日本地方都市の研究(3)
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(2) . 北海道教育大学紀要 (第1部B) 第4 5巻. 第1号. 平成6年10月. lo f Hokka i do Un i i i Journa ty of Educa l i t ver s on(Sect on 拝めVo ‐45 ‐l , No. A study 。f a. 』apanese Regiona且. october ,1994. 3 Qty( ) :. The Growth and Development of the Economy of The Ci ty of Asahikawa, Hokka ido and Evaluation of the Problems Being faced the l980s( 3 ). .. Yoshihiko Kamehata t Dasgupta , Romi. CHAPTER rv Asahi l kawa dur ing the .980s The past decade has seen the Japanese economy in a State 。ftrans t l . on‐ The high growth era ina 1 1 。f the l960 1 l 1 s has f y given Way to what some have ca owing out 。f the Japanese ed the ho1 ia l i i ec。momー i ike shipbui lding, automobi y zat l on r es l es , or the era of p。st-industr ‐ Formーer key indust lmaking have given way to more technol and stee l igence ・ntens i ogy and intel 1ve industr es ‐ The iat i id‐1980s and the high cost of labor forced sharp apprec on in the value of the yen in the n・. i f many ofthe l arger enterprises to sh tthei i r plants overseas i ty s changed from quant ‐ The emphas and. ion to qua l i mass product ty and a high l evel of technol i ogy - an era character zed by ,. imentat ion,front i logy and softening the economy on the whol exper er techno e ‐ Regi l ci i i l t t ona es cular ing back on t y those in Hokkaido bore the brunt of comーpani es cut , par i the ing down plants r workforce and shutt l ier scussed ear ‐ As di , industry in Hokkaid。 was i l ly involved wi character zed bylow added value, usua th processing l l l l ial oca abl e raw mater y avai s , as in the case of the lumber industry and the food process ing industry‐ ln a sense perhaps Hokkaido wasjett i inland as s。on as things star soned by the ma ing rough and as s。on as ted get t the economy began changing pr ior i i t es ‐ Thi l th Asahikawgs economy dur ing the l980 s chapter dea s wi i ion deal th rst sect s wi ‐ The f trendsin industr ia lstructure agr icul ture ing and the ter iary sector t t , , manufactur ‐ The second par l ooks at the probl i tゾs economy in an overal lframework‐ ems facing the c. Sect ion l iaI Structure a: Trends in lndustr l f we l ial structure the fol ook at the l。ng term trends in industr l owing pattern emerges , over iod l960 to l985 the per Th i h f t di h e we e i t r s on s t h b o t t e p n a e i i g n e e r a s e c o r r ‐ gg as een rsng from y 53‐ 38% in l960 to 71‐ 28% in l985 l workforce of ‐ ln terms of numbers , in l960 , out 。f a tota l05 765 persons, 56 444 were engaged in the tertialy sector , , ,in l985 117716 persons were engaged. ,. in hte same sector out 。f a total workforce of 165174 personsI ‐ , By contrast the share of the primaび sector has been steadi l l ining and i inl ta ike l s cer y dec yl y to inue doing so‐ ln l960 24070 er count 76% of the tota l workforce was engaged in p sons or 22 ‐ ,. i ture i agar cul i shery industr es ve years l ts share had fanen to 15 aterin l965 i 46%, by ,forestけ and f ‐ Fi ‐. l975 to 7,69%,5 73% in l980 and 5 41% in l985 n l985 out of a total workforce of165,174 only 8 934 ‐ ‐ ‐l , imary sector2 re engaged in the pr Persons we 47.
(3) . i ko (a tDasgupt a Yosh i h t a = neha , Romi. The share ofthe secondary sector has re】mained more stable than the other tWo sectors‐ 1n 1960 , inued to increase 86%‐ Thi s share cont 25 232 per s area oyed in thi ‐ sons were empl , a share of 23 , ter i t began 98% in l975 67% in l970 63% in l965 ng a peak of 25 l l ‐ Thereaf ‐ ‐ y to 25 , reachi . gradua , 25. 174 45% in l980 and 23‐31% in l985‐ln l985 38,486 persons out of a workforce of 165 dec l ining to 25 , . 3 agram l presents the above datain a graph format‐ . Di were engagedin the secondary sector. i 1Structure igra汀 1: Changesin .ndust Da r a 1 ,1960一1985 1 74(To l ) 165 t a ,. 117716. 445 148 ,. ] DARY SECTOR SEC。N. RY PR罰虹A ‐ I960. 1965. 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 5 i de l 988 i i球 Gu b j kawa Ke Somr c e:As副 . ‐ ,p. icul tu・e b: Ttendsin Agr i ld of ma s especial jor change si l y i ini te te def Agr i turein Japan todayi . Th s qu y on the thresho cul l lthe government’s post‐war i east of a i on of factors notl true f ・ners who ce far orr ,through a combinat i i tandards over the post‐war i i t i the ving s rl I Pol i i tura c鯵s agr cul , have seen dramatc mprovemen s n i i l hub of the r ce growing ikawa erc a l i 1nmー s decades er chapter scussed in ear , as the co , Asah ‐ As di i l f ini t ted f te de te rom thi s in and sur y benef kamikawa bas ‐ Hence rounding reglons, qui , more so than for ikawa ime importance to Asah lsectori i tura i s of pr i i cul . t rect on ofthe agr es the di otherJapanese c 48.
