Rarefied Gas Flo w O yer a Solid Surfaee
wi
狽?@A dsorba teS
Kyoji YAMAMOTO
(Received March 1 , 1999)
The molecular dynamics study is applied for interaction. of the gas molecule wi七h the solid wall to analyse Vhe flow of a rarefied gas between two walls. The wall consisting of Pt molecules is considered to be in a state of physical adsorbates. Two problems are considered:one is the 且ow problem and the o七her is the temperature problem. It is found that the tangen七ial momen七um accommodation coe伍cient is about O.8 when the rela七ive speed ra七io of the two walls is unity, while it decreases wi七h increasing K:nudsen number when七he relative wall speed r琴七io is 5.0.1七 is as small as about O.6 when七he jnudsen number is 10.0. It is also shown七hat the temperature accommodation coe缶cient is abou七〇.85 at
メロ
300K wall,0.75 at 450 K wall,and O.69 at 600K wa11.
1. INTRODUCTION
Many studies have been made of rarefied gas fiows by various analytical apd . numerical methods. In most cases, simp}ified boundary conditions a七七he solid surface such as the difuse refiection, the specμlar refiectio皿, the Maxwell七ype boundary condi七ion, have been used. HowT ever, i七is said that the simple boundary condi七ion cannot describe the gas−wall interaction well when tlle solid surface is exposed to high tempera加re or a high speed且ow, or when the gas is in an ultra vacuum. The analysis of the gas−wall interaction.is interesting and important, but not easy because of its complexitY. The Cercignani−Lampis, model,(i,2) and soft−cube model (3) offer more coinplicated but useful boundary conditions. RecentlY, Matsumoto and Matsui(4,5) studied the interaction on a elean surface of the platinuM wall by the molecular dynamics method. They calculat.ed the reflection gr adsorption of an incident molecule with a given.energy and direction of、the molecular velocity。 They also・s七udied七he gas−surfaqe interac七ion with adsorbates at ra七her loW wall temperature by a similar method (6)
The ihcident molecule in an ordinary gas flow, however, has various energy and direc七i6n,
and these varieti es must change the global flow behaviot. ln this resp ect, it is interesting to
Department of Mechanical Engineering
9
10
Kyoji YAMAMOTOinvestiga七e七he behavior of七he gas in which七he interaction of七he gas molecule with七he solid molecule is treated by the molecular dynamics. This method may giVe rise to a simple and less ambiguous analysis. ln the present paper, we consider the rarefied gas between two walls by the molecular dynamics method under the boundary condition in which the gas−wall intetaction is analysed.
2. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
Let the distance between七w6 walls be L, and面e refbrence number densi七y no. We consider tWo problems : Th ?@one is the flow problem, thap.is, the upper wall have the velocity 一1 whereas the lower wall moves with the velocity g. Both wall temperatures are taken to be To = 300K・
except explicitly stated. Actual calculations for the flow problem were made of. the cases that the speed ratios SL of the lower wall are O.5 qnd 2.5, whgrq SL == g/Cm, Cm = pmtkTo/
is the most.probable speed, m is the mass of a gas molecule, and k the Bol七zmann constant.
・Since the flow is symmetric with respect to the center line between the walls, we may analyse the half space of the flow field. The other one is the temperature problem, in which both wall tempera七ures are different. The combina七ion of bhe lower(TL)and upper(Tu)wall七emperature are taken as
(TL, Tu) = (300K, 600K), (4・50K, 600K), (600K, 300K).
W・as・蜘・th・七七h・Tri・1・・ul・i・di.ff・S・ly・eH㏄t・畑t七h・upP・;W・11r.
The Monte−Carlo method(7) is applied to the analysis of the flow field between two walls.
