中国語を母語とする日本語学習者の句読点使用に関する研究

中国語を母語とする日本語学習者の句読点使用に関

する研究

著者

佐々木 良造, 薄井 良子

雑誌名

関西学院大学日本語教育センター紀要

号

2

ページ

5-19

発行年

2013-03-05

URL

http://hdl.handle.net/10236/10875

தࠃޠΛ฼ޠͱ͢Δ೔ຊޠֶशऀͷ۟ಡ఺࢖༻ʹؔ͢Δݚڀ

ࠤʑ໦ྑ଄ɾബҪྑࢠʢؔ੢ֶӃେֶ೔ຊޠڭҭηϯλʔʣ

This study presents the findings of a survey on the usage of Japanese punctuation by native speakers of Japanese and Chinese learners of Japanese. The results revealed significant differences between the two groups. These differences can be attributed to the differences in the definitions of Japanese sentences and Chinese sentences, as Kitamura (1995) has pointed out. Further, the results did not indicate a significant correlation between the responses of higher and lower level Chinese learners and learning history and level of Japanese.Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to examine the tendency of responses. Accordingly, native speakers of Japanese and Chinese learners of Japanese were divided into two groups depending on whether the respondents were aware of the usage of the comma to indicate parallel structures in Japanese.From an educational point of view, teaching the use of punctuation in parallel structures in Japanese is the most important aspect. The conditions under which some sentences have a common topic or subject must be made clear. If punctuation is not used to indicate a parallel structure, learners must be taught how to use Japanese conjugation for this purpose.

Ωʔϫʔυɿʮ෼۟ʯɺΫϥελʔ෼ੳɺओ୊ͷڞ௨ੑɺ฼ޠͷసҠɺա৒ൠԽ

1.

ݚڀͷ୺ॹ ֶ෦ཹֶੜͷϨϙʔτΛ࠾఺͠ͳ͕Βɺࠤʑ໦͕ʮͲ͏ͯ͠Ϛϧʢ۟఺ʣΛॻ͘ͱ ͜Ζʹςϯʢಡ఺ʣΛଧͭΜͰ͠ΐ͏Ͷ͐ʯͱͭͿ΍͍ͨ∗1ɻʮͦͷֶੜɺ฼ޠɺதࠃ ޠͰ͠ΐɻؖࠃޠͷֶੜʹͦΕ͋Β΁ΜͶΜɻʯͱ͍͏ίϝϯτ͕ബҪ͔Βฦ͖ͬͯ ͨɻͦͷ࿩Λฉ͍ͯʮதࠃޠͷֶੜʹ͋ͬͯɺؖࠃޠͷֶੜʹͳ͍ͳΒɺͦΕ͸฼ޠ ͷׯবͰ͸ʁʯͱߟ͑ઌߦݚڀΛௐ΂ͨͱ͜Ζɺਫ໺ʢ2000ʣʹΑͬͯ೔ຊޠͷ۟ಡ ఺ͱதࠃޠͷʮඪ఺ූ߸ʯʹ͸ҧ͍͕͋Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɻ ҧ͍͕͋Δ͜ͱ͸Θ͔ͬͨɻϫʔϓϩͰଧͬͨϨϙʔτͰ͋Ε͹ଧͪؒҧ͍΋ߟ͑ ΒΕΔɻ͔͠͠ɺϚϧΛॻ͘΂͖ͱ͜Ζʹɺ໌Β͔ʹςϯΛଧ͍ͬͯΔखॻ͖ͷ౴Ҋ ΛݟΔͱɺϛεͰ͸ͳ͘ΤϥʔͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱࢥΘ͟ΔΛ͑ͳ͍ɻෳ਺ͷ೔ຊޠڭࢣ͔ Β΋ಉ༷ͷܦݧΛฉ͖ɺ·ͨʮԿ౓ݴͬͯ΋௚Βͳ͍ʯͱ͍͏ܦݧΛ࣋ͭڭࢣ΋͍ͨɻ ∗1_{ҎԼɺຊߘͰ͸۟఺ΛϚϧɺಡ఺Λςϯͱදه͢Δɻ}

۟ಡ఺ͱʮඪ఺ූ߸ʯͷҧ͍͸Θ͔ͬͨ΋ͷͷɺ೔ຊޠͰϨϙʔτΛॻ͘Ϩϕϧͷ ֶशऀ͕ͳͥςϯͱϚϧΛؒҧ͑Δͷ͔ɺͳͥԿ౓मਖ਼ͯ͠΋௚Βͳ͍ͷ͔ɺͳͥ฼ ޠͷҧ͍͕͋Δͷ͔ͱ͍͏ٙ໰͸ղফ͠ͳ͔ͬͨɻԿΑΓɺࣙॻܗͰऴΘΔจʢͨܗɾ ·͢ܗͷ৔߹΋͋Γʣ͕ฒه͞Εͨෳ਺ͷจ͸ɺಡΜͰ΋૬ޓͷจͷؔ܎͕Θ͔Βͣɺ લޙؔ܎͔Β΋ਪଌ͕͔ͭͳ͍ͨΊɺϨϙʔτશମͷධՁʹ΋ؔΘΔޡ༻͸ͳΜͱ͔ ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͱࢥͬͨɻ ܦݧతʹɺ۟ಡ఺ͷ໰୊͸ʮ͜͜͸ςϯ͡Όͳͯ͘ϚϧͰ͢ʯͱ͍͏ࢦಋ͚ͩͰ͸ ෆे෼Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱ͸Θ͔͍ͬͯΔ͕ɺԿΛͲ͏ࢦಋ͢΂͖͔શ͘ݟ౰͕͔ͭͳ͔ͬ ͨɻͦ͜Ͱɺݚڀͱͯ͠औΓ૊ΜͰΈΔ͜ͱʹͨ͠ɻ

2.

