日本人日本語教師の媒介語使用に関する実態調査 ―台湾の大学における初級の会話授業の分析を通して―

ȝరს͈ఱڠ̤̫ͥͅ੝ݭ͈ٛდ਎ު͈໦ଢ଼ͬ೒̱̀ȝ!

!

㗻

߇ࠎ

 ᐘ

ߎ߁

᦬

ߍߟ 

┶ゝ ゝ ᅣゝ

ቊᮾ᳣㈹ᬶ᫢㈺ㄼ֊ẝ㈹Ή◊࿽Ꮱ㈶㈕㈜㉖ᅠቊ͆ᅠቊ◭ჹృ㈹੅͒◭π᧸㈹ી ຎ㉝ᅽ㉔㈖㈶㈤㉖㈞㈳㈲㈍㉖ㄽ۞ᛗ㈹㇒গક㈹Ή◊࿽Ꮱ㉝ଓ⛅㈶࿽Ꮱ╞૴㉝⒅㈏ㄼ੅ ͒◭π᧸㈶㈯㈏㈱ոኝ㈢㈪ㄽ㈨㈹ệእㄼ˩㈶ͨˁ㈹㇐᠊㈗ᅽ㉔㈖㈶㈵㈮㈪ㄽゝ ゥギウゝ ᅠቊ͆ჹృ㇔۵㈺ㄼӴݲএ㈖㉗ଦ㈵㈖㉗ક‒‮㈹ᕂ◭㉝੅͒◭㈳㈢㈱᧸㈏㈱ჹ ㈓㈱㈏㈪ㄽ㉉㈪ㄼギク ࡋ㈹Ή◊࿽Ꮱ㈶㈕㈜㉖੅͒◭π᧸⦖㈹౪ࢍ㈺ ククカサㆍ㈲㈍㉕ㄼ ㈨㈹ˀΡ㇐Ρ㈹ჹ࿽⒅ؔ㈲㈍㉖ㅰᄙᗕ㈹◻ᅽㅤコカギㆍㅥㅱ㈳ㅰٸ◭㈹઻ῲㅀ◻ᅽ ㅤクカコㆍㅥㅱ㈲Ӵ੅͒◭π᧸⦖㈹㇒ׂ೻㉝ڀ㉌㈱㈏㈪ㄽゝ ゥクウゝ ᅠቊ◭㉓㉕㉍੅͒◭㈗এ㈚π᧸㈠㉗㈪ჹ࿽⒅ؔ㈹ˀΡ㇐Ρ㈺ㄼㅰᥴ╫ಏ㈹᯺◜㈹ ㈪㉌㈹✤ުㅱ㈳ㅰჹృ㈹◻ᅽ㉏࿀ᰳ㈹․■ㅱ㈲㈍㉕ㄼ㈞㉗㉉㈲㈹੅͒◭π᧸㈶⬄㈤ ㉖ᥴ☟᫢˩೿㉏Ӟ⒅ᮾ᳣㈹☈ዶệእ㈳ʶ⅐㈢㈱㈏㈪ㄽ㈞㈹㈞㈳㈺ㄼ㈞㉗㉔㈹ჹ࿽ ⒅ؔ㈲㈺੅͒◭㉝π᧸㈤㉖ർ┶ම㈗ⶲ㈏㈞㈳㉝ᰳ㈢㈱㈏㉖ㄽゝ ゝ ㉫ㅖ㊭ㅖ㊇ゝ ㅁゝ ᅠቊ͆ᅠቊ◭ჹృㄼ֊ẝ㈹Ή◊࿽Ꮱㄼ੅͒◭π᧸ㄼჹ࿽⒅ؔㄼ࿽Ꮱ╞૴ゝ ゝ

ˍȅ୶࣐ࡄݪ͂ࡄݪ࿒എ!

 ᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒ߩಽ㊁ߢߪޔ਎♿ೋ㗡ޔᢥᴺ⠡⸶ᴺ߇ᛕ್ߐࠇߡએ᧪ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩ Უ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆㧛㧓 ߣߒߡᢎቶߢ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣߩᤚ㕖ࠍ߼ߋߞߡ᭽ޘߥਥᒛ߇ሽ࿷ߔ ࠆ㧜㧓 ޕ⋥ធᴺߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᄖ࿖⺆ߣታ‛࡮႐㕙ߣߩ⋥ធ⊛⚿߮ઃߌ߿ᄖ࿖⺆ߢ⠨߃ ࠆߎߣߩᔅⷐᕈࠍᒝ⺞ߒޔᄖ࿖⺆ᢎቶ߆ࠄቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍឃ㒰ߔߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆߣ⺑

ߊਥᒛ߇޽ࠆ㧒Jespersen㧥Bolitho╬㧓ޕ৻ᣇޔᲣ⺆⍮⼂ߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߿ว ℂᕈޔᤨ㑆ߩ▵⚂ߩⷰὐ߆ࠄᄖ࿖⺆ቇ⠌ߦ߅޿ߡቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣߩ ᔅⷐᕈࠍ⺑ߊਥᒛ߽޽ࠆ㧒Palmer㧥Harbord╬㧓ޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩಽ㊁ߢ߽ޔᚢ೨࡮ᚢਛ߆ࠄᲣ⺆૶↪㧒ᇦ੺⺆૶↪㧓㧝㧓 ࠍ߼ߋࠆᢎ᝼ ᴺߩ⼏⺰߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕጊญ༑৻㇢ߪቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆㧒ᇦ੺⺆㧓ߦࠃࠆ⠡⸶ࠍ↪ ޿ߥ޿ޔ੐‛⋥ⷰߦࠃࠆ⋥ធᴺࠍਥᒛߒ㧒ጊญ㧓ޔ㐳ᴧ⋥ఱߪᤨ㑆ࠍ▵⚂ߒ ቇ⠌⠪ߩᷙੂࠍ㒐ߋߚ߼ߦ⺆ᒵߥߤߩℂ⸃ߢߪᇦ੺⺆૶↪ࠍ⹺߼ࠆୃᱜ⋥ធᴺࠍ ਥᒛߒߡ޿ࠆ㧒㐳ᴧ㧓ޕ৻ᣇޔᄢ಴ᱜ◊ߣ᧻ᧄ੉ᰴ㇢ߪቇ⠌⠪ߩ࠾࡯࠭ࠍఝ వߒޔᢎ᝼ߩലᨐࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆㅦᚑᴺ㧞㧓 㧒ᄢ಴㧓ߣᢥᴺࠍ㊀ⷞߔࠆኻ⸶ᴺ㧒᧻ ᧄ㧓ࠍਥᒛߒߡ޿ࠆޕᚢᓟޔߣࠅࠊߌᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒߇਎⇇⊛ߥᐢ߇ࠅߣቯ⌕ࠍ ⷗ߖߡ߈ߚᐕઍએ㒠ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ޔᶏᄖߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߢߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߦ౒ㅢߩᲣ ⺆߇޽ࠆ႐ว߇ᄙߊޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦലᨐ⊛ߦ૶↪ߔࠆ ߆߇⼏⺰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕቇ⠌⠪ߩਇ቟߿ᷙੂࠍㆱߌޔᤨ㑆ࠍ▵⚂ߔࠆߚ߼ߦޔᢎᏧ ߪᣣᧄ⺆ߣᇦ੺⺆ࠍߤ߁૶޿ಽߌࠇ߫ലᨐ⊛ߥ᝼ᬺ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩ߆ࠍᏱߦ⠨߃ࠆᔅ ⷐ߇޽ࠅ㧒⿒⠀ઁ㧓ޔലᨐ⊛ߥᇦ੺⺆૶↪߇ᬌ⸛ߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ᜰ ៰߽޽ࠆ㧒㒙ㇱ࡮ᮮጊޔᮮḴ㧓ޕ ৻ᣇޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ⎇ⓥߪᐕઍ߆ࠄⴕࠊࠇߡ߈ߚޕਥߥ⎇ⓥߦ ߪޔKharma and Hajjaj㧒㧓ޔDuff and Polio㧒㧓ޔPolio and Duff㧒㧓ޔ Tsai㧒㧓ޔ㗻㧒㧓ߥߤ߇޽ࠆޕ

߹ߕޔKharma and Hajjaj㧒㧓ߪޔ⧷⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᢎᏧߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦኻ ߔࠆᢎᏧߩᗧ⼂ࠍតࠆߚ߼ޔೋ࡮ਛ⚖ߩቇ⠌⠪ࠍᜰዉߔࠆᢎᏧฬࠍኻ⽎ߦ⾰໧ ⚕⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔએਅߩߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ 㧒㧓ࡁࡦࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉ⧷⺆ᢎᏧߩᄙߊߪޔ᝼ᬺਛߦᄙ߆ࠇዋߥ߆ࠇቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍ ᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ↪޿ߡᢎ߃ߡ޿ࠆޕ 㧒㧓ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⧷⺆࡟ࡌ࡞߇਄߇ࠆߦߟࠇߡޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᲧ₸߇ਅ߇ࠆޕ 㧒㧓ᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩℂ↱ߪޔޟᢎ⑼ᦠߩᜰዉⷐ㗔ߦᦠ޿ߡ޽ࠆ߆ࠄޠޟᢎ⢒⋙〈⠪߆ ࠄߩࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠬߩߚ߼ޠࠃࠅ߽ޔޟᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߪᄖ࿖⺆ߩᢎ᝼࡮ቇ⠌ߩഥߌ ߦߥࠆޠߣ޿߁ᢎᏧߩᒝ޿⏕ା࡮ାᔨߦࠃࠆߣߎࠈ߇ᄢ߈޿ޕ

૶↪㊂ࠍតࠆߚ߼ߦޔࠞ࡝ࡈࠜ࡞࠾ࠕᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆߩᄖ࿖⺆ࠢ࡜ࠬ㧒࠼ࠗ࠷⺆ޔ ᣣᧄ⺆ޔਛ࿖⺆ߥߤߩೋ⚖ࠦ࡯ࠬ㧓ࠍኻ⽎ߦ᝼ᬺⷰኤࠍⴕߞߚޕߘࠇߙࠇߩࡀࠗ ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧߩᄖ࿖⺆ߣᇦ੺⺆㧒⧷⺆㧓ߣߩ૶↪㊂ࠍಽᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐޔࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎ Ꮷฬߩᄖ࿖⺆૶↪㊂ߦߪ୘ੱᏅ߇⷗ࠄࠇߚޕᦨ߽ዋߥ޿ᢎᏧߢ㧏ߢ޽ࠅޔᦨ ߽ᄙ޿ᢎᏧߢ㧏ߢ޽ࠆޕᐔဋ୯ߪ㧏ߢ޽ࠅޔ㧏ߩᄖ࿖⺆ࠍ૶↪ߒߚᢎ Ꮷߪ㧛ฬߒ߆޿ߥ߆ߞߚޕ

Polio and Duff㧒㧓ߪޔDuff and Polio㧒㧓ߢᱷߞߚޟᢎᏧߪ޿ߟޔߤ ߩࠃ߁ߦᄖ࿖⺆ߣᇦ੺⺆ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆ߆ޠߣ޿߁⇼໧ὐ߆ࠄޔࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧฬ ߩ߁ߜޔᄖ࿖⺆ߣᇦ੺⺆ࠍߤߜࠄ߽޽ࠆ⒟ᐲ૶↪ߒߡ޿ߚ㧠ฬߩ⊒⹤࠺࡯࠲ࠍข ࠅ਄ߍޔߘߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᯏ⢻ࠍಽᨆߒޔ⴫㧛ߩ㧢ߟߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦ ಽ㘃ߒߚޕ



ນˍ! ٸ࣭ࢊޗ̤̫֗ͥͅ෾ٚࢊঀဥ΃ΞΌςȜȪPolio and Duff 2::5ȫ!

ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ ౝ   ኈ A㧘ᢎቶㆇ༡ߩ⺆ᒵ 㧒Classroom administrative vocabulary㧓 ᢎቶㆇ༡਄ޔ㊀ⷐߥᖱႎឭଏ ଀㧤ਛ㑆⹜㛎ߩᣣ⒟߿ౝኈ B㧘ᢥᴺᜰዉ 㧒Grammar instruction㧓 ⋡ᮡ⸒⺆ߩᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿ C㧘ᢎቶ▤ℂ 㧒Classroom management㧓 ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩ๮઎ߥߤ ଀㧤ߪ޿ޔࡍ࡯ࠫࠍ㐿޿ߡߊߛߐ޿ޕ D㧘ᗵᖱ⒖౉㧙ㅪᏪᒻᚑ 㧒Empathy㧙solidarity㧓 ⾨⾥߿ാ᳇ߠߌޔ౬⺣ޔ࡙࡯ࡕࠕޔ࡝࡜࠶ࠢ ࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇૞ࠅߥߤ E㧘ᧂ⍮⺆ᒵ㧙⠡⸶㧒Unknown vocabulary㧙translation㧓 ᣂߒ޿߹ߚߪ㔍ߒ޿⋡ᮡ⸒⺆㧒⺆࡮ᢥ㧓ߦ⋧ ᒰߔࠆ⧷⺆߳ߩ⠡⸶ F㧘⧷⺆ߩ✵⠌ 㧒Practicing English㧓 ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⹤ߒߚ⧷⺆߇ಽ߆ࠄߥ޿ᤨߩ⡞߈㄰ ߒ G㧘ℂ⸃ߩਇ⿷ 㧒Lack of comprehension㧓 ቇ⠌⠪߇⋡ᮡ⸒⺆ࠍℂ⸃ߢ߈ߕ෻ᔕ߇ߥ޿ᤨ ߦޔᢎᏧ߇⧷⺆ߢᓳ໒ߒߚࠅޔߘߩ╵߃ࠍឭ ଏߒߚࠅߔࠆߎߣ H㧘ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⧷⺆૶↪ߩ⋧੕ലᨐ 㧒Interactive effect involving

students’ use of English㧓

ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⧷⺆ߩ࿁╵߿ᗧ⷗ߦ╵߃ࠆᤨߩᢎᏧ ߩ⧷⺆૶↪

Tsai㧒㧓ߪޔ⧷⺆ᢎቶߦ߅ߌࠆᢎᏧߩᇦ੺⺆㧒ਥߦർ੩⺆㧓૶↪ߩᓎഀࠍ តࠆߚ߼ޔบḧߩ㜞ᩞߩࡁࡦࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧߢ޽ࠆบḧੱ⧷⺆ᢎᏧ㧢ฬࠍኻ⽎ߦޔ ᝼ᬺⷰኤࠍⴕߞߚޕ᝼ᬺⷰኤࠍㅢߒߡޔᢎᏧߩ⧷⺆࡮ᇦ੺⺆ߩ⊒⹤ࠍޔPolio and Duff㧒㧓ߩ⴫㧛ߩ㧢ߟߩᇦ੺⺆ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍၮߦޔ⴫㧜ߩ㧡ߟߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦୃᱜߒߚޕ߹ߚޔ᝼ᬺಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐޔએਅߩታᘒ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ 㧒㧓㨪ᢥᴺᜰዉޠߣޟ⠡⸶ޠߦ߅޿ߡޔᇦ੺⺆ࠍ⧷⺆ߢઍ↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ޕ 㧒㧓ᇦ੺⺆⊒⹤ߢߩ㨪ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩ⾰໧ޠߪޔᗧ๧ℂ⸃ߩ⏕⹺ߦ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔᢎᏧߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍㅢߒߡޔ㧒㧓ቇ⠌⠪ߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߦวࠊߖࠆߚ߼ޔ 㧒㧓ᄢቇ౉⹜ߩߚ߼ߦቇ⠌⠪ߩᢥᴺ⢻ജࠍଦㅴߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߚ߼ޔ㧒㧓ᢎᏧߩ ⸒⪲ࠍℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ߦォൻߐߖࠆߚ߼╬߇ޔߘߩᲣ⺆૶↪ߩℂ↱ߣߒߡ ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ  ນˎ! ٸ࣭ࢊޗ̤̫֗ͥͅ෾ٚࢊঀဥ΃ΞΌςȜȪTsai 2::7ȫ! ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ ౝኈ A㧘ᢥᴺᜰዉ㧒Grammar instruction㧓 ⸒⺆ቇߩ⍮⼂㧒଀㧤ᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿ޔ㖸ჿޔ 㖸㖿ޔ᭴ᢥ㧓 B㧘ᢎቶ▤ℂ㧒Classroom management㧓 ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩ๮઎㧒଀㧤৻✜ߦޔᰴ㧓 C㧘ㅪᏪᒻᚑ㧒Solidarity-building㧓 ാ᳇ߠߌޔ⾨⾥ޔࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ૞ ࠅޔ౬⺣ޔ࡙࡯ࡕࠕޔ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓 ࿐᳇૞ࠅ D㧘⠡⸶㧒Translation㧓 㔍ߒ޿⧷⺆㧒⺆࡮ᢥ㧓ߦ⋧ᒰߔࠆർ੩⺆ ߳ߩ⠡⸶ E㧘ౝኈવ㆐㧒Content conveyance㧓 ᓳ⠌ޔ⺆ᒵߩቯ⟵࡮⺑᣿ޔᓳ໒ޔ⾰໧ߩ ⺑᣿ޔ଀␜ޔᢥൻ⊛ߥౝኈ F㧘ౝኈᄖߩᓳ໒㧒Other repetitions㧓 ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊒⹤ߩᓳ໒ G㧘ቇ⠌⠪߳ߩ⾰໧㧒Questioning㧓 ቇ⠌⠪ߦ࿁╵ࠍ᳞߼ࠆ⾰໧ 㧒ᵈ㧓Tsai㧒㧓ߦၮߠ߈ޔ╩⠪߇߹ߣ߼ߚޕ  ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߢߪޔ㗻㧒㧓ߪޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦኻߔࠆᢎᏧߩᗧ⼂ࠍតࠆߚ߼ޔ บḧߩ㧟ᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⑼ߦ߅޿ߡ㧜ᐕ↢೨ᦼ㧒ೋ⚖ᓟඨ㧓㧟㧓 ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍᜂᒰߔ ࠆࡁࡦࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧߩบḧੱᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ㧒એਅޔTT㧓ฬࠍኻ⽎ߦ⾰໧⚕⺞ᩏ ࠍⴕߞߚޕ㗻㧒㧓ߪޔᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿߿ၮᧄ⊛ߥᜰ␜ߥߤޔᢎቶౝߩᢎᏧߩ⸒⺆

⊛ⴕേࠍᢎ᝼ⴕേߣቯ⟵ߒޔ⾰໧㗄⋡ߩ૞ᚑߦ޽ߚߞߡߪޔTsai㧒㧓ߩ⴫㧜 ߩ㧡ߟߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦၮߠ߈ޔPolio and Duff㧒㧓ߥߤߩవⴕ⎇ⓥ ࠍෳ⠨ߦ㗄⋡ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേߦਅ૏ಽ㘃ߒߚޕ⾰໧⚕⺞ᩏߢߪޔ㧒㧓TT ߩᢎ᝼ⴕ േߣߘߩਛߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩ⒟ᐲޔ߅ࠃ߮㧒㧓ᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩℂ↱ߦߟ޿ߡ࿁╵ࠍ᳞ ߼ߚޕ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄޔએਅߩߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ 㧒㧓TTฬߪޔోຬቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ↪޿ߡᢎ߃ߡ޿ࠆޕ 㧒㧓ޟᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿ޠ߿ޟቇ⠌⠪ߩ⺋ࠅߩ⸓ᱜ߿⺑᣿ޠࠍߔࠆ㓙ߦޔᇦ੺⺆ࠍࠃߊ ૶↪ߔࠆޕ 㧒㧓ᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩℂ↱ߪޔ㨪㧜ᐕ↢೨ᦼߩቇ⠌⠪ߩ࡟ࡌ࡞㧒ೋ⚖ᓟඨ㧓ߦߪᇦ੺ ⺆૶↪߇ᔅⷐߛߣᕁ߁߆ࠄ㨫ޟᢎ᝼࡮ቇ⠌ᵴേߦࡊ࡜ࠬߦߥࠆߣᕁ߁߆ࠄޠ ߣ޿߁ TT ߩ⏕ା࡮ାᔨߦၮߠߊޕ 㗻㧒㧓ߪޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩ⎇ⓥࠍ〯߹߃ޔTT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒޔ߅ࠃ߮ ߘߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᓎഀࠍតࠆߚ߼ޔTTฬߩ߁ߜߩฬߩળ⹤᝼ᬺ࿁㧒TT㧛 ฬߦߟ߈ಽߩ᝼ᬺࠍ㧜࿁ߕߟ㧓ࠍኻ⽎ߦ᝼ᬺⷰኤࠍⴕߞߚޕಽᨆߦ޽ߚߞߡߪޔ 㗻㧒㧓ߩ㗄⋡ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേࠍ↪޿ߡޔታ㓙ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆ TT ߩ⊒⹤࠺ ࡯࠲߆ࠄ㧣㗄⋡ㅊടߒߡޔ⴫㧝ߩ㗄⋡ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍ૞ᚑߒߚޕߎߩ 㗄⋡ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍၮߦ᝼ᬺಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ⚿ᨐޔਥߦએਅߩታᘒ߇᣿ ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ 㧒㧓TTฬߪోຬቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ↪޿ߡᢎ߃ߡ߅ࠅޔᦨ߽ዋߥ޿ ᢎᏧߢ㧏ޔᦨ߽ᄙ޿ᢎᏧߢ㧏ޔᐔဋ୯ߪ㧏ߢ޽ߞߚޕ 㧒㧓ળ⹤᝼ᬺ࿁ߦ߅ߌࠆᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߪർ੩⺆㧠㧓 ߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠅޔบḧ⺆ߪ ௖߆㧒㧚㧏㨨㧏㧓ߢ޽ߞߚ߇ޔบḧ⺆⊒⹤ߩᄙߊߪᢎቶߩ㔓࿐᳇૞ࠅߩ ⊒⹤ߢ޽ߞߚޕ 㧒㧓ᣣᧄ⺆ࠃࠅᇦ੺⺆ߩᣇ߇ᄙߊ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚᢎ᝼ⴕേߩ਄૏㧠૏ߪޔޟ⸒⺆ ᭴ㅧߩᣣਛኻᾖᲧセޠޔޟᢎᏧߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡⸶ޠޔޟ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇ ૞ࠅޠޔޟᣣᧄᢥൻߩ⺑᣿ޠޔޟᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿ޠ߅ࠃ߮ޟℂ⸃ᐲߩ⏕⹺ߩߚ߼ߩ⾰ ໧ޠߢ޽ߞߚޕ ߐࠄߦޔ᝼ᬺⷰኤߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߚ⴫㧝ߩ㗄⋡ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩਛߢޔ ޟC ቇ⠌ౝኈߩࡕ࠺࡞ߩឭ␜ޠߣ޿߁㗄⋡ߪᣣᧄ⺆ߒ߆⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ޿⊒⹤ߢ޽