The hard sphere molecule is assumed for the interaction between gas molecules in the Monte−
Carlo simulation。 When七he molecule hits七he wall surface in堀s simulation, we switch to the mbl㏄・1・・dy・・miρ・rt thi・.o・i・t t・七・a・e th・m・ti…f.th・g・s m・1㏄・1・i・t・・a・ti・g wi七h th・
…lid..m・1Pe・1… Wg u・ed th・・七・・d・rd m・1・・ul・・dy・ami・・m・七h・d fo・th・inte・a・七i・n between gbs and wall molecules. For this purp ose, we assume that the wall consists of thin platinum layer and its surface is set on (1,1,1) plane. We take 6 and 6 Pt molecules in the direction of motion of the wall and normal to it, respectively; Four molecular layers are taken nOrmal to the wall surface. The p eriodic condition is applied to the parallel direction to the surface as is usually assumed.in七he molecular dynamics. Th6 Xe molecule is七aken as thO gas mol㏄u16七〇 in七eract with the Pt wall. We take the Lennard−Jones poten七ial,
fp(r)=4E[(4,0) ?一(÷ )6], (1)
for Pt−Pt interaction and for Xe−Xe interaction, The Morse potential,
¢(r) 一一 E[e−2a(r−ro) m 2e−a(r−ro)], (2)
is used for Pt−Xe interaction. Here, r is the intermolecular distance, and a, E and ro are in七・・a・ti・n p・・am・ters. Th・num・・i・al・alUes.・f these・P・・am・ters a・e gi・・n in T・bl・. 1(5,『).
Table 1 lnteraction parameters
deVl
d1/λ] γo肉Xe−P七 o七.Pt
we−Xe
0.0275 O,325 O.0138
1.05 3.20
Q,523 D4.10
When a gas molecuie hits on the wali in the MonteCario simulation, we put the Xe molecule at a distance of 4apt above the most upper Pt molecUle, where apt is the distance to the zero in Pt potential. The initial velocity of this molecule has been calculated by the MonteCarlo simulation. Newton s equation of motion of Xe molecule is integrated with Verlet s method.
The time step of integration is taken to be 4.54 × 10−i5 s. We・ could consider the clean surface of P㌻ wall. However, while the gas molecule hits on七he clean surface successively, some of七hem,
which have low energy, may be physically adsorbed on the surface. We should take七he P七 wall on which some Xe molecules are adsorbed, and consider the interaction of the impinging Xe molecule wi七五七he solid surface as wdl as七he adsorbates. Actually, We fbund that hine Xe molecules are physically adsorbed on the surface of 6 × 6 Pt molecules of temp erature 300 K,
five Xe molecules at 450. K,. and one Xe molecule a七600 K. They are moving arou皿d o皿七he surface.
1
o
.Yo.
e e
o
.
.
e e
.
.
一2 o
Vx 2
. o}
. e
e
ロ 60.o.Deoo』oooe●●●・・.e●・●●・
一2
o
Vn 2
Fig.1Molecular veloci七y distributions of impinging(●)and re且ecting molecules(○)a七
TL = 300K.Before going to the analysis of the flow, we examinod the present wall characteristics. For this purpose, we ejected to・ the wall the gas molecule of the Maxwellian distribution having the same temperature as the wall,and ch㏄k its Velocity distribu七ion after reflection from wall surface. We impipged one thousand molecules. The velocity diStribution of the molecule is shown in Fig.1. Here, the mled circle means the inciden七molecule and the open circle Stands for the reflected Molecule. The solid line is drawn from the Maxwellian distribution. lt will be seen 七ha七七he distributions before and afむer the refiection are the same Maxwellian・dis七ribu七ions. We here only show the case of 300 K,but the other eases are almos七the same. These res翼lts indicat that our present wall is not skewed, but suitable for the analysis of. the gas−wall interadtion.
3. RESULT OF THE FLOW
We give here some of the results ob七ained. The K:nudsen number Kπare taken to be O.05,
12 Kyoji YAMAMOTO
O.1. 015, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0, where K. = 1/L, and 1 is the Mean free path of the molecule.
3.1 Flow velocity
Fig・2・h・w・tb・fl・w・・i・・ity象・t SL−0・5・Th・且・w・・1・・i七y wh・n th・diffU・e t・fi・・ti・n.