(4) . A Studyo faJapanese Reg i IC i 3 t ona ) : y( Due t ive date ol ack of comprehens i l i s sub‐sect th t on dea ture onl s wi thin rends in agr cul ,thi y wi. the Asahikawa urban area (as def ined in Map 3 i l tura cul , Chapter l) rather than the broader agr hinter l ined in Map 5 C and of Asahikawa (as def i l c pattern i sl arge ‐ However as the bas , hapter l) y ident i l ‐ decrease i f i l i i ca d i n arm ng popuaton,rce pro uct ivat i t l = r on and area under cul on etc oughout .‐ t the regi on trendsin agliculture in the Asahikawa urban area ref d l l ect tren s forthe who e region ‐. Ri l ivat i t ido has been dec l i山ng s ce cu ince about the ear on in Hokka l th the government y l9了os wi ice farmers to swi encouraging r tch to other c l rops st rend acce lmost erated in the l980s and i sa ‐ Thi. inl ing to countinue to increase once de‐regul ta cer i i l marketi y go tura at on ofjapads agr cul s compl eted i i and domest cr ce producers are faced wi th com petition f ice‐ ted r rom cheaperimpor Before l igures for the l980s i ooking at f i l ef ook at the Japanese y l , t would be useful to br , i l po l i tura governments post-war agr i cul cy whi ch favoured r ce growers to such a great extent and the. i l changes taking pl ace in thi l s po cy in recent year s e to understand the background to , to be ab changesin Asahikawgs rural seCtor ‐ Japan, i s post‐war f ood admini strat on system has been phmardy character銘ed by r i t ceimpo【一expor. l i i i censes and r ce pr ce control by the government‐ Due to what are probably non‐economic more than ice se economic factors l f suf f i i i ni i dered of pr c ency was, and to an extent st ime importance in s ,r ,cons. Japan‐ Thi ice has always occupied in Ja anese d s is due to the important position r i l ture et and cu p ‐ Af teran the rice riots of the l920s and the food shortages of the im mediate ost-war ears ar tin p. y. es. iv ing memoぴ‐ Hence the Food Agency because ofthi thinl wi i i l i l f‐suf f i i s bas c po cy ofr ce se i d c ency d , , ice impo元s except under extraordinary cl t r not permi rcumstances, sich as a crop fad lure- The ,. i i i government set the r i ce purchase pr ing i ce (producers r ) tak ce pr iderat ce i nto cons on the average ion costs of farmers and the i product r wages‐ The rice producer e i l ther went di rect y from the farmers to the government or to who l t Zed di es副ers through government authol ibutors str ‐ln the latter instance,. i the pr fered to farmer ces of s were higher than those of fered by the government l i cy as - Given a po favourable to producers as thi l as improvements in product s ivi ty di scussed in the previous , as wel. ti chapter i s naturalthatfarmer t l i s cul ar ce farmer s ,i yr , par , became a new e韮te ‐Forinstance according ’ to government s i i i tat 9 l 8 5 f st i cs h n h l d a r me l l r s ncome per ouse o tota ed 6 92 mi n i le , on yen ‐ , whi , 4 workers average i 3 4 i u i ncome stood at 5 Y h a t h e m n ti o n t f i i e w s n e case o ctes 皿【e Asah U U kawa y . ‐ s ,thi ini te plus,through the increased purchasing power of the rura was a def l sector, it was only a mat ter ime before pressure f oft rom Japads t rading pa1tners as wen as growing consumer vo i ld force ces , wou l i a change in thi i n f s po h cy t e s i t i e f c a t a e h r e i d p e n t 1 9 8 0 appreca on o y y e m - ice of , s made the pr Japanese r i ight t imes as high as some other r ce up to e i ing countries‐ 工n l986 for instance ce produc , , the producer pr i lograms 60ki ce of one hyo( i ) ofr 668 yen, more than f ive t ce was 18 imes the price in , 5 i the Un ted States‐ ~loves to al ter th i fa i s state of af rs increased in momentum fonowing the yen appreciation‐1ni i副 t. ibera韮Zat i moves towardsl on were f rust rated by strong farmer一1 「 obby groups okyo - The N , or agriculture ives in Japan aてe not an easy force to dea co冊operat l wi th si l s the fact that rura ‐ Added to thi i tuencies have long been a source of strong su o亘 for the rul const ing Liber副 pp. DP) i i on of the power of agr 1 pressure tura cu1 ‐ An indicat. Democrat ic par ty. ido i groups i n 日o鰻;a tin s the