ࠆߚ߼㒰ᄖߒޔᱷࠅߩ㗄⋡ߦၮߠ߈ޔ㧢ߟߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ࠍ૞ᚑߒߚޕ  ນˏ! ඾ུࢊٛდ਎ު̤̫ͥͅޗ਎࣐൲΃ΞΌςȜȪ܏!3112ȫ! ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ ਅ૏ಽ㘃 ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ ਅ૏ಽ㘃 Aᢎቶ  ▤ℂ A ᢎቶㆇ༡ߩᖱႎឭଏ D⠡⸶ Dቇ⠌ౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠡⸶ A ᝼ᬺߩᚻ㗅ߩ⺑᣿ DᢎᏧߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡ ⸶ A ಴Ꮸࠍߣࠆߎߣ E✵⠌ߩ  ⺑᣿߿  ᜰ␜ E✵⠌ߩ೨ߩ࠙ࠜ࡯ࡒࡦ ࠣ࡮ࠕ࠶ࡊ A ᝼ᬺㅴⴕߦ㑐ߔࠆ⏕ ⹺ E✵⠌ߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ A ၮᧄ⊛ߥᜰ␜ Eᢥဳ✵⠌ߩ⺆ฏߩឭଏ BㅪᏪ  ᒻᚑ B ᝼ᬺߩೋ߼ߩ࠙ࠜ࡯ ࡒࡦࠣ࡮ࠕ࠶ࡊ Fቇ⠌⠪  ߳ߩ  ⾰໧ Fቇ⠌ౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾰໧ B ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐ ᳇૞ࠅ Fℂ⸃ᐲߩ⏕⹺ߩߚ߼ߩ ⾰໧ B ⾨⾥߿ാ᳇ߠߌ Fቇ⠌ౝኈએᄖߦ㑐ߔࠆ ⾰໧ Cౝኈ  વ㆐ C න⺆ߩቯ⟵࡮⺑᣿ Gቇ⠌⠪  ߳ߩ  ᔕ╵ Fℂ⸃ਇ⿷ߩ⡞߈㄰ߒ C⊒㖸ߩᜰዉ Gቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊒⹤ߩ߹ߣ߼ ߿ᵴ↪ Cᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿ Gቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊒⹤ߩᓳ໒ C⸒⺆᭴ㅧߩᣣਛኻᾖ Ყセ Gቇ⠌⠪ߩ⺋ࠅߩ⸓ᱜ߿ ⺑᣿ C⴫⃻ߩ↪ᴺߩ⺑᣿ Gቇ⠌⠪ߩℂ⸃ਇ⿷߳ߩ ኻᔕ Cᣣᧄᢥൻߩ⺑᣿ Gቇ⠌⠪ߩ⾰໧߳ߩ࿁╵ Cቇ⠌ౝኈߩࡕ࠺࡞ߩ ឭ␜ Hߘߩઁ HᢎᏧ⥄りߦ㑐ߔࠆ⊒⹤   Hቇ⠌ౝኈએᄖߦ㑐ߔࠆ ⊒⹤  㗻㧒㧓ߪޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩ⎇ⓥࠍ〯߹߃ޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦኻߔࠆᢎᏧߣቇ⠌⠪ ߩᗧ⼂ࠍ᏷ᐢߊᛠីߔࠆߚ߼ޔTT ߩ߶߆ߦᣣᧄੱᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ㧒એਅޔJT㧓ޔ߅ࠃ ߮ߘࠇߙࠇߩࠢ࡜ࠬߩቇ⠌⠪㧒એਅޔTTS࡮JTS㧓ߩⷞὐࠍᣂߚߦขࠅ౉ࠇޔ߹

ߚޔ࡟ࡌ࡞߽ೋ⚖߆ࠄ਄⚖߹ߢᐢߍࠆߎߣߣߒߚޕ⺞ᩏߢߪޔบḧ㧡ᄢቇߩೋ࡮ ਛ࡮਄⚖ߩ㧝ቇᐕߩᣣᧄ⺆ળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍᜂᒰߔࠆ TTฬޔJTฬޔ߅ࠃ߮ߘࠇߙ ࠇߩࠢ࡜ࠬߩ TTSฬޔJTSฬࠍኻ⽎ߦ⾰໧⚕⺞ᩏࠍታᣉߒߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐޔ એਅߩߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ 㧒㧓TT࡮JT ߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆࡟ࡌ࡞߇਄߇ࠆߦߟࠇߡᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩ⒟ᐲ߇ਅ ߇ࠅޔTT ߩᣇ߇ JT ࠃࠅᇦ੺⺆ࠍᄙߊ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ 㧒㧓TT࡮JT ߇ᇦ੺⺆ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆℂ↱ޔ߹ߚߪ૶↪ߒߥ޿ℂ↱ߪޟᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩ ᔅⷐᕈߩ᦭ήޠޟᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߪᢎ᝼࡮ቇ⠌ᵴേߦࡊ࡜ࠬޔ߹ߚߪࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߦ ૞↪ߔࠆ߆ุ߆ޠߣ޿߁ TT࡮JT ߩାᔨߦၮߠߊޕ߹ߚޔJT ߩർ੩⺆ജ㧡㧓 ߽ߘߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩ⒟ᐲߦᓇ㗀ߔࠆⷐ࿃ߩ㧛ߟߢ޽ࠆޕ 㧒㧓ᜂᒰᢎᏧ߇ TT ߆ JT ߆ߩ㆑޿ߦࠃߞߡޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪߳ߩቇ⠌⠪ߩᦼᓙᐲ߇ ⇣ߥࠅޔ㧝ቇᐕࠍㅢߒߡ JTS ࠃࠅ߽ TTS ߩᣇ߇㜞޿ޕ 㗻㧒㧓ߪޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩ⎇ⓥࠍ〯߹߃ޔหߓⵍ⺞ᩏ⠪ࠍኻ⽎ߦޟᇦ੺⺆૶ ↪ߩᔅⷐᕈޠߦኻߔࠆ TT࡮JT࡮TTS࡮JTS ߩᗧ⼂ࠍ⺞ᩏߒߚޕ⾰໧㗄⋡ߪޔ㗻㧒㧓 ߢ૞ᚑߐࠇߚ㗄⋡ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩ႐㕙߆ࠄߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔޟ㗄⋡ߦ߅޿ߡޔᢎᏧ ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߪߤߩ⒟ᐲᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߆ޠߣ޿߁໧޿ߦኻߒߡޔ㧞Ბ㓏 ዤᐲ㧒㧛㧧ోߊᔅⷐߛߣᕁࠊߥ޿㨨㧞㧧㕖Ᏹߦᔅⷐߛߣᕁ߁㧓ߢ࿁╵ࠍ᳞߼ߚޕ ࿃ሶಽᨆߣಽᢔಽᨆࠍⴕߞߚ⚿ᨐޔએਅߩߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕ 㧒㧓㗄⋡߆ࠄޡቇ⠌⠪ߣߩࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦޢޡቇ⠌ౝኈߩ⺑᣿ޢޡ૛⺣ޢߩ 㧝࿃ሶ߇᛽಴ߐࠇߚޕ 㧒㧓ᢎᏧ߽ቇ⠌⠪߽㧝ቇᐕࠍㅢߒߡޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆࡟ࡌ࡞߇਄߇ࠆߦߟࠇߡ ޟᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᔅⷐᕈޠ߇ૐߊߥࠆߣᗵߓߡ߅ࠅޔᦨ߽ᔅⷐᕈ߇㜞޿ߩߪޟᢥ ᴺߩ⺑᣿ޠ߿ޟන⺆ߩቯ⟵࡮⺑᣿ޠޔޟ⸒⺆᭴ㅧߩᣣਛኻᾖᲧセޠߣ޿ߞߚޡቇ ⠌ౝኈߩ⺑᣿ޢߢ޽ߞߚޕ એ਄ߩ㧢ߟߩᗧ⼂࡮ታᘒ⺞ᩏߪޔᄖ࿖⺆࡮ᇦ੺⺆ߩో૕⊛ߥ૶↪㊂߿ᇦ੺⺆૶ ↪ߩℂ↱ޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᯏ⢻㧒ᇦ੺⺆૶↪ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㧓ޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᔅⷐᕈߩ᦭ ήࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ޿ࠆޕ߹ߚޔบḧߩࠃ߁ߦᄖ࿖⺆ߣߒߡ⧷⺆߿ᣣᧄ⺆ࠍቇ߱Ⅳ Ⴚߢߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߦ౒ㅢߩᲣ⺆߇޽ࠅޔࡁࡦࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧߪቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺ ⺆ߣߒߡޔᢥᴺߥߤߩ⺑᣿ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ߎߣ߽ಽ߆ߞߚޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔߎ

ߩࠃ߁ߥⅣႺߢޔࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧߪ޿ߟޔߤߩࠃ߁ߦᇦ੺⺆ࠍ↪޿ߡᄖ࿖⺆ࠍᢎ ߃ߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ޔߘߩታᘒߪ߹ߛ᣿ࠄ߆ߢߪߥ޿ޕߘߎߢޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔࡀࠗ࠹ࠖ ࡉᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߢ޽ࠆ JT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣߔࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔ㗻㧒㧓ߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ TT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒߣ߽Ყセᬌ⸛ ߔࠆޕ 

ˎȅ඾ུࢊٛდ਎ު͈պ౾ັ̫͂ٽါ!

 บḧߩᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⑼ߩᢎ⢒⋡ᮡߩ৻ߟߪޔޟ⡬ߊ࡮⹤ߔ࡮⺒߻࡮ᦠߊޠ ߣ޿߁྾ᛛ⢻ࠍ⢒ᚑߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕᔅୃ⑼⋡ߣߒߡળ⹤᝼ᬺߩ߶߆ޔ⺒⸃߿ᢥ ᴺޔ⡬⸃ߥߤ߽⸳ߌࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ⺒⸃߿ᢥᴺߢߪޔਥߦ TT ߇ᜂᒰߒޔቇ⠌⠪ߩ Უ⺆ࠍ↪޿ߡᣣᧄ⺆ߩᢥᴺߥߤࠍᢎ߃ࠆߩ߇৻⥸⊛ߢ޽ࠆޕߘࠇߦኻߒߡޔળ⹤ ᝼ᬺߢߪޔᜂᒰᢎᏧߪ TT࡮JT ߩਔ⠪߇ሽ࿷ߒޔ㧛ᐕ↢ߪ TTޔ㧝ᐕ↢ߪ JT ߇ᄙ ߊᜂᒰߒߡ޿ࠆߩ߇⃻⁁ߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚޔળ⹤᝼ᬺߪ߶߆ߩ᝼ᬺߢቇ⠌ߒߚ߽ߩࠍ ᓳ⠌࡮ᔕ↪ߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ߩㆇ↪⢻ജߩะ਄ࠍߪ߆ࠆߎߣ߇ਥߥቇ⠌⋡ᮡߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ޔ ⋡ᮡ⸒⺆ߢ޽ࠆᣣᧄ⺆ߩࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ౒ߦޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ ߣߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߦല₸⊛ߦ૶↪ߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡߊࠆޕએ਄ߩࠃ ߁ߥℂ↱ߢޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍ⎇ⓥߩኻ⽎ߣߒߚޕ ߹ߚޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢขࠅ਄ߍߚ TT࡮JT ߇ᚲዻߒߡ޿ࠆบḧߩᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⑼ߦ ߅޿ߡߪޔળ⹤᝼ᬺߢߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆౕ૕⊛ߥᣇ㊎߇ߥߊޔߘߩᢎ߃ᣇߦ 㑐ߒߡߪ߶߷ฦᢎᏧߦ৻છߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧒㗻㧓ޕળ⹤᝼ᬺߩᤨ㑆ᢙߪㅳߦ㧜㨨 㧠ᤨ㑆⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠅޔ૶↪ᢎ᧚ߪޔหቇᐕߢ⛔৻ߐࠇࠆᄢቇ߽޽ࠇ߫ޔฦᜂᒰᢎᏧ ߇⥄↱ߦㆬቯߔࠆᄢቇ߽޽ࠆޕTT࡮JT ߩ᝼ᬺᒻᘒߦߟ޿ߡߪޔᜂᒰቇᐕ߿ᢎᏧ ୘ੱߩାᔨޔJT ߩർ੩⺆ജߥߤߦࠃߞߡ᭽ޘߢ޽ࠆޕ㧛ᐕ↢ߩ႐วޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣ ᧄ⺆ജ߇㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ޔᢎቶᵴേߪᢎ⑼ᦠࠍਛᔃߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇৻⥸⊛ ߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚޔTT ߪޔቯ⌕ߒߦߊ޿㔍ߒ޿ᢥᴺߥߤࠍർ੩⺆ߢ⺑᣿ߔࠆߩ߇ਥ ᵹߢ޽ࠆߩߦኻߒޔJT ߪޔർ੩⺆ജߩ೙㒢߇޽ࠆߚ߼ޔ᝼ᬺਛߦർ੩⺆ߢᢥᴺߥ ߤߩ⺑᣿ࠍⴕ߁ᢎᏧ߽޿ࠇ߫ޔ⸒⺆✵⠌ࠍਛᔃߦⴕ߁ᢎᏧ߽޿ࠆޕ㧜ޔ㧝ᐕ↢ߦ ߥࠆߣޔቇ⠌⠪ߦ޽ࠆ⒟ᐲߩᣣᧄ⺆ജ߇ߟߊߚ߼ޔᢎ⑼ᦠߩቇ⠌ߦ㒢ࠄߕޔ⊒⴫

߿ࡠ࡯࡞ࡊ࡟ࠗޔ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߥߤޔᢎቶᵴേ߇ࠃࠅᄙ᭽ߦߥߞߡߊࠆޕ߹ ߚޔ᝼ᬺਛߦᢥᴺߥߤߩ⺑᣿ࠍർ੩⺆ߢⴕ߁ JT ߽޿ࠇ߫ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊒⴫ߥߤࠍ ਛᔃߦᣣᧄ⺆ߩߺߢ᝼ᬺࠍⴕ߁ TT ߽޿ࠆޕ એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߦޔหቇᐕߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߢ߽૶↪ᢎ᧚߿᝼ᬺᒻᘒߩ㆑޿ߦࠃࠅޔหߓ ౝኈࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆߣߪ㒢ࠄߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔฦᄢቇߩࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߦࠃࠇ߫ޔ ቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌ᤨ㑆߿ળ⹤᝼ᬺߩ⋡ᮡߪ߶߷৻⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ ૶↪ᢎ᧚ߥߤߦࠃࠆࠢ࡜ࠬ㑆ߩᄙ᭽ᕈࠍ㈩ᘦߒߥ޿ߎߣߦߒߚޕ 

ˏȅ಺औٽါ!



4/2! ಺औచય!

บḧߢᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⑼߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧞ߟߩᄢቇߦ߅޿ߡޔJT㧠ฬ߇ᜂᒰߒߡ޿ ࠆ㧛ᐕ↢೨ᦼᓟඨߩળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍኻ⽎ߦ᝼ᬺⷰኤࠍⴕߞߚޕJT ߩ⢛᥊ߣർ੩⺆ജࠍ ⴫㧞ޔ⴫㧟ߦ␜ߔޕJT㧠ฬ߇บḧߩᄢቇߢળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍᜂᒰߒߡ޿ࠆᐕᢙߪᦨ⍴ ᐕޔᦨ㐳ᐕߣ߫ࠄߟ߈߇޽ࠆޕ߹ߚޔJT ߩ⥄Ꮖ↳๔ߦࠃࠆߣޔ㧠ฬోຬ߇ർ੩ ⺆ቇ⠌ᱧࠍᜬߜޔർ੩⺆߇⹤ߖࠆ JT ߪ㧟ฬޔዋߒ⹤ߖࠆ JT ߪ㧛ฬߢ޽ߞߚޕߥ ߅ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌ᤨ㑆ߪޔ⺞ᩏᤨὐߢฦᄢቇߩࠞ࡝ࠠࡘ࡜ࡓߦၮߠ߈ޔ⚂ ᤨ㑆ߢ޽ߞߚޕೋ⚖࡟ࡌ࡞ߪᤨ㑆⒟ᐲߩቇ⠌Ბ㓏ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ ㊄㧒㧓ߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജ⹜㛎ߩ⚖೎⹺ቯၮḰߦᓥ޿ޔᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⑼㧛ᐕ↢೨ᦼᓟඨ ߩቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆࡟ࡌ࡞ߪޔೋ⚖ᓟඨ⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆߣ್ᢿߒߚޕ  ນː! ਎ު۷ख़͈చય̹͂̈́̽ JT ͈෸ࠊ! ᢎ Ꮷ JT JT JT JT JT JT ᄢ ቇ A B B C C D ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ᝼ᐕᢙ㧒ᐕ㧓       ળ⹤ᢎ᝼ᐕᢙ㧒ᐕ㧓       บḧṛ࿷ᐕᢙ㧒ᐕ㧓       ർ੩⺆ቇ⠌ᱧ ᦭ ᦭ ᦭ ᦭ ᦭ ᦭ ർ੩⺆ቇ⠌ᐕᢙ㧒ᐕ㧓  ᧂ࿁╵    ᧂ࿁╵ 㧒ᵈ㧓ᢎᏧߪ JT㨨JTޔᄢቇߪ AޔBޔCޔD ߢ␜ߒޔળ⹤ᢎ᝼ᐕᢙߪบḧߩᄢቇߢળ⹤᝼ᬺ ࠍᢎ߃ߚᐕᢙࠍ␜ߔޕ

ນˑ! JT ̤̫ͥͅཤނࢊႁ͈ুࡨບ೰౵! ർ੩⺆ജ ోὼ ߢ߈ߥ޿ ዋߒ ߢ߈ࠆ ߢ߈ࠆ ࠃߊ ߢ߈ࠆ 㕖Ᏹߦࠃߊ ߢ߈ࠆ ว ⸘ ⹤ߔജ ̆ 㧛ฬ㧒㧏㧓㧟ฬ㧒㧏㧓 ̆ ̆ 㧠ฬ㧒㧏㧓 ⡞ߊജ ̆ 㧜ฬ㧒㧏㧓㧞ฬ㧒㧏㧓 ̆ ̆ 㧠ฬ㧒㧏㧓 㧒ᵈ㧓JT ߩർ੩⺆ജߪޟోὼߢ߈ߥ޿࡮ዋߒߢ߈ࠆ࡮ߢ߈ࠆ࡮ࠃߊߢ߈ࠆ࡮㕖Ᏹߦࠃߊߢ߈ ࠆޠߣ޿߁㧟Ბ㓏⹏ቯࠍ↪޿ߡ዆ߨߚޕ  4/3! ಺औܢۼ! ᐕ᦬㧜ᣣ㨨ᣣ㧒ቇᐕߩ೨ᦼߩᓟඨ㧓  4/4! ΟȜΗਓਬ! JT㧛ฬߦߟ߈ޔಽߩ᝼ᬺࠍ㧜࿁ߕߟ㧒⸘࿁㧓ⷰኤ࡮㍳㖸ߒߚޕ᝼ᬺ⚳ੌᓟ ߪᢎᏧߩ⢛᥊ࠍ዆ߨࠆ⾰໧⚕ࠍᷰߒޔ࿁╵ᓟߦㇷㅍߒߡ߽ࠄߞߚޕ  4/5! ໦ଢ଼༹༷˔ȫ ! ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ᴺࠍ↪޿ߡಽᨆߒߚޕౕ૕⊛ߦߪޔએਅߩᚻ㗅ߦᓥߞߡ᝼ᬺಽᨆࠍ ⴕߞߚޕ 㧒㧓᝼ᬺⷰኤߢ㍳㖸ߒߚ㖸ჿࡈࠔࠗ࡞ࠍᢥሼൻߔࠆޕ 㧒㧓㍳㖸ߒߚ㖸ჿࠍ⡞߈ߥ߇ࠄޔ⊒⹤࠺࡯࠲ߦ㧝⑽ߏߣ㧣㧓 ߦᢳ✢ࠍ౉ࠇࠆޕ 㧒㧓ᢳ✢ߢ඙ಾࠄࠇߚ JT ߩ⊒⹤ࠍ⊒⹤න૏ߣߒޔߘߩ⸒⺆ⴕὑ߇⚿ᨐߣߒߡᨐ ߚߔᯏ⢻ࠍ㗻㧒㧓ߩ㗄⋡ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯㧒⴫㧝㧓ߦၮߠ޿ߡಽ 㘃ߒߚޕࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯೎ߦಽ㘃ߐࠇߚ⊒⹤ߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣᇦ੺⺆ߦಽߌޔߘࠇߙ ࠇߩ㗫ᐲࠍ▚಴ߒߚ㧒ಽᨆ଀㧛㧓ޕߚߛߒޔߘߩ⊒⹤߇ᣣᧄ⺆ߣᇦ੺⺆߇ᷙ ߑߞߡ޿ࠆ႐วޔԘ⊒⹤㊂㧒ಽᨆ଀㧜ޔ㧝㧓ޔԙ⊒⹤ߩ࿯บߦࠃߞߡಽ㘃ߒ ߚ㧒ಽᨆ଀㧞㧓ޕ ߥ߅ޔએਅߩಽᨆ଀ߦ߅ߌࠆ JT ߩᢥሼൻ࠺࡯࠲ߩ⸥ㅀᣇᴺߪޔᣣᧄ⺆⊒⹤ࠍ ṽሼ઒ฬ੤ߓࠅᢥޔᇦ੺⺆㧒ർ੩⺆㧓⊒⹤ࠍਅ✢ޔർ੩⺆⊒⹤ߩᣣᧄ⺆⸶ࠍޣ ޤ ߢ␜ߔޕ

ޝಽᨆ଀㧛ޞ ޝಽᨆ଀㧜㧤ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⊒⹤ߣߒߡಽ㘃ߔࠆ଀ޞ ޝಽᨆ଀㧝㧤ᇦ੺⺆ߩ⊒⹤ߣߒߡಽ㘃ߔࠆ଀ޞ ޝಽᨆ଀㧞㧤ᇦ੺⺆ߩ⊒⹤ߣߒߡಽ㘃ߔࠆ଀ޞ 㧒ᵈ㧓ҋಽᨆ଀㧞Ҍߩ⊒⹤ߪޔᇦ੺⺆߇ࡌ࡯ࠬߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔ⊒⹤㊂ߣߪ㑐ଥߥߊᇦ੺⺆ߩ ⊒⹤ߣ⷗ߥߔޕ

ːȅࠫض͂ࣉख़!