ઌߦݚڀͱݚڀͷ໨త 2.1ઌߦݚڀ ๺ଜʢ1995ʣ͸ɺதࠃޠΛ฼ޠͱ͢Δ೔ຊޠֶशऀͷ࡞จʹΈΒΕͨ۟ಡ఺ͷޡ༻ ྫ͔Βɺ͍͔ͭ͘ͷจΛͻͱͭʹ͢Δ৔߹ɺ೔ຊޠͰ͸ϚϧΛ࢖͏ͱ͜Ζʹɺݴ͍੾ Γͷܗͷ··ςϯͰ઀ଓ͢Δ͜ͱΛࢦఠ͍ͯ͠Δɻͦͷཧ༝ͱͯ͠೔ຊޠͷจͱதࠃ ޠͷʮจʯͱ͸֓೦ͷ૬ҧ͕͋Δ͜ͱΛࢦఠ͍ͯ͠Δɻ ਫ໺ʢ2000ʣ͸ɺ۟ಡ఺ͱʮඪ఺ූ߸ʯͷ༻๏ͷൺֱΛ͍ͯ͠Δɻ೔ຊޠ͸จ๏্ɺ ड़෦͕จ຤ʹདྷΔͨΊɺ࣍ͷจͱڥ໨Λࣔͨ͢ΊʹϚϧΛଧͭɻͦͷࡍɺݴΘΜͱ͢ Δ಺༰͕׬݁͠ͳͯ͘΋Λଧͭ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻதࠃޠ͸ɺݴΘΜͱ͢Δ಺༰͕׬શͳ ҙຯΛͳ͢ͱ͜ΖͰϚϧΛଧͭͨΊɺ೔ຊޠͱ͸Ϛϧͷ༻๏͕ҟͳΔ͜ͱΛࢦఠͯ͠ ͍Δɻ·ͨɺઓʢ2002ʣ΋ಉ༷ͷࢦఠΛ͍ͯ͠Δɻ 2.2ݚڀͷ໨త ๺ଜʢ1995ʣ͸ޡ༻ͷݪҼͱͯ͠ɺจͷ֓೦ͷ૬ҧΛ͍͋͛ͯΔ͕ɺͲ͏ҧ͏͔ ͸೔த྆ݴޠͷஊ࿩Ϩϕϧͷରর෼ੳݚڀ͕ඞཁͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࢦఠ͍ͯ͠Δɻਫ໺ ʢ2000ʣɾઓʢ2002ʣ͸ɺ೔தͷه߸ͷ࢖͍ํͷҧ͍Λৄࡉʹड़΂͍ͯΔͷͰɺֶशऀ ͷࢦಋʹ໾ʹཱͭ৘ใͰ͋Δ͕ɺޡ༻Λલʹͯ͠ɺ࣮ࡍʹͲ͏ࢦಋ͢Ε͹͍͍͔Λߟ ͑Δࡍʹ͸໾ʹཱͨͳ͍ɻ͍ͣΕʹͤΑɺ࣮ࡍʹ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷޡ༻ʹରॲ͠ɺͳ ͥҧ͏ͷ͔ɺڭҭݱ৔Ͱ͸Ͳ͏͢Ε͹͍͍͔Λ۩ମతʹࣔ͞ͳ͚Ε͹೔ຊޠڭҭͷվ ળʹ͸ܨ͕Βͳ͍ɻ ຊݚڀͰ͸ɺ۟ಡ఺࢖༻ͷਖ਼ޡ൑அςετΛ࡞੒ɾ࣮ࢪ͠ɺςετͷ݁ՌΛ෼ੳ͢

Δ͜ͱʹΑͬͯɺڭҭݱ৔Ͱ࣮ࡍʹ໾ཱͭࢦಋҊΛఏݴ͢Δ͜ͱΛݚڀͷ໨తͱ͢Δɻ

3.

ݚڀํ๏ 3.1۟ಡ఺࢖༻ͷਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ࡞੒ ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷϧʔϧͷཧղ౓Λௐ΂ΔͨΊʹɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετΛ࡞੒ͨ͠ɻਖ਼ ޡ൑அςετͷ࡞੒ʹ౰ͨΓɺʮ೔ຊޠֶशऀʹΑΔ೔ຊޠ࡞จͱɼͦͷ฼ޠ༁ͱͷର ༁σʔλϕʔεʢΦϯϥΠϯ൛ʣʯ͔Βதࠃޠ฼ޠ࿩ऀͷ۟ಡ఺ͷޡ༻ྫΛऩूͨ͠ɻ ·ͨɺචऀΒͷ୲౰͢ΔतۀͰݟΒΕͨ۟ಡ఺ʹؔ͢Δޡ༻Λऩूͨ͠ɻ ूΊͨ۟ಡ఺ͷޡ༻ΛҎԼͷ2ͭʹ෼ྨͨ͠ɻ෼ྨ͸ࣥචऀ2໊Ͱߦ͍ɺ2໊ͷ෼ ྨ͕Ұகͨ͠΋ͷͷΈΛਖ਼ޡ൑அςετʹར༻ͨ͠ɻ 1. Լઢ෦ͷςϯΛϚϧʹ͢ΔʢҎԼɺςϯϚϧʣ ʢޡ༻ྫʣ༑ୡͱ͍ͬ͠ΐʹ༡Ϳͱ͖ɺ·ΘΓͷਓ͸ΈΜͳͨ͹͜Λٵ͍·͢ ɺ ࢲ͚ͩٵΘͳ͍ͷ͸ࠓͪΐͬͱෆศͰ͢ɻ 2. Լઢ෦ͷςϯΛϚϧʹஔ͖׵͑Δ͚ͩͰ͸ͳ͘ɺͦͷલͷड़෦Λ׆༻ͤͨ͞Γɺ ઀ଓॿࢺΛิͬͨΓ͢ΔʢҎԼɺ׆༻ʣ ʢޡ༻ྫʣ೔ຊͷΞχϝͷྺ࢙͸ඇৗʹ௕͍ ɺ1917೥͔Βঃʑʹൃల͍ͯ͠ ·͢ɻ 2ͭͷ෼ྨʹج͍ͮͯਖ਼ޡ൑அςετΛ࡞੒ͨ͠৔߹ɺ౴͑͸શͯʮద੾Ͱͳ͍ʯͱ ͳΔɻ2୒ͷճ౴͕શͯಉ͡Ͱ͸ɺςετͱͯ͠ෆࣗવͰɺճ౴ऀʹෆཁͳԱଌΛੜ ͤ͡͞ɺςετͷଥ౰ੑΛԼ͛ΔڪΕ͕͋Δɻςετͷଥ౰ੑ͕Լ͕ΔͷΛආ͚Δͨ Ίɺճ౴͕ʮద੾Ͱ͋Δʯ໰୊ΛՃ͑ͨɻ ʢਖ਼༻ྫʣ೔ຊޠͷ۟ಡ఺ͷ༻๏ͷ͏ͪʮฒྻʯΛද͢༻ྫʢҎԼɺฒྻʣ ͜ͷෆܠؾʹΑͬͯɺ಺ఆ͕औΓফ͞ΕΔ ɺ೿ݣ͕ଧͪ੾ΒΕΔͱ͍ͬͨ໰୊ ͕େ͖͘औΓ্͛ΒΕ͍ͯ·͢ɻ ҎԼʹਖ਼ޡ൑அͷ໰୊Λࣔ͢ɻςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ͷ໰୊͸Լઢ෦͕ෆద੾ͳ෦෼Ͱ͋ Δɻؙ਺ࣈ͸ਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͰͷ໰୊൪߸Λࣔ͢ɻ • ςϯϚϧ 1 ༑ୡͱ͍ͬ͠ΐʹ༡Ϳͱ͖ɺ·ΘΓͷਓ͸ΈΜͳͨ͹͜Λٵ͍·͢ ɺࢲͩ ͚ٵΘͳ͍ͷ͸ࠓͪΐͬͱෆศͰ͢ɻ