boycot. l984. (whi chin retrospect was before the debate began reany heat i 00o member Hokka ng up) by the 78 ido , ’ Farmer A s League, of Sony Corp‐ i C j t d h n omo D i o t i k om a n a n t h s u i Th e ae p y , permar e c an e reasons . behi t was that Sonys cha nd the boycot i M l b k h rman d d l i a s a d r u ua hi e vere a speech in obi , ro in , a f l983 i i l l l i b t l i 2 i D r a v o u r n i a r t c u u r a i d l e r a N g g a o n t k a e s h i l a auc , had a , pres en, sao ‐ so advocated l i bera l i i i l i i zat l i on at the Pr ce stabi i M zat on Po l 9 8 3 d A cy Councd i jnomoto was chosen for the , n ay , an 49.
(5) . t Dasgupt a′ ta i ko Kameha h i Yosh , Romi. i d to be cha rman of the F。od wratanabe sor ts seni or advi because i , happene , Bunz。 n a i danren) ch i i ons (Ke zat c organi i , whi on of Economi t tee of the Federat lndustry Sub‐com mi dt f i l co-operat ves i tura i i i . Wγatanabe was orce o cul t zed agr c ssuedin September l983 had cr statementi i igi l r ze for the i ei were forced to ap。 t tee and Sony and Da ry Sub‐commi i rom the Food lndust res gn f 8% cut in la 3 i i 6 ce Counci ce Pr . t osed to the R l lar y in August l986 the governmen prop remaks‐ Simi imp boycot ts. d t thi s , ue t。 668 yen per hyo. However, it was forced to later retrac i i ce of 18 ce pr the producers r , 7. i。ns i . i i ce producing organizat t on forr sharp oppos inl y due t。 strong suaded (ma e per l organizati。ns wer i tura d r t cul l i l Never the ess ,the ru ng par y an ag 557 yen per hyoin l987 i . The consumer pnces 85% pr ce cut to 17 , o take a 5 ‐ rom the USA)t pressure f 8 t ーds a new era, as i ー ini te i i ld on def y hera s s dec 5% for o i 5% for new r ‐ thi ce and 5. were reduced by 2 ‐ i i lr f ce prices ci a tory ofthe food control system that of s ime in the m。re than 40‐year hi i r stt was the f. had been l owered.. ing i fs(GATT)nat i f ons ,forc I Agreement on Trade and Tar i t ln addi on to pressure from the Genera t d for b i iberahzat ll on by the l99os i tura , there has een a ren cul japan to move towards total agr i hl l i i t l ding oppos on of a few years ago i , to a s g ty e r unyi l co‐operatives to move from the icul tura agr i the th the government towards structural reform n k wi ic approach, whereby they wor more pragmat. ing i i ces and favour ing product on pr U be on l ower s wi i s in coming year l sector rura . The emphas s above i ing r ivat ce on 5 hectares or more i t i ce gr。wers cul i on costs ofr the product large‐scale f orms( 9 t i the l987 thermore ) 5 - 2 hectares ing l‐ i , the governmen n t ‐ Fur vat 20% l ower than growers cul i ce th crops otherthan r i anted wi elds to be pl i i ture ra sed the quota for paddy f cul f ive‐year pl an foragr o 0 ooo to 700,00o hectaresl from 60 , fected the i i o how have these changes af oned scenar 斬7 i thin the framework of the above ment ous chapter scussed in a previ , has i king feature t st r , as di l sector in Asahikawa? The mos i tura cul agr ds 1 4β90 farming househo ,a i 1 popu1 on・ As of February l988 ,there were at 1 ine in the rura been on dec ive year s ous f l ine over the previ . 5% dec ous year and a lo . lds over the previ i decl ne of 189 househo 8 6 0 5 1 s o n s e r 8 9 8 l was , p ldsin February ,a ime farm househo l -t 83 ‐ 1988ful i l od l9 Si rnnar y over the per ive years- the previous f 146% 1 persons over the previous year and 2,746 personsγ( ‐ ) over dec丘ne of 97 i od l983 ‐ 1987 . lds by type of engagement forthe per i Tabl zes trendsin farming househo e 8 summar 1987 l ds by Engagement ,1983 ‐ Table 8: Trendsin Farming Househo Change over Previ ous year. lds Par t‐t lme househo. ime l Ful ‐t. Pr imary. Secondary. house-. Par t‐. Par t‐. l Ful ‐. Par t‐. . t rne l. ime t. Year. Tota l. lds ho. Total. ime t. ime t. l Tota. 1983. 4571. 1221. 3350. 2060. 1290. ‐40. 58. ‐98. 1984. 4521. 1279. 3242. 1981. 1261. ‐50. 58. ‐108. 1985. 4434. 1201. 3233. 1659. 1574. ‐87. ‐78. -9. ・986. 4350. 1188. 3162. 1675. 1487. ‐84. ‐13. ‐71. 1987. 4279. 1216. 3063. ・621. 1442. 冊71. 28. 一99. iTokushu iToke :Showa 62 nen h i kawa sh Source: As a r. 50. ho i do Nogyo Ki l I Chosa, p.26. Hokka.