ೋ⚖ᓟඨߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆ JT㧠ฬߩᢎ᝼ⴕേߣߘߩਛߩᣣᧄ⺆࡮ᇦ੺⺆ߩ૶ ↪Ყ₸ࠍᢥᧃߩ⾗ᢱߦ␜ߔޕ߹ߚޔ⾗ᢱߩ㗄⋡ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേߩ߁ߜޔޟCቇ⠌ౝ ኈߩࡕ࠺࡞ߩឭ␜ޠޔޟDቇ⠌ౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠡⸶ޠޔޟFℂ⸃ਇ⿷ߩ⡞߈㄰ߒޠߣ ޟGቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊒⹤ߩᓳ໒ޠߩ㧞㗄⋡ߪᣣᧄ⺆߹ߚߪᇦ੺⺆ߒ߆⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ޿߽ ߩߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ޔಽᨆኻ⽎ᄖߣߒߚޕᱷࠅߩ㗄⋡ߦ߅޿ߡޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣᇦ੺⺆߇ᷙ ߑߞߡ૶↪ߐࠇߚᢎ᝼ⴕേߢߪޔᇦ੺⺆߇᦭ᗧߦᄙߊ૶↪ߐࠇߚ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⷗ࠆ ߚ߼ߦੑ㗄ᬌቯࠍ߆ߌߚޕߘߩ⚿ᨐࠍၮߦޔᢎ᝼ⴕേߏߣߦޟᇦ੺⺆૶↪߇᦭ᗧ ߦᄙ߆ߞߚޔ߹ߚߪᇦ੺⺆ߩߺ૶↪ߐࠇߚ᝼ᬺߩว⸘㧒ᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᢙ㧓ޠߩ ޟ⹥ᒰᢎ᝼ⴕേ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚ᝼ᬺߩว⸘㧒ታⴕ᝼ᬺᢙ㧓ޠߦኻߔࠆᲧ₸㧒એਅޔ JT㧤ਇᤚ޿ߚ޿ߡޔ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ㧙ޣ⸶㧤ޟ޿ߚ޿ߡޠߢߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎޕޤ JT㧤޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߖ㇊ᤚ໡ᬺ↪⹖㧙ޣ⸶㧤ޟ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߖޠߪ໡ᬺ↪⺆ߢ ߔޕޤ JT㧤ᅢޔૼ⋴৻ਅޟᵗ㘩ޠ㧙ޣ⸶㧤ࠃߒޔޟᵗ㘩ޠࠍ⷗ߡߊߛߐ޿ޕޤ JT㧤᣿ᣣޔߪ޿ޔૢ〓ᚒ⊛ᓟ㕙ᅢੌ㧙ޣ⸶㧤⑳ߩᓟߦ⛯޿ߡޕޤ JT㧤Ớ․೑ߣ߆ߨޔ޿ࠈ޿ࠈ޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ㧙ޣ⸶㧤ࡠ࠶࠹࡝ࠕޤ JT㧤ᚗᤚޔ෹㆐ߦߪ⹤ߒߡ߅߈߹ߔ㧙ޣ⸶㧤޽ࠆ޿ߪޤ JT㧤 ߢߪޔᢎ⑼ᦠߩ㧝ࡍ࡯ࠫࠍ㐿޿ߡߊߛ(A5)_{㧙ߐ޿ޔ߽߁⺒ࠎߢߺ߹ߒߚ߆ޔ}(A4) 㧙߽߁⺒ߺ߹ߒߚߨޔߢߪޔ(A4)_{㧙߽߁৻ᐲ⑳ߣ✵⠌ߒߡߊߛߐ޿}(A5) _㧙                  ᢎ᝼ⴕേࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ⇟ภ

ᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸㧓ࠍ㜞Ყ₸㗅ߦਗߴߚ⚿ᨐࠍ⴫㧠ߩᏀᰣߦ␜ߔޕߥ߅ޔᲧ セߔࠆߚ߼ޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩ TTฬ㧒࿁ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺ㧓ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⴫㧠ߩฝᰣߦ ␜ߔޕ ນ˒! ڎޗ਎࣐൲̤̫ͥͅ JTȆTT ͈෾ٚࢊঀဥ͈߹࢜! ᢎ᝼ⴕേ JT TT㧛  ᇦ੺⺆ ᄙ૶↪ ᝼ᬺᢙ㧜  ታⴕ ᝼ᬺᢙ㧝_ Ყ ₸㧞_ 㗅 ૏㧟_ ᇦ੺⺆ ᄙ૶↪ ᝼ᬺᢙ ታⴕ ᝼ᬺᢙ Ყ ₸ 㗅 ૏ 㧓F  ℂ⸃ᐲߩ⏕⹺ߩߚ߼ߩ⾰໧   㧏    㧏  㧓D  ᢎᏧߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡⸶   㧏    㧏  㧓C  ᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿   㧏    㧏  㧓C  ᣣᧄᢥൻߩ⺑᣿   㧏    㧏  㧓C  ⴫⃻ߩ↪ᴺߩ⺑᣿   㧏    㧏 㧓G  ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⾰໧߳ߩ࿁╵   㧏    㧏 㧓H  ቇ⠌ౝኈએᄖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⊒⹤   㧏    㧏  㧓A  ᝼ᬺߩᚻ㗅ߩ⺑᣿   㧏    㧏 㧓C  න⺆ߩቯ⟵࡮⺑᣿   㧏    㧏 㧓E  ✵⠌ߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜   㧏    㧏 㧓H  ᢎᏧ⥄りߦ㑐ߔࠆ⊒⹤   㧏   㧏  㧓A  ᝼ᬺㅴⴕߦ㑐ߔࠆ⏕⹺   㧏   㧏 㧓A  ၮᧄ⊛ߥᜰ␜   㧏   㧏 㧓B  ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇૞ࠅ   㧏   㧏  㧓F  ቇ⠌ౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾰໧   㧏   㧏 㧓G  ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊒⹤ߩ߹ߣ߼߿ᵴ↪   㧏   㧏 㧓B  ⾨⾥߿ാ᳇ߠߌ   㧏   㧏 㧓G  ቇ⠌⠪ߩ⺋ࠅߩ⸓ᱜ߿⺑᣿   㧏   㧏 㧓G  ቇ⠌⠪ߩℂ⸃ਇ⿷߳ߩኻᔕ   㧏   㧏 㧓F  ቇ⠌ౝኈએᄖߦ㑐ߔࠆ⾰໧   㧏   㧏 㧓A ᢎቶㆇ༡ߩᖱႎឭଏ   㧏   㧏 㧓E  ᢥဳ✵⠌ߩ⺆ฏߩឭ␜   㧏   㧏 㧓B  ᝼ᬺߩᆎ߼ߩ㨻㨳㨸㩘㩥㩀㩦㨭㨹㨷㩔㩧   㧏   㧏 㧓C  ⊒㖸ߩᜰዉ   㧏   㧏 㧓A  ಴Ꮸࠍߣࠆߎߣ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆   㧏  㧓C  ⸒⺆᭴ㅧߩᣣਛኻᾖᲧセ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆   㧏  㧓E  ✵⠌ߩ೨ߩ㨻㨳㨸㩘㩥㩀㩦㨭㨹㨷㩔㩧 ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆   㧏 㧒ᵈ㧛㧘TTฬ࿁ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩ⴫㧝ࠃࠅᒁ↪ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ 㧜㧘ᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᢙ㧧ᇦ੺⺆૶↪߇᦭ᗧߦᄙ߆ߞߚޔ߹ߚߪᇦ੺⺆ߩߺ૶↪ߐࠇߚ ᝼ᬺߩว⸘ 㧝㧘ታⴕ᝼ᬺᢙ㧧⹥ᒰᢎ᝼ⴕേ߇ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚ᝼ᬺߩว⸘ 㧞㧘Ყ₸㧒ᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸㧓㧧ޟᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᢙޠኻޟታⴕ᝼ᬺᢙޠߩᲧ₸ 㧟㧘㗅૏㧧JT ߩᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸ߩ㜞Ყ₸㗅 㧠㧘̈̆̉㧤ળ⹤᝼ᬺߢⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚᢎ᝼ⴕേ 㧡㧘✂ដߌ㧤JT࡮TT ߩᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸߇㧏એ਄ߢ޽ߞߚᢎ᝼ⴕേ

