岐阜県瑞浪地域中部中新統生俵層の珪藻化石年代層序
河邑圭太
1
・須藤 斎
2
・柳沢幸夫
3
1日生学園第二高校 〒515-2692
三重県津市白山町八対野2739
2名古屋大学大学院環境学研究科地球環境科学専攻 〒464-8601
愛知県名古屋市千種区不老町 3 産業技術総合研究所地質情報研究部門 〒305-8567
城県つくば市東1-1-1
中央第7
事業所Diatom biostratigraphy of the middle Miocene Oidawara
Formation in the Mizunami area, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan
Keita Kawamura
1
, Itsuki Suto
2
and Yukio Yanagisawa
3
1Nissei Gakuen,
2739 Hattaino, Hakusan-cho, Tsu, Mie 515-2692, Japan
2Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University,
Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
3
Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan/AIST,
1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
Abstract
We examined fossil diatoms in the middle Miocene Oidawara Formation distributed
in Mizunami City, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan, to determine the precise
sedimenta-tion age. Well preserved fossil marine diatoms with high diversity have been found in
the diatomaceous mudstone of the Oidawara Formation. The diatom assemblage of the
formation can be assigned to the short interval between diatom biohorizons D41
(
the last
occurrence of Denticulopsis praelauta, 15.8 Ma
)
and the first occurrence of Actinocyclus
ingens f. nodus
(
15.7 Ma
)
in the diatom zone NPD 4A
(
Denticulopsis lauta Zone
)
of the
Neogene North Pacific diatom zonation. As a result, the sedimentation age of the Oidawara
Formation was determined to be between 15.8 and 15.7 Ma. Reversed magnetic polarity
reported from the Oidawara Formation corresponds to chron C5Br.
Key index words: biostratigraphy, fossil, middle Miocene, Mizunami, Oidawara Formation
はじめに
岐阜県南東部の瑞浪市周辺(以下,瑞浪地域;
Fig. 1
)に分布する下部∼中部中新統の瑞浪層群
は,下位より土岐夾炭層,本郷層,明
あ け よ世層, 宿
しゅくの洞
ほら層および生
おいだわら俵
層からなる(糸魚川
1974
,
1980
,
入月・細山
2006
;
Fig. 2
)。本層群は脊椎・軟体
動物から微化石まで多様で保存のよい化石を豊富
に含み,中部地方の新第三紀の地史や古環境の
変遷を解明する上で極めて重要な地層群である。
このうち,最上部の生俵層は海成の珪藻質泥岩
であり,珪藻(沢村
1963
,森
1974
,小泉
1981
,
Yanagisawa 1993
,
1994
,
Akiba et al. 1993
),放
散虫(菅野
1976, Sugiyama & Furutani 1992
)お
よび有孔虫(多井
1958
,
Saito 1963
,瀬戸
1992
)
など微化石が多産する。本層の堆積年代は,これ
らの微化石の生層序や古地磁気層序(
Hayashida
1986
, 佐 藤・ 新 妻
1990
,
Hiroki & Matsumoto
1999
,
2003
),およびフィッション・トラック年
代(小林
1989
)から,中期中新世初頭であること
が判明していた。とくに,入月・細山(
2006
)は,
Yanagisawa
(
1993
)の珪藻化石のデータなどに基
づき,生俵層の年代が
15.6
∼
15.8 Ma
(
=megaan-Received 28 July 2011
Accepted 20 October 2011
num, million years before present
)の極めて短期
間に限定される可能性を示した。一方,古地磁気
学的研究(
Hayashida 1986
,
Hiroki & Matsumoto
1999
,
2003
)は,
瑞浪層群が日本海の生成・拡大
に伴う西南日本弧の回転運動の真只中に堆積した
地層であることを示した。このように,瑞浪層群
最上部に位置する生俵層の年代をより精密に決定
することは,より精緻な日本列島の形成史を明ら
かにする上で重要である。
近 年,
Akiba
(
1986
),
Yanagisawa & Akiba
(
1998
)
および
Watanabe & Yanagisawa
(
2005
)に
よって高時間分解能を持つ北太平洋域の新生代珪
藻化石年代層序が確立され
,
これを用いて生俵層
の堆積年代を更に精度良く決定することが可能に
なった。そこで,本研究ではこれまでより精密な
生俵層の堆積年代を決定することを目的として,
本層の珪藻化石を分析した。
地質概説
瑞浪層群は美濃帯堆積岩類と領家花崗岩類から
なる先新第三系基盤を不整合に覆い,上位の鮮新
統瀬戸層群に不整合に覆われる(
Fig. 2
)。瑞浪層
群は岩相により下位から,土岐夾炭層,本郷層,
明世層,宿洞層および生俵層に区分される(糸魚
Fig. 1.
(
a
)
. Map showing the location of Mizunami City, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
(
b
)
. Map showing the localities of the Shuku
stratigraphic section
(
see detail in Fig. 3
)
and the bore hole examined in this study, with distribution of the Oidawara
Forma-tion
(
shaded area
)
in Mizunami City
(
after Itoigawa 1974, 1980
)
.
Fig. 2.
The stratigraphy of the Neogene sediments in the
Mizunami area
(
Itoigawa 1974, 1980
)
.