4 ͨ͹͜Λٵ͏͜ͱ͸Α͘ߟ͑Δͱɺ͍͍͜ͱ͸ͻͱͭ΋ͳ͍ɺࢥ͍ग़ͤΔ ͷ͸΄ͱΜͲΑ͘ͳ͍ӨڹͰ͋Δɻ 7 ࣗ෼͕ѱ͍͜ͱΛ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ʮڴഭʯ͞Εͳ͍ͩΖ͏ɺ͔ͩΒɺͦΕ͸ݸਓ ͷ໰୊Ͱ͋Δɻ • ׆༻ 3 ೔ຊͷΞχϝͷྺ࢙͸ඇৗʹ௕͍ɺ1917೥͔Βঃʑʹൃల͍ͯ͠·͢ɻ 8 ϝσΟΞͷࣾձ੹೚͸ऑऀΛॿ͚ΔɺѱऀΛఠൃ͢Δ͜ͱͩͱࢥ͏ɻ 9 ͨ͹͜Λ͢Θͳ͍Α͏ʹએ఻Λ޿Ί͖ͯͨɺ΄͔ͷํ๏͸͋Γ·ͤΜɻ • ฒྻ 2 ࡢ೔ߦͬͨډञ԰͸ɺຊ౰ʹԿ΋ͳ͍ɻ౜༲͛΋ͳ͍ɺࢬ౾΋ͳ͍ɺ۲͔ͭ ΋ͳ͍ɺ͓ञ͸̍छྨ͔͠ͳ͍ɻ 5 ࢲʹ͸ࢿ͕֨ͳ͍ɺ൴ࢯ͕͍ͳ͍ɺࣗຫग़དྷΔ΋ͷ͕ͳ͍ɺ͓͕ۚͳ͍ɺࣗ ৴͕ͳ͍ɻਓੜ૬ஊʹདྷΔਓ͕ܾ·ͬͯޱʹ͢Δݴ༿Ͱ͢ɻ 6 ͜ͷෆܠؾʹΑͬͯɺ಺ఆ͕औΓফ͞ΕΔɺ೿ݣ͕ଧͪ੾ΒΕΔͱ͍ͬͨ ໰୊͕େ͖͘औΓ্͛ΒΕ͍ͯ·͢ɻ Ҏ্ɺςϯϚϧͷޡ༻ؚ͕·ΕΔ໰୊Λ3໰ɺ׆༻ͷޡ༻ؚ͕·ΕΔ໰୊Λ3໰ɺ ฒྻͷ༻ྫؚ͕·ΕΔ໰୊Λ3໰࡞੒͠ɺܭ9໰ΛϥϯμϜʹ഑ஔͨ͠ਖ਼ޡ൑அςε τΛ࡞੒ͨ͠ɻ 3.2ਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ࣮ࢪ ֶशऀͱ฼ޠ࿩ऀΛର৅ʹ3.1Ͱड़΂ͨਖ਼ޡ൑அςετΛߦͬͨɻֶशऀΛର৅ͱ ͨ͠ਖ਼ޡ൑அςετ͸ɺຊֶͷ೔ຊޠՊ໨ʰ೔ຊޠIʱͷʮϨϙʔτͷॻ͖ํʯͷҰ෦ ͱͯ͠ߦͬͨɻςετͷॴཁ࣌ؒ͸10෼Ͱɺճऩޙɺຊ࿦จͷࣥචऀΛؚΉ୲౰ڭ һ͕ςετʹؔ͢Δޡ༻ͷλΠϓͱਖ਼༻ͷϑΟʔυόοΫΛߦͬͨɻ ೔ຊޠ฼ޠ࿩ऀΛର৅ͱͨ͠ςετ͸ɺ೔ຊޠڭҭηϯλʔ։ߨͷʰ೔ຊޠڭࢣೖ ໳ηϛφʔʱͷҰ෦ͱͯ͠ߦͬͨɻֶशऀΛର৅ͱͨ͠ςετͱಉ༷ɺςετͷॴཁ ࣌ؒ͸10෼Ͱɺճऩޙɺηϛφʔ୲౰ऀͰຊ࿦จͷࣥචऀͰ͋ΔബҪ͕ϑΟʔυόο ΫΛߦͬͨɻ 3.3ର৅ऀʹ͍ͭͯ 3.2Ͱड़΂ֶͨशऀΛର৅ͱͨ͠ςετ͸ɺʰ೔ຊޠIʱͷཤमऀ64໊Λର৅ʹߦͬ

ͨɻຊݚڀ͸தࠃޠΛ฼ޠͱ͢Δ೔ຊޠֶशऀΛର৅ͱ͍ͯ͠ΔͨΊɺ64໊ͷ͏ͪத ࠃޠ฼ޠ࿩ऀ42໊Λ෼ੳͷର৅ͱ͢Δ∗2ɻҎԼɺதࠃޠΛ฼ޠͱ͢Δ೔ຊޠֶशऀ Λֶशऀɺ෼ੳͷର৅ͱ͢Δ42໊Λֶशऀ܈ͱݺͿɻ ֶशऀ܈42໊ͷੑผ͸ɺஉੑ25໊ɺঁੑ16໊ɺෆ໌1໊ɺ೥ྸ͸10୅͕2໊ɺ 20୅͕40໊Ͱ͋ͬͨɻ೔ຊޠֶशྺ͸13͔݄͔Β54͔݄Ͱฏۉ31.1͔݄Ͱ໿2 ೥൒Ͱ͋ͬͨʢද1ࢀরʣɻ ද1ɿֶशऀ܈ͷֶशྺ ظؒ 13ʙ23͔݄ 24ʙ35͔݄ 36ʙ47͔݄ 48ʙ54͔݄ ਓ਺ 9 16 11 5 ೔ຊޠ฼ޠ࿩ऀΛର৅ͱͨ͠ςετ͸ɺʰ೔ຊޠڭࢣೖ໳ηϛφʔʱडߨऀͷ͏ͪɺ தࠃޠ฼ޠ࿩ऀͷେֶӃੜ1໊Λআ͘27໊Λ෼ੳͷର৅ͱͨ͠ɻੑผ͸உੑ6໊ɺ ঁੑ21໊ɺ೥ྸ͸10୅͕15໊ɺ20୅͕12໊Ͱɺຊֶʹࡏ੶͢Δֶ෦1೥ੜ͔Β ֶ෦4೥ੜͰ͋ΔɻҎԼɺ೔ຊޠ฼ޠ࿩ऀΛ୯ʹ฼ޠ࿩ऀɺ෼ੳͷର৅ͱ͢Δ೔ຊޠ ฼ޠ࿩ऀ27໊Λ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ͱݺͿɻ

4.

ਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ෼ੳͱߟ࡯ 4.1݁Ռ ਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ໰୊Λ1໰1఺ɺ9఺ຬ఺Ͱ࠾఺ͨ͠ͱ͜Ζɺֶशऀ܈ͷฏۉ఺ ͸4.79ɺ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ͷฏۉ఺͸7.18Ͱ͋ͬͨʢද2ࢀরʣ∗3ɻ ද2ɿਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ݁Ռ ฏۉ఺ ඪ४ภࠩ ਓ਺ ֶशऀ܈ 4.79 1.33 42 ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ 7.18 1.29 27 ςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ɾฒྻʢ֤3఺ຬ఺ʣͷ෼ྨ͝ͱͷฏۉ఺Λද3ʹࣔ͢ɻֶशऀ܈ ͸ςϯϚϧ͕2.06ɺ׆༻͕1.61ɺฒྻ͕1.12ͰɺςϯϚϧͷฏۉ఺͕࠷΋ߴ͘ɺ࣍ ͍Ͱ׆༻ɺฒྻͷॱͰ͋ͬͨɻ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈͸2.81ͱςϯϚϧͷฏۉ఺͕࠷΋ߴ͘ɺ׆ ༻ͱฒྻ͸2.19Ͱಉ఺ͩͬͨɻ ∗2_{ςετͷϑΣΠεγʔτͰ฼ޠΛʮதࠃޠɾؖࠃޠʯͱਃࠂͨ͠1໊΋ௐࠪͷର৅֎ͱͨ͠ɻ} ∗3_{౷ܭॲཧʹ͸R(ver.2.15.1)Λ༻͍ͨɻܽଛ஋͸ฏۉ஋Ͱิ׬͠ɺදதͷ਺஋͸খ਺ୈࡾҐΛ࢛ࣺޒೖͨ͠ɻ}