⾗ᢱߣ⴫㧠ߩ⚿ᨐࠍၮߦ⠨ኤߔࠆޕ߹ߕޔ⾗ᢱ߆ࠄޔJT㧠ฬߪ࿁ߩೋ⚖ᓟඨ ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅޿ߡޔోຬᄙ߆ࠇዋߥ߆ࠇቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆㧒ർ੩⺆㧓ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒ ߡ↪޿ߡ߅ࠅޔߘߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪㊂ߪ㧏߆ࠄ㧏߹ߢ߫ࠄߟ߈߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ ߆ߞߚޕ߹ߚޔJT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪㊂ߪޔળ⹤᝼ᬺߩᢎ᝼ᐕᢙ㧒⴫㧞㧓߇⍴޿ JT㧒ળ ⹤ᢎ᝼ᐕᢙᐕޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪㊂ᐔဋ㧏㧓ߣ JT㧒ળ⹤ᢎ᝼ᐕᢙᐕޔᇦ੺⺆ ૶↪㊂ᐔဋ㧏㧓߇Ყセ⊛ዋߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔߘߩർ੩⺆ജ㧒⴫㧟㧓ߣߪ৻ቯߩ㑐 ଥ߇޽ࠆߣߪ⸒߃ߥ޿ߎߣ߽ಽ߆ߞߚޕ ᰴߦޔJT ߇ᇦ੺⺆ࠍᦨ߽ᄙߊ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ਄૏㧜૏ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേߪޟCᢥᴺߩ ⺑᣿㧒㧏㧓ޠߣޟCන⺆ߩቯ⟵࡮⺑᣿㧒㧏㧓ޠߢ޽ࠅޔߎߩ㧜㗄⋡ߩᇦ੺ ⺆૶↪㊂ߪޔోᇦ੺⺆૶↪㊂㧏ߩ㧞ഀᒙ㧒㧏㧓ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ߚߎߣ߽᣿ࠄ ߆ߦߥߞߚޕߎࠇߪޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩ TT ߩታᘒ⺞ᩏߣห᭽ߩ௑ะߢ޽ߞߚޕTT ฬ߽࿁ߩೋ⚖ᓟඨߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅޿ߡޔᇦ੺⺆ࠍᦨ߽ᄙߊ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ਄૏㧜 ૏ߩᢎ᝼ⴕേߪޟCᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿㧒㧏㧓ޠߣޟCන⺆ߩቯ⟵࡮⺑᣿㧒㧏㧓ޠ ߢ޽ࠅޔߎߩ㧜㗄⋡ߪ TT ߩోᇦ੺⺆૶↪㊂㧏ߩ㧝ഀᒙ㧒㧏㧓ࠍභ߼ߡ ޿ߚޕߐࠄߦޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩᗧ⼂⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠇ߫ޔTT㨭JT㨭TTS㨭JTS ߩ㧞⟲ ߣ߽㧝ቇᐕࠍㅢߒߡޔޟᢥᴺߩ⺑᣿ޠ߿ޟන⺆ߩቯ⟵࡮⺑᣿ޠߣ޿ߞߚޡቇ⠌ౝኈ ߩ⺑᣿ޢߢߪޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᔅⷐᕈ߇ᦨ߽㜞޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐ߆ࠄޔ ೋ⚖ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅޿ߡޔJT ߽ TT ߽ޔਥߦᢥᴺ߿න⺆ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆᤨߦቇ⠌⠪ߩ Უ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ૶↪ߒߡ߅ࠅޔJT ߪ TT ߣᲧセߔࠇ߫ᇦ੺⺆ߩ૶↪㊂ߪዋߥ ޿߇ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩℂ⸃߇ᷓ߹ࠆࠃ߁Ꮏᄦߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇┍߃ޔ߹ߚޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪߳ ߩቇ⠌⠪ߩᦼᓙᐲߣ߽৻⥌ߒߡ߅ࠅޔߎࠇࠄߩᢎ᝼ⴕേߦ߅ߌࠆᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᔅ ⷐᕈࠍ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔ⴫㧠߆ࠄޔJT࡮TT ߦ౒ㅢߒߡᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸㧏એ਄ߢ޽ߞ ߚᢎ᝼ⴕേߪޔޟFℂ⸃ᐲߩ⏕⹺ߩߚ߼ߩ⾰໧㧒JT㧤㧏ޔTT㧤㧏㧓ޠߣ㨪Dᢎ Ꮷߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡⸶㧒JT㧤㧏ޔTT㧤㧏㧓㨫ߩ㧜㗄⋡ߢ޽ߞߚޕ৻ᣇޔޟB࡝ ࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇૞ࠅޠߦߟ޿ߡߪޔTT ߦ߅޿ߡᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸㧏 㧒㧝૏㧓ߢ޽ߞߚߩߦኻߒߡޔJT ߦ߅޿ߡߪᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸㧚㧏㧒૏㧓 ߢ޽ߞߚޕߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐߦၮߠ߈ޔJT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታ଀ࠍ᜼ߍߥ߇ࠄ⠨ኤߔࠆޕ એਅߩታ଀ߦ߅޿ߡޔቇ⠌⠪ࠍ Sޔⶄᢙߩቇ⠌⠪ࠍ Ssޔᣣᧄ⺆⊒⹤ࠍṽሼ઒ฬ੤

ߓࠅᢥޔർ੩⺆⊒⹤ࠍਅ✢ޔᄢ╉޿ࠍ㧒ᄢ╉㧓ޔ⹥ᒰᢎ᝼ⴕേߩ⊒⹤ࠍᄥሼ✂ដߌ ߢ␜ߔޕߥ߅ޔޛ ޜౝߪ᧼ᦠ߿✵⠌ߥߤߩ⵬⿷⺑᣿ࠍ␜ߒޔޣ ޤౝߪർ੩⺆⊒ ⹤ߩᣣᧄ⺆⸶ࠍ␜ߔޕ  ޟFℂ⸃ᐲߩ⏕⹺ߩߚ߼ߩ⾰໧ޠ ଀㧛㧓JT㧤ޛᢥᴺ⺑᣿ߩᓟޜ⺧⺧୫ᚒ৻ජ႙ޔᔳ㤘⻠㧩 ޣ⸶㧤ޟ⺧୫ᚒ৻ජ႙ޠߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ߢ૗ߣ⸒޿߹ߔ߆ޕޤ 㨪Fℂ⸃ᐲߩ⏕⹺ߩߚ߼ߩ⾰໧ޠߪޔJT ߦ߅޿ߡ㧠࿁ߩ᝼ᬺߢ⷗ࠄࠇޔߘߩ߁ ߜߩ㧟࿁߇ᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺߢ޽ߞߚޕᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺᲧ₸ߪ㧏㧒㧛૏㧓ߢ ޽ࠅޔTT ߣห᭽ߦᇦ੺⺆߇ᄙߊ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚޕ․ߦޔ଀㧛㧓 ߩࠃ߁ߦޔ޽ࠆᢥᴺⷙೣࠍ⺑᣿ߒߚ޽ߣޔቇ⠌⠪߇ℂ⸃ߒߚ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆ ߚ߼ߦޔᇦ੺⺆㧒ቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆㧓ࠍ↪޿ߡቇ⠌⠪ߦᣣᧄ⺆߳⠡⸶ߐߖࠆ⊒⹤߇ᄙ ߊ⷗ࠄࠇߚޕ߹ߚޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍ↪޿ߡቇ⠌⠪ߦᇦ੺⺆ߦ⠡⸶ߐߖߡℂ⸃ᐲࠍ⏕⹺ߔ ࠆ⊒⹤߽⷗ࠄࠇߚ߇ޔ௖߆ߢ޽ߞߚޕߎࠇߪ Tsai㧒㧓߿㗻㧒㧓ߩ⺞ᩏߢ ߽ห᭽ߩ௑ะ߇⷗ࠄࠇߚޕߘߒߡޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩ೑ὐߩ৻ߟߣߒߡޔቇ⠌⠪ߦ⠡ ⸶ߐߖࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔහᐳߦቇ⠌⠪ߩℂ⸃ᐲ߇⏕⹺ߢ߈ޔᤨ㑆ߩ▵⚂ߦߥࠆߎߣ ߇᜼ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ  ޟDᢎᏧߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡⸶ޠ ଀㧜㧓JT㧤ޛ⊒㖸ߩ⸓ᱜߩ⺑᣿ޜߘࠎߥ㖸ߪᣣᧄ⺆ߦߪߥ޿ߢߔߨޔᴎᴎ᦭ㅡ୘ 㖸▵ޔ߽߁৻࿁ ⠡⸶ⴕേߪޟDቇ⠌ౝኈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠡⸶ޠߛߌߢߪߥߊޔ଀㧜ߩࠃ߁ߥޟDᢎ Ꮷߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡⸶ޠ߽⷗ࠄࠇߚޕ㗻㧒㧓ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪޔTTฬߩ߁ߜޔ㧣 ฬߢⷰኤߐࠇߚߩߦኻߒߡޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪ JT㧠ฬోߡߦⷰኤߐࠇߚޕߎࠇߪޔቇ⠌ ⠪ߦᄙ㊂ߩᣣᧄ⺆ࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ࠍਈ߃ࠆߚ߼ߦޔᣣᧄ⺆ߢ⹤ߒߚᓟޔోຬߦℂ⸃ߐ ߖࠆߚ߼ߦᇦ੺⺆㧒ቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆㧓ߢหߓౝኈࠍ➅㄰ߒߚᢎ᝼ⴕേߩ෻ᤋߢ޽ߞ ߚޕߎࠇ߹ߢߩవⴕ⎇ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆ⠡⸶ⴕേߣ޿߁ߩߪޔ߶ߣࠎߤޟቇ⠌ౝኈߦ㑐 ߔࠆ⠡⸶ޠߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ߇ޔޟᢎᏧߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡⸶ޠߦߟ޿ߡߩᜰ៰ ߪ޽߹ࠅ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿ޕᧄ⎇ⓥߣ㗻㧒㧓ߩ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠅޔೋ⚖ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅޿

ߡޔJT ߽ TT ߽ᣣᧄ⺆⊒⹤ߢߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ࠍℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ߦォൻߐߖࠆ ߚ߼ޔ߽߁৻ᐲቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ߦ⠡⸶ߔࠆߥߤߩᎿᄦࠍߔࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚޕߥ߅ޔ ቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆߆ࠄᣣᧄ⺆߳ߩ⠡⸶߽⷗ࠄࠇߚ߇ޔ⋧ኻ⊛ߦዋߥ߆ߞߚޕ  ޟB࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇૞ࠅޠ ଀㧝㧓JT㧤଀߃߫૗߆ޔ៤Ꮺࠍޛቇ↢ߩ៤Ꮺࠍᚻߦߔࠆޜ޽ࠇޔ޽ߥߚ៤Ꮺੑ ߟ޽ࠆߩ㧩 ߎߎߞߜߪᓐ᳁Aޔᓐ᳁ B ଀㧞㧓JT㧤ޛࠦࠗࡦ࡜ࡦ࠼࡝࡯ߩ૶޿ᣇߩ⺑᣿ޜߨޔߎ߁ߒ߹ߔޛࠦࠗࡦࠍ౉ ࠇࠆࠫࠚࠬ࠴ࡖ࡯㧓ߥࠎ߆ޔ޿޿ߢߔߨޔ଀߃߫ޔච࿁ᵞữߒ߹ߔޔ ⾺೔ᅢᄙ㍦ ޣ⸶㧤߅㊄߇ߚߊߐࠎఢ߆ࠆޕޤ ଀㧟㧓JT㧤ޛޟ߆ࠄޠߩᢥဳ✵⠌ޜߤ߁ߒߡᤓᣣ᝼ᬺߦ᧪߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ߆㧩      H ߐࠎޔ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ S㧤̖̖ JT㧤ߤ߁ߒߡߢߔ߆㧩ޟ߆ࠄޠߩ✵⠌ޔਇਇᗐૼ⋴⠧Ꮷ⊛⤬ ޣ⸶㧤వ↢ߩ㗻ࠍ⷗ߦ᧪ߚߊߥ߆ߞߚ߆ࠄޕޤ Ss㧤㧒ᄢ╉㧓 㨪B࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇૞ࠅޠߦߟ޿ߡߪޔTT ߩ႐วߪޔో࿁ߩ᝼ᬺߩ ߁ߜޔ࿁ߩ᝼ᬺߢᇦ੺⺆૶↪߇⷗ࠄࠇޔߘߩ߁ߜߩ࿁߇ᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺߢ ޽ߞߚޕߎࠇߦኻߒߡޔJT ߩ႐วߪޔో࿁ߩ᝼ᬺߣ߽ᇦ੺⺆૶↪߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ߇ޔ 㧛࿁߽ᇦ੺⺆ᄙ૶↪᝼ᬺߢߪߥ߆ߞߚޕߎߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔJT ߽ TT ߽࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒ ߚ㔓࿐᳇ࠍ૞ࠆᚻᲑߣߒߡޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔJT ߪ TT ߣᲧセߔࠇ߫ᇦ੺⺆ߩ૶↪㊂ߪޔ㆝߆ߦዋߥ޿ߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚޕ଀㧝ߩࠃ߁ ߦᣢ⠌੐㗄ࠍ૶ߞߚ◲නߥᣣᧄ⺆ߢ౬⺣ࠍ⸒ߞߚࠅޔ଀㧞ߩࠃ߁ߦ⴫ᖱ߿ࠫࠚࠬ ࠴ࡖ࡯ࠍട߃ߡᣣᧄ⺆ߢ⺑᣿ࠍߒߚࠅߔࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅޔೋ⚖Ბ㓏ߩቇ⠌⠪ߦ߽࡙ ࡯ࡕࠕ߇વࠊࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ଀㧞ߩᦨᓟߦޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍ ⸒ߢ⸒޿ട߃ࠆ ߣޔᢎᏧߦⷫㄭᗵ߇ḝ߈ޔ᝼ᬺ߇ߐࠄߦߪߕ߻଀߽⷗ࠄࠇߚޕ߹ߚޔ଀㧟ߩࠃ߁ ߦޔJT ߪ࠲ࠗࡒࡦࠣࠃߊ৻⸒ߩቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ߢቇ⠌⠪ߩ✕ᒛᗵࠍ⸃ߒޔ࡝࡜࠶ࠢ ࠬߒߚ㔓࿐᳇ࠍ㉯ᚑߔࠆ଀߽⷗ࠄࠇߚޕߎࠇࠄߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ㔓࿐ ᳇ࠍ૞ࠆߦߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ߩ㊂ߢߪߥߊޔ⾰߿࠲ࠗࡒࡦ߽ࠣ㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠅޔJT ߇

ቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣ⥄૕ߪޔⷫㄭᗵ߇ḝ߈ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩ✕ᒛᗵࠍ⸃ߔലᨐ ߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ 

ˑȅ͂͛͂ࣽ͘ࢃ͈هఴ!

 ᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔJT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߚ߼ޔบḧߩ㧞ᄢቇߩᣣᧄ ⺆ቇ⑼ߦ߅ߌࠆೋ⚖ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍኻ⽎ߦ᝼ᬺⷰኤࠍⴕ޿ޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦߟ޿ߡಽ ᨆߒߚޕ᝼ᬺಽᨆߩ⚿ᨐޔJT㧠ฬߪోຬᄙ߆ࠇዋߥ߆ࠇቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆㧒ർ੩⺆㧓 ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ↪޿ߡᢎ߃ߡ޿ߚߎߣ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚޕߐࠄߦޔ㗻㧒㧓ߢ ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧠ᄢቇߩ TTฬߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒߣᲧセᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߦ ࠃࠅޔJT ߽ TT ߽ޔೋ⚖ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅޿ߡޔਥߦᢥᴺ߿න⺆ࠍ⺑᣿ߔࠆᤨߦᇦ ੺⺆ࠍ૶↪ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ߹ߚޔቇ⠌⠪ߩℂ⸃ᐲࠍ⏕⹺ߔࠆᤨߦᣣᧄ⺆ࠃࠅ߽ᇦ੺⺆ ࠍᄙߊ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߽ಽ߆ߞߚޕߎࠇࠄߩ⚿ᨐߪޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦ 㑐ߔࠆℂ⺰⊛ਥᒛ߿వⴕ⎇ⓥߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߣ৻⥌ߒߡ߅ࠅޔߎࠇࠄߩᢎ᝼ⴕേߦ߅ ߌࠆᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᔅⷐᕈࠍ␜ໂߒߡ޿ࠆޕ ߹ߚޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩవⴕ⎇ⓥߢ޽߹ࠅᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޟᢎᏧߩ⺑᣿߿ᜰ␜ߩ⠡ ⸶ޠߦ߅޿ߡߪޔJT ߽ TT ߽ᣣᧄ⺆ࠃࠅ߽ᇦ੺⺆ࠍᄙߊ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߎࠇߪޔ ᄙ㊂ߩᣣᧄ⺆ࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ࠍਈ߃ߥ߇ࠄޔᢎᏧߩ⸒⪲ࠍℂ⸃น⢻ߥࠗࡦࡊ࠶࠻ߦォ ൻߐߖࠆᢎ᝼ࠬ࠻࡜࠹ࠫ࡯ߢ޽ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ৻ᣇޔJT ߽ TT ߽࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߚ 㔓࿐᳇ࠍ૞ࠆᚻᲑߣߒߡޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ૶↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔJT ߪ TTߣᲧセߔࠇ߫ޔᇦ੺⺆ߩ૶↪㊂ߪ㆝߆ߦዋߥ޿ޕJT ߇ቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍ૶↪ߔ ࠆߎߣ⥄૕ߪޔⷫㄭᗵ߇ḝ߈ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩ✕ᒛᗵࠍ⸃ߔലᨐ߇޽ࠆߚ߼ޔ࠲ࠗࡒࡦ ࠣࠃߊ৻⸒ޔੑ⸒૶↪ߔࠆߣ⦟޿ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ੹࿁ߩ⺞ᩏߢߪޔೋ⚖ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍᜂᒰߔࠆ JT ߩੱᢙ߇㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߚ߼ޔ JT㧠ฬߩ࿁ߩ᝼ᬺߒ߆ⷰኤߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔJT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒߩ৻┵߇᣿ ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ߹ߚޔTT ߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒޔߐࠄߦޔߎࠇ߹ߢߩ ᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߦኻߔࠆᢎᏧߣቇ⠌⠪ߩᗧ⼂ߣᲧセᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߢޔࠃࠅౕ૕⊛ߥᇦ ੺⺆૶↪ᴺ߇᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߚߣ޿߁ὐߦᗧ⟵߇޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔ㗻 㧒㧓߿㗻㧒㧓ߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᢎᏧ߽ቇ⠌⠪߽ᣣᧄ⺆࡟ࡌ࡞߇਄߇

ࠆߦߟࠇߡޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩᔅⷐᕈ߇ૐߊߥࠆߣᗵߓߡ޿ࠆޕ੹ᓟߪޔਛ࡮਄⚖ߩ ળ⹤᝼ᬺߦߟ޿ߡ߽᝼ᬺⷰኤࠍⴕ޿ޔᢎᏧߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎ ߣߢޔࠃࠅᄙߊߩ␜ໂ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕਛ࡮਄⚖ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍᜂᒰߔࠆ ᢎᏧߩᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩታᘒࠍតࠆߎߣࠍ੹ᓟߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߚ޿ޕ   Ⱥ৫ৃȻ! ᧄ⎇ⓥߪޔ ᐕᐲᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ቇળ⑺ቄᄢળߦ߅޿ߡ⊒⴫ߒߚౝኈߦᄢ᏷ߦട╩ୃᱜߒ ߚ߽ߩߢߔޕ⺞ᩏߦߏදജ޿ߚߛ޿ߚบḧߩ㧞ᄢቇߩవ↢ᣇߦᔃࠃࠅᗵ⻢↳ߒ਄ߍ߹ߔޕ ߥ߅ޔᧄ⎇ⓥߪบḧ⑼ᛛㇱߩ⎇ⓥ⾌⵬ഥ㊄㧒⺖㗴㧤ಽᨆᣣ☋ᢎᏧ࿷ᣣ⹤ᦩ⹤⺖ਛ⊛ޛᢎቑ ⴕേޜ⥜ޛ⺆⸒૶↪ޜኪᘒޔ⇟ภ㧤NSC H㧓ߩഥᚑࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚޕ  ȺಕȻ! 㧛㧓⷏ญ㧒㧓ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᇦ੺⺆ߣߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߣᢎᏧߣߩ㑆ߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᚻ Ბߣߒߡ૶߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ⸒⺆ࠍᜰߔޕᢎᏧ߇ቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠇ ߫ޔߘࠇ߇ᇦ੺⺆ߦߥࠆޕᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔ⷏ญ㧒㧓ߩቯ⟵ߦᓥ߁ޕ 㧜㧓Უ⺆૶↪㧒߹ߚߪᇦ੺⺆૶↪㧓ߦ㑐ߔࠆవⴕ⎇ⓥߩᱧผ⊛᭎ⷰߦߟ޿ߡߪޔ㗻㧒㧓 ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿ޕ 㧝㧓వⴕ⎇ⓥߢߪޔ⎇ⓥ⠪߿ߘߩ┙႐㧒଀㧤ᢎᏧߣቇ⠌⠪ߣߩᲣ⺆߇⇣ߥࠆ႐ว㧓ߩ㆑޿ ߦࠃߞߡޔᲣ⺆ޔᲣ࿖⺆ޔᇦ੺⺆ߩ↪⺆߇޽ࠆ߇ޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔޟቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ޠ߹ߚ ߪޟᇦ੺⺆ޠߣ޿߁↪⺆ࠍ૶↪ߔࠆޕ߹ߚޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍᇦ੺⺆ߣߒߡ૶↪ߔࠆߎ ߣࠍᜰߔ႐ว߽ޔᲣ⺆૶↪ޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪ߩ↪⺆߇޽ࠆ߇ޔ↪⺆ࠍ⛔৻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦޔࡀ ࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧߦ߅޿ߡ߽ޔࡁࡦࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡉᢎᏧߦ߅޿ߡ߽ޔޟᇦ੺⺆૶↪ޠߣ޿߁↪⺆ ࠍ↪޿ࠆޕ 㧞㧓ᄢ಴ᱜ◊ߩㅦᚑᴺߪޔᚑੱቇ⠌⠪ߦኻߒߡޔቇ⠌ߩലᨐࠍ⏕଻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ ⺆ߦࠃࠆኻ⸶࡮⺆ฏߩᵈ㉼࡮ᝄࠅ઒ฬߩߟ޿ߚᢎ⑼ᦠࠍਈ߃ޔኅߢ੍⠌ߐߖޔ᝼ᬺਛ ߪኾࠄળ⹤✵⠌ߦ㊀ὐࠍ߅޿ߡ⹤ߔ⢻ജࠍߟߌߐߖࠆߣ޿߁ᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆޕᒰᤨޔኻ⸶ ᴺߣ⷗ߥߐࠇࠆߎߣ߽޽ࠅޔ⋥ធᴺߣߩኻ┙⺰੎߽޽ߞߚޕ 㧟㧓㗻㧒㧓ߩ⺞ᩏᦼ㑆ߪቇᐕߩ೨ᦼߩ೨ඨߦᒰߚߞߚޕߘߩ⺞ᩏᤨὐߢߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߩ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌ᤨ㑆ߪ⚂  ᤨ㑆ߢ޽ࠆߚ߼ޔ࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄㧒㧓ߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജ⹜㛎ߩ ⚖೎⹺ቯၮḰߦᓥ޿ޔೋ⚖ᓟඨ⒟ᐲߢ޽ࠆߣ್ᢿߒߚޕ 㧠㧓᧖ᧄ࡮ጤᷗ㧒㧓ߦࠃࠇ߫ޔᲣ⺆ߣߪޔ⸒⺆ᒻᚑᦼߩೋᦼߦኅᐸౝᄖߢᧄੱ߇⠌ᓧ ߒޔ᭎ᔨ߿↢ᵴᗵᖱࠍ₪ᓧߔࠆ⸒⺆ࠍᜰߔޕᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔ᧖ᧄ࡮ጤᷗߩቯ⟵ߦᓥ߁ޕ ߚߛߒޔบḧߩ႐วޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ߪർ੩⺆ߩ߶߆ޔบḧ⺆߿ቴኅ⺆ߦߥࠆน⢻ᕈ߽