川
1974
,
1980,
入月・細山
2006
)。
最下部の土岐夾炭層は,層厚約
140 m
の非海成
層で,基底部は礫岩からなり,砂岩層,亜炭層,
凝灰岩層を挟む泥岩を主部とする。
土岐夾炭層を不整合に覆う本郷層は,層厚約
70 m
の非海成層で,主に凝灰質砂岩,シルト岩,
泥岩の互層からなり,基底部には礫岩層,下部に
は火山礫凝灰岩層を挟む。
明世層は本郷層を整合に覆い,瑞浪盆地中央部
では層厚
135 m
以上になる海成層である。
本層
は岩相変化が著しく,瑞浪盆地中央部では下位か
ら月
つき吉
よし部層(塊状凝灰質細粒砂岩,層厚
30 m
以
下),戸
と狩
がり部層(凝灰質砂岩,層厚約
30 m
),山
や ま の野
内
うち部層(無層理細粒砂岩∼シルト岩,
30 m
),お
よび狭
は ざ ま間部層(軽石凝灰岩,
30 m
)に区分される
(
Fig. 2
)。
宿洞層は主に瑞浪盆地周辺部で見られ,砂岩か
ら成り,礫岩および貝殻砂岩を伴う。このため,
糸魚川(
1974
,
1980
)は本層を「宿洞砂岩相」と
Fig. 3.
Route map of the Shuku stratigraphic section.
Fig. 4.
Stratigraphic distribution of selected diatom species in the Shuku stratigraphic section. Diatom zonation after Akiba
し明世層の最上部に相当する岩相とした。しか
し,本層は明世層を不整合に覆う独立した地層
であるという見解(瀬戸
1992
,氏原ら
1999
,林
2002
)もあって,その層序学的位置は確定してい
なかった(林・大平
2005
)。しかし,年代層序学
的に下位の明世層とは明瞭な時間間伱があること
が明らかになってきたので(氏原ら
1999
など),
入月・細山(
2006
)は独立した地層として本層を
記載している。本研究でもこの見解に従う。
生俵層は下位の明世層および宿洞層を不整合
に覆い,最下部の名滝礫岩部層から,上位の生俵
泥岩部層へと急激に細粒化する。名滝礫岩部層は
層厚数
m
で砂岩と礫岩からなる。生俵泥岩部層
(最大層厚
160 m
)は塊状の珪藻質泥岩からなり,
保存良好な珪藻化石を多産する。
試料と方法
本研究では,岐阜県瑞浪市 宿
しゅくのルート(
Fig. 3
)
で採集した試料と,日本原子力研究開発機構(旧
動力炉・核燃料開発事業団)のボーリングコア試
料を用いた(
Fig. 1
)。
宿セクションは瑞浪市日吉町宿の日吉川の支流
沿いにあり,入月・細山(
2006
)が記載したルー
トと同じである(
Figs 1, 3
)。ここでは,生俵層
の下位の宿洞層から,生俵層を不整合に覆う瀬戸
層群最下部まで,生俵層の全層準をほぼ連続して
観察できる(
Fig. 4
)。本セクションで見られる名
滝礫岩部層は,層厚
1.3 m
程度で基質が細礫から
なる直径
10 cm
程度の円∼亜円礫岩である。名
滝礫岩部層は,その直上で砂岩を構成する粒子の
粒径は急激に小さくなり,
20 cm
上位でシルト岩
に漸移し生俵層生俵泥岩層となる。生俵泥岩部
層(層厚
47 m
)は,下限から
4 m
上位の層厚約
1 m
の砂岩層と
16 m
上位の層厚約
20 cm
の砂岩
層を除き,ほぼ全体が珪藻質塊状のシルト岩から
成る。ただし,下限から
26
∼
27 m
付近には葉理
面が発達する。また,下限境界から
20 m
程上位
Fig. 5.
Stratigraphic distribution of selected diatom species in the boring core. Diatom zonation after Akiba
(
1986
)
and
Yanagi-sawa & Akiba
(
1998
)
.
Table 1.
Occurrence chart of fossil diatom species from the Shuku stratigraphic section. Preservation, G: good, M: moderate, P:
poor. Abundance, A: abundant, C: common, R: rare; Occurrence, +: present.
Sample SHK- 6 8 10 12 13 16 17 17A 18 21 23 25 24 33 35 36 1s 3s 5s 8s 10s 12s 14s
Preservation G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
Abundance A A A A M A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Actinocyclus ingens Rattray emend. Whiting et Schrader 1 1 1 2 8 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 + 3 2 4 2 3 5 + 3 4 3
A. cf. kisselevii Makarova 1 +
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 4 1 4 3 13 2 4 3 2 + 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 + + 1 A. splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs in Pritchard + +
A. vulgaris Schumann + + + + + + 1 +
Arachnoidiscus spp. + + + + +
Asteromphalus sp. + + + + + + + + + + +
Azpeitia endoi (Kanaya) P.A.Sims et G.A.Fryxell in
G.A.Fryxell et al.