ද3ɿ෼ྨ͝ͱͷฏۉ఺ͱඪ४ภࠩ ςϯϚϧ ׆༻ ฒྻ ֶशऀ܈ 2.06(1.00) 1.61(1.02) 1.12(1.06) ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ 2.81(0.39) 2.19(0.79) 2.19(0.79) 4.2 2܈ͷฏۉͷࠩͷݕఆͱߟ࡯ 4.2.1 ؼແԾઆͱݕఆ ֶशऀͷ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அͱɺ฼ޠ࿩ऀͷ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அʹ͕ࠩͳ͍ͱ ͢Ε͹ɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ݁Ռͷฏۉ఺ʹࠩ͸ͳ͍͸ͣͰ͋Δɻ ͦ͜Ͱʮֶशऀ܈ͷ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அͱ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ͷ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அʹ ࠩ͸ͳ͍ʯͱ͍͏ؼແԾઆΛཱͯͨɻ2܈ͷ෼ࢄ͕౳͍͠৔߹͸ενϡʔσϯτͷt ݕఆΛɺ2܈ͷ෼ࢄ͕౳͘͠ͳ͍৔߹͸΢ΣϧνͷtݕఆΛ༻͍ͯ༗ҙ͕ࠩ͋Δ͔Ͳ ͏͔ݕఆΛߦͬͨɻ ·ͣɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετશମͷฏۉ఺ͷࠩΛݕ౼͢Δɻਖ਼ޡ൑அςετશମͷ2܈ͷ ෼ࢄ͸౳͍͠(F(26,41)=1.05,p=.91)ͨΊɺενϡʔσϯτͷtݕఆΛߦͬͨɻͦͷ ݁ՌɺؼແԾઆ͸غ٫͞Ε(t(67)=-7.37,p<.05)ɺֶशऀͷ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அͱ ฼ޠ࿩ऀͷ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அʹ༗ҙͳ͕ࠩ͋Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɻ ಉ༷ʹɺςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ɾฒྻͷ෼ྨ͝ͱฏۉ఺ʹ͕ࠩ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔Λݕ౼ͨ͠ɻ ؼແԾઆ͸ਖ਼ޡ൑அςετશମͷ৔߹ͱಉ༷ɺʮֶशऀ܈ͷ۟ಡ఺ͷςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ɾ ฒྻͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அͱ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ͷͦΕͷ൑அʹࠩ͸ͳ͍ʯͰ͋Δɻ ςϯϚϧͷσʔλ͸෼ࢄ͕౳͘͠ͳ͍(F(26,41)=6.49,p<.05)ͷͰɺ΢Σϧνͷt ݕఆΛߦͬͨɻͦͷ݁ՌɺؼແԾઆ͸غ٫͞Εͨ(t(57.77)=-4.32,p<.05)ɻ ׆༻ͷσʔλ͸෼ࢄ͕౳͍͠(F(26,41)=1.69,p=.16)ͷͰɺενϡʔσϯτͷtݕ ఆΛߦͬͨɻͦͷ݁ՌɺؼແԾઆ͸غ٫͞Εͨ(t(67)=-2.53,p<.05)ɻ ฒྻͷσʔλ͸෼ࢄ͕౳͍͠(F(26,41)=1.81,p=.11)ͷͰɺενϡʔσϯτͷtݕ ఆΛߦͬͨɻͦͷ݁ՌɺؼແԾઆ͸غ٫͞Εͨ(t(67)=-4.49,p<.05)ɻ Ҏ্ͷ݁Ռ͔Βɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετશମͷճ౴݁Ռʹ͍ͭͯɺֶशऀ܈ͱ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ ʹ༗ҙͳ͕ࠩ͋Γɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετʹؚ·ΕΔςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ɾฒྻͷ֤෼ྨͰ΋ɺ ֶशऀ܈ͱ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ͷ൑அʹ༗ҙͳ͕ࠩ͋Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɻ

4.2.2 ߟ࡯ 4.2.1ͷݕఆͷ݁Ռɺʮֶशऀ܈ͷ۟ಡ఺ͷςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ɾฒྻͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அͱ ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ͷͦΕͷ൑அʹࠩ͸ͳ͍ʯͱ͍͏ؼແԾઆ͕غ٫͞Εɺֶशऀ܈ͱ฼ޠ࿩ ऀ܈Ͱ͸۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அ͕ҟͳΔ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɻ Ͱ͸ɺ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அ͸Ͳ͏ҟͳΔͷͩΖ͏͔ɻͻͱͭͷݪҼͱͯ͠ɺதࠃ ޠͷ۟ಡ఺Ͱ͋Δʮඪ఺ූ߸ʯͷ࢖͍ํ͕Өڹ͍ͯ͠ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ਫ໺(2000)ɺઓ(2002)͕ࢦఠ͍ͯ͠ΔΑ͏ʹɺ೔ຊޠͰ͸ϚϧͰจͷ੾Ε໨Λද ͕͢ɺதࠃޠͰ͸Ϛϧ΋ίϯϚ(ɼ)΋จͷ੾Ε໨Λද͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ೔ຊޠͰ͸ड़ ෦ͷऴΘΓʹඞͣϚϧΛଧ͕ͭɺதࠃޠͷ৔߹ɺ೔ຊޠͰ͍͏จͱจʹҙຯతͳͭͳ ͕Γ͕͋Δͱ͖͸ɺίϯϚΛ༻͍ͯʮ෼۟ʯͱͯ͠จΛଓ͚ɺจͷҙຯ͕׬݁ͨ͠ͱ ͜ΖʹϚϧΛଧͭɻ தࠃޠʹʮ෼۟ʯͱ͍͏୯Ґ͕͋Δ͜ͱΛߟ͑Δͱɺͻͱޱʹʮจʯͱ͍ͬͯ΋ɺத ࠃޠͷʮจʯͱ೔ຊޠͷจ͸ಉ͡୯Ґͱ͸ݴ͑ͳ͍ɻ๺ଜʢ1995ʣͰ΋ड़΂ΒΕ͍ͯ ΔΑ͏ʹɺʮจʯͱ͍ΘΕֶͯशऀ͕ࢥ͍ු͔΂Δʮจʯͱ೔ຊޠͷจͷ୯Ґ͕ҧ͏͜ ͱ͕ɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷฏۉ஋ͷࠩͱͯ͠දΕ͍ͯΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ 4.3 ֶशऀͷଐੑʹΑΔ෼ੳͱߟ࡯ 4.3.1 ֶशऀͷଐੑͱ෼ੳํ๏ ֶशऀͷଐੑʹΑͬͯਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ఺਺ʹ͕ࠩ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔Λௐ΂ΔͨΊʹɺ ҎԼͷ2ͭͷ؍఺͔Βݕ౼ͨ͠ɻ 1. ೔ຊޠೳྗ ֶशऀ܈͸ɺຊֶͷʰ೔ຊޠIʱཤमऀͰ͋Δɻʰ೔ຊޠIʱͰ͸ɺҰ೥࣍࠷ॳʹ ϓϨΠεϝϯτςετʢޠኮɾจ๏ɾಡղɾ࡞จʣΛߦ͍ɺ೔ຊޠೳྗʹΑͬͯ ΫϥεΛฤ੒͍ͯ͠ΔɻຊઅͰ͸೔ຊޠೳྗʹΑͬͯਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ఺਺ʹ ͕ࠩ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔Λௐ΂ΔͨΊɺʮ೔ຊޠೳྗͷࠩʹΑͬͯɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ ఺਺ʹࠩ͸ͳ͍ʯͱ͍͏ؼແԾઆΛͨͯɺϓϨΠεϝϯτςετͷ݁ՌͰ෼͚ ΒΕ্ͨҐͷΫϥεʢҎԼɺ্Ґ܈ʣͱԼҐͷΫϥεʢҎԼɺԼҐ܈ʣͷฏۉͷ ࠩΛݕఆ͢Δɻ 2. ೔ຊޠֶशྺ ۟ಡ఺΋໨ඪݴޠͷशಘର৅Ͱ͋Δͱ͢Δͱɺֶशऀͷ೔ຊޠֶशྺͱਖ਼ޡ൑