玉・assumed・n b・七h w・ll・i・・h・wn in Fig・3f・r cpmp・ri・・n・丁車・diff・・en・e b・七ween tw…1・・i七y distributiohs is seen near the wall sutface. . The velocity distributions in case of SL == 2.5 are shown in Fig. 4. Those of the dilfuse @reflection are illustrated in Fig. 5. The difference between 七wo dis七ribu七ions is more clearly seen, especially, at large K:nudsen numbers. The incident molecules to the wall have large relative velocity at high Knudsen numbers, and large relative velocity resul七s in the large slip to the wall surface.
Kn: ▲:0.05,ロ:0.1,ロ:0.5,0:1..0,x:5.0,●・:10 Kn:▲:0.05,0:0.1,コ;0.5,0:1.0,×:5.0,●:10
eO.4
E
Q
、 ア σ 顧 0 00.2
o
冨
0 ・
ロ ロ & 口 ら
●冒 口 口口 ●0
畠 ●口
0
.O.口
.O
6
O 0 0 0
口
0
O
e e e e . .
O n
o冒@ ■ 口 oii
oee :e 畠9曜●躍
O O.2 O.4
Y1し
Fig. 2 Vglocity distributions at SL = O.5.
0.4
E
o
、
σ 0.2
o
e.
ロ6 e e6 e.
咀 . o&.・
日 邑畠 璽 冒 口
Oo ■・冒 ロ%・
.o。 電 ロ6臨・昌
eeo:一t OoS;i
. . e
@e S ; e :T: :.o e e , ・ : :.: 1 ,・ e.:e.ee ?,:!一 e
o O.2
Y1し
O.4
Fig. 3 Velocity distributions
(diffuse reflection) . at SL 一一 O.5.
Kq=▲=0.05,ロ:0.1,国:O.5,0:1.0, x:5.0,●:10
εO︑xO
Kn=▲.:0。05,ロ:O.1,■.:0.5,0:1.0, x:5.0,●:10
ロ
2ロ
1
o
0
8 口O
●O
6 O
曜O
6
0■
O
圃●
qp
e 6占
: 一G
a 5 直 o曜■ ︐ ︐ 口一 〇6 0 6 ■O O ・O O
o O.2 O.4
口璽
ゆ 山騨 ● 亀 60 ●■ 冒● 亀O. 0 8 胃● 日■0 α.0 0 ■● 6■0 凸・0 6 冒● 凸■.0 6■o O 胃 ・ 自唇O O.o ︽﹁ 買● O.O &翼0 60 冒● 凸ロ 巳︒
亀口・O
U 冒.●.^0■
O
2
1
0
εQ.︑xσ
Y/L
o O.2
Y/L
O.4
Fig. 4 Velocity distributions.at SL == 2.5. Fig. 5 Velocity distributions
(difl}uSe reflection) a t SL == 2.5.
3・2 Shear streFs and. tangential momentum accommodation coefficient
The 唐??≠秩@stress and the tangential momentum accommodation coeficient are calculated by 七he velocities of the impinging and reHecting molecu翌es. The non−dimensional shear s七ressτ acting on the wall is defined by
・一5んeα;評55,.P・一kn・T・ 一 β)
where po is the reference pressure. The result is shown in Fig.6 for SL==O.5 and in Fig:7 for SL=2.5.The shear stress in case of diffuse refiection is also shown as filled circles in七he. same figure:The reduction of thβstr6ss due to the veloci七y slip is clearly seen.
2 α
ののΦとω﹂邸Φω
O.1
受 6
●OX ●9
●:o甑」se O:TL=300K X:TL=600K
.
.
O
X
O
TttlFi−Lh;:61966−orT6i−i,.o.goo K,io
Fig. 6 Shear stress at SL = O.5.
1
goフ①﹂誘﹂邸Φ=の
O.5
.
6
● O ●O
e:oiffuse O:TL=300K
.
.
o o
Io−i l dPTT7.Ti 6110i SL :2.s Krl
Fig. 7 Shear stress at SL == 2.5.