+ + + + 1 + 1 1 + +
Cavitatus exiguus Yanagisawa et Akiba in Akiba et al. + 2.5 2.5 2.5 + 1 1 + 1.5 1.5 3 1 5 2 C. jouseanus (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) D.M.Williams 1.5 2 1 3 10 4 8 4.5 4.5 4 5 3 4 3 1 3.5 4.5 3.5 3 2.5 5 2.5 5.5 C. linearis (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) Akiba et Yanagi-
sawa in Akiba et al.
C. miocenicus (Schrader) Akiba et Yanagisawa in Akiba et
al.
+ 0.5 1.5 1 + + + 0.5 + 0.5
Cocconeis californica (Grunow in Cleve et Möller)
Grunow in Van Heurck
0.5 C. californica var. kerguelensis Heiden in Heiden et Kolbe
C. costata Gregory 0.5 0.5 0.5 + 1
C. scutellum Ehrenberg + + + + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5
C. vitrea Brun +
C. spp. + + 1 +
Coscinodiscus asterompharus Ehrenberg + + + + + + 1 + 1
C. lewisianus Greville +
C. marginatus Ehrenberg + + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + + + + 1
C. radiatus Ehrenberg 1 2 2 + 1 +
C. spp. + +
Cymatosira cf. lorenziana Grunow + + 0.5
Delphineis angustata (Pantocsek) Andrews 0.5 1 0.5 1 D. miocenica (Schrader) Andrews 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 + 2 2.5 2 0.5 0.5 + 2 0.5 + 0.5 1 + 1 1.5 1 D. penelliptica Andrews
Denticulopsis ichikawae Yanagisawa et Akiba 5 8.5 2 16 10 9.5 9.5 15.5 7 11 10 18 17.5 8.5 18.5 6 18.5 9 13.5 5 16 7.5 D. lauta (Bailey) Simonsen 40 36.5 31.5 32 20 25 34.5 36 34 25 20 30 25.5 35 22.5 22 27 24.5 32.5 35 19 22.5 Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg +
D. smithii (Brébisson in W.Smith) Cleve 1 +
Grammatophora spp. + 1 + + + +
Hemiaulus bipons (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Van Heurck + 1 1 + 1 1 1 + Hyalodiscus obsoletus Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + + + + +
Kisseleviella carina Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + + 0.5 + 0.5 + + 3 + +
Macrora stella (Azpeitia) Hanna +
Mediaria magna Yanagisawa 0.5 + 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 + 1.5 0.5 + + 0.5 + + + + + + 0.5 + M. splendida f. splendida Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 0.5 + + + + + + 0.5 0.5 + + + + + M. splendida f. tenera Schrader + + + + +
Neodelphineis pelagica Takano + 0.5 2 1 1 + 1.5 2 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 Nitzschia challengeri Schrader 1 + 3.5 1 1 0.5 7 2.5 0.5 + 1 3.5 +
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh + 3 1 +
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve 3 3 0 3 2 4 1 2 3 + 1 2 1 1 5 2 3 + 3 1 + Pseudodimerogramma elliptica Schrader in Schrader et
Fenner
+ 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1.5 2 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 + 2.5 + Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian
Rhabdonema spp. + 0.5 1.5 + +
Rhaphoneis elegans (Pantocsek) Hanna + 1 0.5 1.5 1 0.5 + 0.5 + + + + +
Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
R. miocenica Schrader
R. styliformis Brightwell 1
Rouxia spp. + +
Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle et P.A.Sims + Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs in
Pritchard
2 + 2 + 1 2 + 2 1 + + 1 + 1 + + 1 +
S. spp.
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky 39 44 58 29.5 51.5 46 34.5 37.5 30.5 38 40.5 46 38 44 42.5 43 53 43 49 41.5 45.5 49 53.5 Thalassiosira cf. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle
et G.A.Fryxell
T. manifesta Scheschukova-Poretskaja +
T. cf. marujamica Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + + + 1
T. mizunamiensis Yanagisawa 1 1 + 1 + + 1
T. cf. nidulus (Tempére et Brun in Brun et Tempére) Jousé
Thalassiosira cf. yabei (Kanaya) Akiba et Yanagisawa +
T. spp. 1 + + 1 1
Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow in Grunow 0.5 1 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 + 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 Triceratium condecorum Ehrenberg + + 1 + + 1
Total of valves counted 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Nonmarine diatoms 0.5 6 1 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5
Table 1.
continued.
Sample SHK- 16s 41A 39 41 43 45 46A 46C 46D 61 63 65 66 67 69 71 73 75 76 77 79 81 83 84
Preservation G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
Abundance A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Actinocyclus ingens Rattray emend. Whiting et
Schrader
5 + 8 4 3 3 6 2 1 9 2 5 6 + 3 + 8 3 1 3 4 + 2 4
A. cf. kisselevii Makarova 1 1
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 2 2 2 4 1 4 4 + 1 2 5 3 1 5 1 4 2 + 2 + 1 3 A. splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs in Pritchard
A. vulgaris Schumann 1 + + 1 1 + + + +
Arachnoidiscus spp. 1 + + + + + +
Asteromphalus sp. + 1 + + + + 1 + +
Azpeitia endoi (Kanaya) P.A.Sims et G.A.Fryxell in
G.A.Fryxell et al.
