ミャンマーにおけるアブラナ属野菜遺伝資源の多様性と特性解明

Diversity of the genus Brassica Vegetable Genetic Resources

Diversity of the genus Brassica Vegetable Genetic Resources

... 1

1

... 3

1 2 B. juncea 7 5 2 - 1 4 2 - 2 4 2 - 3 4 2 2 - 4 9 3 . 0 8 4 3 9 4

2

... 13

1 2 2 - 1 3 . 0 8 4 7 2 2 - 2 3 . 0 8 2 - 3 4 4 3 3 - 1 . 6 5 3 - 2 4 9 1 3 4 - 1 S h a n 4 - 2 K a c h i n 4 - 3 C h i n 4 - 4 B a g o 4 - 5 M a n d a l a y

4 - 6 K a y i n . 6 5 M o n 4 - 7 S a g a i n g 9 1 3 5 - 1 3 . 0 8 4 1 0 5 - 2 ” M o h n N y i n ” 4 5 - 3 ” M o h n N y i n ” 4

3

... 34

1 0 6 1 - 1 . 6 5 1 - 2 . 6 5 2 2 - 1 . 6 5 2 - 2 . 6 5

... 49

1 - 1 . 6 5 1 - 2 . 6 5 2 2 - 1 . 6 5 2 - 2 . 6 5 . 3 - 1 . 6 5 3 - 2 . 6 5

5

... 72

1 1 - 1 . 6 5 1 - 2 2 8 2 9 4 2 - 1 . 6 5 2 - 2 3 8 2 9 4 3 - 1 . 6 5 3 - 2 . 4

... 86

... 89

... 101

Summary ... 102

... 107

B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . A B r a s s i c a r a p a L . A A 2 n = 2 0 B B r a s s i c a n i g r a L . B B 2 n = 1 6 A A B B 2 n = 3 6 U 1 9 3 5 Va v i l o v, 1 9 5 1 8

2 0 1 5

P G R A s i a P l a n t G e n e t i c R e s o u r c e s f o r A s i a 2 0 2 0

“ M o h n N y i n ”

1

1 3 3 8 3 , 7 0 0 B r a s s i c a c e a e = C r u c i f e r a e Wa r w i c k e t a l . , 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 6 Ta b l e . 1 - 1 6 U Tr i a n g l e F i g . 1 - 1 3 B r a s s i c a r a p a L . 2 n = 2 0 , A A B r a s s i c a n i g r a L . 2 n = 1 6 , B B B r a s s i c a o l e r a c e a L . 2 n = 1 8 , C C B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . 2 n = 3 6 , A A B B B r a s s i c a n a p u s L . 2 n = 3 8 , A A C C B r a s s i c a c a r i n a t a 2 n = 3 4 , B B C C B . j u n c e a ①A B . r a p a A v a r. r a p a v a r. o l e i f e r a v a r. g l a b r a v a r. c h i n e n s i s v a r. n a r i n o s a v a r. n i p p o s i n i c a v a r. p a r a c h i n e n s i s v a r. s a r s o n B . c a m p e s t r i s B . r a p a , 2 0 1 6 C i m a D i R a p a v a r. r a p a

, 1 9 8 9 ①B B . n i g r a B . n i g r a ③C B . o l e r a c e a B . o l e r a c e a B . o l e r a c e a v a r. c a p i t a t a v a r. i t a l i c a v a r. b o t r y s i s v a r. g e m m i f e r a v a r. a c e p h a l a v a r. g o n g y l o d e s v a r. a l b o g l a b r a , 1 9 8 9 ④AC B . n a p u s B . r a p a B . o l e r a c e a v a r. n a p o b r a s s i c a ⑤AB B . c a r i n a t a B . n i g r a B . o l e r a c e a - , 1 9 8 9 1 3 0 5 1 2 0 1 6

2 B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a D i c o l y l e d o n s M a l v i d s E u ro s i d s I I B r a s s i c a l e s B r a s s i c a c e a e B r a s s i c a B . r a p a A n = 1 0 B . n i g r a B n = 8 A B n = 1 8 B . j u n c e a 2 - 1 B . r a p a B . n i g r a B . j u n c e a 2 Va v i l o v, 1 9 5 1 ; H e m i n g w a y, 1 9 9 5 ; C h e n e t a l , 2 0 1 3 B C 2 0 0 , 1 9 8 3 2 0 1 6 1 , 1 5 0 m 2 - 2

2 0 1 8 A , C , K 2 0 0 7 8 % 11 0 0 h a ( Wo o d s e t a l . 1 9 9 1 ) ( We n d l i n g e r e l a l . 2 0 1 4 ) S h a r a f i e t a l . 2 0 1 5 2 - 3 Va u g h a n a n d G o r d o n 1 9 7 3 B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . C z e r n . B . j u n c e a B . b e s s e r i a n a B . c e r n u a B . u r b a n i a B . w i l l d e n o w i i B . r i c h e r i i B . l a e v i g a t a S i n a p i s j u n c e a S . r u g o s e S . c e r n u a S . c h i n e n s i s S . i n t e g r i f o l i a S . c a m p e s t r i s S . t i m o r i a n a S . r a m o s e S . c u n e i f o l i a S . p a t e n s 2 0 1 6

8 B . j u n c e a v a r. o l e i f e r a v a r. c e r n u a v a r. c r i s p i f o l i a v a r. n a p i f o r m i s v a r. i n t e g r i f o l i a v a r. m u l t i s e c t a v a r. r u g o s a v a r. t u m i d a Ta b l e . 1 - 1 , F i g . 1 - 2 1 9 8 9 1 9 5 5 1 v a r. o l e i f e r a 2 v a r. c e r n u a 3 v a r. c r i s p i f o l i a 4 v a r. n a p i f o r m i s 5 v a r. i n t e g r i f o l i a 6 v a r. m u l t i s e c t a 7 v a r. r u g o s a 8 v a r. t u m i d a 8

2 - 4 , 1 9 7 2 v a r. c e r n u a v a r. i n t e g r i f o l i a 1 9 8 3 4 1 B r a s s i c a r a p a L . 1 9 8 9 B . j u n c e a 3 C o n v e n t i o n o n B i o l o g i c a l D i v e r s i t y ; C B D

N A R O 2 2 4 , 0 0 0 2 0 1 6 8 6

F i g . 1 - 1 . . o 1 , 8 9 e 9 9 g g 9 9 g 9 9 9 e7 g g g 0. g go , e 9a e c7 c 7 B7 7 7 9 g c g = n j li 7 9 8 8 7 1 8 o

Table. 1-1. , 2n Brassica rapa 20 AA var.oleifera var.rapa + var.glabra var.chinensis var.narinosa var.nipposinica var.parachinensis var.sarson B.nigra 16 BB B.oleracea 18 CC var.capitata var.italica var.botrysis var.gemmifera var.acephala var.gongylodes var.alboglabra B.juncea 36 AABB var.oleifera var.cernua var.sabellica var.napiformis var.integrifolia var.multisecta var.rugosa var.tumida B.napus 38 AACC var.napobrassica + B.carinata 34 BBCC Diplotaxis D.muralis 42 DmDm D.tenuifolia 22 DtDt Erucasativa 22 EE Raphanussativus 18 RR var.sativus + var.aphanistroides var.mougri var.oleifera Sinapisalba 24 SalSal

Fig. 1-2. , 1955,

A–F var. cernua B E G–I var. napiformis G:

J–L var. crispifolia J M N–S var. integrifolia O

2

1 9° 32’ 28° 31’ 92° 32’ 101° 11’ 1257km, 936km 67 7 1.8 6 6

Western Hill Region, Eastern Hill Region,

Central Valley Region, 0 m 5,881 m 6

Sagaing

5 10

10 2 , 2 5 ,

Aw, Am,

BSh, Cwa, Cwb, Cfa, Csa,

800 mm 5,000 mm Rakhine

Mon Kachin Ayeyarwady Tanintharyi 2,500 mm

Chin Kachin Kayah Shan Bago 1,000 2,500 mm

Magway Mandalay Sagain 1,000 mm

0 ℃ 46 ℃ 6

, 2014,

2

2-1 6

1994 CBD 2002

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and

Agriculture; ITPGR, 6 2008

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety,

2011 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan;

Nagoya protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity,

, 2013,

2014 NARO ,

. ,

Plant Genetic Resources; PGRAsia, 6

ITPGR 6

: Multilateral System; MLS,.

6 6 NIAS

MOALI MOAI, DAR,

Memorandum of Understanding MOU,

6 2018 . 2023 NARO 2015 6 2-2 6 6 21,600 20,000 2014, 2018 12,670 6 7937 62.6 6 Mustard Brassica sp., 20 6

6 B. napus 6 0 6

2-3

Family name and botanical Names of important plants in Myanmar.