Figure 8 shows the tangential momentum accommodation coeficient, which is defined by aM=.(Ti−Tr)/Ti, . ・ . (4)
Σo
1
O.5 p
x
o
X
O. Ox
O
OxO xO O x口
O;Sし富0.5,TL=300K
×:SL=O.5, TL=600K O:SL=2.5
0
10−t 100 10i
Kn
Fig.8Momentum acco血1nda七ion coe伍cien七.
14
Kyoji YAMAMOTOwhere Ti and 7be are the shear stresses of the impinging and refiecting molecules, respectively.
The momentu血accommodation c6effeicient is seen七〇be abou七〇.8 for all Knudsen number
when SL = O.5 , and it decreases with increasing Knudsen number when SL=2.5 at 300K.4. RESULT OF THE TEMPERATURE
We give here some of the results obtainod for the temperature problem. The Knudsen
number K. are taken to be O.05, O.1. 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and IO.O.
4.1 TemPerature distributioh
Fig・・e g・h・w・七h・t・m…a…edi・t・ib・・i・蝪wh6・TL−3・・K Th・di…ib・七i・n・a・e
Scattered because of small numbers of sampling. The teMperature distribution wheh the diffuse.refiection .is assumed on both walls is shown ・in Fig. 1 O for comparison. The difference. between two ・distributions is seen near the wall surface.
Kn: A:o.os, m:o.s, 一:o.s, o:1, ×:s, e:lo Kn: A:o.Os, e:o.1,.H:o.s, Q:1, ×:s, elo
﹂ヒド
2
1.5
ロ ロ る 40 .●A 口u 轟・i ooo ■ ロ ロ ロ .・ニニ畔ぼ二。.。。
・..、丁子昌昌 :
・ゴ・rgiovo
。。・望望望亀
!1・・
1
0 O.5 .... 1
Y/L
Fig. 9 Temperature distributions at at TL i= 30QK.
Kh:▲:O.05,口:0.1,■:0.5,0:1,Sく:5,●:10
ピト 2
1.5
i 盒 口oo i4ioa 1e O口 .e4e.aTO . i .・ニニGロ .・:呂。。
:∴げ沸8乱呂ギ .
。:卿9Ea
O o雪■
gg一
亀
io sut.s ylL i
Fig. 10 Temp erature distributions (diffuse refiec七ion)at TL弔300.
kn・▲・0・05・ロ・0・1.・■・0・5,0・1,×・5,●10
4
﹂旨1
1.2
.き 煮鱒.
. 譜庵8
..・ @ .藩燕・・: ・。●。
。t・・i。誹聖。6 ●
。.B。 F・野駈
■6■嗣香B謝ロ め。、ザ
,・
煤E5 y/Li
] ・ig. 11 Temperature distributions at TL = 450K.
4
﹂ヒド喋1.2
る 凸u .』㌔
ら 嶋ら A q口 A 口。
・・亀 呂・
るみ ロ コ ロ ロ む 亀轟 司♂ 80 るロ
韻eロO o ▲ ・u 尾 冒. 胃 ロ ロ
:㌔・。蒲1も偽・∴●●
。3曾.%.ネ自
亀鰯 αOo自島
口 A亀6
6
1
i
O O.5
Y/L
Fig. 12 Temperature distributions (diffUse reflec七ion)a七TL=450.
Kn:▲:0.05,口:0.1,■:0.5,0:1,×=5,●:10
..」1くト u一一一一T一一一 「一一「
O.8
O.6
先
ロ・言域 ロ。ロロ㌦μ ロ ヘ ロロロ 亀Aム魅幅甑
㍉.
@ %。。風
・r.:・::、.ロr㌦=:嵐
・ D∴.8●8貿愚.;e.謝曳..・.
零己1・
o O.5 1
Yノし
Kn:▲:O.05,口:O.1,■=0.5、 Q:1,x:5,●10
.一s 1pm
・$
O.8
o.6
A
凸
口。 A 口。 亀▲
ロロ 4 ロ る曜 ■ o る
ロ ■ ロロロロ ▲^パ 。 噂 .aロ . O o ■ o口 亀
. 。呂呂3ロδe
・●
E。 F。・讐罵..・.口軌,冒32胃 2 Ao . eQ ga 誓^
o ・O.5
YIL 1
Fig. 13 Temperature distributions Fig. 14 Temperature distributions
at TL=600K. (diffuse reflection) at TL =600.