அςετͷؒʹ͸૬͕ؔ͋Δ͜ͱ͕༧૝͞ΕΔɻͦ͜Ͱ೔ຊޠֶशظؒͱਖ਼ޡ ൑அςετͷ఺ʹ૬͕ؔ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ௐ΂Δɻ 4.3.2 ෼ੳ ্Ґ܈ʢ10໊ʣԼҐ܈ʢ11໊ʣͷਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷฏۉ஋ʹ͕ࠩ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔Λௐ ΂ΔͨΊʹɺtݕఆΛߦͬͨɻ ্Ґ܈ͱԼҐ܈ͷ෼ࢄ͸౳͘͠ͳ͍(F(20,20)=0.22,p<.05)ͷͰɺ΢Σϧνͷtݕ ఆΛߦͬͨͱ͜ΖɺؼແԾઆ͸غ٫͞Εͳ͔ͬͨ(t(18.43)=-0.01,p=.99)ɻͭ·Γ্ Ґ܈ͱԼҐ܈ͷਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷฏۉ఺ʹ༗ҙͳࠩ͸ͳ͔ͬͨɻ ࣍ʹɺֶशऀ܈ͷ೔ຊޠֶशظؒͱਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ఺਺ʹ૬͕ؔ͋Δ͔Ͳ ͏͔Λௐ΂ΔͨΊɺϐΞιϯͷੵ཰૬ؔ܎਺ΛٻΊͨͱ͜Ζɺ૬ؔ܎਺͸ r = 0.10(N=42,df=40)Ͱ͋ͬͨɻ·ͨɺແ૬ؔݕఆͷ݁Ռɺ૬ؔ܎਺ʹ༗ҙੑ͸ͳ͔ͬ ͨ(t(40)=0.62,p=.54)ɻ͜ͷ݁Ռ͔Βɺ೔ຊޠֶशྺͱਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ఺਺ʹ૬ؔ ͸ͳ͍ͱ͍͏͜ͱ͕ݴ͑Δɻ ද4ɿ্Ґ܈ͱԼҐ܈ͷσʔλ ฏۉ఺ ඪ४ภࠩ ਓ਺ ্Ґ܈ 4.88 1.18 10 ԼҐ܈ 4.98 1.14 11 4.3.3 ߟ࡯ ֶशऀ܈ͷ͏ͪɺ೔ຊޠೳྗͷ্Ґ܈ͱԼҐ܈ͷฏۉ఺ʹ͕ࠩͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱ͔Βɺ ۟ಡ఺ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அ͸ɺ೔ຊޠೳྗ͕ߴ͍͔Βͱݴͬͯਖ਼͍͠Θ͚Ͱ΋ͳ͘ɺ௿͍ ͔Βͱݴͬͯؒҧ͍ͬͯΔΘ͚Ͱ΋ͳ͍ͱ͍͑Α͏ɻ͜Ε͸ɺϓϨΠεϝϯτςετ ͰଌΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ೔ຊޠͷޠኮͷ๛෋͞΍จ๏తͳ஌ࣝͷଟ͞ɾਖ਼֬͞ͱɺ۟ಡ఺ ͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அͱ͸ҟͳΔೳྗͰ͋Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍͜ͱΛ͍ࣔͯ͠Δɻ ·ͨɺ೔ຊޠֶशྺͱਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ఺਺ʹ૬͕ؔͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱ͔Βɺ۟ಡ఺ͷ ࢖͍ํͷ൑அ͸͕࣌ؒղܾͯ͘͠ΕΔ΋ͷͰ͸ͳ͘ɺஈ֊తɾ໌ࣔతʹࢦಋ͢Δඞཁ ͷ͋Δ߲໨Ͱ͋Δ͜ͱΛཪ෇͚Δ݁Ռͱ͍͑Δɻ 4.4 ਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷΫϥελʔ෼ੳ ͜Ε·Ͱͷ෼ੳͰΘ͔ͬͨ͜ͱ͸ɺ๺ଜʢ1995ʣͷओுΛิ͏΋ͷͰ͋Δ͜ͱɺ۟ ಡ఺ͷ൑அ͸ஈ֊తɾ໌ࣔతʹࢦಋ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ͜ͱ͸Θ͔ͬͨɻ͔͠͠ɺ͜Ε͸

ਤ1ɿճ౴܏޲ͷσϯυϩάϥϜ ڭҭݱ৔ʹؐݩͰ͖Δ஌ݟͱ͸ݴ͍೉͍ɻ ۟ಡ఺ͷ༻๏ͷ෼ྨɺฏۉ஋ͷࠩ΍ֶशऀͷଐੑͱ͍͏ࢹ఺͔Β͍ͬͨΜ཭Εɺਖ਼ ޡ൑அςετͷճ౴܏޲Λ୳ΔͨΊɺֶशऀ܈ɾ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈Λͻͱͭͷ܈ͱͱΒ͑ɺ Ϋϥελʔ෼ੳΛߦͬͨɻ ਤ1ʹΫϥελʔ෼ੳͷ݁ՌΛࣔ͢ɻਤதͷCHxxxx͸ֶशऀΛද͠ɺCH1xxx͸ ճ౴ऀ͕ʰ೔ຊޠIʱͷ1Ϋϥεʢ4.3.2ͷ্Ґ܈ʹಉ͡ʣʹଐ͢Δ͜ͱΛද͢ɻҎԼ ಉ༷ɺCH2xxx͸2ΫϥεɺCH3xxx͸3ΫϥεɺCH4xxx͸4Ϋϥεʢ4.3.2ͷԼ Ґ܈ʹಉ͡ʣͷֶशऀͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛද͠ɺJP5xxx͸ճ౴ऀ͕฼ޠ࿩ऀͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛ ද͢ɻ ਤ1ͷΫϥελʔΛ఺ઢͰ5ͭͷΫϥελʔʹ੾அ͠ɺΫϥελʔ͝ͱͷճ౴܏޲ Λ୳Δɻ 4.4.1 Ϋϥελʔͷղऍ ਤ2ʹΫϥελʔIͷճ౴܏޲Λࣔ͢ɻਤ2ͷࠨ͸ਤ1ͷΫϥελʔIͷ෦෼Λɺ ӈͷද͸ΫϥελʔIͷճ౴ऀͷճ౴Λࣔͨ͠΋ͷͰ͋Δɻӈදதͷʮ1ʯ͸ਖ਼౴ɺʮ0ʯ ͸ෆਖ਼౴Λද͠ɺͦΕҎ֎ͷ஋͸ฏۉ஋Ͱิ׬͞Εͨܽଛ஋Λද͢ʢҎԼɺಉ͡ʣɻ· ͨɺෆਖ਼౴ʹάϨʔͷ໢ֻ͚Λͨ͠ɻ ΫϥελʔIͷճ౴ΛݟΔͱɺςϯϚϧͱ׆༻ͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸΄ͱΜͲద੾͕ͩɺ ฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸ద੾Ͱͳ͍ɻཧ༝ͱͯ͠ɺ೔ຊޠͷςϯ͕۟·ͨ͸จͷฒྻ΋ද ͤΔ͜ͱΛ஌ΒͣɺςϯϚϧͷޡ༻ྫͩͱͱΒ͍͑ͯΔ͜ͱ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ਤ3ʹΫϥελʔIIͷճ౴܏޲Λࣔ͢ɻΫϥελʔIIͷճ౴ΛݟΔͱɺςϯϚϧͷ

