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S5 生命の起源と水素と粘土

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ۑࡋࡪࡸ ࡓ࠿ࡒ࠺

⏕࿨ࡢ㉳※࡜Ỉ⣲࡜⢓ᅵ

    

ۑ῰㇂ᓅ㐀

-$067(&㉸ඛ㗦◊✲ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ

1. ࡣࡣࡌࡵ࡟ 1977 ᖺࡢᾏᗏ⇕ỈᄇฟᏍࡢⓎぢ௨᮶ࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣᩘⓒࡢ⇕ỈᄇฟᏍࡀⓎぢࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୰࡟ࡣ㠀 ᖖ࡟ཎጞⓗ࡞ᚤ⏕≀ࢆᐟࡍ⇕ỈᄇฟᏍࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⇕Ỉ⣔ ࡣࠊ࣐ࣥࢺࣝ࠿ࢇࡽࢇᒾࡢ⺬⣠ᒾ໬స⏝࡟ᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࠊ⇕Ỉࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟Ỉ⣲㸦H2㸧࡟ᐩࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜࠸ ࠺≉ᚩࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⇕Ỉ୰ࡢ H2ࢆ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮௦ㅰ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿᚤ⏕≀ࡀ୍ḟ⏕⏘⪅࡜࡞ࡾࠊኴ 㝧ගࡸගྜᡂࡢ๪⏘≀㸦㓟⣲ࡸ◲㓟࡞࡝ࠊ㓟⣲Ⓨ⏕ᆺගྜᡂ⏕≀ࡀㄌ⏕ࡋ࡚࠿ࡽᾏὒ୰࡟⵳✚ࡉ ࢀࡓ㓟໬ⓗ≀㉁㸧࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡞࠸ᚤ⏕≀⏕ែ⣔ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ H2࡟ᐩࡴ⇕Ỉࢆᄇฟࡉࡏࡿ⇕ỈᄇฟᏍࡀࠊ⏕࿨ㄌ⏕ࡢሙ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ຊ࡞ೃ⿵࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊኴྂ௦ࡢᆅ㉁グ㘓࡟ṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᾏὒᆅẆࡣࠊཌࡉࡀ⌧ᅾ㸦⣙ 6 km㸧ࡢ㸱ಸ⛬࠶ࡗ ࡓ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࡣࠊ࣐ࣥࢺࣝ࠿ࢇࡽࢇᒾࡀᾏᗏ㏆ࡃࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࡇ࡜ ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟⛥࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᙜ᫬ࡣ࣐ࣥࢺࣝ࠿ࢇࡽࢇᒾࢆẕᒾ࡜ࡍࡿᾏᗏ⇕Ỉάືࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ ࡝Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊኴྂ௦࡛ࡣࠊ࣐ࣥࢺࣝ࠿ࢇࡽࢇᒾࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟⺬⣠ᒾ໬ స⏝ࢆ㉳ࡇࡍᒾ▼࡜ࡋ࡚ࠕࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࠖ࡜࠸࠺ⅆᒣᒾࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢥ࣐ࢳ ࢔࢖ࢺࡣࠊ࣐ࣥࢺࣝࡢ ᗘࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓึᮇᆅ⌫࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡢࡳ㢖⦾࡟ᄇฟࡋࡓ㉸㧗 ࡢ࣐ࢢ࣐ࡀ෭ ࠼ᅛࡲࡗࡓᒾ▼࡛ࠊࡑࡢ໬Ꮫ⤌ᡂࡣ࣐ࣥࢺࣝ࠿ࢇࡽࢇᒾ࡜ࡼࡃఝ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᆅ㉁グ㘓࠿ࡽࡳ࡚ࡶࠊ ኴྂ௦ࡢࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺ࣐ࢢ࣐ࡣࠊཌ࠸ᾏὒᆅẆࢆ✺ࡁᢤࡅ࡚ᾏᗏࡢ⮳ࡿᡤ࡛ᄇฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ ண᝿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮⏤࠿ࡽࠊኴྂ௦ࡼࡾࡶ࣐ࣥࢺࣝࡢ ᗘࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ෞ⋤௦ ࡛ࡣࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺᾏᗏⅆᒣάືࡀάⓎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀᐜ᫆࡟᥎ ࡛ࡁࠊෞ⋤௦ࡢࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࢆ ẕᒾ࡜ࡍࡿᾏᗏ⇕Ỉ⣔࡛ࡣࠊ⺬⣠ᒾ໬స⏝࡟ࡼࡾ኱㔞ࡢ H2ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[1]ࠋ ᡃࠎࡢ◊✲ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛ࡣࠕᡃࠎࡢඹ㏻♽ඛࡣࠊH2ࢆ኱㔞࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࢆẕᒾ࡜ࡍࡿ ᾏᗏ⇕Ỉ⎔ቃ࡛ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࠖ࡜ࡍࡿ௬ㄝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ ◊✲ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᮏⓎ⾲࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝ ࡜ࡑࡢ᳨ド◊✲ࡘ࠸࡚⤂௓ࡍࡿࠋ 2. 㧗 㧗ᅽỈᒾ▼཯ᛂᐇ㦂࡜⏕࿨฼⏝ྍ⬟࢚ ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⇕ຊᏛࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢ ࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺ࡜⇕Ỉࡢ཯ᛂ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ H2 Ⓨ⏕ ⋡ ࢆ ᳨ ド ࡍ ࡿ ᐇ 㦂 ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ᐇ 㦂 ࡟ ࡣ ࠊ JAMSTEC ᡤ᭷ࡢ㧗 㧗ᅽỈᒾ▼཯ᛂ⿦⨨ࢆ⏝ ࠸ࡓ㸦Figure 1㸧ࠋᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᆅ⌫࡟ ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸㠀ኚ㉁ࡢࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࢆ㓟໬㑏ඖ