The distributions of the tpmperature in cases of TL 一一 450K and 600K are shown in Figs. 11 and 13, respectively and the corresponding distributions of the diffuse reflection are shown in Figs. 12 and 14, reppectively.
4.2 Energy flux and temperature accommodation coefficient
The energy飾x is shown in Fig.15. H:ete, the non−dimensional energy舳x EF is defined by
Eny−eπ器際 . (・)
It will be seen tha七七he energy flux based on七he presen七waU is ra七her Iow compared with that 6f the difuse refiection a.t large Knudsen numbers.
L山
O.3
O.2
O.1
e
●0 ●0
●O
●OOO
e:Diffuse O:Present wall
lo−1 toO
lol Kn TL=300K
O.15
L
山O.1
O.05
o e
O
●O 4
●
O
●
O
e:Diffuse O:Present. wal1
10 t IOO
TL=450K
lol
Kn
tu 山 一〇.05
一〇.1
■O 曾 e:Diffuse
O:PreSent wail
e o
. .
e o
.10−t
P0 獅?D 10t
TL=600K Kh
Fig..15 Energy flux.
16 Kyoji YAMAMOTO
トσ
1
O.5 o
▲.口
o
0△
OOム
︒口A
O: T.=300K O: T.=450K A: T.=600K
Oロム
o0▲
o lo−1 loO
loi Kn
Fig.16 Teihperature accommodation coeficient.
Figure 16 shgws the七emp eraもure accommoda七iop.coe伍cient, which is defined by
aT = (Ei−Er)/(Ei−EM), . (6)
where Ei and E. are @the energy fluxes of the impinging and reflecting molecules, respectively
, and.EM is the energy flu)f of the molecule having the Maxwellian distributiop with the wall
七emperature. It will be seen that the temperature accommdation coe缶cient is temperature
dependent and its value is about O.85 at TL = R00K, O.76 at TL = 450K, and O.70 at TL = 600K.
5. CONCLUSION
We have analYsed the rarefied gas flow between two walls.. The molecular dynamics method was apPlied for the interaction between gas molecule (Xe) and the wall surface (Pt). We obtained the following conclusions :
(1 ) The gas molecule is physically adsorbed on the wall surface ; nihe gas molecules are adsorbed at 300K of the wall temperature, five molecules at 450K, and 6n e molecule at 600K on the 6x6 wall molecular surface.
(2) The tangential momentum accommodation coeMcient of the 300K wall temperature is
iabOut O.8 when the lower wall speed ratio Sb = O.5. lt is about O.7 when SL = 2.5 anddecreases with
@increasing Knudsen number.
(3) The shear stress acting on the wall is fairly small compared with the case of diffuse reflection when the Knudsen number is. larget than about unity.
(4) The temperature accommodation coeficient dePepds・on the wall temperature. Its value is−abQut O.85 when the wall temperature is 300K, O.76.at 450K and O.70 at 600K.
(5)The energy flux to七he wall surface is fairly samll compared with the case of diffuse re∬ection wheh the Knudsen number is larger than about unity.
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︶︶︶︶︶︶ −n∠0δ4﹁0ρ0 ︵︵︵︵︵︵
(7)
(8)
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Logan, R.E{. and Kech, J.C. : J. Chem. Phys.,49,(1968), 860−876.
Matsumoto, Y. and Matsui, J.: Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Weinheim, VCH, (1991),. 889−896..
Matsui, J. a.nd Matsumoto, x.: Rarefied Gas Dynamics , AIAA, (1993),515−524.
Matsui, J., Miyabe, M. and Matsumoto, Y. : Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Oxford Univ. Press,
(1995), 1072−1078.
Bird, G.A.: Molecular Gas Dynamics , Oxford, Clarendon Press, (1976).
Hirschfelder, J.O., Curtiss, C.F. and Bird, R.B. Molecular Theofy of Gases and Liquids , New York, Wiley, (1964).