Cavitatus exiguus Yanagisawa et Akiba in Akiba et al. 1 1 7 4 3.5 4 6 3 3 4 6.5 4.5 2 7 2 3 6.5 + 4 2 5 4.5 1.5 C. jouseanus (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja)
D.M.Williams
1.5 4.5 1 0.5 + 1 + 1 4 2 + 3.5 1.5 4.5 2.5 1 1 2 5.5 1 + 1.5 + 5 C. linearis (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) Akiba et
Yanagisawa in Akiba et al.
+ +
C. miocenicus (Schrader) Akiba et Yanagisawa in
Akiba et al.
+ + + 1.5
Cocconeis californica (Grunow in Cleve et Möller)
Grunow in Van Heurck
C. californica var. kerguelensis Heiden in
Heiden et Kolbe + C. costata Gregory C. scutellum Ehrenberg + + 0.5 + 0.5 + C. vitrea Brun C. spp.
Coscinodiscus asterompharus Ehrenberg + +
C. lewisianus Greville +
C. marginatus Ehrenberg + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + C. radiatus Ehrenberg +
C. spp.
Cymatosira cf. lorenziana Grunow 1 + + 1 + Delphineis angustata (Pantocsek) Andrews 4 + 1.5
D. miocenica (Schrader) Andrews 0.5 + 1 + 0.5 0.5 + + 0.5 + + + 0.5 0.5 + 1 +
D. penelliptica Andrews 1 +
Denticulopsis ichikawae Yanagisawa et Akiba 13.5 8.5 14.5 24 25 27 16 15 16.5 11 18 8 10 2.5 13 25 9 17 14.5 2 13 29.5 13 15 D. lauta (Bailey) Simonsen 33 23 22 24 25 25.5 20 15 32.5 20 26 15.5 14 21.5 19.5 16.5 19.5 16.5 26.5 30.5 29 10 20.5 13 Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg
D. smithii (Brébisson in W. Smith) Cleve +
Grammatophora spp. + + 3 1 + + + +
Hemiaulus bipons (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Van
Heurck
+ + + + 1
Hyalodiscus obsoletus Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + + + + +
Kisseleviella carina Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 2 1 + + 0.5
Macrora stella (Azpeitia) Hanna + 1 +
Mediaria magna Yanagisawa + + + + + + 1 + 0.5 + + + + + + 0.5 + + 0.5 1 0.5 + + M. splendida f. splendida Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 0.5 0.5 + + + + 0.5 0.5 + 1 0.5
M. splendida f. tenera Schrader +
Neodelphineis pelagica Takano 0.5 2 1.5 0.5 + 2 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 Nitzschia challengeri Schrader 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1 + Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1 6 + + + 6 2 + 1 + + Pseudodimerogramma elliptica Schrader in
Schrader et Fenner
0.5 0.5 1.5 + 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5
Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian +
Rhabdonema spp. + + +
Rhaphoneis elegans (Pantocsek) Hanna + + 0.5 + 0.5 + 1 1 + + 1.5 1 Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey 1 1 + + 1 2 1 1 1 + 2 1 + 1 1 +
R. miocenica Schrader 1 +
R. styliformis Brightwell + + 1
Rouxia spp. + + + 0.5
Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle et P.A.Sims + Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs
in Pritchard
3 + + 1 1 1 1 1 + 4 1 2 2 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 2
S. spp. + + 1
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Meresch-kowsky
35 52.5 38.5 33 42 35.5 41.5 48 33 44 37.5 47.5 54 61.5 45 50 52.5 50 44.5 54 46 50 53.5 51.5 Thalassiosira cf. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck)
Hasle et G.A.Fryxell
1 + 1 + + +
T. manifesta Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + +
T. cf. marujamica Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + T. mizunamiensis Yanagisawa + + + 1 + + 2 2 + + + T. cf. nidulus (Tempére et Brun in Brun et Tempére)
Jousé
+ +
Thalassiosira cf. yabei (Kanaya) Akiba et Yanagisawa +
T. spp. + + +
Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow in
Grunow
0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 1 + 1 0.5 1 0.5 +
Triceratium condecorum Ehrenberg 1 + + + + +
Total of valves counted 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Nonmarine diatoms 1 1 1 1 0.5
Table 2.
Occurrence chart of fossil diatom species from the boring core. Preservation, G: good, M: moderate, P: poor.
Abun-dance, A: abundant, C: common, R: rare; Occurrence, +: present.
Sample No. - cOD 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 Preservation G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
Abundance A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Actinocyclus ingens f. ingens + planus 2 1 1 3 3 1 8 4 2 + 5 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 5 A. cf. kisselevii Makarova
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 2 1 2 1 + 2 3 1 4 3 2 + 2 2 1 + 1 + 1 2
A. splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs in Pritchard + +
A. vulgaris Schumann + + + + + + + + +
Arachnoidiscus spp. + + + + + + +
Asteromphalus sp. 1 + + + + + +
Azpeitia endoi (Kanaya) P.A.Sims et G.A.Fryxell in G.A.Fryxell et
al.
1
Cavitatus exiguus Yanagisawa et Akiba in Akiba et al. 1 5 5.5 + 4 6.5 7 2.5 + 2 2.5 2.5 3 2 1.5 3.5 3 2.5 0.5 1 1.5 C. jouseanus (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) D.M.Williams 7 1.5 1.5 6 2.5 2 3 0.5 6.5 4.5 0.5 0.5 + 1.5 3 1 1.5 2 2 + 4.5 C. linearis (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) Akiba et Yanagisawa
in Akiba et al.
