࠃ߁ߥ࡞ࠗࠬߩ⸃㉼ࠍਇㆡಾߛߣߒߡޔᰴߩࠃ ߁ߦᛕ್ߒߚ

⁽¹³⁾㧦

ᒻࠍ ᜬߟ㧔଀ൻߔࠆޔ଀␜ߔࠆ㧕ߎߣ߇ᤨὐߦ㑐ଥߒ ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪޔੑ㗄㑐ଥߩᚑ┙߇ᤨὐߦ㑐ଥߒߡ

޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ߞߡޔߘߩ㑐ଥ㗄ߩ߭ߣߟ߇ᤨὐߢ

޽ࠆࠃ߁ߥਃ㗄㑐ଥ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪߥ޿ޕ

࡞ࠗࠬߩᵈ㉼ߪޔ⸃ᴺ

(ii)

ߦࠃࠆޔޟ

t

ߦ߅޿ߡޠߩ೽⹖⊛

㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪㅀ⺆ୃ㘼⺆⊛

(predicate modifier)

㧕⾗ᩰࠍᱜ ᒰߦ⸃㉼ߒ៊ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ̖㧔ਛ⇛㧕

̖ߣ޿߁ߩ߽ޔߘࠇ߇ታ㓙ߦਥᒛߔࠆߩߪޔ޽ࠆ‛߇ᒻ ߠߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ

(being shaped)

ߣ޿߁ߎߣ⥄૕߇ᤨὐߦ ኻߔࠆ㑐ଥࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ߞߡޔ޽ࠆ‛߇ ᒻߠߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ޔ৻ㇱߦߪޔߘߩ‛߇ᤨ

ὐߦኻߒߡ㑐ଥࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪ ߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕߘࠇࠁ߃ޔ⸃ᴺ

(ii)

ߩᡰᜬ⠪ߪޔኻ⽎

a

߇ᤨὐ

t

ߦ߅޿ߡߪᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ߇ᤨὐ

t’

ߦ߅޿ߡߪ⌀

ߞ⋥ߋߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߩή⍦⋫ᕈࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆ㓙ߦޔߘ ࠇ߇ਥᒛߔࠆߩߪޔ

a

߇ᦛ߇ߞߚᒻࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ ߎߣߪ

t

ߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߔࠆ৻ᣇޔ

a

߇⌀ߞ⋥ߋߥᒻࠍᜬ ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ

t’

ߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ

޽ࠆߣ⸒޿ߚ޿ߛࠈ߁ޕ

ߟ߹ࠅࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߣࡠ࠙ߪޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߩ ᣇᴺࠍᠩ⼔ߒߡޔ࡞ࠗࠬߦࠃࠆߘߩᛕ್߇ᅷᒰ ߢߥ޿ߎߣࠍਥᒛߔࠆὐߢߪ౒ㅢߒߡ޿ࠆߩߛ ߇ޔࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߪߘߩᣇᴺࠍ଀␜㑐ଥߩਃ㗄ൻ ߣߒߡ⸃㉼ߔࠆὐߢߪ࡞ࠗࠬߦ⾥ᚑߒߡ޿ࠆߩ ߦኻߒޔࡠ࠙ߪߘ߁ߒߚ⸃㉼ߪޟ

ޡt

ߦ߅޿ߡޢ ߩ೽⹖⊛㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪㅀ⺆ୃ㘼⺆⊛㧕⾗ᩰࠍ⌀೶

ߦ⸃㉼ߒ៊ߥߞߡ޿ࠆޠ⚿ᨐߛߣߒߡᛕ್ߒߡ

޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕవ߶ߤ߽␜ໂߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔࡠࡦ

ࡃ࡞࠼߇ߎߩᣇᴺߩ๭⒓ߩਛߦޟ೽⹖ޠߣ޿߁

ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ࠍ޽߃ߡ౉ࠇߕޔ

ޟ଀␜⸃ᴺޠߣ๮ฬ ߒߚߩ߽ޔ߅ߘࠄߊߎ߁ߒߚ⋧㆑ߩ෻ᤋߛߣᕁ ࠊࠇࠆޕ

ߘߒߡࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߣࡠ࠙ߩ⋧㆑ߦ⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠃ ߁ߥ⸃㉼ߩੑ⟵ᕈ߇┵⊛ߥᒻߢ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ޔ

ࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬ(T. Merricks)

ߩ⺰ᢥޟ⠴⛯ߣਇน⼂

೎ᕈޠߦ߅޿ߡߢ޽ࠆ⁽¹⁴⁾

ޕࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߪޔౝ࿷

⊛ᕈ⾰ߩ໧㗴ߦኻߔࠆ⸃ᴺࠍਃ⒳㘃ߦಽ㘃ߒߚ ਛߢޔ╙৻ߩ⸃ᴺߩઍ⴫⠪ߣߒߡࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦ ࡢ࡯ࠥࡦࠍ᜼ߍޔ╙ੑߩ⸃ᴺߩઍ⴫⠪ߣߒߡࡂ

ࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߣ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦࠍ᜼ߍߚޕߟ߹ࠅࡧ

ࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߣ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦࠍห㘃ߣ⠨

(6)

߃ߚࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߦޔਔ⠪߇⇣ߥࠆ⸃

ᴺࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߣࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߪ⸃㉼ߒߚߩߢ

޽ࠆ

⁽¹⁵⁾

ޕ

ᓐߩಽᨆߦࠃࠆ╙৻ߩ⸃ᴺߣߪޔ ޟߔߴߡߩዻ ᕈߪታ㓙ߦߪᤨὐߦኻߔࠆ㑐ଥߢ޽ࠆޠߣ⠨߃ ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠆ⸃ᴺߢ޽ࠅޔ଀߃߫(1)ޟᤨὐ

t

ߦ ߅ߌࠆኻ⽎

O

ߣᤨὐ

t’ߦ߅ߌࠆኻ⽎O

ߪห৻ߢ

޽ࠆޠ

(2)

ޟᤨὐ

t

ߦ߅ߌࠆኻ⽎

O

ߪᦛ߇ߞߡ޿

ࠆޠ

(3)

ޟᤨὐ

t’

ߦ߅ߌࠆኻ⽎

O

ߪ⌀ߞ⋥ߋߢ޽

ࠆޠߣ޿߁ਃߟߩ೨ឭߦ࡜ࠗࡊ࠾࠶࠷ߩห৻⠪

ਇน⼂೎ߩේℂࠍㆡ↪ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ߽ߚࠄ ߐࠇࠆޟᤨὐ

t

ߦ߅ߌࠆኻ⽎

O

ߪᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ ߣหᤨߦᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ޠߣ޿߁⍦⋫ࠍޔ ޟኻ⽎

O

ߪ

t

ߦኻߒߡߪޡ̖ߦ߅޿ߡᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޢ ߣ޿߁㑐ଥࠍᜬߟ߇ޔt’ ߦኻߒߡߪޡ̖ߦ߅޿

ߡ⌀ߞ⋥ߋߢ޽ࠆޢߣ޿߁㑐ଥࠍᜬߟޠߣ⸃㉼

ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ࿁ㆱߔࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚᓐ ߪޔߘߩᣇᴺߦ㘃ૃߒߚ⸃ᴺߣߒߡޔ ޟߔߴߡߩ ዻ ᕈ ߪ ታ

㓙

ߪ ᤨ ὐ 㧙 ᜰ ᮡ ൻ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ޿ ࠆ

(time-indexed)

ޠߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠆ⸃ᴺ߽᜼

ߍߡ޿ࠆޕߎߩ⸃ᴺߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ਄ߩ⍦⋫ߪޔ

ޟኻ

⽎

O

ߪ㧨t ߦ߅޿ߡᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ

(bent-at -t)㧪

㧔ߣ޿߁ዻᕈࠍᜬߟ㧕ߣหᤨߦ㧨t’ߦ߅޿ߡᦛ ߇ߞߡ޿ߥ޿㧪㧔ߣ޿߁ዻᕈࠍᜬߟ㧕ޠߣ޿߁ᒻ ߢ࿁ㆱߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ

ߎࠇࠄዻᕈߩ㑐ଥൻߣᜰᮡൻߣ޿߁ੑ⒳㘃ߩ

╙৻ߩ⸃ᴺߦኻߒߡޔࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߪ╙ੑߩ⸃ᴺ ࠍޟ೽⹖ਥ⟵ޠߣ๭߮ޔ ޟኻ⽎߇ዻᕈࠍᜬߟᣇᴺ 㧔ߒ߆ߒዻᕈߘߩ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿㧕ߪޔᤨὐߦࠃ ߞߡୃ㘼ߐࠇࠆޠߣ⠨߃ࠆ┙႐ߛߣ⸃⺑ߒߡ޿

ࠆ

⁽¹⁶⁾

ޕߎߩ┙႐ߪޔవ߶ߤߩਃߟߩ೨ឭߩ߁ߜ

╙ੑޔ╙ਃ೨ឭࠍߘࠇߙࠇ

(2)’

ޟ

O

ߪ

t

⊛ߦ

(in a t-ly way)ᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠ(3)’

ޟ

O

ߪ

t’

⊛ߦ

(in a

t’-ly way)ᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ޠߣ⸃㉼ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃ

ࠅޔޟኻ⽎

O

ߪ㧨t ⊛ߦ(in a

t-ly way)ᦛ߇ߞߡ

޿ࠆ㧪ߣหᤨߦ㧨

t’

⊛ߦ

(in a t’-ly way)ᦛ߇ߞ

ߡ޿ߥ޿㧪ޠߣ޿߁ᒻߢ⍦⋫ࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆߣߐࠇ

ࠆޕ

਄ߩࠃ߁ߥࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߩಽ㘃ߪ߹ߐߒߊޔᒰ

⹥ߩ⸃ᴺߩ․ᓽࠍߘࠇߙࠇޟ㧔ਃ㗄㧕㑐ଥൻޠߣ

ߒߡᝒ߃ࠆࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߣޟ೽⹖ൻޠߣߒߡᝒ߃ ࠆࡠ࠙ߣߩ⋧㆑ߦኻᔕߔࠆߣ⸒߃ࠆޕߚߛޔࡠ ࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߣࡠ࠙߇ߘࠇߦ⾥ᚑ⊛┙႐߆ࠄ⺰ߓߚ ߩߣኻᾖ⊛ߦޔߐࠄߦᲑ㓏ਥ⟵ߦၮߠ޿ߡߘࠇ ࠍᛕ್ߒߚ࡞ࠗࠬߣ߽⇣ߥࠅޔࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߪ⃻

࿷ਥ⟵ߩ┙႐߆ࠄ޿ߕࠇߩ⸃ᴺࠍ߽ᛕ್ߒߚޕ

╙৻ߩޟ㧔ਃ㗄㧕㑐ଥൻޠߦࠃࠆ⸃ᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆߘ ߩᛕ್ℂ↱ߪޔࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬ߇⸃ᴺߦᦸ߹ࠇࠆ᧦

ઙߣߒߡឝߍࠆ৾ߟߩⷐઙߩ߁ߜߩᰴߩ╙৻ⷐ ઙߦ෻ߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆ⁽¹⁷⁾㧦

(i)

⸃ᴺߪޔޟᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠߥߤߩ㕖

-

ᤨὐ

-

ᜰᮡ⊛

(non-time-indexed)

߆ߟ㕖㑐ଥ⊛ߥዻᕈߩ଀␜ࠍ⸵ኈ ߔࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆޕ

╙ੑߩޟ೽⹖ൻޠߣߒߡߩ⸃ᴺߪߎߩⷐઙࠍ

ḩߚߔߣหᤨߦޔ

ޟ㑐ଥൻޠߩ⸃ᴺߣߣ߽ߦᰴߩ

ⷐઙ߽ḩߚߒߡ޿ࠆޕߒ߆ߒᓐߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ޿ߕ

ࠇߩ⸃ᴺ߽ߘߩḩߚߒᣇߦ໧㗴ߥߒߣߪ⸒߃ߥ

޿

⁽¹⁸⁾㧦

(ii)

⸃ᴺߪޔኻ⽎߇㧔଀߃߫ޟᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠߣޟᦛ߇

ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ޠߥߤߩ㧕⋧⵬⊛

(complementary)

ዻᕈࠍ

଀␜ߔࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠅᓧࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍุቯߔߴ߈ߢ޽