ਤ2ɿΫϥελʔIͷճ౴܏޲ ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸΄΅ద੾͕ͩɺ׆༻ͱฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸΄ͱΜͲద੾Ͱͳ͍ɻ ճ౴ऀ͸ɺෆద੾ͳςϯͰ۠੾ΒΕͨ2จҎ্ͷؒʹͳΜΒ͔ͷղऍ͕੒Γཱͭ৔ ߹ɺςϯͷ࢖͍ํͱͯ͠ద੾Ͱ͋Δͱ൑அ͍ͯ͠ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ͜͏ͨ͠൑ அ͸தࠃޠͷʮ෼۟ʯͷ༻๏ɺͭ·Γɺ฼ޠ͔ΒͷసҠ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻΫϥελʔII ͷֶशऀ͸ɺ೔ຊޠͷςϯʹ΋தࠃޠͷʮ෼۟ʯͱಉ͘͡จΛ۠੾Δ༻๏͕͋Δͱߟ ͍͑ͯΔ͔ɺ͋Δ͍͸ɺಛʹҙࣝͤͣʹ฼ޠͷίϯϚͷ༻๏Λͦͷ··೔ຊޠʹ΋ద ༻͍ͯ͠ΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ ਤ3ɿΫϥελʔIIͷճ౴܏޲ ਤ4ʹΫϥελʔIIIͷճ౴܏޲Λࣔ͢ɻ ΫϥελʔIIIͷճ౴ΛݟΔͱɺ׆༻ͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸͓͓Αͦద੾͕ͩɺςϯϚϧ ͱฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸ద੾Ͱͳ͍͜ͱ͕ଟ͍ɻ͔͠͠ɺΑ͘ݟΔͱςϯϚϧͷ໰୊1 ͸΄΅શһͷ൑அ͕ద੾͕ͩɺ໰୊4ͷ൑அ͸શһద੾Ͱͳ͍ɻฒྻͷ໰୊2ͱ໰୊ 5ͷ൑அ΋ద੾Ͱͳ͍ճ౴ऀ͕ଟ͘ɺ໰୊6ͷ൑அ͸దෆద͕൒ʑͰ͋Δɻ

ਤ4ɿΫϥελʔIIIͷճ౴܏޲ ಉ͡༻๏ͷ໰୊Ͱղ౴ͷ܏޲͕ҟͳΔͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ɺճ౴ऀ͸࡞੒ऀͱҟͳΔج४ Λ͍࣋ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͕ߟ͑ΒΕΔɻͦͷͨΊɺਖ਼ޡ൑அςετͷ໰୊ͱճ౴Λৄ͘͠෼ ੳ͢Δɻ໰୊1ʮ༑ୡͱ͍ͬ͠ΐʹ༡Ϳͱ͖ɺ·ΘΓͷਓ͸ΈΜͳͨ͹͜Λٵ͍·͢ɺ ࢲ͚ͩٵΘͳ͍ͷ͸ࠓͪΐͬͱෆศͰ͢ɻʯ͸ɺ΄΅શһͷ൑அ͕ద੾ͩͬͨɻҰํɺ ໰୊4 ʮͨ͹͜Λٵ͏͜ͱ͸Α͘ߟ͑Δͱɺ͍͍͜ͱ͸ͻͱͭ΋ͳ͍ɺࢥ͍ग़ͤΔͷ ͸΄ͱΜͲΑ͘ͳ͍ӨڹͰ͋Δɻʯ͸શһͷ൑அͰͳ͔ͬͨɻ ໰୊1 Λద੾Ͱͳ͍ͱ൑அ͠ɺ໰୊4Λద੾ͱ൑அ͢Δͷ͸ɺҎԼͷΑ͏ͳ൑அج ४Λ͍࣋ͬͯΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ͱߟ͑Δɻ ·ͣɺ໰୊1͸ʮ༑ୡͱ͍ͬ͠ΐʹ༡Ϳͱ͖ʲ·ΘΓͷਓ͸ΈΜͳͨ͹͜Λٵ͍· ͢ɺࢲ͚ͩٵΘͳ͍ͷʳ͸ࠓͪΐͬͱෆศͰ͢ɻʯͱʲ ʳͷ෦෼Λओ୊ͱղऍ͢Ε͹ ʲ ʳͷதΛςϯͰ۠੾Δͷ͸ద੾Ͱͳ͍ͱ͍͏൑அ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ ࣍ʹɺ໰୊4͸ʮ͍͍͜ͱ͸ͻͱͭ΋ͳ͍ʯͷ΋ʮࢥ͍ग़ͤΔͷ͸Α͘ͳ͍Өڹʯͳ ͷ΋ͲͪΒ΋ʮͨ͹͜Λٵ͏͜ͱΛߟ͑Δʯͱ͍͏ओ୊͔Βͷ݁࿦Ͱ͋ΔͱղऍͰ͖ Δɻ͜͏ߟ͑Δͱɺ̎ͭͷ݁࿦͕ฒه͞Ε͍ͯΔͱղऍͰ͖ɺద੾Ͱ͋Δͱ͍͏൑அ ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ ໰୊2 ʮࡢ೔ߦͬͨډञ԰͸ɺຊ౰ʹԿ΋ͳ͍ɻ౜༲͛΋ͳ͍ɺࢬ౾΋ͳ͍ɺ۲͔ ͭ΋ͳ͍ɺ͓ञ͸1छྨ͔͠ͳ͍ɻʯͷςϯͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑அ͸ɺจࣈ໘͚ͩΛݟ్ͯத Ͱʮ͓ञ͸ʯͱओ୊͕มΘ͍ͬͯΔͱղऍ͠ɺద੾Ͱͳ͍ͱ͍͏൑அΛԼͨ͠ͱߟ͑ ΒΕΔɻ ໰୊5ʮࢲʹ͸ࢿ͕֨ͳ͍ɺ൴ࢯ͕͍ͳ͍ɺࣗຫͰ͖Δ΋ͷ͕ͳ͍ɺ͓͕ۚͳ͍ɺ ࣗ৴͕ͳ͍ɻਓੜ૬ஊʹདྷΔਓ͕ܾ·ͬͯޱʹ͢Δݴ༿Ͱ͢ɻʯͷςϯͷ࢖͍ํͷ൑ அ΋ಉ༷ɺʮࢿ͕֨ͳ͍ࢲʯɺʮ൴ࢯ͕͍ͳ͍ࢲʯɺʮࣗຫͰ͖Δ΋ͷ͕ͳ͍ࢲʯɺʮ͓͕ۚ