+ + 0.5 +
C. miocenicus (Schrader) Akiba et Yanagisawa in Akiba et al. + + 1 + Cocconeis californica (Grunow in Cleve et Möller) Grunow
in Van Heurck
0.5 0.5
C. californica var. kerguelensis Heiden in Heiden et Kolbe +
C. costata Gregory + 0.5 +
C. scutellum Ehrenberg + + 0.5 + + +
C. vitrea Brun
C. spp. +
Coscinodiscus asterompharus Ehrenberg 1 + 1 +
C. lewisianus Greville + + + + + + + +
C. marginatus Ehrenberg + 1 + + 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 + +
C. radiatus Ehrenberg 2
C. spp.
Crucidenticula cf. kanayae Akiba et Yanagisawa +
Cymatosira cf. lorenziana Grunow + 1 + +
Delphineis angustata (Pantocsek) Andrews 0.5 + 1 0.5 D. miocenica (Schrader) Andrews 1 0.5 1 4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 + + 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 1.5 Denticulopsis ichikawae Yanagisawa et Akiba 15 14 13 7 13 22 15.5 15.5 9.5 9.5 17 27 16.5 13.5 18.5 17.5 12.5 15 22 15 15 D. lauta (Bailey) Simonsen 29 38 36 20 18 21.5 20 33 16 17.5 19.5 21 22.5 17.5 27 16 17 28 17.5 15 20
Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg +
D. smithii (Brébisson in W. Smith) Cleve + 0.5
Grammatophora spp. + 1 1 + + 1
Hemiaulus bipons (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Van Heurck + + 1 + 1 + + + + 1 Hemidiscus spp.
Hyalodiscus obsoletus Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + + + + + Kisseleviella carina Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 1 1 1.5 + 2 0.5 +
Koizumia adaroi (Azpeitia) Yanagisawa
Macrora stella (Azpeitia) Hanna 1 + + + + + + 1
Mediaria magna Yanagisawa 0.5 + + + 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 + 0.5 + + + + + M. splendida f. splendida Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + 0.5 0.5 + + + + + + +
M. splendida f. tenera Schrader 0.5 + 1 + +
Melosira spp. 3 4 + + 5 1 + + 2 + + 4
Neodelphineis pelagica Takano 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 2 1.5 0.5 6 3.5 3 2 2 1 2.5 2.5 Nitzschia challengeri Schrader 1.5 1 + 1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 + 1 1 0.5 0.5 + 1 0.5 0.5 1 1
N. heteropolica Schrader +
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh +
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1 1 + 2 + 1 + + 1 Pseudodimerogramma elliptica Schrader in Schrader et Fenner 0.5 1 + 0.5 2 0.5 1 1 1 3 2.5 1 2 1.5 3 0.5
Pyxilla spp. +
Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian + + 1 + + + + +
Rhabdonema spp. + +
Rhaphoneis elegans (Pantocsek) Hanna + + 1 + 0.5 0.5 + 0.5 1 + 1 R. paralis Hanna
Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 + + + 1 1 1 1 1
R. miocenica Schrader + 1 + 1
R. styliformis Brightwell 1 +
Rouxia spp. + + + +
Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle et P.A.Sims + + Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs in Pritchard + 1 + 4 1 + + 1 1 + 1 1 + + 1 + 1 S. spp.
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky 32.5 32 35 54 50 36 25 38 47.5 59 35 42 45.5 53.5 39 52 57 43 45.5 57 38.5
T. spp. +
Thalassiosira grunowii Akiba et Yanagisawa
T. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et G.A.Fryxell + T. cf. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et G.A.
Fryxell
+ + + + + +
T. manifesta Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + +
T. cf. marujamica Sheshukova-Poretzkaja + 1 + + 2 1 + 1 T. mizunamiensis Yanagisawa + 1 1 1 + 1 + + + + + T. cf. nidulus (Tempére et Brun in Brun et Tempére) Jousé + 1
T. spp. + + + + +
Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow in Grunow + 0.5 1 0.5 1.5 1.5 1 1.5 0.5 1 0.5 + 0.5 1.5 1 0.5 Triceratium condecorum Ehrenberg + + + + + + + + + + 1 + +
Total of valves counted 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Nonmarine diatoms 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
Table 2.
continued.
Sample No. - cOD 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 Preservation G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
Abundance A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Actinocyclus ingens f. ingens + planus + 1 1 2 7 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 7 2 2 2 4
A. cf. kisselevii Makarova 1 1
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 2 1 4 4 + 3 1 1 + + 3 + 2 1 + 1 2 A. splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs in Pritchard + +
A. vulgaris Schumann 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + +
Arachnoidiscus spp. + + + + +
Asteromphalus sp. + + 1 + + + +
Azpeitia endoi (Kanaya) P.A.Sims et G.A.Fryxell in G.A.Fryxell et al.