(6) . A Study o faJapanese Reg i IC i 3 t ona ) : y(. V▽hi l ber of househo lds has shown a def st the num ini ing trend, of note i ー te decreas s the fact that 1 ime househo t-t 1ds have been decreas whi st par ing Cons i l ime 1 th regards to fu1 stent 一t y , the trend wi househo lds does not show a consistent trend dropping one year andincreas ing the next‐ For instance, , ime househo l lds in l987 increased by 28 to 1216 f whast the number ‐t ‐of ful , igures for l988 (not 1 I includedin the Tabl )indi i e cate thatf lds gures dropped once again to l161 househo ‐ The area of Cul i t l vated l and has a so shown a sharp decrease l ivat i t on ‐ln l978 the area under Cu l l 7 1 0 tota h d 1 4 9 0 t 5 ed 15 o h h i h f i f l l e c a t t t r e s a n e r a v e i d l 9 8 3 e c a r e s e n r e v e 1 9 8 o ow 8 y e a g - r , ‐ y pero , , the area ofl ivat i t and under Cul 532 hectares‐ Consequently there has been an increasein on shrunk by 5 the area of land unCer cul ivat ion per househo t ld f 51 hectares in l983 to 3 rom 3 ‐ .65 hectares in l988 ‐. Paddy f i lds accounted for 82‐ 3% of the tota l area under Cu e 1 ivat i t i lds and on in 1988 wi ch upl and f e 1 2 i ing 17 orchards compr s ‐7%‐ 下 パ ア i i th regards to the s ldings l ldings of under 5 hectares Cont ze of ho st ho inue to be , whi ldings in l9 Compr ・ s predominant( 1ng over 60% of an ho 87 ) a trend towards larger holdings i i i bl sv s e ‐ Forinstance over the per i ldings of5 - 7 4 9 od l983 - 1987 ho h d 7 5 9 9 h t b e ‐ t c a r e s a n ‐ ‐ .‐ ec ares rose y 1 3 o 6 po ints and ho ldingsin the lo ‐ 14 99 hectares range rose by o. 7 po ints ‐ . ‐ The value of gross agr i l l product i tura Cu on in l987 showed a decrease of14 4% f 199 363 00o rom 23 ‐ , , , 1 4 6 to l9,856,628 855 00o yen per househo n l98 yen i ld) ,0oo yen(4 , , ‐ The output ofr i 1 l Cein l987 was 4 9 0 9 d l l t 5 357 t ooo yen‐ R i i o n s v a u e a ce accounted for 58% , , , 33 , , 1 5 ’ f i tural product in spi o gross agr Cul te of the governrhents r i ce di scouraging po互Cy. However,in spi te f h i o t e dominant share r lds i 国 L d be noted that the output of r ce farming ho t sho i Ce has been ,i deCreasing in recent yea 059 tons in l986 to 41909 tons in l987 The area of l sf r rom 47 and under , , ‐. ivat i t i lds fe Cul l lf ol l devoted to paddy f 79 hectares in l986 to 1238822 hectares in l987 e rom 12 ,483‐ , ‐ 1 6 d , 2 2 6 , , 6 h an ectares in 1988 fer ing of subs idi ing increas ingl , . ‐ Through the of es farmer s are be y tf encouraged to Conver rom paddy‐farming to none‐paddy Crops i l i i l s conver l s on po cy st sta . Thi , wh i i i ongo ng (n t t was impl s present from i emented in l987 over a 6 year per i 5 hectares od) saw 4 ‐ ,677 1 7 ted f d Couver rom pa dy to non-paddy use in l987 ‐ Furthermore another v i ibl i ion is the emphasis towards qua五ty rather than ivat t s e trend in r Ce Cul , i l ty. Consequent f high grade var quant iet i y the shares o es such as ‘Yuki 日通; ; arr and ‘Yuki 日通 ad’ have. been1ncreas ing. Tabl e 9 shows the Changing Compos・t・on ofr i ce shipment s ‐ Table 9: Ri ce Shi pments by Grade. l985. 