B. rapa B. napus B. juncea B. nigra

6

2000 Shan Mandalay

B. juncea, ”Mohn Nyin”

6

6 6 6

6 B. rapa 6

6 B. rapa ”Se Mohn Nyin”

6 B. napus 6 6 30 B. olearcea Kailan, 6 2000, 3 3-1 2016 2019 Table. 2-1, 2-2, 1 2016 8 23 9 2 2 2017 12 21 2018 1 12 3 2018 10 25 2018 11 20 4 2019 2 13 2 22 5 2019 11 2 11 24 0 Kachin Sagain 16°15’25” 27°44′25″ 97°21′04″ 98°29′57″ 34 m 490 m 1

23°25′24″ 93°34′08″ 98°30′02″ 15 m 2,306 m 2 Shan Mandalay 20°30’12” 22°55′16″ 96°23′59″ 100°02′38″ 354 m 1,571 m Shan Shan 20°26’59” 21°44′43″ 100°05′31″ 97°32′39″ 300m 1548 m Sagaing Shan 20°27’43” 26°26′17″ 94°41′15″ 97°08′58″ 743 m 1885 m Fig. 2-1, 3-2 MOALI GPS Garmin, 6

PIC: Prior Informed Consent,. 2

SMTA: Standard Material Transfer Agreement,.

Table 2-1. 2016-2018 , .

No. Year Date Route

1

2016 23-Aug Yezin – Shwebo

2016 24-Aug Shwebo – Myitkyina

2016 25-Aug Myitkyina

2016 26-Aug Myitkyina – Putao

2016 27-Aug Putao

2016 28-Aug Putao – Myitkyina

2016 29-Aug Myitkyina – Katha

2016 30-Aug Katha

2016 31-Aug Katha – Monywa

2016 1-Sep Monywa - Nyaung U

2016 2-Sep Nyaung U – Yezin

2

2017 21-Dec Yangon - Toungoo

2017 22-Dec Toungoo - Yezin

2017 24-Dec Yezin - Monywa

2017 25-Dec Monywa - Kalaymyo

2017 26-Dec Kalaymyo - Tedim

2017 27-Dec Tedim - Tonzang - Tedim

2017 28-Dec Tedim - Falam

2017 29-Dec Falam

2017 30-Dec Falam - Hakha

2017 31-Dec Hakha

2018 1-Jan Hakha - Monywa

2018 2-Jan Monywa - Yezin

2018 4-Jan Yezin -Yangon

2018 5-Jan Yangon - Malamyine

2018 6-Jan Malamyine - Hpaan

2018 7-Jan Hpaan - Myawadi - Hpaan

2018 8-Jan Hpaan - Yangon

2018 10-Jan Yangon - Allanmyo

2018 11-Jan Allanmyo - Pyay

Table 2-2. 2018-2019 .

No. Year Date Route No. Year Date Route

3

2018 25-Oct Yezin - Kalaw

4

2019 13-Feb Yezin - Namsang

2018 26-Oct Kalaw 2019 14-Feb Namsang - Keng Tung

2018 27-Oct Kalaw 2019 15-Feb Keng Tung - Tachileke

2018 28-Oct Kalaw 2019 16-Feb Tachileke

2018 29-Oct Kalaw 2019 17-Feb Tachileke -Keng Tung

2018 30-Oct Kalaw - Yangon 2019 18-Feb Keng Tung

2018 2-Nov Yezin - Mandlay 2019 19-Feb Keng Tung - Namsang

2018 3-Nov Mandlay - Maymyo 2019 20-Feb Namsang - Taunggyi

2018 4-Nov Maymyo - Mogok 2019 21-Feb Taunggyi - Pindaya - Aungpan

2018 5-Nov Mogok - Shewbo 2019 22-Feb Aungpan - Yezin

2018 6-Nov Shewbo - Monywa

5

2019 2-Nov Yangon - Mandalay - Hkamti

2018 7-Nov Monywa - Bagan 2019 3-Nov Hkamti - Lahe

2018 13-Nov Yezin - Taunggyi 2019 4-Nov Lahe

2018 14-Nov Taunggyi - Namsang 2019 5-Nov Lahe - Hakmti

2018 15-Nov Namsang - Keng Tung 2019 6-Nov Hakamti - Lay Shi

2018 16-Nov Keng Tung - Tachileke 2019 7-Nov Lay Shi - Somla- Lay Shi

2018 17-Nov Tachileke - Keng Tung 2019 8-Nov Lay Shi

2018 18-Nov Keng Tung - Taunggyi 2019 9-Nov Lay Shi

2018 19-Nov Taunggyi - Aungpan 2019 10-Nov Lay Shi

2018 20-Nov Aungpan - Yezin 2019 11-Nov Lay Shi - Hkamti

2019 12-Nov Khamti - Mandalay - Yezin

2019 18-Nov Yezin - Kalaw - Aungban

2019 19-Nov Aungban- Kalaw - Aungban

2019 20-Nov Aungban - Ywangan - Nyaung Shwe

2019 21-Nov Nyaung Shwe

2019 22-Nov Nyaung Shwe - Taunggyi

2019 23-Nov Taunggyi - Hopong - Aungpan

Haka

Machanbaw

Myawaddy

Kale

Pyay

Yezin(DAR)

Tedim

Falam

Bago

Mawlamyaing

Kyaik Mayaw

Monywa

Tanuoo

Hpaan

Gangaw

Machanbaw

Mingin

Myitkyina

Moecount

Mohnyin

Kawlin

Katha

Putao

Taunggyi

Mogok

Aungbang

Lay shi

Hkamti

Tachilake

Keng Tung

Fig. 2-1.

4 T

2015 2020 B. juncea L. 225 B. rapa L. 61 B. oleracea L.

Alboglabra Group 42 B. oleracea L. Capitata Group 7 B. oleracea L. Botrytis Group

Brassica sp. 57 393 - Wakui et al., 2016;

Yoshida et al., 2017; 2018; 2019. Table. 2-3 T

Area/Species B. juncea L. B. rapa L. B. oleracea L. _Alboglabra B. oleracea L. _Capitata B. oleracea L. _Botrytis Brassica sp.

Total Shan state 142 30 19 2 1 24 218 Kachin state 20 23 0 0 0 4 47 Chin state 12 0 10 5 0 15 42 Bago region 3 3 2 0 0 0 8 Mandalay region 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 Kayin state 3 0 1 0 0 0 4 Mon state 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 Sagaing region 34 5 10 0 0 11 60 Yangon region 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 Magway region 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 Total 225 61 42 7 1 57 393 4-1 Shan b T T T Shan 12 1 21 26℃ T 150 acres- 6,070km2_{. 3 T}

T Shan Bumar Danu Taungyoe

Inn-thar Palaung Pa-o Lisu Arkha Lahu

T - Myo Thant et al. 2002.

Shan Mohn Nyin

B. juncea L. 142 B. rapa L. 30 B. oleracea L. Alboglabra Group 19 B. oleracea

L. Capitata Group 2 B. oleracea L. Capitata Group Brassica sp. 24 218 e l

Kalaw

TS T

T T Palaung Mohn

Nyin T - Photo. 2-1a.

- Photo. 2-1b. b

T Tachilake TS e

- 2005.

T Arkha Lahu

2 T Chin

Chin Kailan Shan

T 2

T

T 3

Aungpan TS a - Photo. 2-1c.

T Potyvirus a

- Turnip mosaic virus; TuMV. T T

T Agdia e l e - AG2720025. Potyvirus 2 B. juncea Potyvirus 2 Shan T T T - Photo. 2-1d. T T T b T Si Mohn Nyin T

Photo. 2-1. a Mohn Nyin b

c B.juncea d Mohn Nyin

a b

4-2 Kachin

Kachin Kachin

26.6℃ 120 Bamar Kachin Shan

Chin Jinphaw Rawan Lisu Lacheik Myo Thant et

al. 2002

Kachin B. juncea L. 20 B. rapa L. 23 Brassica sp. 4 47

Mohn Nyin

9 11

4

Photo. 2-2a 20 1

Photo. 2-2b

Mohn Nyin Photo. 2-2c

Photo. 2-2d Lisu 15 Photo. 2-2e Photo. 2-2f

Photo. 2-2. a Mohn Nyin b 20 1 Mohn Nyin

c 2 Mohn Nyin d Mohn Nyin

e Mohn Nyin f Mohn Nyin

a b c

4-3 Chin Chin

Haka Tedim, Falam 1206 m 2306

m 4.4℃ Haka 0℃

2000~2500mm Chin

Chin Mro Khami Bamar

Chin

Myo Thant et al. 2002

Chin B. juncea L. 12 B. oleracea L. Alboglabra Group 10 B. oleracea L.

Capitata Group 5 Brassica sp. 15 42 Mohn Nyin B. oleracea

L. Chin

Mohn Nyin

Alium Photo. 2-3a

Photo. 2-3b Mohn Nyin

Mohn Nyin

Photo.