ͳ͍ࢲʯɺʮࣗ৴͕ͳ͍ࢲʯͷʮࢲʯ͸ɺશͯಉҰਓ෺Ͱͳ͍ͱղऍͰ͖Δɻ໰୊4ͱ ໰୊2 ͷϧʔϧΛԉ༻͢Ε͹ɺಉҰਓ෺Ͱͳ͍ʮࢲʯʹ͍ͭͯॻ͔Ε͍ͯΔจΛฒه ͢Δͷ͸ద੾Ͱͳ͍ͱ൑அͰ͖Δɻ ໰୊1 ͷจߏ଄ͷղऍɺ໰୊2ɾ4 ɾ5 ͷओ୊ɾओޠͷղऍΛֶशऀͷϧʔϧͩͱ ߟ͑ΔͱɺΫϥελʔIII ͸ɺจߏ଄ͱओ୊ɾओޠͷղऍʹ͍ͭͯڞ௨ͷϧʔϧΛ࣋ ͭ܈Ͱ͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ਤ5ʹΫϥελʔIVͷճ౴܏޲Λࣔ͢ɻ ਤ5ɿΫϥελʔIVͷճ౴܏޲ ΫϥελʔIVͷճ౴ΛݟΔͱɺฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸΄ͱΜͲద੾Ͱ͋Δ͕ɺ׆༻ ͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸΄ͱΜͲద੾Ͱͳ͘ɺςϯϚϧͷ༻๏ͷ൑அʹ͍ͭͯͷ൑அ͸ɺదෆ ద͸൒ʑͰ͋Δɻ ฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͸΄ͱΜͲద੾Ͱɺ׆༻͸΄ͱΜͲద੾Ͱͳ͍ͱ͍͏͜ͱ͸ɺς ϯͷฒྻʹؔ͢ΔϧʔϧΛ׆༻ʹ΋ద༻͍ͯ͠Δ͔ΒͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ ΫϥελʔIVͷճ౴ऀ܈ͷςϯͷฒྻʹؔ͢Δϧʔϧͱ͸ɺڞ௨ͷओ୊ͷଘࡏɺͭ ·Γ໰୊2ͳΒʮډञ԰ʯɺ໰୊5ͳΒʮਓੜ૬ஊʹདྷΔਓʢࢲʣʯɺ໰୊6͸ඇ໌ࣔ తͰ͋Δ͕ʮʰ಺ఆ͕औΓফ͞ΕΔʱ͋Δ͍͸ʰ೿ݣ͕ଧͪ੾ΒΕΔʱର৅ऀʯͷଘࡏ ͕ɺฒྻͷςϯͷϧʔϧʹద͏ͱߟ͍͑ͯΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ ಉ༷ʹߟ͑Δͱɺ໰୊3ͷʮ௕͍ʯͷ͸ʮ೔ຊͷΞχϝͷྺ࢙ʯͰɺʮൃల͍ͯ͠Δʯ ͷ͸ʮ೔ຊͷΞχϝʯͰ͋Δ͕ɺʮ௕͍ʯͷ΋ʮൃల͍ͯ͠Δʯͷ΋ڞ௨ͷओ୊ͱͯ͠ ʮ೔ຊͷΞχϝʯΛ૝ఆ͠ɺద੾ͩͱ͍͏൑அΛԼͨ͠ͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ໰୊8 ͸ʮऑऀΛॿ͚Δʯͷ΋ʮѱऀΛఠൃ͢Δʯͷ΋ʮϝσΟΞͷࣾձ੹೚ʯͰ ͋Δͱ͍͏ղऍ͸ద੾͕ͩɺ͜ͷ৔߹ɺฒྻΛදͨ͢Ίʹ͸ʮऑऀΛॿ͚Δ ͜ͱɺѱ ऀΛఠൃ͢Δ͜ͱͩͱࢥ͏ʯͱʮऑऀΛද͢ʯʹ΋ʮ͜ͱʯΛ໊͚ͭͯࢺԽ͠ɺ໊ࢺ

ͷฒྻͱ͢Δ͔ɺʮऑऀΛॿ͚ɺѱऀΛఠൃ͢Δ͜ͱͩͱࢥ͏ʯͱʮॿ͚Δʯͷ࿈༻ܗ Λ༻͍ͯฒྻΛද͢ඞཁ͕͋Δɻ ໰୊9 ͸ʮͨ͹͜Λ͢Θͳ͍Α͏ʯΛڞ௨ͷओ୊ͱͯ͠૝ఆ͍ͯ͠ΔͱղऍͰ͖Δɻ ͔͠͠ɺͦͷ৔߹͸ʮͨ͹͜Λ͢Θͳ͍Α͏ʹએ఻Λ޿Ίͯߦ͘ Ҏ֎ɺ΄͔ͷํ๏͸ ͋Γ·ͤΜɻʯͷΑ͏ʹɺʮ΄͔ͷʯʹઌߦ͢ΔϚʔΧʔɺ͜͜Ͱ͸ʮҎ֎ʯΛิΘͳ ͍ͱલޙؔ܎͕Θ͔Βͳ͍จʹͳͬͯ͠·͏ɻ Ҏ্ͷΑ͏ʹɺΫϥελʔIV͸ςϯͷฒྻʹؔ͢Δϧʔϧͱͯ͠ɺڞ௨ͷओ୊Λ ૝ఆ͍ͯ͠Δ͕ɺϧʔϧͷద༻ൣғΛ޿͛͗ͯ͢ա৒ൠԽΛى͜͠ɺ׆༻ͷ༻๏ͷ൑ அ͕΄ͱΜͲద੾Ͱͳ͍܈ͱͳͬͨͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ਤ6ʹΫϥελʔVͷճ౴܏޲Λࣔ͢ɻ ਤ6ɿΫϥελʔVͷճ౴܏޲ ΫϥελʔVͷճ౴ΛݟΔͱɺςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ɾฒྻͷͲͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ΋΄ͱΜͲ ద੾Ͱɺ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈ͷ΄ͱΜͲ͕͜ͷΫϥελʔʹଐ͍ͯ͠Δɻͨͩ͠ɺ׆༻ͷ໰୊ 8ɾ9ɺฒྻͷ໰୊2ɾ6ͷ൑அ͕ద੾Ͱͳ͍ճ౴ऀ΋͍Δɻͦͷ΄ͱΜͲ͕฼ޠ࿩ ऀͰ͋Δ͜ͱ͔Βɺਖ਼ޡ൑அͷ໰୊ͦͷ΋ͷʹଞͷղऍΛڐ͢༨஍͕͋ͬͨͱߟ͑Β ΕΔɻ฼ޠ࿩ऀ͕ҰҙʹղऍͰ͖ͳ͍ਖ਼ޡ൑அͷ໰୊Λֶशऀʹ൑அͤ͞Δͷ͸ςε τͱͯ͠ద౰Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻ͜ͷ఺ʹ͍ͭͯ͸ɺࠓޙͷ՝୊ͱ͍ͨ͠ɻ