1986. Sh ipment. Shipment. Sh ipment. Shipment. Shipment. Sh ipment. Vo lume. Share. Vo lume. Share. Vo lume. Share. Grade ′. (hyo ). lst Grade. 241998. 47.4. 414344. 2nd Grade. 207094. 40‐6. 159876. 3rd Grade. 60200. 1.18. 23653. 855. 0.2. 510147. 100‐O. Non Grade. TOTAI. 1987. (%). hyo ( ). (%). hyo ( ). (%). 69‐2 26‐7. 440918 5094. 0‐9. 638. 4‐O 0‐1. 334. 598511. 100‐O. 558593. 0.1 100‐O. 112247. 78‐9 20.1. Note: l hyo = 60 kg . Source: Sh i ino Aramashi ‐se i i ty Counc l , Asahikawa C .328 ,1988 ,p. 51.
(7) . t Dasgupt a i ko Ka t i h Yosh a ・ neha ,Romi. lmost i i es a th toP grade r ce vadet i C1 l l towards uPgrading qua丘ty wi ・ 旧 L s has beel ear Phas y the e i ing the doubl r share overtwo years‐ ines i i ‐ However As ment , much of gures are resthcted to the Asahikawa urban def oned ear五er the f l i lt i i turein Japan over the l980s cul s apparentin trendsin agr ,such as a sh口nkng rura popua on, whati land lhinter l i tura cu i ivat t ‐ i r rorofthe broaderagr on,i in短 s a mi ng area under cul shr ing sector by pelsons e oyed l m ーpl Tabl e lo : M[anufactur ,. 80 ‐ 1986 i shments numberof establ ,19 Type of1ndust ry .. n. d rr s n十 oo1 l十 oces十 g. Beverages , fodder ,. P ] E ト P 1. ・. l980. 1981. 1982. ・983. 1984. ・985. 1986. 148 3361. 147 3385. 143 3365. 143 3151. 142 3102. 141 3249. 140 3382. 15 541. 13 479. 13 455. 12 462. 11 436. 9 418. 9 383. tobacco. T蝋能s. 吾. 選. 非. g 9. 8 。 ,. 1 9. g , .. 逮 ,. C1 othing and l reated. P F. 33 539. 34 606. 35 626. 34 564. 33 591. 36 613. 593. Lumberand s wood product. P F. 99 2368. 94 1922. 81 1838. 90 1955. 86 1846. 74 1719. 81 1770. Furni ture and f i Xtures. P F. 127 2695. 120 2619. 109 2434. 108 2356. 98 2225. 96 2173. 104 2286. Pulp , paper l l i ed and a d t pro uc s. P ] E ト. I9 1516. 19 1468. 19. 20. 1426. 20 1358. 1400. 18 1313. 17 2 1 61. Publ i ing P sh d i F i t prn ng an i di d m i t a e n usres. 78 1550. 87 1604. 86 1567. 90 1546▼. 89 1548. 85 1596. 89 1635. g 3 .. 曇 3 ,. 曇 3 .. g , 4. 呈 3 ,. 』 .. 【. 冊. 冊. -. -. ー. 義. き g .. 輩. 選 .. 31. products. Ch s em鑓・. 喜. m 墓 園 ;二. 碁. 義. :. products. P脳黛s. 喜. Rubber. P. products. F. 2 N.A‐. 弱 2. 2 N.A‐. N‐A‐. - 柵. ing estab丘shments f manufactur Note ( i ) P: Numbero F: Number of per sons engaged sons i igures are forestab1 shments engaging over 3 per 恒) Thesef l abl e (節 N‐A. es not avai :Fi gur. 52. ぶ. 謝. ‐. 1. l. -. N‐A.. N‐A..