ࠆޕ

ߣ޿߁ߩ߽ޔ޿ߕࠇߩ⸃ᴺ߽ߎߩⷐઙࠍḩߚߔ ߦᒰߚߞߡޟ⍦⋫ࠍᒁ߈⿠ߎߔࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆ ࠃ߁ߥ⌀ߩᄌൻࠍุቯߔࠆޠߣ޿߁ࠦࠬ࠻ࠍ઻

߁ߩߢޔߘࠇࠄࠍޟήఘߢ

(for free)

ޠㆱߌࠆߎ

ߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ޽ࠇ߫ㆱߌߚᣇ߇ᦸ߹ߒ޿ߣᓐ

ߪ⠨߃ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡ߹ߐߒߊᓐ߇ାᄺ

ߔࠆߣߎࠈߩޟ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ޠߎߘ߇ߘ߁ߒߚήఘ

ߩ࿁ㆱᣇᴺࠍឭଏߒߡߊࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇ޔᓐߩ

(7)

ᒰ⺰ᢥߦ߅ߌࠆ⿰ᣦߥߩߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩᛕ್ߦߟ

޿ߡߪޔᧄⓂਛߩᓟߩㇱಽߢᬌ⸛ߔࠆޕ ߘߒߡޔࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߣห᭽ߦޟ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ޠߩ

ⷰὐ߆ࠄ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ

ߩᣇᴺࠍᛕ್ߒߚ⚿ᨐޔᓐࠄࠍ⥄Ꮖߦᢜኻߔࠆ ޟ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ޠߩ㒯༡ߦ㈩⟎ߒߚߩ߇ࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈ ߢ޽ࠆ

⁽¹⁹⁾

ޕᓐߪޔౝ࿷⊛ዻᕈࠍኻ⽎ߣᤨ㑆ߩ㑐 ଥ߳ߣㆶరߔࠆࡔ࡜࡯

(D. H. Mellor)

ߦઍ⴫ߐ ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥޟ㑐ଥ⊛⸃ᴺ

(relational solution)

ޠ ߩᄌ⒳ߣߒߡᓐࠄࠍࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ޔࡈࠜ࡯ࡉ࠭

(G. Forbes)

ߣ ߣ ߽ ߦ ޟ 㑐 ଥ ൻ ᄌ ⒳

(relativization variant)

ޠߣ޿߁┙႐ߣߒߡ૏

⟎ߠߌޔߘߩਛߢޔኻ⽎ߣ㑐ଥൻߐࠇߚዻᕈ

(relativized preoperty)

ߣᤨὐߣߩ㑆ߦᚑ┙ߔ ࠆήቯ⟵⊛ߥਃ㗄଀␜㑐ଥࠍዉ౉ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃ ߞߡᤨὐߦኻߔࠆ଀␜ߩ㑐ଥൻࠍ⋥ធ⊛ߦⴕ߁ ߣߎࠈߦੑੱߩ․ᓽࠍ⷗಴ߒߚޕ

ߘߩ߁߃ߢᓐߪߎࠇࠄੑߟߩ┙႐ࠍࠢࡢࠗࡦޔ

ࠣ࠶࠼ࡑࡦޔࠬࡑ࡯࠻ޔࠕ࡯ࡓࠬ࠻ࡠࡦࠣޔ࡞

ࠗ ࠬ ߦ ࠃ ߞ ߡ

ઍ ⴫

ߐ ࠇ ࠆ ޟ ᑧ ⛯ ⸃ ᴺ

(perdurance solution)

ޠߣߣ߽ߦޟ⋥ⷰߦ෻ߔ ࠆℂ⺰ޠߛߣߒߡᛕ್ߒޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥ෻⋥ⷰ⊛

ߥℂ⺰ࠍឭ␜ߐߖߚේ࿃ߣߒߡᓐ߇⠨߃ࠆߣߎ ࠈࠍᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ

⁽²⁰⁾㧦

⑳߇ᕁ߁ߦޔߎࠇࠄߩ෻⋥ⷰ⊛ߥℂ⺰ߩ޿ߕࠇ߆ࠍណ↪

ߔࠆੱߚߜ߇ߘ߁ߔࠆℂ↱ߪޔᓐࠄ߇ᤨ㑆ߩᒻ⠰਄ቇߦ ߟ޿ߡߩ౒ㅢߩ⷗⸃ࠍฃߌ౉ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩ

౒ㅢ⷗⸃ߣߪޔᄢ߹߆ߦ⸒ߞߡޔߔߴߡߩᤨὐߣᤨ㑆ߩ ਛߩߔߴߡߩ‛߇ᐔ╬ߦታ࿷⊛ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⷗⸃ߢ޽ࠆޕ

⑳߇ޟ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ޠߣ๭߱ߎߩ⷗⸃ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᤨ㑆ߪⓨ㑆 ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ̖㧔ਛ⇛㧕̖᳗㆙ਥ⟵⠪ߦߣߞߡ ߪޔ⃻࿷ߦ㑐ߒߡ૗߽․೎ߥߎߣߪߥ޿ޕ⇣ߥࠆᤨὐߦ ߅ߌࠆ‛߽߹ߞߚߊห᭽ߦታ࿷⊛ߢ޽ࠆ㧧޿߆ߥࠆᤨὐ

߽ᒻ⠰਄ቇ⊛ߦ․೎ⷞߐࠇߥ޿ޕ

ᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߦ⥝๧ᷓ޿ߩߪޔߘ߽ߘ߽࡞ࠗ

ࠬࠍᛕ್ߔࠆߣ޿߁ᢥ⣂ߢ⊓႐ߒߚ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻

ࡦ߇ޔࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈߩⷰὐ߆ࠄߪޔ࡞ࠗࠬߣᐢ޿

ᗧ๧ߢߪห㘃ߣ⷗ߥߐࠇߡߒ߹ߞߚߎߣޔߩߺ ߥࠄߕߎࠇߦ⛯ߊ▎ᚲߢޔ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߎߘ߇ౝ࿷

⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ࠍ⌀ᱜൻߒߡߒ߹߁ᧄ⾰⊛ⷐ࿃ߢ

޽ࠆߣࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈ߇ᢿ⟋ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆ

(21)

ޕ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߦߒߡߺࠇ߫ޔౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻ߇

නߥࠆᡆૃ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⷗ᛮߌߥ߆ߞߚ⚿

ᨐߣߒߡᏫ⌕ߔࠆ┙႐ߩ߭ߣߟ߇⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߢ޽

ࠅޔߘ߁ߒߚᡆૃ໧㗴ᕈࠍᜰ៰ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞ ߡ໧㗴ࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆߩ߇⥄りߩ┙႐ߢ޽ࠆߣ⥄⽶

ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߛ߆ࠄޔᢜߩ৻ੱߣߒߡߩ⃻࿷ਥ⟵

⠪ߦ᡼ߞߚ⍫߇ߘߩ߹߹ߩᒻߢ⥄ಽߦ㄰ߞߡ߈ ߡߒ߹ߞߚࠊߌߢ޽ࠆޕ

㧟

਄ߩࠃ߁ߥ㍲⛱ࠍ⍮ߞߡ߆⍮ࠄߕ߆ޔ࡞ࠗࠬ

ߪᦨ᥅ᐕߩ⺰ᢥޟࠦࡊ࡜ߩᤨ೙ൻޠߦ߅޿ߡౣ

߮ౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ࠍขࠅ਄ߍߚ⁽²²⁾

ޕߘߎߢߪޔ

1988ᐕߩ⺰ᢥߣ⇣ߥࠅޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߩ┙႐ࠍޔ

ᤨ㑆ߦኻߔࠆ㑐ଥߣߒߡዻᕈࠍౣ⸃㉼ߔࠆ╙৻

ߩ┙႐ߩޟ೽⹖⊛ᄌ⒳ޠߣߒߡߢߪߥߊޔ 㧔ዋߥ ߊߣ߽࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߩᗧᕁߣߒߡߪ㧕޽ߊ߹ߢ

߽ౝ࿷⊛ዻᕈߩන㗄ᕈߪ቞ࠅߥ߇ࠄ߽⠴⛯ᕈߣ

ౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻࠍਔ┙ߐߖࠆߚ߼ߦޟࠦࡊ࡜ࠍᤨ೙

ൻߔࠆޠ┙႐ߣߒߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⚫੺ߒߚ

⁽²³⁾㧦

࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߩ⸃ᴺߪޔࠦࡊ࡜ࠍᤨ೙ൻߔࠆߎߣߢ޽

ࠆ㧦ޟዻᕈߩ଀ൻߣߪޔߘߩዻᕈߩ޽ࠆᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆ଀ൻ ߢ޽ࠆޔߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇್᣿ߔࠆޠ

(1987, p.129)

ޕᤨὐߦ ኻߔࠆ㑐ଥ߳ߣᄌࠊߞߡߒ߹߁ߩߪޔޟߒ߾߇ࠎߢ޿ࠆޠ ߣ߆ޟ⋥┙ߒߡ޿ࠆޠߣ޿߁ౝ࿷⊛ዻᕈߢߪߥߊޔߎߩ ዻᕈࠍߘࠇࠍᜬߟ‛߳ߣ㑐ଥߠߌࠆࠦࡊ࡜ߥߩߢ޽ࠆޕ ޟ

[

ዻᕈࠍ

]

ᜬߟߎߣޠߪޔర᧪ߪ‛߇ዻᕈߦኻߒߡᜬߟ

ੑ㗄㑐ଥߛߣᕁࠊࠇߡ޿ߚޕ޿߹߿ઍࠊߞߡߘࠇߪޔ‛

߇ዻᕈߣᤨὐߦኻߒߡᜬߟਃ㗄㑐ଥߣߥࠆߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕ߽

ߒ߽޽ߥߚ߇ᤨὐ

t₁

ߦ߅޿ߡޟߒ߾߇ࠎߢ޿ࠆޠߣ޿߁

(8)

ዻᕈࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߥࠄ߫ޔ ޟߒ߾߇ࠎߢ޿ࠆޠߣ޿߁ዻᕈ ߪή்ߩ߹߹଻ߚࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߘࠇߪ੹ߥ߅⑳ߚߜ߇Ᏹߦ

ᗐቯߒߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߥන㗄⊛ౝ࿷ዻᕈߢ޽ࠆޕߘࠇߪ㑐ଥ

ߦࠃߞߡ߽㑐ଥ⊛ዻᕈߦࠃߞߡ߽ઍᦧߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ

߹ߚ࡞ࠗࠬߪޔ

1988ᐕߩ⺰ᢥߢߪ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻

ࡦߩ┙႐ࠍޟዋߥߊߣ߽น⢻ᕈߣߒߡޠࡂࠬ࡜

ࡦࠟ࡯ߣห㘃ߢ޽ࠆߣޔᦌᤒߐࠍᱷߔᒻߢ૏⟎

ߠߌߡ޿ߚ߇ޔߎߩ⺰ᢥߢߪޔਔ⠪ߩ⋧㆑ࠍࠃ ࠅ᣿⏕ൻߒߚޕࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߪౝ࿷⊛ዻᕈߩන 㗄ᕈࠍ଻ᜬߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆὐߢߪ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ 㧔߅ࠃ߮࡞ࠗࠬ㧕ߣห㘃ߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔන㗄ዻᕈߪ

‛߇ޟ┵⊛ߦᜬߟ(have simpliciter)

ޠ߽ߩߢ޽

ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ଻ᜬߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆὐߢᓐᅚߪࠫ

࡚ࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣ⇣ߥࠆ㧔৻ᣇޔ࡞ࠗࠬߣߪห᭽ߢ

޽ࠆ㧕ߣ࡞ࠗࠬߪ⹺ቯߒޔᓐᅚߩਥᒛࠍᰴߩࠃ ߁ߦⷐ⚂ߒߡ޿ࠆ

⁽²⁴⁾㧦

޿߆ߦߒߡ޽ߥߚߪᤨὐ

t1

ߦ߅޿ߡߒ߾߇ࠎߢ޿ࠆߎߣ ߇น⢻ߥߩ߆ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪޔ ޟߒ߾߇ࠎߢ޿ࠆޠߣ

޿߁න㗄⊛ౝ࿷ዻᕈߦ⸒෸ߔࠆߎߣ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߛߌߢ ߪߥ޿㧧޽ߥߚ߇ߎߩዻᕈࠍ┵⊛ߦᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁๮

㗴ߦ߽⸒෸ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆޕߘߒߡߎߩ๮㗴ߦߟ޿ߡޔ ߘࠇ߇

t₁

ߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߔࠆߣㅀߴࠆߎߣ߽ᔅⷐߥߩߢ޽

ࠆޕ

ࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߪߎߎߢޟ๮㗴ޠߣߒߡޔ᳗ਭ⊛ߦ(once

and for all)

⌀߆னߢ޽ࠆ૗߆ߢߪߥߊޔ޽ࠆᤨὐߢߪᚑ

┙ߔࠆ߇೎ߩᤨὐߢߪᚑ┙ߒߥ޿ߎߣ߇น⢻ߢ޽ࠆࠃ߁ ߥ૗߆ࠍᗧ๧ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߩ

ߘࠇߙࠇߩ┙႐ࠍᲧセߒߟߟⷐ⚂ߒߚ߁߃ߢޔ

߿ߪࠅ޿ߕࠇߩ┙႐ߦ߽໧㗴߇޽ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߔ ߩ߇

2002ᐕ⺰ᢥߩਥᣦߢ޽ࠅޔߘࠇࠍᓐߪᰴ

ߩࠃ߁ߦࠕࡉࠬ࠻࡜ࠢ࠻ߣߒߡ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠆ

(25)㧦

⠴⛯⊛ኻ⽎ߦ߅ߌࠆౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߦኻߔࠆ⸃ᴺߪਃ

ߟߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߐߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޕߘࠇߪޔන㗄⊛ౝ

࿷ዻᕈࠍ㑐ଥߦࠃߞߡઍᦧߔߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿ޕߘࠇߪޔዻ ᕈࠍ┵⊛ߦᜬߟߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍዻᕈߦኻߒߡ૗ࠄ߆ߩ㑐ଥ ࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁ߎߣߦࠃߞߡઍᦧߔߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿㧔ࡉ࡜࠶

࠼࡝࡯ߩή㒢ᓟㅌߦࠃߞߡ⺰㚛ߐࠇߚࠃ߁ߦޔዻᕈࠍ┵

⊛ߦᜬߟߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ᔅߕߒ߽ዻᕈߦኻߒߡ૗ࠄ߆ߩ㑐 ଥࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᗧ๧ߒߥ޿߆߉ࠅ㧕ޕߘࠇߪޔ޽ࠆ

ᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡౝ࿷⊛ዻᕈࠍᜬߟߣ޿߁ߎߣߩᧂ⺑᣿ߥ᭎

ᔨߦଐሽߔߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿ޕ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߩ⸃ᴺߪޔ╙ੑ

ߩ᧦ઙࠍ‶†ߦߒߡ╙৻ߩ᧦ઙࠍḩߚߔޕࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯

ߩ⸃ᴺߪޔ╙ਃߩ᧦ઙࠍ‶†ߦߒߡ╙৻ߣ╙ੑߩ᧦ઙࠍ

ḩߚߔޕ

ߔߥࠊߜޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ߽ࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯߽⚿ᨐ ߣߒߡޔ଀߃߫ޟࠬ࠻ࡠ࡯߇ᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠߣ

޿߁ᢥߦ߅ߌࠆޟࠬ࠻ࡠ࡯ޠߦޟᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠ ߣ޿߁ᕈ⾰߇ޟ┵⊛ߦዻߒߡ޿ࠆޠߣ޿߁᭎ᔨ ࠍޔචಽߥᱜᒰൻ߿⺑᣿ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣߥߊୃᱜ

⊛ߥ೎ߩ᭎ᔨߢઍᦧߒߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ὐ ࠍޔ࡞ࠗࠬߪ໧㗴ⷞߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߎ߁ߒߚ࡞ࠗࠬߩಽᨆߣᛕ್ࠍ〯߹߃ߥ߇ࠄ

ࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯⥄りߪޔޡᒻ⠰਄ቇࠝ࠶ࠢࠬࡈࠜ࡯

࠼ࡂࡦ࠼ࡉ࠶ࠢޢߩ╙11┨ޟᤨ㑆ࠍ⽾ߊᜬ⛯ޠ

ߦ߅޿ߡޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣ⥄りߩ⸃ᴺࠍ᳗㆙ਥ

⟵ߩ߽ߣߢ⠴⛯ਥ⟵ࠍᚑ┙ߐߖࠃ߁ߣߔࠆὐߢ ห㘃ߣ⷗ߥߔࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈߩ․ᓽઃߌࠍ〯ⷅߒߚ ߁߃ߢޔߘࠇࠍߐࠄߦਃ⒳㘃ߦಽ㘃ߒߚ

⁽²⁶⁾

ޕߘ ߩ߁ߜߩ৻⒳㘃߇࡞ࠗࠬ߇ਥᒛߒߚࠃ߁ߥޟࠦ

ࡊ࡜ߩᤨ೙ൻޠߥߩߛ߇ޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡂࠬ

࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߪߘࠇߣߪ⇣ߥࠆੑߟߩ⒳㘃ࠍߘࠇߙ ࠇઍ⴫ߔࠆ⠪ߣߒߡ૏⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߚޕߘߒߡࠫ

࡚ࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߩ⸃ᴺߦኻߒߡߪޔࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߦᓥ ߞߡޟ೽⹖ਥ⟵ޠߣ޿߁ޔ࡞ࠗࠬ߇

1988ᐕߩ

⺰ᢥߢ⌕⋡ߒߚὐࠍౣ߮ᒝ⺞ߔࠆ๭⒓ࠍណ↪ߒޔ

⥄ࠄߩ⸃ᴺߦኻߒߡߪޔ

ޟ੐ᘒ(state of affairs)ޠ ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚ⸃ᴺߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢޟ࠰ࡈࠖ

࠭ࡓ(SOFism)

ޠߣ๮ฬߒߚ

⁽²⁷⁾

ޕߘߩ߁߃ߢࡂ

(9)

ࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߪޔࡃ࡯ࡢࠗ࠭ߣࠛ࠴ࡘࡔࡦ࠺ࠖߩ

⁁ᴫᗧ๧⺰ߦଐ᜚ߒߥ߇ࠄ࠲ࠗࡊߣߒߡߩ੐ᘒ

ߣ࠻࡯ࠢࡦߣߒߡߩ੐ᘒߣ޿߁ੑ⒳㘃ߩ੐ᘒࠍ

ዉ౉ߒޔ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ᧂ⺑᣿ߛߣߒߡᛕ್ߒߚޟ޽

ࠆᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡౝ࿷⊛ዻᕈࠍᜬߟޠߣ޿߁᭎ᔨ ࠍޔ ޟ࠲ࠗࡊߣߒߡߩ޽ࠆ੐ᘒ߇଀ൻߒߚޔ࠻࡯

ࠢࡦߣߒߡߩ੐ᘒ߇ޔ޽ࠆᤨὐߦሽ࿷ߔࠆޠߣ

޿߁᭎ᔨߦၮߠ޿ߡ⺑᣿ߒߚޕ

ࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߪޔ࠲ࠗࡊߣߒߡߩ੐ᘒߦ߅޿

ߡߪዻᕈߩήᤨ㑆⊛଀␜߇଻ᜬߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿

߁ℂ↱ߢ⥄Ꮖߩ┙႐ࠍ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩ৻⒳ߣ⠨߃ߡ ߅ࠅޔࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ࠍ෻᳗㆙ਥ⟵⠪ߣߒߡ⸃㉼

ߒߚࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈߦ᛫⼏ߒߡ޿ࠆ

⁽²⁸⁾

ޕߒ߆ߒߎࠇ ߦኻߒࠢ࡞࠷ߪޔࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߩ┙႐ߦ߅ߌࠆ

଀ ൻ ࠍ ޟ

න

㗄

࠲

ࠗ ࡊ ଀ ൻ

(monadic type instantiation)

ޠߣᒻኈߒߚ߁߃ߢޔ

ዋߥߊߣ߽

࠻࡯ࠢࡦ߇޽ࠆᤨὐߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆ ὐߢޔ଀ൻߩቢోߥήᤨ㑆ൻߦߪᚑഞߒߡ޿ߥ

޿ߣ⹏ߒߡ޿ࠆ

⁽²⁹⁾

ޕ߹ߚࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߪޔޟ㧨੐

ᘒ߇ᤨὐt

ߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߔࠆ㧪ߣ޿߁੐ᘒߘߩ

߽ߩߦߟ޿ߡ߽ౣ߮ᤨὐ

t

ߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߔࠆߣ

޿ࠊߑࠆࠍᓧߕޔߐࠄߦ̖ޠߣ޿߁ᒻߢߩή㒢 ᓟㅌߩෂ㒾ࠍᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆ

⁽³⁰⁾

ޕ

㧠

એ਄߇ޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥ

ࡦߩ┙႐ࠍᎼࠆ⸃㉼ߩំࠇߩ᭎ⷐߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔᄢ

߹߆ߦᢛℂߔࠇ߫ޔߤߜࠄ߆ߣ⸒߃߫ዻᕈ଀␜

ߩᤨὐ⋧ኻൻߦജὐࠍ⟎ߊޔ

ࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ޔ

㧔․ߦ

2002ᐕ⺰ᢥߦ߅ߌࠆ㧕࡞ࠗࠬޔࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈ

㧔߅ ࠃ߮ࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߩ┙႐ߦኻߔࠆࡔ࡝

࠶ࠢࠬ㧕ߩ⸃㉼ߣޔᤨὐᜰ␜ߩ೽⹖ൻߦജὐࠍ

⟎ߊࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ޔࡠ࠙㧔߅ࠃ࡚߮ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ ߩ┙႐ߦኻߔࠆࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬ㧕ߩ⸃㉼ߣ޿߁ੑ⒳

㘃ߦಽ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߘߒߡࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈޔࡔ࡝࠶

ࠢࠬޔࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ޔࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߪޔ⃻࿷ਥ⟵

ߦኻ┙ߔࠆ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩ߽ߣߢ⠴⛯ਥ⟵ࠍᠩ⼔ߒ

ࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ┙႐ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆὐߢ৻⥌

ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

⑳⥄りߪޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ㧔߅ࠃ߮ࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗ

ࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ㧕ߩ┙႐ࠍࠦࡊ࡜ߩᤨ೙ൻߣߒߡᕈ

ᩰߠߌࠆ࡞ࠗࠬߩ⸃㉼ߦޔߎࠇ߆ࠄㅀߴࠆࠃ߁

ߦ㒢ቯઃ߈ߢߢߪ޽ࠆ߇ޔၮᧄ⊛ߦ⾥ᚑߔࠆޕ ߘߒߡޔ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩ৻ᒻᘒߣߒߡᓐࠄߩ┙႐ࠍ

․ᓽઃߌࠆߎߣߦߪᢿ࿕ߣߒߡ෻ኻߔࠆ

⁽³¹⁾

ޕ ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߩ┙႐ ࠍޟ೽⹖ਥ⟵ޠߣฬઃߌߚߊߥࠆ╙৻ߩℂ↱ߪޔ

߽ߣ߽ߣታ㓙ߦᓐࠄ߇ޟ೽⹖ޠߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍࠠ

࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒߡ↪޿ߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ࡚ࠫࡦ

ࠬ࠻ࡦ⥄り߇⥄ࠄߩ⸃ᴺࠍޟ᭽⋧⊛ᄌ᭽ߩ໧㗴 ߩ⺆Ḯ⊛⸃᳿ޠߣ๭ࠎߛߩߪޔ ޟ᭽⋧ޠ߇ᧄ᧪ޟ‛

߇ዻᕈߦኻߒߡ㑐ଥߠߌࠄࠇࠆ઀ᣇޠߣߒߡޟ೽

⹖ޠߦⷫㄭᕈࠍᜬߟ߽ߩߛߣ޿߁⹺⼂߆ࠄߢ޽

ߞߚޕ߹ߚࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ߽ޔ೽⹖⊛ᯏ

⢻ࠍᜬߟ

‘in 1850’

ߩࠃ߁ߥ⺆ฏࠍᒻኈ⹖ൻߒߡ

ߒ߹߁ޟ೽⹖⾍ઃߩ⺋⻪ޠߎߘ߇ౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ

໧㗴ߣ޿߁ᡆૃ໧㗴ࠍ↢ߓߐߖࠆේ࿃ߛߣ༒⎕

ߒߡ޿ߚޕ

ߒ߆ߒ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߪޔߘߩ㓙ߩ೽⹖⊛⴫⃻

ࠍ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ޟㅀቯߩࠦࡊ࡜ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ೽⹖ޠ ߣߒߡᝒ߃ߡ߅ࠅޔ ޟᄌൻߩႎ๔ߦ߅ߌࠆᤨ㑆⊛