+ 1 1
Cavitatus exiguus Yanagisawa et Akiba in Akiba et al. 2 4 0.5 2 6 + 0.5 3.5 4 5 1.5 3 1 5 6 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 C. jouseanus (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) D.M.Williams + 0.5 + 1 2 1 2 1 0.5 1.5 + 1 4 0.5 0.5 1 + 0.5 C. linearis (Sheshukova-Poretzkaya) Akiba et Yanagisawa
in Akiba et al.
+ 1 +
C. miocenicus (Schrader) Akiba et Yanagisawa in Akiba et
al.
0.5 0.5
Cocconeis californica (Grunow in Cleve et Möller) Grunow
in Van Heurck
C. californica var. kerguelensis Heiden in Heiden et Kolbe + +
C. costata Gregory + 0.5 +
C. scutellum Ehrenberg + + 0.5 1 1 + + + + 1 + +
C. vitrea Brun + +
C. spp. + + +
Coscinodiscus asterompharus Ehrenberg + 1 + + 1 1 + + +
C. lewisianus Greville + + + + + + +
C. marginatus Ehrenberg + 1 + 1 1 + + + + + + 1 + +
C. radiatus Ehrenberg 1 1 +
C. spp. +
Crucidenticula cf. kanayae Akiba et Yanagisawa
Cymatosira cf. lorenziana Grunow + + +
Delphineis angustata (Pantocsek) Andrews 1 1 0.5 1
D. miocenica (Schrader) Andrews + 1.5 1 2 1 1 + + + 1 1 4.5 1 1.5 + 0.5 3 3 2 + Denticulopsis ichikawae Yanagisawa et Akiba 18 22 10.5 12 17 16.5 26 19 21 13.5 12 23.5 16.5 29 2.5 18.5 17 13.5 15 16.5 28 D. lauta (Bailey) Simonsen 13 24 22.5 17.5 20.5 11.5 26.5 29 28 27.5 29.5 17 31.5 26.5 28.5 28.5 27.5 36 16 12 19
Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg +
D. smithii (Brébisson in W. Smith) Cleve +
Grammatophora spp. + + 1 1 1 1
Hemiaulus bipons (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Van Heurck + + + 1 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 + + + Hemidiscus spp.
Hyalodiscus obsoletus Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + 1 + 1 Kisseleviella carina Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 0.5 1 1 1 + 0.5 3 2 + Koizumia adaroi (Azpeitia) Yanagisawa
Macrora stella (Azpeitia) Hanna 1
Mediaria magna Yanagisawa 0.5 0.5 + 0.5 1 0.5 + 0.5 0.5 + 1 + 0.5 1.5 + + + 0.5 0.5 M. splendida f. splendida Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 1 + + + 1 + + +
M. splendida f. tenera Schrader + + + + +
Melosira spp. 1 2 1 3 2 + 2 +
Neodelphineis pelagica Takano 2 0.5 2 2 1 2 + + 1 1 3 Nitzschia challengeri Schrader + + + 0.5 1 3 2 1.5 2 2 2.5 2.5 1 1.5 1.5 + 2 2 0.5 + N. heteropolica Schrader +
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh 1
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve + 2 + + + + + + + Pseudodimerogramma elliptica Schrader in Schrader et
Fenner
2 0.5 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2.5 0.5 1 1 + 2 1 1 0.5 0.5 Pyxilla spp.
Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian + 1
Rhabdonema spp. + +
Rhaphoneis elegans (Pantocsek) Hanna + + + 2 + 2 0.5 R. paralis Hanna
Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey 1 + 1 3 + + 4 1 1 2 + 2 + 1 1 2 R. miocenica Schrader
R. styliformis Brightwell + 1 + 1
Rouxia spp. + 1 0.5
Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle et P.A.Sims 1 2 + 1 + + + + Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs in Pritchard 1 + 3 1 1 3 3 + + + 1 + + 1 + + 1 1 S. spp.
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky 52.5 33 48.5 52 32.5 48.5 32 38 36.5 40 37.5 41.5 40 34 48.5 34 31 35 55 55 44 T. spp.
Thalassiosira grunowii Akiba et Yanagisawa T. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et G.A.Fryxell T. cf. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et
G.A. Fryxell
+ 1 + +
T. manifesta Sheshukova-Poretskaya + +
T. cf. marujamica Sheshukova-Poretskaya + + + + + 1
T. mizunamiensis Yanagisawa + + 1 + + 1 + + + + + T. cf. nidulus (Tempére et Brun in Brun et Tempére) Jousé
T. spp. + +
Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow in Grunow 0.5 1 1 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 + 2 0.5 Triceratium condecorum Ehrenberg 1 2 + 1 2 1 + + + 1 1 +
Total of valves counted 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Nonmarine diatoms 1 2 0.5 1.5 2 4 0.5 1 2 2 3
Table 2.
continued.
Sample No. - cOD 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 Preservation G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
Abundance A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Actinocyclus ingens f. ingens + planus 5 3 1 + 5 4 1 3 1 3 3 1 2 6 + 1 3 1 7 4 3
A. cf. kisselevii Makarova 1 +
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg + 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 + 1 + + + 2 3 +
A. splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs in Pritchard +
A. vulgaris Schumann + + + +
Arachnoidiscus spp. + + + +
Asteromphalus sp. + + 2 1 1 1 + + + 1 1 +
Azpeitia endoi (Kanaya) P.A.Sims et G.A.Fryxell in
G.A.Fryxell et al.