޽ࠅޔᢎቶߢ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆർ੩⺆߿บḧ⺆ߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ߦ߽ᇦ੺⺆ߦ߽ߥࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒޔ㗻㧒㧓ߩታᘒ⺞ᩏߢߪޔบḧߩቇᩞߢਥߦർ੩⺆߇૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߣ޿ ߁ታᘒ߆ࠄޔએᓟᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޔળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆޟቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ޠ߹ߚߪޟᇦ੺⺆ޠ ߣߪޟർ੩⺆ޠࠍޔޟᇦ੺⺆૶↪ޠߣߪޟർ੩⺆૶↪ޠࠍᜰߔߎߣߣߔࠆޕ 㧡㧓JT ߦߟ޿ߡޔᇦ੺⺆ߢ޽ࠆർ੩⺆ߩ⢻ജࠍ⴫⃻ߔࠆ㓙ߦޔJT ߩᲣ⺆ߢ޽ࠆᣣᧄ⺆ߣᷙ ੂߒߥ޿ࠃ߁ޔᧄ⎇ⓥߢߪޟർ੩⺆ജޠߣ޿߁↪⺆ࠍ↪޿ࠆޕ 㧢㧓ቴⷰᕈߣା㗬ᕈࠍ㜞߼ࠆߚ߼ߦޔ߽߁㧛ฬߩ⹏ቯ⠪㧒ਛ࿖⺆Უ⺆⹤⠪ߢ޽ࠆบḧੱ㧓 ߦಽᨆᣇᴺࠍ⺑᣿ߒޔߔߴߡߩᢥሼൻ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ╩⠪ߣ㧜ੱߢ೎ޘߦಽᨆߒߚޕߐࠄߦޔ ಽᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐ߇⇣ߥߞߚㇱಽߦߟ޿ߡߪޔᬌ⸛ߒ⋥ߒߡᦨㆡߥࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯ߦಽ㘃ߒߚޕ 㧣㧓Moskowitz㧒㧓ߪޔFlanders㧒㧓߇㐿⊒ߒߚ⋧੕૞↪ಽᨆᴺࠍᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒ߦᔕ ↪ߒߚޕߘߩ⋧੕૞↪ಽᨆᴺߢߪޔ⊒⹤ߩන૏ࠍ㧝⑽ߦ⸳ቯߒߡ޿ࠆޕᧄ⎇ⓥ߇㗻 㧒㧓ߣห᭽ߦ㧝⑽න૏ࠍណ↪ߒߚߩߪޔೋ⚖ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆ JT ߩᣣᧄ⺆࡮ᇦ ੺⺆߇ᷙߑߞߡ޿ࠆ⊒⹤߇ᄙ޿ߣ੍᷹ߒޔ߹ߚޔᢎ᝼ⴕേߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆࡮ᇦ੺⺆ߩ ⊒⹤㊂ࠍ⚦߆ߊಽᨆߔࠆߚ߼ޔDuff and Polio㧒㧓ߢߩ  ⑽න૏ߣޔTsai㧒㧓 ߢߩ࿁ᢙߢ㗫ᐲࠍ಴ߔᣇᴺ߇ޔᧄ⺞ᩏߩ⋡⊛ߦߪਇㆡಾߢ޽ࠆߣ⠨߃ߚߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆޕ  Ⱥ֨ဥ໲ࡃȻ! ⿒⠀ਃජᳯઁ㧒㧓ޡᄖ࿖ੱᢎᏧߩߚ߼ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ᝼ᴺޢ࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄ᣣᧄ⺆࿖㓙࠮ࡦ ࠲࡯ 㒙ㇱᵗሶ࡮ᮮጊ♿ሶ㧒㧓ޟᶏᄖᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧ㐳ᦼ⎇ୃߩ⺖㗴̆ᄖ࿖ੱᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩ೑ὐࠍ ↢߆ߒߚᢎ᝼ᴺࠍ᳞߼ߡ̆ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆࿖㓙࠮ࡦ࠲࡯♿ⷐޢ㧛ภ㧖pp㧖࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄ ᣣᧄ⺆࿖㓙࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ ᄢ಴ᱜ◊㧒㧓ޟᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ᝼ߩലᨐߦዞߡߩ⠨ኤޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ޢ╙㧜Ꮞ╙㧠ภ㧖pp㧖 ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ᝄ⥝ળ 㗻ᐘ᦬㧒㧓ޟบḧੱᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩᲣ⺆૶↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ̆ળ⹤᝼ᬺࠍኻ⽎ߦ̆ޠޡᢎ⢒ ቇ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐޢ╙  Ꮞ╙ੑㇱ㧖pp㧖ਛ࿖྾࿖ᢎ⢒ቇળ ̆㧒㧓ޟบḧੱᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩᲣ⺆૶↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆၮ␆⊛⎇ⓥ̆ળ⹤᝼ᬺߩಽᨆࠍㅢߒ ߡ̆ޠޡ਎⇇ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ╙  ภ㧖pp㧖࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄ᣣᧄ⺆࿖㓙࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ ̆㧒㧓ޟᣣᧄ⺆ߩળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᢎᏧߩᲣ⺆૶↪ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂̆บḧ㧡ᄢቇߩ⾰ ໧⚕⺞ᩏ߆ࠄ̆ޠޡᣣᧄᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ቇળ⹹ޢ╙  Ꮞ╙㧞ภ㧖pp㧖ᣣᧄᢎ⑼ᢎ⢒ ቇળ ̆㧒㧓ޟบḧߩᄢቇߩᣣᧄ⺆ળ⹤᝼ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᢎᏧߩᲣ⺆૶↪ߦኻߔࠆᗧ⼂ޠޡ਎ ⇇ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޢ╙  ภ㧖pp㧖࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄ ࿖㓙੤ᵹၮ㊄㧒㧓ޡᐔᚑ  ᐕᐲᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജ⹜㛎ታᣉⷐ㗄ޢಠੱ␠ ᧖ᧄߟߣ߻࡮ጤᷗආ✬㧒㧓ޡᣂ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇㄉౖޢ߅߁߰߁ 㐳ᴧ⋥ఱ㧒㧓ޟᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ᝼ߦ߅ߌࠆᲣ࿖⺆ߩ૏⟎ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ޢ╙㧛Ꮞ╙㧝ภ㧖pp㧖

ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ᝄ⥝ળ ⷏ญశ৻㧒㧓ޡᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ᝼ᴺࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆᧄ ᱧผߣℂ⺰✬ޢࡃࡌ࡞࡮ࡉ࡟ࠬ ᧻ᧄ੉ᰴ㇢㧒㧓ޡ⸒ᢥወᾖ ṽ⼎ᣣᧄᢥౖޢ࿡ᢥၴᦠዪ ጊญ༑৻㇢㧒㧓ޟ⋥ធᴺߣወ⼎ᴺ㧒ੑ㧓ޠޡᣣᧄ⺆ޢ╙㧜Ꮞ╙㧣ภ㧖pp㧖ᣣᧄ⺆ ᢎ⢒ᝄ⥝ળ ᮮḴ⚩৻㇢㧒㧓ޟࠢ࡜ࠬߢ૶߁⧷⺆̆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᲣ⺆ࠍߤߩ⒟ᐲ↪޿ࠆ߆̆ޠޡ᦬ೀᣣᧄ ⺆ޢ㧣᦬ภ㧖pp㧖ࠕ࡞ࠢ

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Journal, 46(4)㧤350-355.

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Kharma, N., and Hajjaj, A. 1989. Use of the Mother Tongue in the ESL Classroom.

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ᐕ㧢᦬㨨ᐕ㧛᦬  บḧ਎ᣂᄢቇᣣᧄ⺆ᢥቇ♽ ഥℂᢎ᝼ ᐕ㧜᦬㨨⃻࿷     บḧ਎ᣂᄢቇᣣᧄ⺆ᢥቇ♽ ಎᢎ᝼

঩ၳ! JT ͈ޗ਎࣐൲̷͈͂ಎ͈඾ུࢊȆ෾ٚࢊ͈ঀဥ๤ၚ! ᢎ᝼ ⴕേ JT JT JT JT JT JT ᐔဋ ᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦᣣᇦ ᣣ ᇦ 㧓A ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆    ̆      㧓A ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆          ̆  ̆  ̆    ̆     㧓A ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ 㧓A        ̆                   㧓A  ̆    ̆  ̆      ̆    ̆  ̆    ̆   㧓B ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ 㧓B  ̆                         㧓B  ̆    ̆  ̆  ̆    ̆  ̆  ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆   㧓C                    ̆   ̆ ̆   㧓C ̆ ̆   ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ 㧓C                        㧓C ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ 㧓C   ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆     ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆     ̆ ̆   㧓C ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆   ̆ ̆   ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆   ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆   㧓C  ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆  ̆  ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆ 㧓D ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆  ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆  㧓D   ̆                    ̆ ̆   㧓E ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ 㧓E   ̆ ̆  ̆            ̆         㧓E ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆   ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆   ̆ ̆  ̆ 㧓F                ̆  ̆  ̆       㧓F   ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆    ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆  㧓F  ̆  ̆   ̆ ̆  ̆    ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆   ̆ ̆   㧓F    ̆   ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆     ̆   ̆  ̆       㧓G              ̆      ̆    ̆   㧓G    ̆    ̆      ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆         㧓G      ̆ ̆ ̆      ̆  ̆      ̆     㧓G      ̆  ̆      ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆  ̆       㧓G  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆       ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆    㧓H  ̆  ̆    ̆          ̆         㧓H  ̆  ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆ ̆  ̆ ̆    ̆     ዊ⸘       ว⸘              㧒ᵈ㧓㧛㧘ᣣ㧧㧛࿁⋡᝼ᬺߩᣣᧄ⺆⊒⹤㊂ޔᇦ㧧㧛࿁⋡᝼ᬺߩᇦ੺⺆⊒⹤㊂ޔᣣ㧧㧜࿁⋡᝼ᬺߩ ᣣᧄ⺆⊒⹤㊂ޔᇦ㧧㧜࿁⋡᝼ᬺߩᇦ੺⺆⊒⹤㊂ޔᄥሼ㧧ᐔဋ߇਄૏㧜૏߹ߢߩ߽ߩ 㧜㧘ᢙሼ㧧㧜࿁ߩ᝼ᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᢎᏧߩ⊒⹤㊂ߩ૶↪Ყ₸㧒㧏㧓ޔ✂ដߌ㧧ੑ㗄ᬌቯࠍ↪޿ߡಽ ᨆߒߚ⚿ᨐޔᇦ੺⺆૶↪߇᦭ᗧߦᄙ߆ߞߚ߽ߩޔ࿐ߺ㧧ᇦ੺⺆ߩߺ૶↪ߐࠇߚ߽ߩ