2-3c Mohn Nyin Kailan

Tim Gawphi An Gawphi 150 cm

B. oleracea Photo. 2-3d

Chin

3 1

5

Photo. 2-3. a Alium Mohn Nyin b Mohn Nyin

c Mohn Nyin d ” Tim Gawphi”

e f Falam ”France”

a b c

P h o t o . 2 - 4 . a b c B . j u n c e a 4 - 4 B a g o B a g o B a g o 4 3 2 ℃ 1 2 3 ℃ K a y i n B a m a r M o n C h i n R a k h i n e M y o T h a n t e t a l . 2 0 0 2 B a g o T S Ta n o o T S B . j u n c e a L . 3 B . r a p a L . 3 B . o l e r a c e a L . A l b o g l a b r a G r o u p 3 8 B a g o B a g o B . j u n c e a P h o t o . 2 - 4 a b c

4 - 5 M a n d a l a y M a n d a l a y S a g a i n S h a n B a g o K a y i n M a g w a y P o p a 4 2 1 ℃ 2 4 ℃ 3 1 ℃ 4 3 ℃ M y o T h a n t e t a l . 2 0 0 2 M o g o k S a g a i n S h e b o o T S M o g o k M o g o k B r a s s i c a 3 M o g o k P h o t o . 2 - 5 a Ma y my o M o g o k S i M o h n N y i n G o r k a S i M o h n N y i n P h o t o . 2 - 5 b N a u n g c h o S i M o h n N y i n a b P h o t o . 2 - 5 . a M o h n N y i n b M o h n N y i n

4 - 6 K a y i n M o n M o n K a y i n 3 0 ℃ B a r m a M o n K a y i n R a k h i n e C h i n K a c h i n S h a n P a - O M y o T h a n t e t a l . 2 0 0 2 3 P h o t o . 2 - 6 M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a L . 9 B . o l e r a c e a L . A l b o g l a b r a G r o u p 1 4 - 7 S a g a i n g S a g a i n g S a g a i n g C h i n d w i n B a m a r M o n y w a 4 3 ℃ 1 0 ℃ C h i n d w i n N a g a C h i n 4 . 4 ℃ M y o T h a n t e t a l . 2 0 0 2 S a g a i n g B . j u n c e a L . 3 4 B . r a p a L . 5 B . o l e r a c e a L . A l b o g l a b r a G r o u p 1 0 B r a s s i c a s p . 11 6 0 S h w e b o T S M o n y w a T S M o h n N y i n 3 3 K a t h a T S P h o t o . 2 - 6 .

M o h n N y i n H k a m t i T S L a y s h i T S C h i n d w i n H k a n t i M o h n N y i n L a h e T S S a n To u S a n To u M o h n N y i n K a i l a n L a y s h i T S C h i n A l i u m P h o t o . 2 - 7 a K a i l a n P h o t o . 2 - 7 b T S M o h n N y i n P h o t o . 2 - 7 c P h o t o . 2 - 7 . a A l i u m M o h n N y i n b C h i n c L a y s h i M o h n N y i n a b c

Photo. 2-8. a Mohn Nyin b Mohn Nyin

c Mohn Nyin Chin d Mohn Nyin

5 - 1 P h o t o . 2 - 8 M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n C h i n M o h n N y i n C h i n M o h n N y i n C h i n C h i n a b c d

5 - 2 ” M o h n N y i n ” 2 0 0 0 M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n p h y u B . r a p a M o h n N y i n p h y u B . j u n c e a M o h n N y i n B . r a p a P h o t o . 2 - 9 a b P h o t o . 2 - 9 c M o h n N y i n ” M o h n N y i n ” P h y u S e i n m e S i K a C h o C h a u l a M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B . n u p u s B . n i g r a S i M o h n N y i n S e M o h n N y i n B . r a p a B . n a p u s B . r a p a B . n a p u s B . o l e r a c e a B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a B . r a p a 2 0 0 8 B . j u n c e a

5 - 3 ” M o h n N y i n ” M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a 2 M o h n N y i n P ho t o . 2 - 9 . a b 1 M o h n N y in c a b c

3

2 B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B . o l e r a c e a v a r. a l b o g l a b r a M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a M o h n N y i n S S R s i m p l e s e q u e n c e r e p e a t S N P S i n g l e N u c l e o t i d e P o l y m o r p h i s m 1 M a r t i n e s e t a l 1 9 9 4 B a i r d e t a l 1 9 9 4 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 7 b r a s s i c a . i n f o h t t p : / / b r a s s i c a . i n f o / i n f o / r e f e r e n c e / g e n o m e _ s i z e s . h t m l Ta b l e . 3 - 1 B . r a p a B . n i g r a B . o l e r a c e a B . j u n c e a B . n a p u s B . c a r i n a t a M o h n N y i n

1 - 1 M o h n N y i n 2 0 5 B . r a p a B . n i g r a J P 2 6 6 7 2 : D E B R E Z E I T L O C A L B . j u n c e a B . o l e r a c e a B . n a p u s B . n a p u s c v. To p a o B . c a r i n a t a AWA S A P O P U L AT I O N 6 3 3 C y S t a i n P I A b s o l u t e P 5 m m E x t r a c t i o n b u ff e r 4 0 0 μ l 2 0 0 2 m l 3 0 μ m S t a i n i n g b u ff e r P r o p i d i u m I o d i d e R N A s e A 2 m l 1 2 μ l 6 μ l 1 6 0 0 μ l 3 0 A t t u n e N x T A c o u s t i c F o c u s i n g C y t o m e t e r D N A 3 8 0 M b p M o h n N y i n 1 - 2 2 0 0 7 2 G 2 Ta l e . 3 - 2 B . r a p a 4 6 7 M b p B . n i g r a J P 2 6 6 7 2 : D E B R E Z E I T L O C A L 6 0 2 M b p B . o l e r a c e a 6 5 4 M b p B . o l e r a c e a 6 5 3 M b p B . j u n c e a 1 0 3 8 M b p B . j u n c e a 11 0 7 M b p B . j u n c e a 11 0 5 M b p B . n a p u s B . n a p u s c v. To p a o 111 8 M b p B . n a p u s 1 0 9 9 M b p B . c a r i n a t a AWA S A P O P U L AT I O N 1 2 7 3 M b p b r a s s i c a . i n f o h t t p : / / w w w. b r a s s i c a . i n f o /

M o h n N y i n 2 0 5 F i g 3 - 1 2 0 5 4 7 % 9 7 9 0 0 M B p B . j u n c e a 2 n = 3 6 B . n a p u s 2 n = 3 8 B . c a r i n a t a 2 n = 3 4 B . c a r i n a t a B . n u p u s B . j u n c e a 9 7 B . j u n c e a 3 0 6 3 6 0 0 M b p B . r a p a 2 n = 2 0 B . n i g r a 2 n = 1 6 B . o l e r a c e a 2 n = 1 8 B . o l e r a c e a v a r. a l b o g l a b r a M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n B . r a p a B . n i g r a 2 0 5 2 7 2 3 5 0 - 8 9 9 M b p 4 5 2 2 % B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B . n a p u s B . n i g r a B o l e r a c e a B . o l e r a c e a B . j u n c e a B . n a p u s 2 0 1 6 B . j u n c e a B n u p u s 0 . 1 3 - 5 . 9 1 % 1 . 1 % - 1 . 3 % B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B i n g e t a l 1 9 9 6 B . j u n c e a

M o h n N y i n

Species MBp Source Method

B. rapa 468 - 516 Flow cytometry

507 var. chinensis Pak choi 511 var. rapifera turnip 529

564 784

B. nigra 468 black mustard flow cytometry

632 flow cytometry

760 feulgen

B. oleracea 599 - 618 var. italica broccoli flow cytometry 603 var capitata cabbage flow cytometry 628 var gemmifera Brussels sprout flow cytometry 628 - 662 var botrytis cauliflower flow cytometry

696 flow cytometry

752 feulgen

868 feulgen

B. juncea 1068 brown mustard flow cytometry

1105 flow cytometry

1495 feulgen

B. napus 1129-1235 rapeseed flow cytometry

1127 feulgen

1132 flow cytometry

B. carinata 1284 Ethiopian mustard flow cytometry

1544 feulgen

Ta b l e . 3 - 1 .

Ta b l e . 3 - 2 . . / _{M b p} B r a p a 4 6 7 B n i g r a B . n i g r a 6 0 2 B o l e r a c e a 6 5 4 6 5 3 B j u n c e a 1 0 3 8 1 1 0 7 1 1 0 5 B n a p u s B n a p u s c v T o p a o 1 1 1 8 1 0 9 9 B c a r i n a t a B_{P O P U L A T I O N} c a r i n a t a c v A WA S A 1 2 7 3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0- 400-449 450-499 500-549 550-599 600-649 650-699 700-749 750-799 800-849 850-899 900-949 950-999 1000-1049 1050-1099 1100-1149 1150-1199 1200-1249 Genom size Mbp

2 N e x t G e n e r a t i o n S e q u e n c e r N G S S N P S S R C h e n 2 0 1 3 Ya n g 2 0 1 8 S N P s S S R B . j u n c e a R A D - s e q R e s t r i c t i o n S i t e A s s o c i a t e d D N A S e q u e n c e M o h n N y i n S N P s S S R 2 - 1 M o h n N y i n 3 8 B . j u n c e a 2 2 B . r a p a 1 2 B r a s s i c a s p 4 B . j u n c e a 4 9 B . r a p a 5 s s p . p e k i n e n s i s s s s p . r a p a s s p . c h i n e n s i s s s p . j a p o n i c a s s p . p e r v i rd i s 1 6 B . o l e r a c e a 6 v a r. a c e p h a l a v a r. c a p i t a t a v a r. g e m m i f e r a v a r. b o t r y s i s v a r. g o n g y l o i d e s v a r. i t a l i c a 11 B . n i g r a 1 B . n a p u s 3 B . c a r i n a t a 3 R a p a n u s s a t i v u s 1 1 2 2 Ta b l e . 3 - 3 M o h n N y i n B r a s s i c a s p . D N A E c o R I M s e I e z R a d - S e q d d R A D N e x t S e q 5 0 0 h i g h -t h r o u g h p u -t D N A s e q u e n c i n g S S R S N P