(8) . A Study ofajapanese Reg i ICi 3 ty( ) ona :. Tabl e lo inued Cont. TyPe of1ndust . コ デ Furand tanned. ー980 P. 1eather products F Cerami c ‐stone l and c ay. 1981. 2. 1982. 2. 1. ・983 2. 1984 1. ・985 2. 1986 3. N‐A‐. N‐A‐. N‐A‐. N‐A‐. N.A‐. N‐A.. N‐A‐. P 1. 38 637. 39 692. 38 620. 33 502. 34 403. 35 400. 34 369. P F. 14 143. 13 119. 13 115. 16 148. 16 144. 13 113. 13 126. products. l ron and I stee Non‐ferrous. P. I. 1. 2. 1. l meta s. F. N‐A.. N.A‐. N‐A‐. N.A‐. N.A-. N‐A-. N‐A‐. Fabr i cated l products meta. P F. 87 I151. 90 1216. 86 1207. 89 1184. 83 1133. 83 1114. 88 1212. N【ach inery luding (exc l i l ) e ectr ca. P 1. 41 741. 43 820. 36 732. 39 763. 41 734. 37 695. 37 553. products. I. I. I. E1ectr icaI. P. 8. 9. 9. 7. 7. 6. 6. machine -γ and. F. 710. 589. 673. 623. 641. 599. 885. equlprnent Transport. P. 3. 3. equiprnent. F. II1. 66. Preci sion. instruments. P. 2. F. N‐A.. 2. N.A‐. 2. N‐A‐. 3. 66. 2. N‐ ! 、 ‐. 2. 5. N‐A‐. 106. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. N.A‐. N.A‐. N‐A‐. 22. N‐A‐. ordinance. P. accessor les. F. -. -. -. -. -. -. ー. other ing manufactur. P F. 43 323. 44 315. 37 296. 42 303. 39 264. 44 320. 36 292. P. 782. 789. 739. 757. 729. 711. 722. F. 16824. 16353. 15797. 15403. 14945. 14874. 15351. TOTAL. Note ( i ) P: Number of manufactur ing es i tabl shments F: Numberof Persons engaged igures 観r ( ) These f 萱 e for estab五shments engaging over 3 Persons. ( ) N.A- m :Fi es not avadable gur Source iToke i : Asashikawa sh ‐sho ‐40 - 41 - ,1987 ,pp. 53.
(9) . i i h ko Kameha ta t Dasgupta Yosh , Romi. ing in the 亘98〇s c: Man一Factul i l ow value added 80s continues to be dominated by relat ve kawain the l9 ing in Asahi yl Manufactur ing, PuIP and ing, wood and wood Products manufactur ike food Process i l ight to medium industr es l ing estab=shments i xture manufactur ‐ The common oducts manufactunng, and furniture and f PaPer pr l・raw i oca on of l l l of them are geared towards the ut近Zat i feature of these four categor es i s that a i l r lue ofindust l va a lng make uP about 60% of the tota i l ・ es of manufactur a s mater ‐ There fourcategor 1 8. ooo yen. 877 690 chin l986 was 247 shipments , , , , whi. i od l980 - 86‐ From Tabl e lo sets out trends in the manufacturing sector by industry, over the Per i igures in the categor l lf es of both, the number of s that overa the tabl e feature i e the most notabl ower than the i ing establ shments and the number of Persons engaged for l986 was l manufactur inei iguresin l980 n the numberof manufacturing estab員shments corresPonds corresponding f - The decl f t lng f d 1979 ICr i i ) th the year ofthe second oi s s( wi ,in l978 the num er o manu ac ur ‐The Previous year ing marginauy to 789 the i tood at 81o droPPi ng to 80o in l979 shments s establ ,increas , 782 in l980 in to ing once aga i 1 b 50 es tabl shments to 739 in l982 before increas fo l l owing year , droPping sharPy y 11in l985, before ow of7 igures dropPed over two consecutiVe、years to a l 757in l983 . Thereafterthe f 9 1 i aces l i ons can be seen in the number of workpl though year at ing to 72 2in 1986. Thus i ,the y var r s ,al. ining one‐ l l lt te c l ear s qui rendi overa y a decl. The overal lt rend for the number of. imi l ar pattern n manufacturing shows a s Persons engaged i. 875 in l98冊 l l ing a l ow of 14 403in l97 7i t decreased annua igure of17 y reach , over the .98os ・ From a f , 0 2. 