+ + +
Cavitatus exiguus Yanagisawa et Akiba in Akiba et al. 1 0.5 2 1.5 2.5 2.5 5 1 1 2.5 3.5 + 3.5 2 + + 5 2.5 5 C. jouseanus (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) D.M.Williams 6 1.5 1 0.5 3.5 0.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 0.5 3 2.5 + 6.5 0.5 8 1 1 1.5 C. linearis (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) Akiba et Yanagisawa
in Akiba et al.
C. miocenicus (Schrader) Akiba et Yanagisawa in Akiba et
al.
+ + +
Cocconeis californica (Grunow in Cleve et Möller) Grunow
in Van Heurck
+ +
C. californica var. kerguelensis Heiden in Heiden et Kolbe
C. costata Gregory 0.5 0.5 + + + + 1
C. scutellum Ehrenberg + 0.5 + 1 1 + + + 1
C. vitrea Brun
C. spp. + +
Coscinodiscus asterompharus Ehrenberg 1 + + + 1 1
C. lewisianus Greville +
C. marginatus Ehrenberg + 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + +
C. radiatus Ehrenberg + +
C. spp. + +
Crucidenticula cf. kanayae Akiba et Yanagisawa
Cymatosira cf. lorenziana Grunow + + 1
Delphineis angustata (Pantocsek) Andrews + 1 1 D. miocenica (Schrader) Andrews 0.5 3.5 1 0.5 3 1 + + 0.5 1.5 + + 0.5 3 1 2.5 1 Denticulopsis ichikawae Yanagisawa et Akiba 10 19 21 23.5 15.5 6 2 16 19.5 9 16 25.5 6 22 15.5 6.5 29 6.5 14 19 15.5 D. lauta (Bailey) Simonsen 17.5 25 21.5 29 25 21 11.5 20 24 44.5 22 34 26 26 25 32 22 23 14 22.5 20
Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg + 0.5
D. smithii (Brébisson in W. Smith) Cleve
Grammatophora spp. 2 + +
Hemiaulus bipons (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Van Heurck 1 + 2 1 + + 3 + + + + + 1 1 + Hemidiscus spp.
Hyalodiscus obsoletus Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 1 + 1 +
Kisseleviella carina Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 2.5 + 2 0.5 1 3 + + 1 1 0.5 0.5 + Koizumia adaroi (Azpeitia) Yanagisawa
Macrora stella (Azpeitia) Hanna
Mediaria magna Yanagisawa + + + + 0.5 + 0.5 + + + + + + 0.5 + 0.5 + + 1 + M. splendida f. splendida Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + + + + + + + + + +
M. splendida f. tenera Schrader + + + + + + 0.5
Melosira spp. 1 2 2 1 + 3 + 1 1
Neodelphineis pelagica Takano 1 2 0.5 2 1.5 0.5 1 1 4 0.5 1 4 1.5 + 0.5 1 + 2 Nitzschia challengeri Schrader + 1.5 1 + 1 2 0.5 2 4 2 1 6 3.5 1 0.5 1.5
N. heteropolica Schrader +
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh +
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve 1 1 3 + + 1 + Pseudodimerogramma elliptica Schrader in Schrader et
Fenner
0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 + 0.5 1 0.5 3 + 1 2 1 1 4 + 1.5 Pyxilla spp.
Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian
Rhabdonema spp. + +
Rhaphoneis elegans (Pantocsek) Hanna 0.5 + 1 1 + 1 0.5 0.5 1
R. paralis Hanna +
Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey + 3 1 1 1 + + 1 + 3 1 1 R. miocenica Schrader
R. styliformis Brightwell 1
Rouxia spp. + 0.5
Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle et P.A.Sims + 2 + 1 1 1
Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs in Pritchard 1 1 + + + 3 3 + 2 + 3 1 + 1 + 1 2 2
S. spp. +
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky 51.5 36.5 48 37 42 53 70 49 44.5 34 34.5 25 46 32 41 42.5 32 51.5 40.5 40 46 T. spp.
Thalassiosira grunowii Akiba et Yanagisawa + +
T. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et G.A.Fryxell T. cf. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et
G.A.Fryxell
1 + 1 +
T. manifesta Scheschukova-Poretzkaja
T. cf. marujamica Sheshukova-Poretzkaja + 1 1 1 + + T. mizunamiensis Yanagisawa + + + 1 + + 1 1 + 2
T. cf. nidulus (Tempére et Brun in Brun et Tempére) Jousé + + T. spp.
Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow in Grunow 0.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 + 1 0.5 2.5 0.5 Triceratium condecorum Ehrenberg + + 1 + 1 1 + 1
Total of valves counted 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Nonmarine diatoms 0.5 1 1 1.5 1
Table 2.
continued.
Sample No. - cOD 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preservation G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
Abundance A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Actinocyclus ingens f. ingens + planus 6 1 1 2 2 5 1 3 1 + 2 4 3 + 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 A. cf. kisselevii Makarova + 1
Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg 4 4 3 + + 5 1 + 1 + 2 1 1 2 2 3 + 3 1 2 A. splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs in Pritchard + +
A. vulgaris Schumann + + +
Arachnoidiscus spp. + + + + +
Asteromphalus sp. + 1 + + 1 + + + 1
Azpeitia endoi (Kanaya) P.A.Sims et G.A.Fryxell in G.A.Fryxell
et al.