2 - 2 1 2 2 S S R 2 0 0 , 2 7 7 c o n t i g s 3 0 , 4 0 4 c o n t i g s S S R B . j u n c e a C l u s t e r J B . r a p a C l u s t e r R F i g 3 - 2 C l u s t e r J B . j u n c e a M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a C l u s t e r R B . r a p a M o h n N y i n B . r a p a B . o l e r a c e a B . n a p u s B . c a r i n a t a 3 B . n i g r a B g 1 C l u s t e r J B g 1 B j 4 3 - l J P 1 3 3 2 3 5 B j 4 4 - l J P 1 3 3 2 3 6 N A R O B . n i g r a B j 4 3 - l J P 1 3 3 2 3 5 B j 4 4 - l J P 1 3 3 2 3 6 B . j u n c e a S N P B . j u n c e a C l u s t e r J A Ⅰ J A Ⅱ B . j u n c e a C l u s t e r J M B . r a p a C l u s t e r R A B . r a p a C l u s t e r R M B . n a p u s C l u s t e r N F i g . 3 - 3 B . j u n c e a v a r. c e r n u a v a r. i n t e g r i f o l i a v a r. t s a t s a i S S R S N P s Ya n g 2 0 1 8 S N P s

B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a Ya n g 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 8 B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a S S R S N P s B . r a p a B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a S S R S N P s B . r a p a 6 M o h n N y i n B j - 1 4 B j - 1 5 B j - 3 0 B j -4 1 B . j u n c e a B . r a p a M 6 0 - 1 J P 2 5 6 5 8 4 B . n a p u s M 6 0 - 1 1 5 7 8 M b p B . j u n c e a M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B . n a p u s M 4 - 1 B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a 2 S S R 6 3 0 B . j u n c e a

B . j u n c e a 6

B . j u n c e a 8 2

S S R B . j u n c e a

/

B juncea Mohn Nyin /

JP No.

Bj 1 Brassica juncea Brassica rapa

Bj 2 M 3-1 256527 Br 1 Bj 3 M 4-4 256528 Br 2 Bj 4 M 18-1 256542 Br 3 Bj 5 M 20-1 256544 Br 4 Bj 6 M 26-3 256550 Br 5 Bj 7 M 36-1 256560 Br 6 Bj 8 M 39-1 256563 Br 7 Bj 9 M 43-1 256567 Br 8 Bj 10 M 44-1 256568 Br 9 Bj 11 M 46-1 256570 Br 10 Bj 12 M 57-2 256581 Br 11 Bj 13 M 67-1 256591 Br 12 Bj 14 M 71-1 256595 Br 13 Bj 15 M 79-2 256603 Br 14 Bj 16 M 80-3 256604 Br 15 Bj 17 M 82-1 256606 Br 16 Ho mei Bj 18 M 87-3 256611 Brassica napus Bj 19 M 95-1 256619 Bn 1 Topas Bj 20 M 95-5 256619 Bn 2 Bj 21-j M 102-1 256626 Bn 4 Bj 22-j M 114-1 256638 Brassica carinata Bj 23-j M 119-1 256643 Bc 1 AWASA POPULATION Bj 24-j Brassica rapa Bc 2 ADDIS ABEBA LOCAL1 Bj 25-j M 40-3 256564 Bc 3 DEBRE ZEIT LOCAL Bj 26-j M 49-1 256573 Brassica nigra

Bj 27-j M 58-1 256582 Bg 1 DEBRE ZEIT LOCAL Bj 28-j M 68-1 256592 Brassica oleracea Bj 29-j M 68-2 256592 Bo 1 Bj 30-j M 68-4 256592 Bo 2 Bj 31-j M 86-1 256610 Bo 3 Bj 32-j M 86-5 256610 Bo 4 Bj 33-j M 98-1 256622 Bo 5 Bj 34-j M 109-2 256633 Bo 6 Bj 35-j M 110-3 256634 Bo 7 Bj 36-c M 111-3 256635 Bo 8 Chou Rave Bj 37-c Brassica sp. Bo 9 Bj 38-c M 8-3 256532 Bo 10 Bj 39-c M 42-1 256566 Bo 11 Bj 40-c M 60-1 256584 Raphanus sativus Bj 41-c M 106-3 256630 Rs 1 Bj 42-c Bj 43-l UNKNOWN 2 Bj 44-l UNKNOWN 3 Bj 45-c Bj 46-c Bj 47-c Bj 48-c Bj 49-c Table. 3-3. / .

F i g 3 - 2 . 1 2 2 S S R N J

Cluster JM

Cluster R

F i g 3 - 3 . 1 2 2 S N P N J C l u s t e r J A C l u s t e r J A C l u s t e r J M C l u s t e r N C l u s t e r R A C l u s t e r R M

Allele ID Sequence Varieties 46988129 TAATGAATAAACCGGTCGGTGTTGAAGAAGCTAAACCGGGGTTTAT AAGGAAACAGTTCTTCCTTCTTCTCTCTTTCTACTCGTCGAACTCTCT CTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCACTTACTCTGTTCTTCCTCTGTTCTTACTCTG TTCTTCATTTTCTAACATGGTATCAGAGCTTGAAAGCTCTTGAGACC CTCATTTTTCTTCCGCAAATTATCTCTGGTGTCTTTTCTCTTTGGATTC ATCCATTTACTTTCTTA 39 2074322 TAACTGACTACAGAGTGTACTAGAGATACCAAAGTGGATCACCTGTC AACTATGACCATACTTGCTGAGAATGTTTGAAGGAACCAAAGCTGAC CTCCAACCTAATTTTGACTTTACTGCTTGTCTTGGGGCTTTGTATACA TTGGATCGGGTTCTTCCTGCAAGTCTGGAAGGTAAAAGTGTGTGTTT CTGGTTCCCTTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTTCAAGCACCCTAGATAT AAAAGATTA 39 86109607 TAAAAAGATAACAAAACTCGTATTATCCGCAAAAGACAGTCCACCA GCGACTTAATAAATATACATTGTAATGTTACTAATTCAATCAAGGAA ATCAGTTCTTCCTTCTCTCTTTCTTCATACTCGTCGAACTCTCTCTCTC TCTCTCTCTCCCTTACTCTGTTCTTGCTGAGTTCTTACTCTGTTCTTCA TTTTCTAACATGGTATCAGAGCTTGAAAGCTCTTGAGACCCTCATTTT CTTCCGCAAATCAACTCTGTGTCCTTTCTCTTTGGATTCATCCATTTA CTTTCTTA 38 78787259 TAAATAACCATGTAATATGTTCTGAATGAATCAAGGAAACAGTTCTT CCTTCTTCTCTCTTTCTACTCGTCAAACTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCT CACTTACTCTGTTCTTCCTCTGTTCTTACTCTGTTCTTCATTTTCTAAC ATGGTATCAGAGCTTGCAAGCTCTTGAGACCCTCATTTCTTCCGCAA AGTTACTCTATTCTCTTGTCTCTGTGGATTCATCTCTTTACTTTCTTAA TAAAAGAATATTATTAGGTACATCGATGCAACACGAGCATAATTA 34 85558615 TAAGAAAGTAAATGGATGAATCCAAAGAGAAAAGACACCAGAGTTG ATTTGCGGAAGAAAATGAGGGTCTCAAGAGCTTTCAAGCTCTGATAC CATGTTAGAAAATGAAGAACAGAGTAAGAACACAGCAAGAACAGA GTAAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGTTCGACGAGTATGA AGAAAGAGAGAAGGAAGAACTGATTTCCTTGATTGAATTGGTAACA TTACAATGTATATTTAATAAAACAACCAAAAGAGTTTTCAAAAGGTA AGAGCTTTA 30 97955560 TAAGATCTAGAACTAAAACCCCAATGAATCAGATAGAAAGTATTATT AAATAACCATGTAATATGTTCTGAATGAATCAAGGAAACAGTTCTTT CTTCTTCTCTCTTTCTACTCGTCAAACTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTCTC TCTCACTTACTCTGTTCTTCCTCTGTTCTTACTCTGTTCTTCATTTTCT AACATGGTATCAGAGCTTGCAAGCTCTTGAGACCCTCATTTCTTCCG CAAAGTTACTCTATTCTCTTGTCTCTGTGGATTCATCTCTTTACTTTCT TA 34 Ta b l e . 3 - 4 . B . j u n c e a

M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a 1 - 1 M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a 8 4 B . j u n c e a S h a n 1 4 S a g a i n g 2 4 K a c h i n 3 5 C h i n 8 M a g e w a y 2 B a g o 1 M o h n N y i n 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 N P O

2 0 1 7 9 1 2 2 0 1 7 1 0 1 2 1 . 5 m 0 . 5 6 2 0 1 8 9 9 1 . 0 m 0 . 6 m 1 0 2 0 1 7 N A R O h t t p s : / / w w w. g e n e . a f f r c . g o . j p / m a n u a l s - p l a n t _ c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . p h p 2 3 1 - 2 B . j u n c e a 8 4 2 3 Ta b l e . 4 -1 Ta b l e . 4 - 3 2 0 1 8 2 4 2 6 2 3 Ta b l e . 4 - 2 B . j u n c e a 4 7 4 5 . 2 % 3 9 . 2 5 6 . 0 4 2 . 9 % 4 1 . 7 % 7 1 . 4 % 4 1 . 0 4 1 . 5 % 3 5 . 4 % 4 8 . 6 % 6 3 . 3 % 1 0 0 % 6 χ 2 = 4 3 . 8 P < 0 . 0 1 χ 2 = 5 7 . 7 P < 0 . 0 1 χ 2 = 5 8 . 5 P < 0 . 0 5 χ 2 = 5 1 . 5 P < 0 . 0 5 χ 2 = 3 3 . 9 P < 0 . 0 5 χ 2 = 3 3 . 1 P < 0 . 0 5 χ 2 = 3 8 . 1 P < 0 . 0 1 B . j u n c e a

S h a n

B . j u n c e a

No. 1 257557-1 - 2 258557-2 3 258564 4 258571-1 - 5 258571-2 - 6 258573 - 7 258585-1 8 258585-2 9 258585-3 10 258585-4 - 11 258592-1 12 258592-2 13 258592-3 - 14 258596-1 - 15 258596-2 16 258596-3 - 17 258601 - 18 258603-1 19 258603-2 20 258609 - 21 258610-1 22 258610-2 23 258610-3 - 24 258610-4 - 25 258611-1 - 26 258611-2 - 27 258611-3 - 28 258613-1 - - 29 258613-2 30 258613-3 Ta b l e . 4 - 1 . B . j u n c e a 2 3 .