351in l986 i ing to 15 5, before recovering and r s ‐ ,. l l teofthe overa ing. However i ime、of wr t labl 88 were unavai e at the t Fi ,in sPi gures forl987 and l9 ta ing in Par l ect l ining trend, the years after 1985 seeln to mark somewhat of an uPswing‐ ref dec ’ ion and i c demand and a construct ional trend wi th the governments attemPts to exPand domest nat. ime of i l e at the t igures for l987 and l988 were unava abl lf though the actua l i c works boom‐ A1 Pub i i idat iness l ined from a l on ook at the bus qu i t on of thi s uPswing can perhaPs be ga wr l ・ng , an i ndi cat iness in Asahikawa i lof230 f rms forced out of bus i f igures forf , a drop rms ‐ln l985 there were a tota 2 1 8% to lo3in l987‐ l lby 24 3% to 174in l986,and 40 i i sf . gure fe of3% over the Previous year ‐ ‐ Th ing sector i thin the manufactur ioned above the domi es wi A t nant industr ,in terms of the s men. ,. 8% of 20 ing ( l shipments and the number of Persons engaged were food process ‐ findus tha value o 5% o f ) ing in l986 0% of Per ‐ sons engaged in manufactur i l shipments and 22 indust , paPer (20 a r ‐ int ing and Pub互shing 5%) 10o% and ll. d 2% of workforce) iPments and 8 ,Pr sh , wood and wood Pro ucts( ‐ . 2 2 f h ive indus tnes au 9%) 5% and 14 i l ture and re es (9 7%) and furni 7% and lo ated industr , 8 ‐ ‐ o t ese f ‐ ( ‐ . f 1 d i d f d we i e r d i d o e em t l e s s n l i h i r o c d b t o o y i i r e s a n P g i P on of prntng an Pu s ng rea e n us th the excePt , wi 2 3 n l980 n l986than i Persons i ‐ 1 di e lo 1n the case offood processing as can be seen from Tabl ,the numberof persons emPoye n ,. 382 41% increase to 3 3 361 . ) 249 , 3 l985 ( )wa s lower than in l980 ( ‐ The years l985 ‐ 86 showed a . , , l ingin ing trend over the l980s l ect i i l stent i ing and re yincreas Publ es has shown a cons ,ref atedindustr sh i l i es ing P1 r i ated indust on re aced on informat i ltrend wi th more emPhas s be ‐ of the three t ona Part a na l i y l980s in both the es paper Pul p showed a maked decrease in the ear 1n・ng dominant industr rema 516 l lfrom l i i lshipments gures fe a , ‐ The two f numberof persons engaged and in the value ofindustr 930 ooo yen in l982 426 Per l ive sons and 48 880 ooo yen respect . 196 , y in l980 , ,488 , to l, persons and 50 , , , o 0 o o 5 0 5 5 8 5 7 i e n f d t b i 8 4 y l 9 o o o n o 8 3 0 r e r o 809 eo i lshiPment rose to 52 pP g yen n Thereaf terindust , , , r a , , , f b Th o o o 0 o t 7 8 2 5 1 e r i 5 0 e n l l um Persons engaged l l ight yen. ow ng year o , , , in 1985 andincreasing s y the fo 368 262 in l986 ine to l, inued to decl ter l982 cont ‐ln l980 there were 2 , in the paPer pulp industry af 54.
(10) . faJapanese Reg A Studyo i ICi 3 ty( ) ona :. ing wi n wood and wood Products manufactur Persons engagedi i l shi th the value ofindust ts at r a l Pmel 33 2 380 0oo yen‐ The l igure fe l l to a l ter f 230 00o yen in l982 before i at ow of 23 ing to , 30 ncreas , , , ,450 , 26 720 164 l脳1g once again over the fo l l 691,730 owing two year s to 24 , , ,00o yen in l984 and fa , ,00o yen ln Th l986 lf 368 in l980 to l838 in l982 increas rom 2 ing to l . e number of persons emP1oyed fel , , , ,955 in l982 d i 719 in l985 and increas ing to l , roPPng to l, sons engaged in ‐ The number of per ,770 in l986 furni ture manuf ing fe l 695in l98 lfrom 2 173in l985 wi 0 to 2, actur th the value ofindust i lshipments r a ,. dropPing f 027 00o yen to 22437920ooo yen over the same Per rom 23 i igures od , ,750 , , , , ‐ Both f , however 2 4 increased the f l l i 1986)to 228 o ow ng year( 430 260 0oo yen‐ Wror thy of notei sthefaCt , 6 persons and 23 , , , i that ofthese f i l lshowed s ing somewha i veindustr es a tin l986 gns of recover ‐ The number of Persons d i f d ing increased by 3. 