㒢ቯߩᯏ⢻ߪޡ଀ൻߩ㑐ଥࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆޢߎߣߢ

޽ࠆޠߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍᒝ⺞ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔ޽

ߊ߹ߢ߽ਛᔃߣߥࠆߩߪޟ଀ൻߩ㑐ଥޠࠍ⴫ߔ ޟㅀቯߩࠦࡊ࡜ޠߢ޽ࠅޔᤨ㑆⊛ᜰ␜⴫⃻ߪޔ ߘߩߐࠄߥࠆ೽⹖⊛ୃ㘼ߣ޿߁೽ᰴ⊛ߥ૏⟎ࠍ

ਈ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ߹ߚࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ߽ޔ

ޟ

‘in 1850’

ߪ

‘was’

ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆ೽⹖ߢ޽ࠆޠߣ޿

߁ᒻߢޔ߿ߪࠅ

‘in 1850’

ߣ޿߁೽⹖⊛ߥᤨὐᜰ

␜⴫⃻߇

‘was’

ߣ޿߁ࠦࡊ࡜ߩ㒢ቯߢ޽ࠆߣ޿

߁⹺⼂ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

ߣߎࠈ߇ޔߎߎߢ໧㗴ߣߥߞߡߊࠆߩ߇ޔ ޟ೽

⹖ޠ߅ࠃ߮ޟࠦࡊ࡜ޠߣ޿߁᭎ᔨߘߩ߽ߩߩᦌ

ᤒߐߢ޽ࠆޕታ㓙ޔࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߪޔ

(10)

⸼ߢᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ⁽³²⁾㧦

⑳߇ቇᩞߢᢎ߃ࠄࠇߚવ⛔⊛ᢥᴺߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ

‘was’

ߣ޿

߁ࠦࡊ࡜ߪ

‘St. Paul’s in 1850 was dingy’

ߣ޿߁ᢥߩޟേ

⹖ޠߢ޽ࠅޔ

‘in 1850’

ߪߘࠇࠍୃ㘼ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔ ࠃࠅ⃻ઍ⊛ߥᢥᴺߢߪޔ

‘to be’

߇ࠦࡊ࡜ߣߒߡᯏ⢻ߔࠆߣ ߈ߪޟേ⹖ޠߣ޿߁ᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߢߪߥߊޔ̖ਛ⇛

̖߻ߒࠈޟᒻኈ⹖ࠍ઻ߞߡേ⹖ࠍ૞ࠆޠࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦዻ ߔࠆߣᢎ߃ࠆߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ̖ਛ⇛̖ߎߩᢥߦ߅ߌࠆ

‘in 1850’

ߩᯏ⢻ߦߟ޿ߡߩ߽߁߭ߣߟߩ⃻ઍ⊛⷗ᣇߪᰴ

ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧦

‘in 1850’

ߪ߹ߞߚߊ೽⹖㧔േ⹖ࠍ

઻ߞߚࠅേ⹖ࠍ૞ߞߚࠅߔࠆ߽ߩ㧕ߢߪߥߊޔ

ޟᢥߦ઻ߞ ߡᢥࠍ૞ࠆޠᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩઍ⴫ߣߒߡߩᢥ

-

ୃ㘼ሶ ߢ޽ࠆޕ̖ਛ⇛̖ᧄᢥߦ߅޿ߡ⑳ߪવ⛔⊛⷗ᣇࠍ೨ឭߒ ߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔવ⛔⊛⷗ᣇߩᱜߒߐߪ⑳ߩ⼏⺰ߦ߅޿ߡߪ߹

ߞߚߊᧄ⾰⊛ߢߥ޿ޕ

ߟ߹ࠅࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߪޔ ޟࠦࡊ࡜ޠࠍޟേ

⹖ޠ߹ߚߪޟ㧔ᒻኈ⹖ࠍട߃ߡ૞ࠄࠇߚ㧕

േ⹖ߩ

৻ㇱޠߣߒߡ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆޕߣ޿߁ߎߣߪޔ ޟㅀ⺆ޠ ߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߔ ࠆߣߘ߁ߒߚࠦࡊ࡜ߩୃ㘼ߣߒߡߩ

‘in 1850’

ߣ

޿߁೽⹖⊛⴫⃻߽ห᭽ߦㅀ⺆ߩ৻ㇱߢ޽ࠆߣ޿

߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ߽ߜࠈࠎޔࠦࡊ࡜ߣㅀ⺆߆ࠄᚑ ࠆㇱಽࠍޟㅀㇱޠߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠇ߫ޔࠦࡊ࡜ߩୃ

㘼ߣߪㅀㇱߩୃ㘼ߢ߽޽ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕߎߎߢ

໧㗴ⷞߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪޔࠦࡊ࡜ߦ⛯ߊㅀ⺆ߦኻߔ ࠆ೽⹖⊛ୃ㘼ߣߒߡᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍ⸃㉼ߔࠆߎߣߢ

޽ࠆ

⁽³³⁾

ޕࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߪޔࠦࡊ࡜ߦኻ ߔࠆୃ㘼ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍਥᒛߔࠆὐߢߪᱜߒ޿߇ޔ

ࠦࡊ࡜ࠍ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ᢙ޽ࠆേ⹖ߩ߭ߣߟ߽ߒߊ ߪߘࠇࠄߩㇱಽߣ⷗ߥߔߎߣߦࠃࠅޔߎߩᓟߢ ߩᒁ↪ㇱ߆ࠄ߽᣿ࠄ߆ߥࠃ߁ߦޔ⚿ᨐߣߒߡᓟ

⠪ߩ⸃㉼ࠍⴕߞߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ ߘߒߡᓐ߇ᒁ↪ㇱಽߢ␜ߒߚਃߟߩ⷗ᣇߩ߁ ߜߩ޿ߕࠇ߇ᱜߒߊߡ߽⥄ಽߩ⼏⺰ߦᓇ㗀߇ߥ

޿ߣㅀߴࠆߩߪޔᓐ߇ߘߩ⼏⺰ߦ߅޿ߡᢜኻ⠪

ߣߒߡᔨ㗡ߦ⟎޿ߡ޿ࠆߩ߇ޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽

‘in

1850’

ࠍਥㇱߩ৻ㇱߣ⠨߃ࠆޟ೽⹖⾍ઃ⠪ޠߔߥ

ࠊߜ྾ᰴరਥ⟵⠪߿Ბ㓏ਥ⟵⠪ߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒޔᢜኻ⠪ߪઁߦ߽޿ࠆޕታ㓙ޔ⃻࿷ਥ⟵

ߩ┙႐߆ࠄࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߣ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻

ࡦࠍᛕ್ߒߚࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߪޔ޿߹ᒁ↪ߒߚࠃ߁ ߥࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߩ⺑᣿ࠍฃߌߡޔዻᕈ ࠍᤨὐߦኻߔࠆ㑐ଥߣߒߡߒ߹߁┙႐ߩઍ⴫ߣ ߒߡࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦࠍ᜼ߍޔߘࠇߦ㘃ૃ

ߒ ߚ ᣇ ᴺ ߣ ߒ ߡ ޔ ዻ ᕈ ࠍ ᤨ ὐ ᜰ ᮡ ൻ

(time-indexed)

ߔࠆᣇᴺ߽޽ࠆߣㅀߴߚޕߟ߹

ࠅޔ଀߃߫ޟᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠߣ޿߁ዻᕈߪޔޟᤨ

ὐ

t

ߦኻߒߡ㧨̖ߦ߅޿ߡᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ

(bent at)㧪ߣ޿߁㑐ଥࠍᜬߟޠ޽ࠆ޿ߪޟ㧨ᤨὐt

ߦ ߅޿ߡᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ(bent-at-t)㧪ߣ޿߁ዻᕈࠍ ᜬߟޠߣ޿߁ߎߣߣ⠨߃ࠆߩ߇ࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ

࡯ࠥࡦߩ⊒ᗐ߽ߒߊߪߘࠇߦㄭ޿߽ߩߢ޽ࠆߣ

޿߁ߩ߇ࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߩ⸃㉼ߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔߎߩࠃ߁ ߦᤨὐᜰ␜⴫⃻ࠍㅀ⺆ߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡขࠅㄟ߻⸃

㉼ߪ߹ߐߒߊޔࠦࡊ࡜ࠍേ⹖ߘߩ߽ߩ߹ߚߪߘ

ߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡߒ߹ߞߚࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ⥄

りߩ⺑᣿߇᜗߈ㄟࠎߛ߽ߩߛߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕ

ߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ ޟኻ⽎߇㧔଀߃߫ޟᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠ ߣޟᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ޠߥߤߩ㧕⋧⵬⊛ዻᕈࠍ଀

␜ߔࠆޠߎߣࠍ⸵ኈߒߡߒ߹߁ߣ޿߁ࡔ࡝࠶ࠢ

ࠬߩᛕ್ߪޔዋߥߊߣ߽ࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ ߇⸃㉼ߒߚࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ߢߩ೽⹖ߦၮߠߊޟ೽⹖

ਥ⟵ޠߦኻߒߡߪᱜᒰߥ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩ⸃ᴺ ߩ⌒⋡߇ታ㓙ߦᤨὐᜰ␜ߩㅀ⺆߳ߩขࠅㄟߺߦ

޽ࠆߩߢ޽ࠇ߫ޔߘࠇߪޔޟᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠޟᦛ ߇ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ޠߣ޿߁ᧄ᧪ߩዻᕈࠍޟ

t

⊛ߦᦛ ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆޠ ޟ

t*

⊛ߦᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ޠߣ޿߁ᕭ ᗧ⊛ߥዻᕈ߳ߣォൻߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔޟᄌൻޠ ࠍ᭴ᚑߔࠆ⋧⵬⊛ዻᕈ㑆ߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߔߴ߈⍦

⋫⊛㑐ଥࠍ⬦ࠈߦߒߡߒ߹߁ࠃ߁ߥ⸃ᴺߢ޽ࠆ ߎߣߦߥࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ

೽⹖⸃㉼ߦ㑐ߔࠆߎߩࠃ߁ߥࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ

(11)

࡯ࠥࡦߩਇㆡಾߐߪޔ⊹⡺ߦ߽ޔᓐ߇㒱ߞߚ߭

ߣߟߩ࿎ᖺߩḮᴰࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡߊࠇࠆޕߣ޿

߁ߩ߽ࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߪޔ ޟߥߗືቇ⠪ߚ ߜߪㅢᤨ⊛ห৻ᕈߩ໧㗴ߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨

߃⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆߩ߆㧫ޠߣ޿߁໧޿ߦኻߒߡ೽⹖

⾍ઃߎߘ߇ߘߩరರߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁╵߃ࠍਈ߃ߚ

߁߃ߢޔޟߪࠆ߆ߦ߽ߞߣ㕙⊕޿ᧂ࿁╵ߩ໧㗴ޠ ߣߒߡᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ໧޿ࠍឝߍߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽

ࠆ

⁽³⁴⁾㧦

ᤨ㑆ߦߟ޿ߡߩߤߩࠃ߁ߥ․೎ߐߦࠃߞߡޔືቇ⠪ߚߜ ߪᤨ㑆⊛ߥ೽⹖⾍ઃߦะ߆߁௑ะᕈࠍᜬߞߡ޿ߥ߇ࠄઁ

ߩ⒳㘃ߩ೽⹖ࠍ⾍ઃߔࠆ௑ะᕈࠍ߹ߞߚߊᜬߞߡ޿ߥ޿

ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇಴᧪ߔࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ߥߗㅢ

-

ⷰὐ⊛

(cross-perspectival)

ห ৻ ᕈ ߿ ㅢ

-⹏ ଔ

⊛

(cross-

evaluational)

ห৻ᕈߩ໧㗴ߪሽ࿷ߒߥ޿ߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫

ߎߩคㅀ߆ࠄޔࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ߇଀߃

߫ޟ޽ࠆᤨὐ

t

ߦ߅޿ߡߪᦛ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ߇೎ߩ

ᤨὐ

t’