+ 1 1
Cavitatus exiguus Yanagisawa et Akiba in Akiba et al. 1.5 5 3 1 7 4.5 1.5 2 1.5 7.5 5.5 7.5 2 0.5 1 2 3 + 4 2 + C. jouseanus (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) D.M.Williams 4.5 + 6.5 + 2 8 0.5 1 7 0.5 2 1 7 + 1 3 + 7 5.5 5.5 3.5 C. linearis (Scheschukova-Poretzkaja) Akiba et Yanagisawa
in Akiba et al.
0.5 +
C. miocenicus (Schrader) Akiba et Yanagisawa in Akiba et al. + 0.5 + 1 + + Cocconeis californica (Grunow in Cleve et Möller) Grunow
in Van Heurck
1 0.5
C. californica var. kerguelensis Heiden in Heiden et Kolbe 0.5 0.5
C. costata Gregory 1 1 + +
C. scutellum Ehrenberg 1 + 1 + 1 + + +
C. vitrea Brun 0.5 0.5 + +
C. spp.
Coscinodiscus asterompharus Ehrenberg + 1 +
C. lewisianus Greville + +
C. marginatus Ehrenberg + + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + + C. radiatus Ehrenberg
C. spp. 1 + +
Crucidenticula cf. kanayae Akiba et Yanagisawa
Cymatosira cf. lorenziana Grunow 2 + + 1 1
Delphineis angustata (Pantocsek) Andrews 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.5 D. miocenica (Schrader) Andrews 0.5 1 2 0.5 + + + 0.5 0.5 + 2 0.5 0.5 + + 2 2 1 1.5 Denticulopsis ichikawae Yanagisawa et Akiba 7 10 8 7 8 7.5 8 10.5 11.5 7.5 10 13 6 1 16 3.5 6 14 5 4.5 5.5 5 D. lauta (Bailey) Simonsen 25.5 30 35 25 41 20 21 20.5 21 21 20 32 15 11 23.5 21.5 29 29 20.5 18.5 33.5 28.5
Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg + + 0.5
D. smithii (Brébisson in W.Smith) Cleve + +
Grammatophora spp. + 1 1 2 1 +
Hemiaulus bipons (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Van Heurck + 2 + + 1 0 1 Hemidiscus spp.
Hyalodiscus obsoletus Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 1 + Kisseleviella carina Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 0.5 1 + + + + + 1 2 + + 3 0.5 Koizumia adaroi (Azpeitia) Yanagisawa
Macrora stella (Azpeitia) Hanna +
Mediaria magna Yanagisawa + 0.5 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + 0.5 1 0.5 + M. splendida f. splendida Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 0.5 0.5 0.5 + 0.5 0.5 1 + + + + 1 + 0.5 + +
M. splendida f. tenera Schrader + + + + + + +
Melosira spp. 1 1 + 4 2 3 3 2 1
Neodelphineis pelagica Takano 1 2 3 1 1 4 0.5 1 4 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 0.5 4 Nitzschia challengeri Schrader 0.5 2 + 0.5 2.5 + + + 0.5 0.5 1 N. heteropolica Schrader 1
Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) Agardh
Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve + + 1 2 + 2 +
Pseudodimerogramma elliptica Schrader in Schrader et Fenner 1 4 4 5 + 1 0.5 1 1.5 0.5 0.5 + 0.5 1 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 Pyxilla spp.
Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian + + +
Rhabdonema spp. + + 0.5
Rhaphoneis elegans (Pantocsek) Hanna + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 2 1 + 1 R. paralis Hanna
Rhizosolenia hebetata Bailey 1 1 + 1 1 3 + 2 1 2 1 3 1 1.5 1 1 1 1 R. miocenica Schrader
R. styliformis Brightwell 1 +
Rouxia spp. +
Stellarima microtrias (Ehrenberg) Hasle et P.A.Sims + +
Stephanopyxis turris (Greville et Arnott) Ralfs in Pritchard + + + 2 1 + 1 1 1 2 + + 1 1 + + 1 1 + 1
S. spp. 1
Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Mereschkowsky 50 44 38 50 32.5 43 59 47 44 54.5 46 30 56 68.5 45 56.5 48 41 55.5 47 49 50 T. spp.
Thalassiosira grunowii Akiba et Yanagisawa + + + T. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et G.A.Fryxell +
T. cf. leptopus (Grunow in Van Heurck) Hasle et G.A.
Fryxell
+ + 1
T. manifesta Scheschukova-Poretzkaja + + +
T. cf. marujamica Scheschukova-Poretzkaja 1 1 1 1 + + T. mizunamiensis Yanagisawa + + + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + 1 T. cf. nidulus (Tempére et Brun in Brun et Tempére) Jousé +
T. spp. + +
Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve et Grunow in Grunow 1 1 0.5 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 1 0.5 + Triceratium condecorum Ehrenberg + + + + + + + +
Total of valves counted 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Nonmarine diatoms 0.5 2 0.5 1 0.5 1.5 0.5