No. 31 258615 32 258616-1 33 258616-2 34 258617-1 35 258617-2 - - 36 258618-1 37 258618-2 - 38 258619-1 39 258619-2 - - 40 258620 - 41 258621-1 42 258621-2 - - 43 258624-1 44 258624-2 45 258626 - - 46 258628-1 47 258628-2 - - 48 258628-3 49 258629 50 258630-1 51 258630-2 52 258630-3 53 258631 54 258632-1 55 258632-2 56 258634 57 258645-1 58 258645-2 59 258651 60 261419 61 261421 Ta b l e . 4 - 1 . B . j u n c e a 2 3 .

No. 62 261422 63 261425 64 261430 65 261431 66 261436 67 261446 68 261447 69 261448 70 261449 71 256542 72 256550 - 73 256554 - 74 256560 75 256567 76 256568 77 256595 78 256603 79 256611 80 256619 81 256638 82 256640 83 256642 84 256643 Ta b l e . 4 - 1 . B . j u n c e a 2 3 .

No. 1 258557-1 - - 2 258557-2 - 3 258564 - 4 258571-1 - 5 258571-2 - 6 258573 - 7 258585-1 - 8 258585-2 - 9 258585-3 - 10 258585-4 - 11 258592-1 - - 12 258592-2 - 13 258592-3 - 14 258596-1 15 258596-2 - 16 258596-3 - - 17 258601 18 258603-1 - 19 258603-2 - 20 258609 - - 21 258610-1 - 22 258610-2 - 23 258610-3 - 24 258610-4 - 25 258611-1 - 26 258611-2 - 27 258611-3 - 28 258613-1 - - 29 258613-2 - 30 258613-3 - - Ta b l e . 4 - 1 . B . j u n c e a 2 3 .

No. 31 258615 - 32 258616-1 - 33 258616-2 - 34 258617-1 - 35 258617-2 - 36 258618-1 - 37 258618-2 - 38 258619-1 - 39 258619-2 - 40 258620 - 41 258621-1 - 42 258621-2 - 43 258624-1 - 44 258624-2 - 45 258626 - 46 258628-1 - 47 258628-2 - 48 258628-3 - 49 258629 - - 50 258630-1 - 51 258630-2 - - 52 258630-3 - 53 258631 - 54 258632-1 - 55 258632-2 - 56 258634 - 57 258645-1 - 58 258645-2 - 59 258651 - 60 261419 61 261421 Ta b l e . 4 - 1 . B . j u n c e a 2 3 .

No. 62 261422 63 261425 64 261430 65 261431 66 261436 67 261446 68 261447 69 261448 70 261449 71 256542 72 256550 73 256554 74 256560 75 256567 76 256568 - 77 256595 78 256603 79 256611 - 80 256619 81 256638 - 82 256640 - 83 256642 84 256643 Ta b l e . 4 - 1 . B . j u n c e a 2 3 .

No 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 NT 11 18 39 11 4 1 84 2 0 38 14 12 4 14 1 1 0 84 3 0 2 6 11 28 33 4 0 84 4 24 16 19 9 4 5 5 2 84 5 0 14 47 20 3 0 0 0 0 84 6 NT 17 8 8 11 5 21 3 3 2 0 6 84 7 NT 14 10 20 13 4 23 84 8 1 4 1 12 7 36 23 0 84 9 0 5 26 41 12 0 84 10 3 18 35 28 0 84 11 60 8 0 5 0 1 3 7 84 12 NT 0 4 3 8 10 34 23 1 1 84 13 19 18 5 11 3 12 12 4 84 14 NT 1 10 34 29 8 2 84 Ta b l e . 4 - 2 . 2 3 .

No 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 NT 14 15 8 19 27 1 84 16 31 18 13 12 10 84 17 NT 3 19 18 20 5 10 7 1 1 84 18 0 5 19 23 35 2 0 0 0 84 19 25 15 24 15 5 84 20 NT 1 13 17 8 18 18 8 1 84 21 NT 29 50 5 84 22 NT 2 0 0 1 3 11 9 0 58 84 23 NT 82 0 2 84 Ta b l e . 4 - 2 . 2 3 .

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 A I T C 1 9 9 8 A I T C A I T C 2 0 1 8 2 0 0 4 , K a p u s t a a l , 2 0 1 2 , P r a a e t a l . , 2 0 1 3 , I s h i d a e t a l . , 2 0 1 4 , 1 9 7 9 M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n A I T C M o h n N y i n A I T C M o h n N y i n 2 - 1 B . j u n c e a 5 1 B . j u n c e a 2 1 B . r a p a 1 6 B r a s s i c a s p 1 3 Ta b l e . 4 - 4 φ1500mm✕h120mm 3 5 2 5 1 2 A I T C M a l a b e d e t a l , 2 0 1 4 3 0 . 1 g 3 0 d i e t h y l

s u l f i d e A I T C 2 - 2 B . j u n c e a A I T C A I T C 1 9 9 9 2 0 1 4 A I T C A I T C 5 1 , B . j u n c e a 2 1 A I T C 0 -4 0 . 3 3 m g / g 2 0 1 6 - 5 5 J P 2 5 8 6 1 1 B . j u n c e a 4 0 . 3 3 m g / g 2 0 1 6 - 8 9 J P 2 5 8 6 4 5 2 0 1 6 - 9 5 J P 2 5 8 6 5 1 A I T C Ta b l e . 4 - 4 , F i g . 4 - 1 B . r a p a 1 6 1 4 0 m g / g 2 0 1 6 -5 J P 2 5 8 5 6 1 2 0 1 6 - 5 6 J P 2 5 8 6 1 2 9 . 0 4 m g / g 3 6 . 8 0 m g / g 2 0 1 5 - 5 6 A I T C B r a s s i c a s p . 0 - 4 0 . 7 4 m g / g 2 0 1 6 - 6 3 J P 2 5 8 6 1 9 4 0 . 7 4 m g / g B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a A I T C

B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . B r a s s i c a r a p a L . B r a s s i c a s p . N o . J P A I T C_{m g / g} N o . J P A I T C_{m g / g} N o . J P A I T C_{m g / g} 1 2 5 6 5 2 7 2 5 . 8 6 1 2 5 6 6 3 3 0 . 0 0 1 2 5 8 5 6 6 7 . 2 1 2 2 5 8 5 5 7 9 . 1 2 2 2 5 8 5 5 8 0 . 0 0 2 2 5 8 5 8 1 0 . 0 0 3 2 5 8 5 7 1 2 . 2 7 3 2 5 8 5 6 1 9 . 0 4 3 2 5 8 5 9 3 0 . 0 0 4 2 5 8 5 8 5 2 2 . 7 3 4 2 5 8 5 7 6 0 . 0 0 4 2 5 8 5 9 4 1 . 7 7 5 2 5 8 5 9 2 3 . 3 6 5 2 5 8 5 7 8 0 . 0 0 5 2 5 8 6 1 8 0 . 0 0 6 2 5 8 6 0 1 1 7 . 3 0 6 2 5 8 5 8 2 0 . 0 0 6 2 5 8 6 1 9 4 0 . 7 4 7 2 5 8 6 0 9 8 . 3 9 7 2 5 8 5 8 7 0 . 0 0 7 2 5 8 6 2 6 3 4 . 6 2 8 2 5 8 6 0 9 3 9 . 9 4 8 2 5 8 5 9 0 0 . 0 0 8 2 5 8 6 3 5 6 . 6 4 9 2 5 8 6 1 1 4 0 . 3 3 9 2 5 8 5 9 5 0 . 0 0 9 2 5 8 6 3 8 8 . 9 6 1 0 2 5 8 6 1 1 3 2 . 5 7 1 0 2 5 8 5 9 7 0 . 0 0 1 0 2 5 8 6 4 1 4 . 0 4 1 1 2 5 8 6 1 3 2 . 3 3 1 1 2 5 8 5 9 8 0 . 0 0 1 1 2 5 8 6 4 6 5 . 8 7 1 2 2 5 8 6 1 3 1 7 . 9 3 1 2 2 5 8 6 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 2 2 5 8 6 4 9 0 . 6 4 1 3 2 5 8 6 1 5 7 . 6 0 1 3 2 5 8 6 1 2 3 6 . 8 0 1 3 2 5 8 6 5 0 2 . 0 7 1 4 2 5 8 6 2 0 2 9 . 0 0 1 4 2 5 8 6 1 4 0 . 0 0 1 5 2 5 8 6 2 8 3 1 . 2 4 1 5 2 5 8 6 3 3 0 . 0 0 1 6 2 5 8 6 2 9 3 7 . 8 8 1 6 2 5 8 6 4 2 0 . 0 0 1 7 2 5 8 6 3 1 3 2 . 4 8 1 8 2 5 8 6 3 1 2 4 . 3 1 1 9 2 5 8 6 3 2 1 6 . 0 1 2 0 2 5 8 6 3 4 6 . 8 3 2 1 2 5 8 6 4 5 0 . 0 0 2 2 2 5 8 6 5 1 0 . 0 0 Ta b l e . 4 - X Ta b l e . 4 - 4 . A I T C