4.4.2 Ϋϥελʔؒͷൺֱ ΫϥελʔΛେ͖͍ͯ͘͘͠ͱɺͭ·Γਤ1ͷ఺ઢΛ্ʹҠಈ͍ͯ͘͠ͱɺ·ͣΫ ϥελʔIIͱIII͕݁߹͢ΔɻΫϥελʔII͸׆༻ͷ൑அɺΫϥελʔIII͸ςϯϚ ϧͷ൑அ͕ద੾Ͱͳ͍ͱ͍͏఺ͰҟΓɺฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͕ద੾Ͱͳ͍ͱ͍͏ڞ௨఺ ͕͋Δɻ࣍ʹ݁߹͢ΔΫϥελʔ͸ɺΫϥελʔIͱΫϥελʔIIɾIIIͰ͋ΔɻIͱ IIɾIIIͷڞ௨఺͸ɺઌ΄Ͳͱಉ͘͡ฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͕ద੾Ͱͳ͍͜ͱ͕ڍ͛ΒΕ Δɻ͔͠͠ɺΫϥελʔI͸ςϯϚϧɾ׆༻ͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͕΄΅ద੾Ͱ͋Δ఺͕ɺΫ ϥελʔIIɾIIIͱҟͳ͍ͬͯΔɻ ͦͷ࣍ʹ݁߹͢ΔΫϥελʔ͸ɺΫϥελʔIVͱΫϥελʔVͰ͋ΔɻΫϥε λʔVʹ͸΄ͱΜͲͷ฼ޠ࿩ऀ͕ଐ͍ͯ͠Δɻ྆ऀͱ΋ฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͕΄΅ద੾ Ͱ͋Δͱ͍͏఺͕ڞ௨͍ͯ͠Δɻ ͦͯ͠ɺ࠷ऴతʹΫϥελʔIɾIIɾIIIͱΫϥελʔIVɾV͕݁߹͢Δɻ྆ऀΛ෼ ͚Δͷ͸ฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அͰɺΫϥελʔIɾIIɾIII͸ద੾Ͱͳ͘ɺΫϥελʔIVɾ V͸ద੾Ͱ͋Δɻ 4.5ࢦಋ΁ͷఏݴ ΫϥελʔͷղऍͱΫϥελʔؒͷൺֱ͔Βɺฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ൑அ͕ద੾͔ద੾Ͱͳ ͍͔ʹΑͬͯɺֶशऀ܈ͱ฼ޠ࿩ऀ܈͕෼͔Ε͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬͨɻ·ͨɺΫϥε λʔIIIͱΫϥελʔIVͷղऍ͔Βɺจͷओ୊ͷڞ௨ੑͷ൑அ͕׆༻ͱฒྻͷ༻๏ͷ ద੾͞ͷ൑அʹӨڹΛ༩͍͑ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ࢦಋҊͱͯ͠͸ɺ·ͣɺ೔ຊޠͷςϯͷฒྻͷ༻๏Λఏࣔ͠ɺจͷओ୊ͷڞ௨ੑΛ ൑அͤ͞ͳ͕ΒɺͲΜͳͱ͖ʹςϯ͕ฒྻΛද͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ʢ໰୊2ɾ5ɾ6ʣɺͲΜ ͳͱ͖͸දͤͳ͍͔ʢ໰୊3ɾ8 ɾ9 ʣΛߟ͑Δ׆ಈ͕༗ޮͰ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ ͦͯ͠ɺ໰୊3ɾ8 ɾ9 ͷΑ͏ͳจΛಡΈखʹཧղͯ͠΋Β͏ͨΊʹ͸ɺͲ͏ॻ͘ ͔Λࢦಋ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ॏཁͩͱߟ͑Δɻ

5.

·ͱΊͱࠓޙͷ՝୊ ೔ຊޠڭࢣɺͱΓΘ͚தࠃޠʹ໌Δ͘ͳ͍ωΠςΟϒͷڭࢣͷதʹ͸ʮϚϧ͸จ຤ ʹॻ͖·͢ʯͱ͍͏ࢦಋͷΈͰऴΘΒ͍ͤͯΔ͜ͱ͸ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻͻΐͬͱͨ͠ Βɺ۟ಡ఺ʹؔͯ͠໌ࣔతʹݴٴ͢Δ͜ͱ͑͞ͳ͍͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɻ·ͯ͠΍ɺதࠃޠ ͷʮจʯͱ೔ຊޠͷจͷ֓೦͕ҧ͏͜ͱ΋஌Βͣʹ͍Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɻ

Ұํɺֶशऀͷཱ৔͔Βߟ͑Δͱɺ͋Δఔ౓·ͱ·ͬͨ௕͞ͷจষΛॻ͘ͷ͸ॳڃ ޙ൒͋Δ͍͸தڃʹͳ͔ͬͯΒͰɺ௕͍จΛॻ͔ͳ͚Ε͹ςϯϚϧͷ࢖͍ํΛؒҧ͑ Δ͜ͱ΋ͳ͍͠ɺςϯϚϧͷ࢖͍ํʹ͍ͭͯࢦಋΛड͚Δ͜ͱ΋ͳ͍ͩΖ͏ɻ ·ͱ·ͬͨ௕͞ͷจষΛॻ͘Α͏ʹͳ͔ͬͯΒͩͱɺޠኮͷબ୒ɾจ๏ͷద੾͞ɾ දݱͱҙਤͱͷෆҰகɾදهͳͲࢦಋ͢΂͖߲໨͕ଟذʹΘͨΓɺςϯϚϧ͸ʮԿͱ ͳ͘มͰɺ͍ͭ΋௚͍ͯ͠Δ͚Ͳ௚Βͳ͍ʯ໰୊ͱͯ͠ஔ͖๨ΕΒΕͯ͠·͏ͷͰ͸ ͳ͍ͩΖ͏͔ɻ͔͠͠ɺΞΧσϛοΫɾδϟύχʔζͰʮԿͱͳ͘มʯͳ··ɺதࠃ ޠͷʮ෼۟ʯͷϧʔϧΛͦͷ··೔ຊޠʹ͋ͯ͸Ίͯ͠·͏ͱɺಡΈखʹจͷ઀ଓ͕ ཧղ͞Εͣҙຯ͕఻ΘΒͳ͔ͬͨΓɺશମͱͯ͠·ͱ·Γ͕ͳ͍ͱධՁ͞ΕΔڪΕ΋ ͋Δɻ͜Ε͸ֶशऀʹͱͬͯେ͖ͳϚΠφεͱͳΔͨΊɺஈ֊తɾޮՌతͳࢦಋΛߟ ͑ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɻͦͯ͠ɺ4.5Ͱड़΂ͨΑ͏ͳࢦಋΛߦ͏ͨΊʹ͸ɺֶशऀͷ۟ ಡ఺ͷ࢖༻ʹؔ͢Δޡ༻ྫΛ࠾ू͠ɺॻ͍ͨຊਓ͸ͲͷΑ͏ͳ൑அج४ͰͦͷจΛΑ ͠ͱ͔ͨ͠ɺ࣭తͳΠϯλϏϡʔΛߦ͍ɺ༻ྫΛ૿΍͍ͯ͘͠ඞཁ͕͋Δɻ ࢀߟจݙ ๺ଜΑ͏ʢ1995ʣʮதࠃޠ࿩ऀͷ࡞จʹ͓͚Δจ઀ଓͷ໰୊఺ʯʰ౦ւେֶلཁཹֶੜ ηϯλʔʱ15,1-11 ਫ໺ྷࢠʢ2000ʣʮதࠃޠͱ೔ຊޠʹ͓͚Δʮ۟ಡ఺ʯͷରൺʯʰ໌ֶ࣏Ӄେֶ֎ࠃޠ ڭҭݚڀॴلཁʱ10,81-97

R Development Core Team (2005) R: A language and environment for statisti-cal computing, R Foundation for Statististatisti-cal Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org ઓܚউʢ2002ʣʮத೔྆ޠʹ͓͚Δ۟ಡ఺ͷরΒ͠߹ΘͤʯʰࠃࡍจԽֶ෦࿦ूʱ3(2), 69-77,ࣛࣇౡࠃࡍେֶࠃࡍจԽֶ෦ ࢁ઒࢙ʢ2010ʣʮ೔ຊޠֶशऀͷ࡞จʹ͓͚Δ۟ಡ఺ʯʰྲྀ௨ܦࡁେֶྲྀ௨৘ใֶ෦ل ཁʱ14(2),63-79 ँࣙ ຊߘ͸ɺ2012೥7݄26೔ʹຊֶͰߦΘΕͨୈ10ճؔ੢ֶӃେֶ೔ຊޠڭҭݚڀձ Ͱൃදͨ͠಺༰Λ΋ͱʹՃචɾमਖ਼ͨ͠΋ͷͰ͢ɻݚڀձʹ͓͍ͯଟ͘ͷ༗ӹͳίϝ ϯτΛ͍͖ͨͩ·ͨ͠ɻ͜ͷ৔ΛआΓͯײँਃ্͛͠·͢ɻ