㞺ᅖẼไᚚᆺ㟁Ẽ⅔ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ 1600Υ࡛ྜᡂࡋ Figure 1. A hydrothermal reactor used in this

S5

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-19-ࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊྜᡂࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࡢ⢊ᮎ࡜ᶍᨃᾏ Ỉࢆ 100–350Υࠊ500 Ẽᅽ࡛⣙ 3 ࢝᭶㛫཯ᛂࡉࡏ ࡓࠋᶍᨃᾏỈ࡟ࡣ CO2ࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡜ CO2ࢆ ኱㔞࡟ྵࡴሙྜ㸦400 mmol/kg㸧ࡢ୧᪉࡛⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ⇕ỈᄇฟᏍ࡟⏕ᜥࡍࡿᚤ⏕≀ࡣᾏỈ࡜⇕ Ỉࡢΰྜ࡟ࡼࡾⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㓟໬㑏ඖ㠀ᖹ⾮≧ែ࠿ ࡽ㓟໬㑏ඖ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࢆᚓ࡚௦ㅰࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊཎጞᆅ⌫⇕Ỉ⣔ࡢ⇕Ỉ࡜ᾏỈࡢΰྜ ᇦ㸦ࢳ࣒ࢽ࣮ෆ㒊࡞࡝㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕࿨฼⏝ྍ⬟ ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ศᕸࡢ⇕ຊᏛィ⟬ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ 3. ⤖⤖ᯝ࡜⪃ᐹ ᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊᶍᨃᾏỈ୰ࡢ CO2ࡢ᭷↓࡟࠿࠿ࢃ ࡽࡎࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࡀ⺬⣠ᒾ໬ࡋࠊCO2ࢆྵࡴ᮲௳࡛ࡣ஧ḟ㖔≀࡜ࡋ࡚Ⅳ㓟ሷ㖔≀ࡀከࡃᙧᡂࡍࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᾏỈ࡟ CO2ࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸᮲௳ࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊ300Υࡢ⇕Ỉ୰ࡢ H2⃰ᗘࡣ 20 mmol/kg ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⌧ୡࡢ㠀ᖖ࡟ H2࡟ᐩࡴ⇕Ỉࡢ H2⃰ᗘ࡟༉ᩛࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ [2]ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ ᾏỈ࡟ CO2ࢆྵࡴ᮲௳ࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣࠊ ᗘࡀୗࡀࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚⇕Ỉ୰ࡢ H2⃰ᗘࡀୗࡀࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊ350Υ ࡢᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ⇕Ỉ୰ࡢ H2⃰ᗘࡣ 2~3 mmol/kg ⛬ᗘ࡜ࠊ⋞Ṋᒾࢆẕᒾ࡜ࡍࡿ⇕Ỉࡢ H2⃰ᗘࡼࡾࡶ୍ ᱆⛬㧗࠸್ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ [3]ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊཎጞᆅ⌫ࡢᾏỈࡢ CO2⃰ᗘࡀ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᖜࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࢆẕᒾ࡜ࡍࡿ㧗 ࡢ⇕Ỉάືᇦ࡛ࡣࠊ⺬⣠ᒾ໬స⏝࡟ࡼࡾ㠀ᖖ࡟ H2⃰ᗘࡢ 㧗࠸⇕ỈࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊཎጞᆅ⌫࡟࠾࠸࡚ప ᆺࡼࡾࡶ㧗 ᆺࡢ⇕ Ỉάືᇦࡢ᪉ࡀཎጞⓗᚤ⏕≀⏕ែ⣔ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ࣏ࢸࣥࢩࣕࣝࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ ⏕࿨฼⏝ྍ⬟࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ィ⟬࠿ࡽࡣࠊෞ⋤௦ࡢࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺ⇕Ỉ⣔࡟࠾ࡅࡿ H2ࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ࣓ࢱࣥ ⏕ᡂࡸ㓑㓟⏕ᡂ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ⇕Ỉ 1 kg ᙜࡓࡾ 0.5 kJ ௨ୖ࡜㠀ᖖ࡟㧗ࡃࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ H2ࢆ௦ㅰ࡟฼⏝ ࡍࡿ࣓ࢱࣥ⏕ᡂ⳦ࡀ⏕ᜥࡍࡿᾏᗏ⇕Ỉ⣔࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ࣓ࢱࣥ⏕ᡂ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡼࡾࡶ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊෞ⋤௦ࡢࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࢆẕᒾ࡜ࡍࡿᾏᗏ⇕Ỉ⣔࡛ࡣࠊH2ࢆ௦ㅰ࡟฼⏝ࡍࡿ ᚤ⏕≀ࡀㄌ⏕ࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ㄽⓗ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡓ [4]ࠋࡇࡢ୍㐃ࡢᐇ㦂࡜⇕ຊᏛࣔࢹࣜࣥࢢ ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ◊✲ࡣࠊࠕᡃࠎࡢඹ㏻♽ඛࡣࠊH2 ࢆ኱㔞࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡉࡏࡿࢥ࣐ࢳ࢔࢖ࢺࢆẕᒾ࡜ࡍࡿᾏᗏ⇕ Ỉ⎔ቃ࡛ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝࡀጇᙜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ  ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

[1] K Takai et al., Paleontol. Res., 2006, 10, 269.

[2] T. Shibuya et al., Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 2015, 2, 46. [3] H. Ueda et al., Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 2016, 3, 33.

[4] T. Shibuya et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2016, 175, 1.

Figure 2. A microphotograph of komatiite synthesized at 1600 °C.

Figure  2. A  microphotograph  of  komatiite  synthesized at 1600 °C.

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