Fig. 4-1. Mohn Nyin B. juncea, B. rapa, Brassica sp. 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45-0 5 10 15 0 1- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45-0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45-AITC mg/g B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B r a s s i c a s p .

c e l l m e m b r a n e t h e r m o s t a b i l i t y LT 5 0 5 0 % , 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 9 S a n e o k a e t a l 1 9 9 8 Ye h a n d L i n , 2 0 0 3 B . j u n c e a 4 5 ℃ R I % LT 5 0 3 - 1 M o h n N y i n 3 6 B . j u n c e a 2 3 B . r a p a 1 0 B r a s s i c a s p 6 2 . 3 9 Table. 4-5 2 0 1 8 8 2 3 9 1 4 1 m × 0 . 5 m 2 0 1 8 1 0 3 5 . ） 1 0 m l d H2O 4 5 ℃ 3 0 . , 4 0 m l d H2O 2 5 ℃ 2 4 1 々 E C T 1 , - 8 0 ℃ 2 4 2 々 E C T 2 R I % = T 1 / T 2 × 1 0 0 R I % 3 - 2 3 2 7 2 . 4 ℃ 5 . 4 1 8 . 2 ℃

5 2 1 3 0 . 9 ℃ 1 2 . 9 2 7 . 5 ℃ F i g . 4 - 2 J P 2 6 1 3 4 J P 2 6 1 1 6 R I % 4 7 . 0 2 3 5 . 9 3 B . j u n c e a R I % 2 0 1 5 - 1 8 J P 2 5 6 5 4 2 3 0 . 7 1 2 0 1 6 - 8 J P 2 5 8 5 6 4 2 0 1 6 -7 3 J P 2 5 8 6 2 9 1 0 0 R I % 1 0 0 % 2 K a c h i n S a g a i n g K a c h i n 2 2 0 1 6 - 5 3 J P 2 5 8 6 0 9 8 4 . 1 4 2 0 1 6 - 5 9 J P 2 5 8 6 1 5 7 7 . 4 8 R I % 9 7 2 4 4 m R I % 5

B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . B r a s s i c a r a p a L . B r a s s i c a s p . N O . C u l t i v e r _{L i n e N o .} J P N O . C u l t i v e r _{L i n e} J P N o . N O . C u l t i v e r _{L i n e} J P N o . 1 _{2 6 1 1 6} 1 2 0 1 5 - 9 8 2 5 6 6 2 2 1 2 0 1 5 - 1 0 6 2 5 6 6 3 0 2 _{2 6 1 3 4} 2 2 0 1 5 - 1 0 9 2 5 6 6 3 3 2 2 0 1 6 - 9 3 2 5 8 6 4 9 3 B G R 8 0 9 3 7 3 2 0 1 5 - 1 1 0 2 5 6 6 3 4 3 2 0 1 7 - 5 2 2 6 1 4 5 2 4 2 0 1 5 - 1 8 2 5 6 5 4 2 4 2 0 1 6 - 2 2 2 5 8 5 7 8 4 2 0 1 7 - 5 5 2 6 1 4 5 5 5 2 0 1 5 - 2 6 2 5 6 5 5 0 5 2 0 1 6 - 2 6 2 5 8 5 8 2 5 2 0 1 7 - 6 0 2 6 1 4 6 0 6 2 0 1 5 - 3 0 2 5 6 5 5 4 6 2 0 1 6 - 3 9 2 5 8 5 9 5 6 2 0 1 7 - 6 2 2 6 1 4 6 2 7 2 0 1 5 - 3 6 2 5 6 5 6 0 7 2 0 1 6 - 4 1 2 5 8 5 9 7 8 2 0 1 5 - 6 4 2 5 6 5 8 8 8 2 0 1 6 - 4 9 2 5 8 6 0 5 9 2 0 1 5 - 7 1 2 5 6 5 9 5 9 2 0 1 7 - 2 0 2 6 1 4 2 3 1 0 2 0 1 5 - 7 9 2 5 6 6 0 3 1 0 2 0 1 7 - 2 1 2 6 1 4 2 4 1 1 2 0 1 5 - 8 7 2 5 6 6 1 1 1 2 2 0 1 5 - 9 5 2 5 6 6 1 9 1 3 2 0 1 5 - 1 1 8 2 5 6 6 4 2 1 4 2 0 1 6 - 3 2 5 8 5 5 9 1 5 2 0 1 6 - 8 2 5 8 5 6 4 1 6 2 0 1 6 - 5 3 2 5 8 6 0 9 1 7 2 0 1 6 - 5 9 2 5 8 6 1 5 1 8 2 0 1 6 - 6 4 2 5 8 6 2 0 1 9 2 0 1 6 - 7 3 2 5 8 6 2 9 2 0 2 0 1 7 - 1 1 2 6 1 4 1 4 2 1 2 0 1 7 - 2 7 2 6 1 4 3 0 2 2 2 0 1 7 - 4 6 2 6 1 4 4 6 2 3 2 0 1 7 - 4 7 2 6 1 4 4 7 Table. 4-5.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2018/8/ 23 2018/8/ 28 2018/9/ 2 2018/9/ 7 2018/9/ 12 2018/9/ 17 2018/9/ 22 2018/9/ 27 2018/10/ 2 Te m pe ra tu re ℃ Average Max Minimum Fig. 4-2. .

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90-B. juncea L. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70- 80- 90-RI % B. rapa L. Brassica sp.

5

2003 2003, , 2011 2003 Fig. 5-1 B.oleracea 2003 B.juncea

1 1-1 2015 B. juncea 22 「 NARO B. juncea JP26108 JP26118 JP26114 3 PAK85838 JP88054 26 Table. 5-1 . 2017 3 17 4 13 1m×0.5m 2 4cm 1-2 3 27 2.4℃ 5.4 18.2℃ 5 21 30.9℃ 12.9 27.5℃ Fig. 5-1 3 17 12 01 5 28 14 21 . 4 22 Table.5-2 Fig. 5-2 JP26108 JP26118 JP26114 66 67 71 PAK85838 JP88054 39 22 40 71 33 4 25 2015-39 JP256563

2015-103 JP256627 38 2015-116 JP256640 5 28 71 ） PAK85838 JP88054 ） 40 44 50 54 2 2-1 1 2015-15 JP256539 2015-36 JP256560 2015-42 JP256566 2015-44 JP256568 2015-96 JP256620 5 JP26108 JP26118 PAK85838 JP88054 8 2018 5 26 φ1500mm✕h120mm 15℃ ー 10℃ 15-10℃ 35℃ ー 30℃ 35-30℃ 180 2018 11 26 10 7,000 lux 1 ） 2-2 5 3 Fig. 5-3 2015-15 JP256539 49 JP26108 JP26118 170 2015-36 JP256560 , 2015-42 JP256566 2015-96 JP256620 92 103 94 PAK85838 JP88054 98 JP26108 JP26118 180

2 p<0.01 Table. 5-3 3 3-1 2 ） 5 JP26108 JP26118 PAK85854 JP88057 8 2018 11 17 8 φ1500mm✕h120mm 9 10 11 12 13 5 25℃ ー 20℃ 7,000 lux 2 ） 3-2 5 3 Fig. 5-4 11 2015-15 JP256539 2015-42 JP256566 9 141 140 10 11 ） 12 2015-42 JP256566 90 2015-36 JP256560 101 2015-44 JP256568 109 PAK85854 JP88057 112 115 2015-15 JP256539 124 13 JP26108 PAK85856 JP88057 2015-15 JP256539 104 103 105 2015-36 JP256560 2015-42 JP256566 2015-44 JP256568 2015-96 JP256620 123 108 110 117 2 p<0.01 Table. 5-4

4 3 38 71 2011 , 1999 2015-39 JP256563 2015-103 JP256627 71 2015-116 JP256640 Rabbani et al., 1997 ） Khatikarn 1991 2015-44 JP256568 2015-15 JP256539 2015-36 JP256560 2015-42 JP256566 2015-96 JP256620 PAK85838 JP88054 3 JP26108 JP26118 B. oleracea ） Friend et al, 1985

Morrison and Stewart 2002

25℃ ー 20℃ 9 10

11 12 13

JP26108 PAK85836 JP88057 2015-15 JP256539 2015-36 JP256560

11 12 2015-15 JP256539 2015-36 JP256560 2015-42 JP256566 2015-96 JP256620 13 ： ） ）

Table. 5-1. / .