ߦ߅޿ߡߪ⌀ߞ⋥ߋߛޠߣ޿߁ౝ࿷⊛ᄌ ൻࠍޟᱜ㕙߆ࠄ⷗ࠇ߫⟤ߒ޿߇ޔᮮ߆ࠄ⷗ࠇ߫

᥉ㅢߛޠߣ߆ޟࡅࡘ࡯ࡓߩⷰὐߢߪᱜߒ޿߇ޔ

ࡠ࠶ࠢߩⷰὐߢߪ⺋ࠅߛޠߥߤߣห㘃ߩ੐ᨩߣ

ߒߡᝒ߃ߡ߅ࠅޔ⚿ᨐߣߒߡޔవ߶ߤᜰ៰ߒߚ ࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ߢනߥࠆㅀ⺆߳ߩ೽⹖⊛ୃ㘼ߣߒߡ ᓐ߇ᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍᝒ߃ߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ᣿ࠄ ߆ߢ޽ࠆޕ⏕߆ߦޔౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴߇ޔࡧࠔ ࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ߇⠨߃ࠆᗧ๧ߢߩ೽⹖⾍ઃߩ

໧㗴ߦߔ߉ߥ޿ߣߔࠇ߫ޔߘߩ໧㗴ߪᓐߩ⸒߁ ߣ߅ࠅޔᡆૃ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⹺߼ߑࠆࠍ߃ߥ

޿ߛࠈ߁ޕߒ߆ߒࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߦߣߞ ߡߩ㔍ὐߪޔߘ߁ߒߚ೽⹖⾍ઃߩ⺋ࠅߣ޿߁߽

ߩ߇ޔືቇ⠪ߚߜ߇ߘߩᡆૃ໧㗴ߦ྽ࠊࠇߡߒ

߹߁ℂ↱ߣߒߡߪ޽߹ࠅߦ߽න⚐߆ߟੜ⚦ߔ߉ ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣޔߒߚ߇ߞߡᓐߩಽᨆߦ⺑ᓧജ߇ ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ⚿ዪߩߣߎࠈᓐ߇᳞߼

ࠆޟᤨ㑆ߦߟ޿ߡߩ․೎ߐޠߪޔᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍන

ߥࠆേ⹖ߩୃ㘼߽ߒߊߪߘߩ৻ㇱߣߔࠆߎߣߦ ࠃߞߡᓐ⥄ࠄ߇᡼᫈ߒߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠅޔ

ᤨὐᜰ␜ߩޟ೽⹖ൻޠߣ޿߁ὐࠍ⸃ᴺߩਛᔃߦ ᝪ߃ࠆߎߣߩᑷኂ߇ߎߎߦ┵⊛ߦ⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ

⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕߎࠇߦኻߒࠦࡊ࡜ࠍਛᔃߣߔࠆ⷗ᣇ

ߢߪޔࠦࡊ࡜ߣ޿߁ᢥᒻᑼߩਛᩭࠍᚑߔㇱಽߢ

ᤨ㑆߇㑐ਈߖߑࠆࠍᓧߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦࠃߞߡ ޟᤨ㑆ߦߟ޿ߡߩ․೎ߐޠࠍ⥄ߕ߆ࠄ␜ߒߡߊ ࠇࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

߹ߚ৻ᣇޔ‛ߣዻᕈߣᤨὐߣ޿߁ਃ㗄ߩ㑆ߦ ᚑ┙ߔࠆਃ㗄㑐ଥߣߒߡ଀␜㑐ଥࠍᝒ߃ࠆޔࡠ ࡦࡃ࡞࠼߇๭߱ߣߎࠈߩޟ଀␜⸃ᴺޠߣߒߡࠫ

࡚ࡦࠬ࠻ࡦࠄߩᣇᴺࠍ⸃㉼ߔࠆߎߣߦ߽໧㗴߇

޽ࠆޕߚߛߎߩὐߦߟ޿ߡ߽ޔߘߩ⽿છߩ৻┵

ߪ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ⥄りߦ޽ࠆޕߣ޿߁ߩ߽ޔߎߎ

߹ߢ૗ᐲ߆ᒁ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦᓐ⥄り߇ޔ ޟㅀቯ ߩࠦࡊ࡜ࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆޠߣ޿߁⴫⃻ࠍޟ଀ൻߩ㑐 ଥࠍୃ㘼ߔࠆޠߣ޿߁⴫⃻ߢ⸒޿឵߃ߡ޿ࠆ߆ ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߒ߆ߒ߹ߕ╙৻ߦޔ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ᜰ៰ߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔ

଀␜ࠍ⚐ὼߚࠆ㑐ଥߩ৻⒳ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆ㒢ࠅޔ

޿ࠊࠁࠆޟࡉ࡜࠶࠼࡝࡯ߩή㒢ᓟㅌޠߩ໧㗴ࠍ

఺ࠇߥ޿ޕ߿ߪࠅࠦࡊ࡜ߣߪޔታ૕⊛ኻ⽎ߣዻ

ᕈߩ޿ࠊࠁࠆޟ㕖㑐ଥ⊛ㅪ⚿

(non-relational tie)

ޠࠍ⴫ߔ⴫⃻ߣߒߡޔ㑐ଥ⴫⃻ߦߪㆶరਇ น⢻ߥ⁛․ߩᢥᴺ⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦዻߔࠆ߽ߩߣ

⷗ߥߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߛߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕࠦࡊ࡜ߩᗧ๧ߔ ࠆߣߎࠈࠍޟ㑐ଥޠߣ޿߁৻⒳ߩኻ⽎ߣߒߡ‛

⽎ൻߒߡߒ߹߁ߣޔታ૕⊛ኻ⽎ߣዻᕈ߇ಽᢿߐ ࠇޔ߽ߪ߿ዻᕈ߇ޟౝ࿷ߔࠆޠߣߪ⸒߃ߥߊߥ ߞߡߒ߹߁߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ

߽ߜࠈࠎࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߩ⸒߁ࠃ߁ߦޔౝ࿷⊛໧

㗴ࠍ⸃᳿ߔࠆߣ޿߁⋡⊛ߩߚ߼ߛߌߢ޽ࠇ߫ޔ

଀␜ࠍ㑐ଥൻߒߡ߽໧㗴ߪߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ ߒ߆ߒᧄ⺰ᢥో૕߇⋡ᜰߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪޔ⠴⛯߿

↢ᚑߩᧄ⾰ߣᧄḮ⊛ߦㅪ⚿ߒߚᒻߢߩޟࠃࠅ⦟

޿⸃᳿ޠࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠅޔታ㓙ߘߩߚ߼ߦߪޔ

(12)

ᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߥᒻߢ଀␜ࠍࠦࡊ࡜ߦࠃߞߡ⴫ߐ ࠇࠆ㕖㑐ଥ⊛ߥ૗߆ߣߒߡ⸃㉼ߔࠆߎߣ߇ਇน

ᰳߥߩߢ޽ࠆ

⁽³⁵⁾

ޕ߹ߚޔࠦࡊ࡜ࠍㅀቯേ⹖ߦห ൻߒߡߒ߹ߞߚࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߣߪ⇣ߥ ࠆᒻߢߪ޽ࠇޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ߽߿ߪࠅޔࠦࡊ࡜

ߣ޿߁߽ߩߩ⁛⥄ᕈࠍ⷗⪭ߣߒߡ޿ߚ߇ࠁ߃ߦޔ ߘࠇࠍ㑐ଥ⴫⃻ߩ৻⒳߳ߣㆶరߢ߈ࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ ߥශ⽎ࠍਈ߃ࠆਇ↪ᗧߥ⺑᣿ࠍߒߡߒ߹ߞߚߣ

⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ

ߘߒߡ૗ࠃࠅ߽໧㗴ߥߩߪޔࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߩ⸃

㉼ߪޔ⥄り߇┙⣉ߔࠆ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߣ޿߁┙႐ࠍ⠴

⛯ਥ⟵ߣਔ┙ߐߖࠆߣ޿߁ޔࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߩ୘ੱ

⊛⋡⊛ߩߚ߼ߦㇺว⦟ߊᢛᒻߐࠇߡឭ␜ߐࠇߚ

߽ߩߛߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߪᜬ⛯ߦ 㑐ߒߡߪ⠴⛯ਥ⟵ࠍᡰᜬߔࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔᤨ㑆

⊛ㇱಽࠍᜬߟኻ⽎ߣߒߡߩߢ߈ߏߣߩሽ࿷ࠍ⏕

଻ߒߚ޿ߣ޿߁േᯏߩ߽ߣߢޔ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ࠍណࠅ

ߥ߇ࠄ㧔ߟ߹ࠅޔࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߩࠃ߁ߥ⃻࿷ਥ⟵

⊛ߢߪߥ޿ᣇᴺߢ㧕ᤨ㑆⊛ㇱಽߦ⸷߃ߕߦᜬ⛯

ߣᄌൻࠍਔ┙ߐߖࠆߚ߼ߦޔᤨ㑆⊛ㇱಽߦၮߠ ߊᣇᴺߣߪ⇣ߥࠆᣇᴺߣߒߡ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߣࡧ ࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߩ┙႐ࠍ೑↪ߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ ߎߩὐߦߟ޿ߡߪޔࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆᒻߢ ߪ޽ࠇ᳗㆙ਥ⟵⠪ࠍ⥄⹺ߔࠆࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯߽ޔ ᓐࠄߩ┙႐ࠍ⥄ࠄߦᒁ߈ߟߌߡ⸃㉼ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ

⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ

ߎ߁ߒߚേᯏߩਇ⚐ߐߪޔ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߣ޿߁⥄

りߩ┙႐߆ࠄޔ߿ߪࠅ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߣ⠴⛯ਥ⟵ࠍਔ

┙ߐߖࠆᣇᴺߣߒߡ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦࠄߩ⸃ᴺࠍ⸃

㉼ߔࠆࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈ߿ࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬߦ߽ᒰߡߪ߹ࠆޕ ࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߣߪኻᾖ⊛ߦᓐࠄߪ߻ߒࠈޔ⠴⛯ਥ

⟵ࠍᚑ┙ߐߖࠆߚ߼ߦ⥄ࠄ߇ណ↪ߔࠆ⃻࿷ਥ⟵

⊛ᣇᴺߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ⸃ᴺߛߣ޿߁ℂ↱ߢޔߘࠇࠍ

⥄ࠄߩᢜߩ৻⒳ߣߒߡߩ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩ߽ߣߦ⚊߼

ߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡߚߒ߆ߦޔታ૕⊛ኻ

⽎ߣዻᕈߣᤨὐߣߩਃ㗄㑐ଥߣߒߡ଀␜ࠍᝒ߃ ࠆߣ޿߁࿑ᑼߪޔᤨὐߩኻ⽎ൻߦࠃߞߡ⚿ᨐߣ

ߒߡߔߴߡߩᤨὐߩᐔ╬ᕈࠍᏫ⚿ߒ߿ߔ޿ߚ߼ޔ

᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߣߩⷫ๺ᕈ߇㜞޿ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߒ߆ߒ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ߿ࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦ ߇ޔ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ࠍ⥄ࠄߩ⸃ᴺߩዋߥߊߣ߽ޟਥߚ ࠆޠേᯏߣߒߡ޿ࠆߣߪ㕖Ᏹߦ⠨߃ߦߊ޿ޕ߹

ߕ╙৻ߦޔᓐࠄߩ⼏⺰ߪ૗ࠃࠅ߽ޔㅢᏱߩታ૕

⊛ኻ⽎ࠍ߽ᤨ㑆⊛ㇱಽ߆ࠄᚑࠆᑧ⛯⊛ኻ⽎ߣ⷗

ߥߘ߁ߣߔࠆ࡞ࠗࠬࠍᛕ್ߔࠆߣ޿߁ᢥ⣂ߩਛ ߢឭ␜ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅޔߘߒߡ࡞ࠗࠬߩߘ߁ ߒߚਥᒛߪޔᤨ㑆ࠍⓨ㑆ߣห㘃ⷞߔࠆߣ޿߁ὐ ߢޔᤨὐ㑆ߦ߅ߌࠆᤨ೙⊛⋧㆑ࠍ߹ߞߚߊ㘈ᘦ ߒߥ޿᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩ┵⊛ߥ⴫ࠇߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ߎࠇߦኻߒߡࡧࠔࡦ࡮ࠗࡦࡢ࡯ࠥࡦߪޔ ޟᤨ㑆⊛