2% in l986 over the Previ engage n oo process lue of th the va ous year , wi industr i l h i i ing by 5 9% ( a s Pments ncreas the increase in the contr ibut i on rate ofthi sindustryin l985 ‐ ‐. 86 was 549 5%) 9% . . Persons engaged in the puIP industry fe虹 by 3 ‐. i i over th s per od, butthe value of indust h i i i l d t l ight l 4%‐ The furniture and fixturesindust1y increased by 44% in ra s Pmen s ncrease s y by o ‐ ‐ theindustr i l h i 2% in the numberof per a s Pments categoW and by 5 l l h t sons engaged‐ Fina n ‐ e umber y , f d i b l i h i l i o persons engage n Pu s ng re 7% over the previous year atedindust r esi n l986 increased by lo . , 2 5 d l h fi h i t d i i l v t d an e a ue o n usra s pments ncrease by 3 8%. ‐ Light. ing industr ies have increased thei manufactur r share. thin the wi. ing sector manufactur ,. 2 6 increasing f 7% ofthe tota l v副ue ofindustr rom 82 i lshipmenti n l98 5to 83‐2% in l986‐ a ‐ d: Trendsin the Tert ia・y secto・ in the i980s As ment i l i t oned previ ous ary sectori y the ter s by farthe dominant sector of Asahikawas economy, in terms of the number of workpl l workforce aces and the tota l t s share i s 馳【e y to keep , and i increas ing‐ln l986 h i t f t d t t 8 6% t s e f k l e e c o r a c c l l r a o h i un e i o r ぴ o a wor p aces n t e Prvate sector and , 76 i 1% r f h t k f t t E r v a e s e c o o h e i f l s w r t P o r c e t t ivate and Pub五c)i v en e o a workforce ‘Pr P ‐ idered - s cons i the ter t i l l accounted for 71. 1% of the tota ary sector st l workforce in l985 comPared to 664% in ‐ 2 7 l975 A 1 h h t h t f i i t o u 凪 【 l e r a l t d e o n c b l 9 g r e a s e s 9 5 7 2 3% ‐ ey o sow own i l tys tota of the c , y , . 2 8 workforce i s exPected to be engagedin the ter i t ary sector. ‐. Thi th an exmination of trends in Private tertiary sector over the per s section begins wi i od l978 ‐ 1986 i r st notabl e feature of the tertiary sector in Asahikawa i ‐ The f l s the dominant ro e of the retan l l iness and the hospi and who esa e bus ta互ty t h d f 5 3 t 7% f rade whi c accoun e or ‐ o workP1 aces in the iary sec tert Th toI in l986 i f l l d b h s wa i i t d o owe s i h 2 7 t 2% e s e t d l estate wi rvces n us ぴ w . y an rea th . 2 9 13 3%‐ ‐ 1n l978 there were a tota l of 8 447 retad, who l l l t紙ty out esa e and hospi et s emP1 oying 50 , ,445 igures were 9 persons‐ln l981 the cor 0 4 resPonding f 8 l d 5 4 6 2 7 t t l 9 o l 8 6 h e s a u n t e number sons Per , ‐ n , of Persons emP1 oyed i i n these three industr 3% d es had droPPed (by 3 t c om l 81 o 9 885 but Pare )t ‐ o 52 , the number of workpl 1 5 6 aces had increased to 9 i f ( l 2% l l 9 8 a n 1 4 n crease o 1% of the , . ) ‐ n . , 5 workforce i i t in pr n the ter aび sector( 1vate i ndust1y) was engagedin thi t i s ca egoぴ, n l986i tsshare had droPped to 43 0%- By way of contrast the number of Persons elmーP1oyed in the retai l wh l 副 - d ,. o es e an. hosPi l i ta ty trades increased by lo 3% over the per i 5 一 78-1n 1979 total sales for the wholes副l od 197 - e business was 852071300ooo yen increasin to 98191604000o i l 9 2 d e 8 l 0 0 0 4 g n 3 1 1 8 0 o o n y , , , an , , , , o yen in , , , 3 0 A 1985‐ i s ment C onedin chaPter l ( h l refer Tabl t h t h l e5 ) l a inessi e r p e bus s dominated by , , e w oesa ‘ ’ i l products tura agr cul th annua l sa l es per employee in l985 in thi i , wi s category account ng for 214 5 3 0 0 0 A 1 o h h l t h t l t l t e n ft o s a h e o e s h l l y a v g o ume t h i o i e w ‐ oesae sec or s ows an ncreas ng trend, the , , numberof outlets and the numberof em P1oyees over the per i od l982 ‐ 1985 has been decreasing f rom 55.
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