No. JP No. Cultivar

1 26108 YAMAGATA SEISAI 2 26118 KATSUO NA 3 26114 AO TAKANA 4 88054 PAK85838 5 88057 PAK85856 6 256527 2015-3 7 256528 2015-4 8 256539 2015-15 9 256544 2015-20 10 256550 2015-26 11 256554 2015-30 12 256558 2015-34 13 256560 2015-36 14 256563 2015-39 15 256566 2015-42 16 256568 2015-44 17 256571 2015-47 18 256595 2015-71 19 256603 2015-79 20 256606 2015-82 21 256611 2015-87 22 256619 2015-95 23 256620 2015-96 24 256627 2015-103 25 256638 2015-114 26 256640 2015-116 27 256642 2015-118 28 256643 2015-119

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 17-M ar 24-M ar 31-M ar

7-Apr _14-Apr _21-Apr _28-Apr _5-May _12-May _19-May _26-May

Da y le ng th hr Te m pe ra tu re ℃ Date Max temperature Min temperature Day length F i g . 5 - 2 . .

T a b l e 5 - 2 . D F S T B N o . C u l t i v a r F l o w e r i n g _{d a t e} D F S T B 1 J 1 2 3 M a y 6 6 2 J 2 2 1 M a y 6 4 3 J 3 2 8 M a y 7 1 4 P 1 2 7 A p r 4 1 5 M 3 2 0 M a y 6 3 6 M 4 2 7 A p r 4 0 7 M 1 5 2 7 A p r 4 0 8 M 2 0 1 5 F e b 4 6 9 M 2 6 2 7 A p r 4 0 1 0 M 3 0 2 7 A p r 4 0 1 1 M 3 4 2 7 A p r 4 0 1 2 M 3 6 1 0 M a y 5 3 1 3 M 3 9 2 5 A p r 3 8 1 4 M 4 2 1 2 M a y 5 5 1 5 M 4 4 1 1 M a y 5 4 1 6 M 4 7 5 M a y 4 9 1 7 M 7 1 2 3 F e b 5 4 1 8 M 7 9 8 M a y 5 1 1 9 M 8 2 1 5 M a y 5 8 2 0 M 8 7 4 M a y 4 7 2 1 M 9 5 1 M a y 4 5 2 2 M 1 0 3 2 5 A p r 3 8 2 3 M 1 1 4 2 3 M a y 6 6 2 4 M 1 1 6 2 8 M a y 7 1 2 5 M 1 1 8 2 7 A p r 4 0 2 6 M 1 1 9 6 M a y 4 9 Table. 5-2. B.juncea DFSTB

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-75 Na m be r of a cc es si on s

Days from sowing to bolting Days

P1

J2

J1

J3

F i g . 5 - 4 . . 5 . c c b a bc b c b 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1 DF STB Da ys J1 J2 P1 M15 M36 M42 M44 M96

Ta b l e . 5 - 3 . / * P<0.05 ** P<0.01 F P 58564.0000 1 58564.0000 403.2813 P < 0.001 ** 26459.7500 7 3779.9643 26.0295 P < 0.001 ** 26459.7500 7 3779.9643 26.0295 P < 0.001 ** 6970.5000 48 145.2188 118454.0000 63

ab a c b ab a bc a ab ab a a ab a ns ns ns ab ab 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 9 10 11 12 13 DF ST B Da ys Day length hr J1 J2 P2 M15 M36 M42 M44 M96 z z 0 F i g . 5 - 5 . . 5 .

Ta b l e . 5 - 4 . / TypeⅢ F P 47778.2500 4 11944.5625 48.3508 P < 0.001 ** / 5371.1937 7 767.3134 3.1060 0.0048 ** * / 12003.6500 28 428.7018 1.7354 0.0220 * 29644.7500 120 247.0396 94797.8438 159 * P<0.05 ** P<0.01

” M o h n N y i n ” ） 2 0 1 8 1 2 , 6 7 0 M u s t a r d B r a s s i c a s p . 3 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 5 M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n ） B r a s s i c a j u n c e a B r a s s i c a r a p a B . o l e r a c e a v a r. a l b o g l a b r a M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n ） M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a B . r a p a

B . j u n c e a S S R S N P B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B . n u p u s B . j u n c e a B . r a p a B . j u n c e a S S R S N P s B . j u n c e a 々 ） ） B . j u n c e a A I T C ） ） B . j u n c e a B . j u n c e a B . r a p a ）

） B . j u n c e a ） ） 2 ） ） ） （ ） ． ）

. B r a s s i c a j u n c e a 1 . 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 9 6 2 0 1 5 7 3 2 0 1 6 5 3 7 1 3 9 3 M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a B . o l e r a c e a R a p h a n u s s a t i v u s

M o h n N y i n M o h n N y i n B . j u n c e a B . r a p a 2 . M o h n N y i n S N P M o h n N y i n 2 0 5 D N A 1 0 0 0 M B p B . j u n c e a 7 4 B . j u n c e a 5 0 0 M b p B . r a p a B . n i g r a B . o l e r a c e a 5 1 B . r a p a B . j u n c e a M o h n N y i n 3 8 6 8 4 1 2 2 S N P M o h n N y i n 2 B . j u n c e a B . r a p a M o h n N y i n 2 2

3 . 8 4 3 5 M o h n N y i n 2 1 A I T C 2 1 A I T C 0 - 4 0 . 3 2 9 4 m g / g B . j u n c e a LT 5 0 5 0 % 4 5 R I % LT 5 0 2 2 R I % 5

4 . 3 8 7 1 5 K AT S U O N A YA M A G ATA S E I S A I PA K 8 5 8 3 8 M 1 5 4 9 K AT S U O N A YA M A G ATA S E I S A I 1 7 0 K AT S A U O N A YA M A G ATA S E I S A I K AT S U O N A YA M A G ATA S E I S A I K AT S U O N A K AT S U O N A 1 2 1 3

B . j u n c e a B . r a p a

B . j u n c e a

B a i r d W. V . , A . S . E s t a g e r , a n d J . K . We l l s . 1 9 9 4 E s t i m a t i n g N u c l e a r D N A C o n t e n t i n P e a c h a n d R e l a t e d D i p l o i d S p e c i e s U s i n g L a s e r F l o w C y t o m e t r y a n d D N A H y b r i d i z a t i o n . J . A M E R . S O C . H O R T . S C I . 1 1 9 6 : 1 3 1 2 – 1 3 1 6 . B I N G D . J . , R . K . D O WN E Y a n d G . F . W. R A K O W. 1 9 9 6 H y b r i d i z a t i o n s a m o n g B r a s s i c a n a p u s, B . r a p a a n d B . j u n c e a a n d t h e i r t w o w e e d y r e l a t i v e s B , n i g r a a n d S i n a p i s a r v e n s i s u n d e r o p e n p o l l i n a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e f i e l d . l a n t B r e e d i n g 1 1 5 : 4 7 0 - 4 7 3 b r a s s i c a . i n f o < h t t p : / / b r a s s i c a . i n f o / i n f o / r e f e r e n c e / g e n o m e _ s i z e s . h t m l > a c c e s s e d 2 0 1 9 . 1 2 . 2 8 C e s a r P . M . , K . A R U M U G A N A T H A N , H . K I K U C H I , E . D . E A R L E . 1 9 9 4 N u c l e a r D N A c o n t e n t o f t e n r i c e s p e c i e s a s d e t e r m i n e d b y f l o w c y t o m e t r y . T h e J a p a n e s e J o u r n a l o f G e n e t i c s 6 9 I s s u e 5 : 5 1 3 - 5 2 3 C h e n , S . , Z . Wa n , M . N . N e l s o n , J . S . C h a u h a n , R . R e d d e n , W. A . B u r t o n , P . L i n , P . A . S a l i s b u r y , T . F u , W. A . C o w l i n g . 2 0 1 3 E v i d e n c e f r o m G e n o m e - w i d e S i m p l e S e q u e n c e R e p e a t M a r k e r s f o r a P o l y p h y l e t i c O r i g i n a n d S e c o n d a r y C e n t e r s o f G e n e t i c D i v e r s i t y o f B r a s s i c a j u n c e a i n C h i n a a n d I n d i a . J o u r n a l o f H e r e d i t y 1 0 4 3 : 4 1 6 – 4 2 7 F r i e n d , D . J . C . 1 9 8 5 B r a s s i c a . I n : C R C H a n d b o o k o f F l o w e r i n g . V o l . 2 . H a l e v y , A . H . e d . C R C P r e s s F l o r i d a : p p 4 8 - 7 7 H e m i n g w a y J . S . 1 9 9 5 T h e m u s t a r d s p e c i e s : c o n d i m e n t a n d f o o d i n g r e d i e n t u s e a n d p o t e n t i a l a s o i l s e e d c r o p s . I n : K i m b e r D , M c G r e g o r D I e d s B r a s s i c a o i l s e e d s - p r o d u c t i o n a n d u t i l i z a t i o n . C A B I n t e r n a t i o n a l , O x o n : p p 3 7 3 – 3 8 3 I s h i d a , M . , M . H a r a , N . F u k i n o , T . K a k i z a k i , a n d Y . M o r i m i t s u . 2 0 1 4 G l u c o s i n o l a t e m e t a b o l i s m , f u n c t i o n a l i t y a n d b r e e d i n g f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t o f B r a s s i c a c e a e v e g e t a b l e s . B r e e d S c i . 2 0 1 4 M a y ; 6 4 1 : 4 8 – 5 9 K a p u s t a D . J . , K o p e ć A , P i a t k o w s k a E , B o r c z a k B , L e s z c z y ń s k a T . 2 0 1 2 T h e b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s o f B r a s s i c a v e g e t a b l e s o n h u m a n h e a l t h . R o c z P a n s t w Z a k l H i g . 6 3 4 : 3 8 9 - 3 9 5