ㇱಽޠߥࠆ᭎ᔨߩℂ⸃ਇน⢻ᕈ߿ᤨ㑆ߣⓨ㑆ߩ

㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍౣਃᒝ⺞ߒߡ޿ࠆ⁽³⁶⁾

ޕ߹ߚ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ

࠻ࡦ߽ޔ⥄ࠄߩ┙႐ߩ㐳ᚲߣߒߡޟ‛ߦ߅ߌࠆ ዻᕈߩ଀ൻߣ޿߁੐⽎߇ᤨ㑆ߩᵹࠇߦଐሽߒߥ ߊߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߣ޿߁ ᔨޔߔߥࠊߜޔᧄ᧪ߩ ᗧ๧ߢߩޡ‛ߩዻᕈߩᄌൻޢߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇ᄬࠊ ࠇߡߒ߹߁ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ᘷᘦ߆ࠄ఺ࠇࠆ ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޠߣ޿߁ὐࠍ᜼ߍߡ߅ࠅޔߎߩࠃ ߁ߦޔޟᤨ㑆ߩᵹࠇޠࠍዅ㊀ߔࠆߣ޿߁ᘒᐲߪޔ

᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩኻᭂߦ૏⟎ߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ

⁽³⁷⁾

ޕߘߒ ߡߎ߁ߒߚ੐ᖱߪޔ࡞ࠗࠬ߇

1988ᐕߩ⺰ᢥߢޔ ࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈߣ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦࠄߣߩ㑆ߦ౒ㅢᕈࠍ

⷗಴ߒߡࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈߩ┙႐ࠍ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߩ೽⹖⊛

ᄌ⒳ߣᒻኈߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ߽ⵣᛂߜߐࠇ ࠆޕ

߹ߚ╙ੑߦޔ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ኻ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߣ޿߁ኻ┙

࿑ᑼ⥄૕߇ޔ޿ࠊࠁࠆޟਇㆡಾߥੑಽᴺߩ⺋⻪ޠ ࠍ‽ߒߡ޿ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕߔߴߡߩᤨὐࠍᐔ╬

ⷞߔࠆ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߣ⃻࿷ᤨὐߩߺߩሽ࿷ࠍਥᒛߔ ࠆ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߣߪޔߚߒ߆ߦኻ┙ߔࠆ┙႐ߢߪ޽

ࠆ߇ޔਔ⠪ߪ৻ᣇߩุቯ߇ઁᣇߩណ↪ߣߥࠆࠃ ߁ߥޔ⋧⵬⊛㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ࠃࠅߪޔ߻ߒࠈ

੕޿ߦኻ┙ߒว߁ᣇะᕈߩਔᭂߦ૏⟎ߔࠆኻᭂ

⊛㑐ଥߦ޽ࠆߣ⷗ࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆޕ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩุ

(13)

ቯߪޔߔߴߡߩᤨὐࠍᐔ╬ⷞߪߒߥ޿ߣ޿߁┙

႐ߢ޽ࠅޔߘࠇࠍ⢐ቯᒻߢ⴫⃻ߔࠇ߫ޔㆊ෰⃻

࿷ᧂ᧪ߣ޿߁ᤨ೙⊛඙೎ࠍሽ࿷⺰⊛⋧㆑ߣߒߡ ዅ㊀ߔࠆ┙႐ߣߒߡߩޟᤨ೙ਥ⟵ޠߢ޽ࠆޕ⃻

࿷ਥ⟵ߣߪޔᤨ೙ਥ⟵ߩਛߩ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽߭ߣߟ ߩᒻߦߔ߉ߥ޿ޕ߽ߜࠈࠎޔᤨ೙ࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆߎ ߣߪඨ߫ᔅὼ⊛ߦ૗ࠄ߆ߩᗧ๧ߢߩ⃻࿷ߩ․ᮭ

ᕈࠍਥᒛߔࠆߎߣߦߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ߊߩߢޔߘߩ ࠃ߁ߥ․ᮭᕈࠍਥᒛߔࠆᐢ޿ᗧ๧ߢߩ⃻࿷ਥ⟵

ߦߪߥࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒޔࡅࡦࠢ࡝ࡈޔ

ࡔ࡝࠶ࠢࠬޔ࠷ࠖࡑ࡯ࡑࡦ㧔D. Zimmerman

㧕 ࠄߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ⃻࿷ᮡḰ⊛ߛߣ⸒߃ࠆ⃻

࿷ਥ⟵ߪޔ⃻࿷એᄖߩሽ࿷ࠍ৻ಾ⹺߼ߥ޿ߣ޿

߁ޔᦨ߽ᒝ⎬ߥᗧ๧ߢߩ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߛߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ

(38)

ޕ

߽ߜࠈࠎޔࠢ࡞࠷߽ᜰ៰ߔࠆߣ߅ࠅޔ⠴⛯ਥ

⟵ኻᑧ⛯ਥ⟵ߣ޿߁ᜬ⛯ߦ㑐ߔࠆᒻ⠰਄ቇߣᤨ

೙ਥ⟵ኻ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߣ޿߁ᤨ㑆ߦ㑐ߔࠆᒻ⠰਄ቇ ߣߪޔߐߒ޽ߚࠅ೎ߩਥ㗴ߢ޽ࠅޔේℂ⊛ߦߪ

⠴⛯ਥ⟵ߣ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖ߿ᤨ೙ਥ⟵ߣ ᑧ⛯ਥ⟵ߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖ߽޽ࠅᓧࠆ

⁽³⁹⁾

ޕߒ߆ߒߘ ߩℂ↱ߪޔᓟㅀߔࠆࠃ߁ߦޔߘࠇߙࠇߩਥ⟵ߪ

ᷓߊ߽ᵻߊ߽ⷙቯߒᓧࠆߒޔߘߩᷓߐᵻߐߦ߽

ᄙ᭽ߥᒻ߇޽ࠅᓧࠆߣ޿߁੐ᖱߦࠃࠆߩߢ޽ࠅޔ

଀߃߫ޔ㕖Ᏹߦᵻߊⷙቯߐࠇߚ⠴⛯ਥ⟵ߢ޽ࠇ

߫ㅢᏱߩ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߣਔ┙น⢻ߢ޽ࠆߛࠈ߁ߒ 㧔ࡠࡦࡃ࡞࠼ߩ┙႐ߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ৻଀ߣ⠨߃ᓧ ࠆ㧕ޔ ㅒߦޔ᳗㆙ਥ⟵⠪ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ߩ᧦ઙࠍ✭߼

ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡหᤨߦ૗ࠄ߆ߩᗧ๧ߢߩ⠴⛯ਥ

⟵⠪ߢ߽޽ࠅᓧࠆߛࠈ߁㧔ࡂࠬ࡜ࡦࠟ࡯ߩ┙႐ ߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥ৻଀ߣ⠨߃ᓧࠆ㧕ޕ߹ߚޔᤨ೙ਥ⟵

ߩቯ⟵ᰴ╙ߢߪޔߘߩ߽ߣߢᑧ⛯ਥ⟵ࠍᚑ┙ߐ

ߖࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁⁽⁴⁰⁾

ޕ

ߒ߆ߒ㊀ⷐߥߩߪޔߤߩࠃ߁ߥ┙႐ߩ⚵ߺว ࠊߖ߇නߦޟน⢻ޠߢ޽ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪ ߥߊޔࠃࠅ⥄ὼߢޟᦸ߹ߒ޿ޠߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ ߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩࠃ߁ߥⷰὐߢ⠨߃ߚߣ߈ޔᧄ᧪⊛

ߥᒻߢߩᷓ޿⠴⛯ਥ⟵ߪ⥄ߕ߆ࠄᧄ᧪⊛ߥᒻߢ ߩᷓ޿ᤨ೙ਥ⟵ࠍዉ߈ޔߘߩㅒ߽⌀ߢ޽ࠆߣ⸒

߃ࠆ

⁽⁴¹⁾

ޕߘߒߡޔ⠴⛯ਥ⟵ߢ޽ࠇޔᤨ೙ਥ⟵ߢ

޽ࠇޔߘࠇࠄࠍ⌀೶ߦਥᒛߔࠇ߫޿ߕࠇ߽⥄ߕ ߆ࠄᷓ޿߽ߩߣߥߞߡ޿ߊޕߘߩ⚿ᨐߣߒߡޔ

ᷓ޿࡟ࡌ࡞ߢਔ⠪ߩㅪ៤ᕈ߇␜ߐࠇߚߣߔࠇ߫ޔ ߘࠇߙࠇߩ┙႐ߩᱜᒰᕈ࡮ᢛวᕈ࡮วℂᕈࠍ⸷

߃ࠆ߁߃ߢᦸ߹ߒ޿ߎߣએᄖߩ૗߽ߩߢ߽ߥ޿

ߛࠈ߁ޕᧄⓂߦ⛯ߊ╙ੑㇱߩ⋡⊛ߪޔ

R.

࠹ࠗ࡜

࡯߇ឭ␜ߒߚޟ⚐☴↢ᚑޠߩ᭎ᔨࠍ߭ߣߟߩᚻ ߇߆ࠅߣߒߥ߇ࠄޔᷓ޿ᗧ๧ߢߩᤨ೙ਥ⟵࡮⠴

⛯ਥ⟵࡮↢ᚑਥ⟵ߩߘ߁ߒߚਃ૏৻૕ᕈࠍਥᒛ ߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩߚ߼ߩḰ஻૞ᬺߣߒߡޔ ᧄⓂߩᱷࠅߩㇱಽߢߪޔᷓ޿ᤨ೙ਥ⟵߇ḩߚߔ ߴ߈ⷐઙࠍ᣿␜ߒߚ߁߃ߢޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥⷐઙࠍ

ḩߚߔࠦࡊ࡜ߩᤨ೙ൻࠍⷙቯߔࠆߎߣࠍ⹜ߺࠆޕ

ߘߩᓟޔߘࠇߦၮߠ޿ߚౝ࿷⊛ᄌൻߩ໧㗴ߩ⸃

᳿ᴺߩ․⾰ߦߟ޿ߡౣ⏕⹺ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔ ߎߩ╙৻ㇱࠍ⚳߃ࠆߎߣߣߔࠆޕ

㧡

⑳ߪޔ

ޟᷓ޿ᤨ೙ਥ⟵ޠ߇ណ↪ߔߴ߈ޟᷓ޿ᤨ

೙ൻޠߩⷐઙߣߒߡޔᰴߩਃߟࠍ⺖ߒߚ޿㧦

(1)

ᤨ೙ߩ

(

ሽ࿷⺰⊛㧕ㆶరਇน⢻ᕈ

(2)

⃻࿷ߩ㧔૗ࠄ߆ߩ㧕ሽ࿷⺰⊛․ᮭᕈ

(3) ㆊ෰ߣᧂ᧪ߩᒻ⠰਄ቇ⊛ߦᧄ᧪⊛ߥ㧔ᔅὼ

⊛ޔࠕ࡮ࡊ࡝ࠝ࡝ߥ㧕㕖ኻ⒓ᕈ

(1)

ߦߟ޿ߡߪࠢ࡞࠷߽ᷓ޿ᤨ೙ൻߩቯ⟵ߣߒ ߡ㘃ૃߩਥᒛࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔᓐᅚߩ႐วߪ޽ߊ

߹ߢ߽๮㗴ߦ߅ߌࠆᤨ೙⊛ㅀቯߩㆶరਇน⢻ᕈ ߣ޿߁๮㗴⺰⊛ਥᒛߢ޽ࠆޕᧄⓂߢߪߘࠇ߽฽

߹ࠇࠆ߇ޔߘߩߎߣࠍ߻ߒࠈᤨ೙ߩሽ࿷⺰⊛ߥ

ㆶరਇน⢻ᕈ߆ࠄߩᏫ⚿ߣ⷗ߥߔὐߢޔᤨ㑆ߩ

ᒻ⠰਄ቇߦ㑐ߔࠆਥᒛߦജὐࠍ⟎޿ߡㅀߴࠄࠇ

ߡ޿ࠆޕ߹ߚ

(2)

ߩ᧦ઙߦࠃߞߡޔߎߩᤨ೙ਥ⟵

(14)

ߪޔዋߥߊߣ߽ᒙ޿ᗧ๧ߢߪ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߩ৻⒳ޔ

޿ࠊ߫ޟਇ⚐ߥ

(impure)