K h a t i k a r n B . , Y . S h i n o h a r a , a n d H . N a m a i . 1 9 9 1 I n t r a s p e c i f i c v a r i a t i o n s i n f l o w e r i n g h a b i t s i n m u s t a r d B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . C z e r n , e t C o s s . . J a p a n . J . T r o p . A g r . 3 5 2 : 7 1 – 7 8 K u d o N . , a n d K . Y a s u o . 2 0 0 1 F l o w c y t o m e t r i c e v i d e n c e f o r e n d o p o l y p l o i d i z a t i o n i n c a b b a g e B r a s s i c a o l e r a c e a L . f l o w e r s . S e x u a l P l a n t R e p r o d u c t i o n v o l u m e 1 3 : 2 7 9 - 2 8 3 M a l a b e d R . S . , M . G . N o e l , B . C . A t o n , E . A n n e , F . T o r i b i o . 2 0 1 4 C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e G l u c o s i n o l a t e s a n d I s o t h i o c y a n a t e s i n M u s t a r d B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . E x t r a c t s a n d D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f I t s M y r o s i n a s e A c t i v i t y a n d A n t i o x i d a n t C a p a c i t y . D L S U R e s e a r c h C o n g r e s s D e L a S a l l e U n i v e r s i t y , M a n i l a , P h i l i p p i n e s M o r r i s o n M . J . a n d D . W. S t e w a r t . 2 0 0 2 H e a t S t r e s s d u r i n g F l o w e r i n g i n S u m m e r B r a s s i c a . C r o p S c i . 4 2 : 7 9 7- 8 0 3 M y e r s , L . F . , K . R . C h r i s t i a , a n d R . J . K i r c h n e r . 1 9 8 2 F l o w e r i n g r e s p o n s e s o f 4 8 l i n e s o f o i l s e e d r a p e B r a s s i c a s p p . t o v e r n a l i z a t i o n a n d d a y l e n g t h . A u s t . J . A g r i c . R e s . 3 3 : 9 2 7 – 9 3 6 . M y o T h a n t , M a u n g H l a i n g , S o e M y i n t , T i n T i n Wi n . 2 0 0 2 . M Y A N M A R F a c t s a n d F i g u r e s 2 0 0 2 . M i n i s t r y o f I n f o r m a t i o n U n i o n o f M y a n m a r . 3 1 - 5 2 N a g a h a r u U . 1 9 3 5 G e n o m e a n a l y s i s i n B r a s s i c a w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l f o r m a t i o n o f B . n a p u s a n d p e c u l i a r m o d e o f f e r t i l i z a t i o n . J p n . J . B o t . 7 : 3 8 9 - 4 5 2 O k u d a , N . , a n d Y , F u j i m e . 1 9 9 9 V a r i e t a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n e f f e c t s o f d a y l e n g t h a n d t e m p e r a t u r e o n f l o w e r b u d f o r m a t i o n i n C h i n e s e K a l e N o b u y u k i . J a p a n . J . T r o p . A g r . 4 3 3 : 1 5 7 – 1 6 4 . O k u d a , N . , N . Wa d a , a n d A . I k e m o t o . 2 0 1 1 E f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e o n f l o w e r i n g b u d f o r m a t i o n i n B r a s s i c a c a m p e s t r i s L . T e c h n i c a l B u l l e t i n o f F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , K a g a w a U n i v e r s i t y . 6 3 : 3 5 – 4 1 P r á a V . D . , N . S . J a r d i m a , C . B . D o l w i t s c h a , M . A . M a z u t t i b , C . V i a n a a , D . B o h r e r a , P . C . N a s c i m e n t o a , L . M . d e C a r v a l h o a , M . B . d a S i l v a c , C . A . d e C a r v a l h o d , M . B . d a R o s a a . 2 0 1 3 A r e v i e w o f i n f l u e n c e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a n d

p r o c e s s p a r a m e t e r s o n g l u c o s i n o l a t e - m y r o s i n a s e s y s t e m f r o m B r a s s i c a . J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e V o l . 3 0 8 : 1 2 1 - 1 2 8 R a b b a n i , M . A . , A . I w a b u c h i , N . F u k u d a a n d K . T a k a y a n a g i . 1 9 9 7 F l o w e r i n g r e s p o n s e o f m u s t a r d B r a s s i c a j u n c e a L . t o t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p h o t o p e r i o d u n d e r f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s . J a p a n . J . T r o p . A g r . 4 1 3 : 1 9 5 – 2 0 2 . " R a k o u , G . 2 0 1 4 S p e c i e s O r i g i n a n d E c o n o m i c I m p o r t a n c e o f B r a s s i c a . B i o t e c h n o l o g y i n A g r i c u l t u r e a n d F o r e s t r y . 5 4 B r a s s i c a , E . C . P u a a n d C . J . D o u g l a s e d S p r i n g e r : p p 3 - 7 R e p u b l i c o f t h e u n i o n o f M y a n m a r , M i n i s t r y o f A g l i c u l t u r e n d I r r i g a t i o n , M y a m a r A g r i c u l t u r e S e r v i c e . F a m i l y n a m e a n d b o t a n c a l N a m e s o f i m p o r t a n t p l a n t s i n M y a n m a r . R e p u b l i c o f t h e u n i o n o f M y a n m a r , M i n i s t r y o f A g l i c u l t u r e n d I r r i g a t i o n , M y a m a r A g r i c u l t u r e S e r v i c e . 4 5 S a n e o k a H . , K e n i c h i H . , G . S . P R E M A C H A N D R A a n d K . F U J I T A . 1 9 9 8 E f f e c t o f T e m p e r a t u r e C o n t e n t o f L e a v e s o f o n C e l l M e m b r a n e S t a b i l i t y a n d S o l u t e O r c h a r d g r a s s D a c t y t i s g l o m e r a t a L . . G r a s s l a n d S c i e n c e 4 3 4 : 3 8 5 - 3 9 0 S h a r a f i , Y . , M . M . M a j i d i , S . A . H . G o l i , F . R a s h i d i . ( 2 0 1 5 ) O i l c o n t e n t a n d f a t t y a c i d s c o m p o s i t i o n i n B r a s s i c a s p e c i e s . I n t J F o o d P r o p 1 8 : 2 1 4 5 - 2 1 5 4 . S u g e , H . 1 9 8 4 R e - e x a m i n a t i o n o n t h e r o l e o f v e r n a l i z a t i o n a n d p h o t o p e r i o d i n t h e f l o w e r i n g o f B r a s s i c a c r o p s u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d e n v i r o n m e n t . J . J a p a n . S o c . H o r t . S c i . 6 3 1 : 9 9 - 1 0 8 T a k a h a s h i , H . , M . K i m u r a , H . S u g e a n d T . S a i t o . 1 9 9 4 I n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n v e r n a l i z a t i o n a n d p h o t o p e r i o d o n t h e f l o w e r i n g a n d b o l t i n g o f d i f f e r e n t t u r n i p v a r i e t i e s . J . J a p a n . S o c . H o r t . S c i . 6 3 1 : 9 9 – 1 0 8 V a u g h a n , J . G . a n d K . E . G o r d o n . 1 9 7 3 A t a x o n o m i c s t u d y o f B r a s s i c a j u n c e a u s i n g t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s , g a s - l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y a n d s e r o l o g y . A n n a l s o f B o t a n y , 3 7 : 1 6 7 - 1 8 4 V a v i l o v , N . I . 1 9 5 1 T h e o r i g i n , v a r i a t i o n , i m m u n i t y a n d b r e e d i n g o f c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t s . , 1 3 . C h r o n i c a B o t a n i c a C o m p a n y : p p 1 - 3 6 4

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, , , , , 2 0 1 6 ） B r a s s i c a j u n c e a B . r a p a B . n a p u s . 3 6 : 1 - 4 5 2 0 0 9 . 2 7 : 2 9 - 3 7 2 0 1 8 - - . : p p 1 5 3 - 1 5 9 2 0 0 7 1 ①. : p p 5 6 - 6 1 2 0 0 4 （ ・ ─ ─ . E n v i r o n . M u t a g e n R e s . , 2 6 : 2 5 3- 2 5 8 , 2 0 1 6 4 < h t t p s : / / w w w. g e n e . a ff r c . g o . j p / m a n u a l s - p l a n t _ c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . p h p > 2 0 2 0 3 9 2 0 0 8 . : p p 11 2 - 11 3 ； , , 〜 , , , 1 9 8 9 . : p p 1 6 3 - 1 7 3 , , 1 9 7 9 . 5 3 : 2 6 1 - 2 6 8 , , , 1 9 9 9 . 4 7 , : 5 9 - 6 2 , , , 2 0 0 7 . 7 : 9 - 1 6 2 0 0 3 . : p p 2 0 6 – 2 1 0

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