⃻࿷ਥ⟵ޠߣ߽⸒߃ࠆ ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒవ߶ߤㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦޔ

(2)

ߪᔅߕߒ߽⋡ਅᮡḰ⊛ߥ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߣߒߡߩޟ⚐

☴ߥ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ޠ߇ਥᒛߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ⃻࿷ߩ⛘ኻᕈ

߿໑৻ታ࿷ᕈࠍᗧ๧ߒߥ޿㧔⚿ᨐߣߒߡߎࠇࠄ ࠍਥᒛߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿߇㧕

⁽⁴²⁾

ޕߘ ߩὐߢߪⷐઙ

(2)

ߦ⸤ߐࠇߚᤨ೙ൻߩᔒߩ᳓Ḱ ߪᮡḰߩ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߦ߅ߌࠆᤨ೙ൻߦᲧߴߡૐ޿

ߩߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔߘߩಽࠍ⵬߁ߩ߇

(3)

ߢ޽ࠆޕᮡḰ

⊛⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߪޔ᳗㆙ਥ⟵ߦኻߒߡޔㆊ෰ߣᧂ᧪

ߩሽ࿷りಽߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ޿ߕࠇ߽ሽ࿷ߒߥ޿ߣ

⷗ߥߔ߆޿ߕࠇ߽ሽ࿷ߔࠆߣ⷗ߥߔ߆ߣ޿߁ኻ

ᭂߦ૏⟎ߔࠆߣߪ޿߃ޔዋߥߊߣ߽ㆊ෰ߣᧂ᧪

ߩ⋧㆑ࠍ㊀ⷞߒߥ޿ߣ޿߁౒ㅢᕈࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆޕ ߘߩὐߢߪޔ⃻࿷ਥ⟵ߪᤨ೙ߦߣߞߡ㊀ⷐߢ޽

ࠆߪߕߩ৻஥㕙ߦ⋡ࠍ⍁ࠆߣ޿߁ޟᵻߐޠࠍᛴ ߃ߡ޿ࠆޕ߽ߜࠈࠎߎࠇߦ㑐ߒߡߪޔ଀߃߫ᧂ

᧪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ㕖᳿ቯᕈ߿ࠛࡦ࠻ࡠࡇ࡯ߩჇᄢᕈߥ ߤߦࠃߞߡ૗ࠄ߆ߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍዉ౉ߔࠆߎߣߪ น⢻ߢ޽ࠈ߁ޕߒ߆ߒߎࠇࠄߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽஧ὼ

⊛ߦᚑ┙ߔࠆ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߢߒ߆ߥߊޔ଀߃߫᳿ቯ

⺰߿ࠛࡦ࠻ࡠࡇ࡯ߩᷫዋน⢻ᕈߥߤ߇ᚑ┙ߔࠇ

߫⋥ߜߦᶖᄬߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߢ޽ࠆޕߎࠇ ߦኻߒߡ⑳⥄りߪޔㆊ෰ߣᧂ᧪ߩሽ࿷⺰⊛ᕈᩰ

ߘߩ߽ߩߦ⚵ߺㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍ

᳞߼ߚ޿ޕߔߥࠊߜޔ৻⒳ߩᒻ⠰਄ቇ⊛ᔅὼᕈ ߣߒߡᚑ┙ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߛߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ

޽ࠆޕ

ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈࠍ⚵ߺㄟࠎߛᤨ೙ߩᕈᩰ

ઃߌߣߒߡ⑳߇ᦨ߽᦭ᦸⷞߔࠆߩ߇ࠦࡊ࡜ߩᤨ

೙ൻߥߩߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔᱷᔨߥ߇ࠄ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ឭ␜ߒ ߚࠃ߁ߥᗧ๧ߢߩޟࠦࡊ࡜ߩᤨ೙ൻޠߪߎࠇࠄ

ਃ᧦ઙߩ޿ߕࠇ߽ḩߚߒߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ࡞ࠗࠬ߇ᗐ ቯߒߡ޿ࠆޟᤨ೙ൻޠߣߪනߦޟᤨὐ⋧ኻൻޠ ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߒ߆ߥߊޔߎࠇߢߪ૗ࠄ߆ߩᗧ๧

ߢߩޟᤨ㑆ൻޠߣߪ⸒߃ߡ߽ᷓ޿ᗧ๧ߢߩᤨ೙

ൻߣߪߣ߁ߡ޿⸒߃ߥ޿ޕ߹ߚߘߩὐߪޔ࡚ࠫ

ࡦࠬ࠻ࡦߦኻߒߡ߽ᒰߡߪ߹ࠆޕߛ߆ࠄߎߘᓐ ߪޔࠦࡊ࡜ࠍޟ଀ൻߩ㑐ଥޠߣߒߡኈᤃߦ‛⽎

ൻߒᓧࠆ߆ߩࠃ߁ߥ⴫⃻ࠍߒߡߒ߹ߞߚߩߢ޽

ࠆޕߎࠇߦኻߒߡ⑳ߪޔࠦࡊ࡜ࠍ৻⒳ߩ

de re

⊛᭽⋧ࠍ⴫ߔ⴫⃻ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔ ߘ߁ߒߚ‛⽎ൻࠍ࿁ㆱߒߚᒻߢߩᷓ޿ᤨ೙ൻࠍ ታ⃻ߒߚ޿ޕߔߥࠊߜޔ޽ࠆታ૕⊛ኻ⽎ߦ߅޿

ߡ૗ࠄ߆ߩዻᕈ߇଀␜ߐࠇࠆ㓙ߩ৻⒳ߩޟࡕ࡯

࠼ޠߣߒߡߩࠦࡊ࡜⊛de re

᭽⋧ࠍ⴫ߔ⴫⃻ߣ ߒߡᤨ೙⴫⃻ࠍ૏⟎ߠߌࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ

⁽⁴³⁾

ޕߐࠄߦ ߎߩ㓙㊀ⷐߥߩߪޔ ޟታ૕⊛ኻ⽎ޠߩᧄ⾰⊛ⷐ࿃

ߩ߭ߣߟߣߒߡޟ⠴⛯ᕈޠ߇฽߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿

߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߎߎߢᗐቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆዻᕈߩ଀

␜ߩࡕ࡯࠼ߣߪޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ዻᕈ଀␜ߦ߅ߌࠆ

ᤨ㑆⊛஥㕙ߦ㑐ߔࠆࡕ࡯࠼ߢ޽ࠅޔታ૕⊛ኻ⽎

ߦ߅޿ߡᚑ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆᜬ⛯ᕈߣߒߡߩ⠴⛯ߦ㑐 ߔࠆㆶరਇน⢻ߥ⁛․ߩࡕ࡯࠼ߥߩߢ޽ࠆ

⁽⁴⁴⁾

ޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⠴⛯ߦ㑐ߔࠆࠦࡊ࡜⊛

de re

᭽⋧

ߣߒߡᤨ೙ࠍᝒ߃ࠆߣޔ⠴⛯⠪

(endurant)

ߣߒ ߡߩታ૕⊛ኻ⽎ߦዻᕈࠍᏫዻߐߖࠆฦᤨ೙⊛๮

㗴ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦᕈᩰߠߌࠄࠇࠆ㧦

(a)ㆊ෰๮㗴㧦⠴⛯⠪ߩߎࠇ߹ߢߩᜬ⛯ߣߒߡߩ

ᔅὼ⊛ᜬ⛯ߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ଀ൻߦߟ޿ߡਥᒛ ߔࠆޕ

̖ㆊ෰ߩ޽ࠆᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ࠻ࡠ࡯ࡊ㧔޽

ࠆ ޿ ߪ ߘ ߩ ᰳ ᅤ 㧕 ߇ ⌀

ℂ

୯

ઃ ਈ

⠪

(truth-value conferer)⁽⁴⁵⁾

(b)

⃻࿷๮㗴

㧦⠴⛯⠪ߩ⋡ਅߩᜬ⛯ߣߒߡߩ⃻ታ

⊛ᜬ⛯ߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ଀ൻߦߟ޿ߡਥᒛߔࠆޕ

̖⃻࿷ߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ࠻ࡠ࡯ࡊ㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪߘߩ

ᰳᅤ㧕߇⌀ℂ୯ઃਈ⠪

(c)ᧂ᧪๮㗴㧦⠴⛯⠪ߩߎࠇ߆ࠄߩᜬ⛯ߣߒߡߩ

น⢻⊛ᜬ⛯ߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ଀ൻߦߟ޿ߡਥᒛ ߔࠆޕ

̖ᧂ᧪ߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ଀ൻߦߟ޿ߡߩ⃻࿷ߦ߅

(15)

ߌࠆ᳿ቯᕈ㧔᳿ቯߒߡ޿ࠇ߫㧕߇⌀ℂ୯ઃਈ

⠪

ߎࠇࠄߩᤨ೙๮㗴ߦߟ޿ߡޔᷓ޿ᤨ೙ൻߩਃ

ⷐઙߦᾖࠄߒวࠊߖߥ߇ࠄ⸃⺑ߒࠃ߁ޕ߹ߕ╙

৻ߦޔߎࠇࠄߩฦⷙቯߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽ᤨ೙ߩޟᕈ

ᩰઃߌޠߢ޽ߞߡޟㆶరޠߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ޕ

ߘࠇࠄߪޔᤨ೙ߩㆶరਇน⢻ᕈࠍో㕙⊛ߦᛚ⹺

ߒߚ߁߃ߢޔߘߩታ࿷ᕈࠍޔ⁛․ߩᤨ㑆⊛

de re

᭽⋧ߣߒߡ⠴⛯⠪ߩ᭽⋧⊛޽ࠅᣇߩਛߦ૏⟎ߠ ߌࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔᤨ೙ߩታ࿷ᕈࠍޔዋ ߥߊߣ߽╙৻ᰴ⊛ߦߪޔޟᤨ㑆ޠߣ߆ޟ਎⇇ޠߥ ߤߩߤߜࠄ߆ߣ⸒߃߫᛽⽎⊛࡮ో૕⊛࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ ߪߥߊޔ୘ޘߩ⠴⛯⠪ߣ޿߁ౕ⽎⊛࡮ዪᚲ⊛࡟

ࡌ࡞ߦ⷗಴ߔߣߎࠈߦߘߩ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆ

⁽⁴⁶⁾

ޕ

⸒޿

឵߃ࠇ߫ޔᤨ೙ߩታ࿷ᕈߣ⠴⛯⠪ߩታ࿷ᕈࠍ৻

ᔃห૕ߩ߽ߩߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔ⠴⛯⠪

ߦ߅ߌࠆ

de re

᭽⋧ߩᜬߟታ࿷ᕈߣߒߡޔᤨ೙

ߩᒻ⠰਄ቇ⊛ታ࿷ᕈࠍਥᒛߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽

ࠆ

⁽⁴⁷⁾

ޕ

ߘߒߡ╙ੑߦޔ⃻࿷ߩ․ᮭᕈߪޔᤨ㑆⊛ᢥ⣂

ߦ߅ߌࠆᗧ๧ߢߪ⃻࿷ߩߺ߇ޟ⃻ታ⊛ޠߢ޽ࠆ ߣ޿߁ὐߦࠃߞߡㄆ߁ߓߡ⏕଻ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ⸒

޿឵߃ࠇ߫ޔ ޟ⃻ታ⊛ޠࠃࠅ߽൮᜝⊛ߥᗧ๧ߢޟታ

࿷ᕈޠࠍᗐቯߒޔߘߩታ࿷ᕈߩࡕ࡯࠼ߣߒߡߪ

⃻ታᕈએᄖߦ߽ᔅὼᕈޔน⢻ᕈࠍᛚ⹺ߒߚ߁߃ ߢޔዋߥߊߣ߽ޟࠕࠢ࠹ࡘࠕ࡞ޠߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁

૗ࠄ߆ߩᗧ๧ߢߩᵴേᕈޔ⃻႐ᕈ߇ᜬߟఝ૏ᕈ ߩਛߦ⃻࿷ߩ․ᮭᕈࠍ⷗಴ߘ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽

ࠆ

⁽⁴⁸⁾

ޕߘߒߡ╙ਃߦޔ

ㆊ෰ߣᧂ᧪ߩ㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߪޔ

ᔅὼᕈߣน⢻ᕈߣߩ᭽⋧⊛㕖ኻ⒓ᕈߣߒߡޔde

re

᭽⋧ߣߒߡߩᤨ೙ߩሽ࿷ᕈᩰߩਛᩭߦၒ߼

ㄟ߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡⷙቯߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ

ߎࠇࠄߩ᭽⋧⊛ᕈᩰ㧔․ߦㆊ෰๮㗴ߦ߅ߌࠆ ᔅὼᕈ㧕ߩ⹦⚦ߥౝታߦߟ޿ߡߪޔᧄ⺰ᢥ╙ੑ

ㇱߦ߅ߌࠆޔ⚐☴↢ᚑࠍᚻ߇߆ࠅߣߒߚ⠴⛯ߩ

⸃᣿ࠍᓙߞߡᡷ߼ߡࠃࠅ⹦⚦ߦ⸃⺑ߔࠆߎߣߦ

ߥࠆ߇ޔ․ߦᧂ᧪๮㗴ߦߟ޿ߡߪߎߎߢ߽ᔅⷐ ᦨዊ㒢ߩᵈ㉼ࠍⴕߞߡ߅߈ߚ޿ޕߎߩ႐วߩᧂ

᧪๮㗴ߦ߅ߌࠆޟน⢻ᕈޠߣߪޔ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽⠴

⛯ߩࡕ࡯࠼ߣߒߡߩน⢻ᕈߢ޽ࠆߩߢޔ଀߃߫

࿃ᨐ⊛㕖᳿ቯᕈߦࠃࠆಽጘ⊛ߥน⢻ᕈߥߤߣߪ

߹ߞߚߊ೎‛ߢ޽ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡߘࠇߪޔ᳿ቯ

⺰ߩᚑ┙ߦࠃߞߡᧂ᧪߇⋥✢⊛ߦឬ߆ࠇࠃ߁߇ޔ ߘߩ㕖ᚑ┙ߦࠃߞߡಽጘ⊛ߦឬ߆ࠇࠃ߁߇ޔߘ ࠇߣߪή㑐ଥߦ⠴⛯⠪ߩߎࠇ߆ࠄߩᜬ⛯߇߽ߚ ࠄߔߎߣߦߥࠆ⋥✢ᕈߩ߽ߣߢᚑ┙ߔࠆน⢻ᕈ ߛߣ⸒߃ࠆޕߎߩὐߢߪޔߎߩ႐วߩ⋥✢ᕈߪޔ

޿ࠊࠁࠆࠝ࠶ࠞࡓဳߩᧂ᧪ᤨ೙ߦ߅ߌࠆޟ઒ߩ

ᧂ᧪(prima facie future)

ޠߣߒߡߩ⋥✢ᕈߦㄭ

޿߽ߩߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ

⁽⁴⁹⁾

ޕ

ߘߒߡ๮㗴⥄૕ߪޔߘ߁ߒߚน⢻⊛ᧂ᧪ߦ߅ ߌࠆ․ቯߩᤨὐߦ߅ߌࠆዻᕈ଀ൻࠍਥᒛߒߡ޿

ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔߘࠇ߇޽ߊ߹ߢ߽น⢻⊛ߥ߽ߩ ߦߔ߉ߥ޿߇ࠁ߃ߦޔ⃻࿷ߦ߅޿ߡߪޔㆊ෰๮

㗴߿⃻࿷๮㗴ߩࠃ߁ߦ⌀ℂ୯ઃਈ⠪ߣߒߡኻᔕ ߔࠆዻᕈ࠻ࡠ࡯ࡊ㧔߽ߒߊߪߘߩᰳᅤ㧕ࠍᜬߜ

ᓧߥ޿⁽⁵⁰⁾

ޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔᧂ᧪๮㗴ߪ⋥ធ⊛ߦߪ⌀

ℂ୯ઃਈ⠪ࠍᜬߡߥ޿ߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢޔᧄ᧪⊛

ߦߪᧂ᧪๮㗴ߪߘߩ⊒⹤ᤨὐߢߪ⌀ℂ୯ࠍᜬߚ ߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒ઒ߦᒰ⹥ߩዻᕈ߇ᒰ⹥ߩᧂ᧪ᤨὐ ߦ߅޿ߡ଀ൻߔࠆ㧔޽ࠆ޿ߪߒߥ޿㧕ߎߣ߇⃻

࿷ߦ߅޿ߡ᳿ቯߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠇ߫ޔᧂ᧪ߦ߅ ߌࠆน⢻⊛ᜬ⛯߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᒻߢታ⃻ߒߡ޿ߊ ߆ࠍ㘈ᘦߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ߥ޿ߩߢޔߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⃻࿷

ߦ߅ߌࠆ᳿ቯᕈࠍ㑆ធ⊛ߥ⌀ℂ୯ઃਈ⠪ߣߒߡ

ഀࠅᒰߡࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕߔߥࠊߜޔᒰ⹥ߩኻ

⽎ߩߺߥࠄߕޔߘࠇࠍขࠅ࿐߻⃻࿷ߩ⁁ᴫో⥸

߿ᴺೣ⊛᳿ቯᕈߔߴߡࠍ฽ࠎߛ૗߽ߩ߆߇⌀ℂ ୯ઃਈ⠪ߣߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ߽ߒ߽

᳿ቯ⺰߇ᚑ┙ߒߡ޿ࠆߣߔࠇ߫ޔ⚿ᨐߣߒߡᧂ

᧪๮㗴ߩੑ୯ᕈ߽ᚑ┙ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ߇ޔߘߩ

႐ว߽ޔ⌀ℂ୯ઃਈ⠪߇ㆊ෰๮㗴߿ᧂ᧪๮㗴ߩ

႐วߣ߹ߞߚߊሽ࿷ᕈᩰࠍ⇣ߦߔࠆ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ

(16)

ߣ޿߁ᩮᧄ⊛㕖ኻ⒓ᕈ߇ᱷࠆޕ೎ߩⷺᐲ߆ࠄ⸒

޿឵߃ࠇ߫ޔߘ߽ߘ߽࿃ᨐ⊛ߥᗧ๧ߢߩ᳿ቯᕈ ߇㑐ࠊࠅࠍᜬߟߩߪ޽ߊ߹ߢ߽น⢻⊛ߥᜬ⛯਄

ߩߢ߈ߏߣ߿⁁ᘒߩߺߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ὐߢޔ࿃ᨐ

⊛ߥᗧ๧ߢߩน⢻ᕈߪ⠴⛯ߩࡕ࡯࠼ߣߒߡߩน

⢻ᕈࠍ೨ឭߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩᗧ

๧ߢޔᓟ⠪ߪ೨⠪ߦవ┙ߟޔࠃࠅᩮḮ⊛ߥน⢻

ᕈߢ޽ࠆޕ߿ߪࠅޔ࿃ᨐ߇ᤨ㑆ߦଐሽߔࠆߩߢ

޽ߞߡߘߩㅒߢߪߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

߹ߚޔ࡚ࠫࡦࠬ࠻ࡦ߇ឭ᩺ߒߚޟࠦࡊ࡜ߩ೽

⹖⊛ୃ㘼ޠߣߒߡߩᤨὐᜰ␜ߣ޿߁ⷰὐߦߟ޿

ߡ߽ޔ⧯ᐓߩ⺑᣿ࠍⴕߞߡ߅ߎ߁ޕࠦࡊ࡜ࠍਥ

⺆ߢ߽ㅀ⺆ߢ߽ߥ޿⁛․ߩࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ⴫⃻ߣ

ߒߡᝒ߃ߚ߁߃ߢߘࠇߦኻߔࠆ೽⹖⊛ୃ㘼ࠍ⸳

ቯߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪޔਥㅀᢥࠍޟS-(tense, t)-Pޠ ߣ޿߁ᒻᑼߩ߽ߩߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ޽

ࠆ

⁽⁵¹⁾

ޕߟ߹ࠅޔਥ⺆ߣߒߡߩޟSޠߣㅀ⺆ߣߒ ߡߩޟ

P

ޠߣ߇ޔ৻⒳ߩᜰᮡߣߒߡߩᤨὐᜰቯ ࠍ઻߁ᤨ೙ߣߒߡߩޟ

(tense, t)

ޠߣ޿߁ࠦࡊ࡜

ߦࠃߞߡ⚿߮ߟߌߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕߎߩ࿑ᑼ ߇ޔ

Ბ㓏߿ᤨ㑆⊛ㇱಽࠍਥ⺆ߣ⷗ߥߔޟ(S, t)-P

ޠ

߿ޟ

(S, t)-tense-P

ޠߣ߽ޔᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍㅀ⺆ߩୃ

㘼ߣ⷗ߥߔޟ

S-(P, t)

ޠ߿ޟ

S-tense-(P, t)

ޠߣ߽

⇣ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߦߘߩ․ᓽ߇޽ࠆޕ ߘߒߡߎߩࠃ߁ߦᝒ߃ߚߣ߈ޔޟࠦࡊ࡜ߩୃ

㘼ޠߣ޿߁⴫⃻ߪޔ߿߿ਇㆡಾߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ߣ޿߁ߩ߽ޔ ޟୃ㘼ޠߣ޿߁ߣޔߘࠇߪ޽ߞߡ߽

ߥߊߡ߽⦟޿ࠃ߁ߥઃട⊛ߥ߽ߩߣ޿߁࠾ࡘࠕ ࡦࠬ߇ߤ߁ߒߡ߽ടࠊߞߡߒ߹߁߇ޔ߻ߒࠈޔ

ᤨ೙ߣߪޔߣ߈ߦߪᥧ㤩⊛ߢ޽ࠇޔᧄ᧪ߪᏱߦ

ᤨὐ⊛㒢ቯࠍ઻߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠅޔߘ߁ߒߚᤨ೙ߣ

㒢ቯࠍ৻૕ߦߒߚ߽ߩ߇ࠦࡊ࡜ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ

⠨߃ࠆᣇ߇ℂߦㆡߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ

⁽⁵²⁾

ޕߎߩ

⠨߃ᣇߩ߽ߣߢߪޔߜࠂ߁ߤήᤨ㑆⊛ࠦࡊ࡜ߦ ࠃࠆ๮㗴߇ฦᤨ೙㧔ㆊ෰࡮⃻࿷࡮ᧂ᧪㧕๮㗴ߩ ㆬ⸒ߣߒߡᤨ೙ߦਛ┙⊛ߥ๮㗴ߣ⷗ߥߐࠇᓧࠆ ߩߣห᭽ޔୃ㘼ࠍ઻ࠊߥ޿ㆊ෰ᒻ࡮ᧂ᧪ᒻࠦࡊ

࡜ߦࠃࠆ๮㗴ߪޔ․ቯߩᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍᥧ㤩ߦ઻ߞ ߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠇ߫ޔ․ቯߩᤨὐᜰ␜ࠍ઻߁ⶄ

ᢙߩ๮㗴߆ࠄᚑࠆㆬ⸒⊛๮㗴ߣߒߡޔᤨὐᜰ␜

ߦਛ┙⊛ߥㆊ෰ᤨ೙࡮ᧂ᧪ᤨ೙๮㗴ߣߘࠇߙࠇ

⷗ߥߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥࠆޕ

ߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ⃻࿷ᤨ೙ߦߟ޿ߡߪޔේೣ⊛ߦ

ᤨὐᜰቯߪਇⷐߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔㆊ෰ᤨ೙ߣᧂ᧪ᤨ೙

ߦߟ޿ߡߪޔㆊ෰⃻࿷ᧂ᧪ࠍ⽾޿ߡో㗅ᐨൻߐ ࠇᓧࠆࠃ߁ߥ૗ࠄ߆ߩᜰᮡߦࠃࠆᤨὐᜰቯࠍ઻

߁߽ߩߣߒߡޔ߅ߘࠄߊේೣ⊛ߦߪή㒢ߦ୘೎

ൻߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥࠆޕߎࠇߪߜࠂ߁ߤޔࡕ࡯࠼

ߣߒߡߩᤨ೙ߣዻᕈߣߒߡߩ⦡ߣ޿߁⋧㆑ߎߘ

޽ࠇޔ଀߃߫ޔⵍ᳿ቯ⠪

(determinable)

ߣߒߡ ߩ৻ቯߩ᏷ࠍᜬߞߚ⿒ߣޔ᳿ቯ⠪

(determinate)

ߣߒߡߩ․ቯߩᵄ㐳ࠍᜬߟ⿒ߣࠍ඙೎ߒᓧࠆߣ

޿߁੐ᖱߣૃߡ޿ࠆ

⁽⁵³⁾