近畿大学学術情報リポジトリ

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(1)TheDynamicso fHumor S a c h i k oKitazume. Summary: Whati shumor?Thecommond e f i n i t i o n“ humori ss o m e t h i n g出a tmakesa ”h a sc r e a t e dt h em i s u n d e r s t a n d i n gt h a te v e r y t h i n g p e r s o nl a u g ho rs m i l e 出a t臼 i U s e sl a u g h t e ri shumor . K i t . a z u m e（却1 0 ) ,by既 p凶国ng也ef a l s i t y 自由a t血ee s s e n c eo fhumori sa o fe q u a t i n gl a u g h t e rw i t hh u m o r ,p r o p o s. t w i s tAmongv a r i e dt h e o r i e so fhumor ,o n eo ft h emostq u o t e dt h e o r i e s i sR部 k i n ’ s( 1 9 7 9 ,1 9 8 5 )SemanticS c r i p tTheo η ofHumor .T h i sp a p e r ’ sw i f ebya n a l y z i n gi ti n t ol i t e r a l e x a m i n e sh i sf a m o u sj o k eo fad o c t o r. o r y andu t t e r a n c em e a n i n g s .Byp o i n t i n go u tt h ed e f i c i e n c yo ft h i s由e andt h ei n a p p r o p r i a t e n e s so fO r i n g ’ s( 2 0 1 0 )d e f i n i t i o no fh u m o r ,t h i s p a p e rp r o p o s e sT w i s tTheo ηbasedon由ed e f i n i t i o no ft w i s ta r g u e di n K i t a z u m e( 2 0 1 0 ) . I n t r o d u c t i o n. 、. Whati shumor?Onecommond e f i n i t i o namongh u m o r i s t si s也a thumor i s o m e t h i n g也a tmakesap e r s o nl a u g ho rs m i l e . ”T h e r e f o r e ,t h en e x t 関 l a u g h t 町？ q u e s t i o na r i s e s :whatc a u s. Ag r e a tnumbero fp s y c h o l o g i s t sandp h i l o s o p h e r s,a sw e l la s. 【 4 7 ]. (1).

(2) l i n g u i s t s ,havea t t e m p t e dt oe x p l a i nwhatc a u s e sl a u g h t e r ,e x p r e s s i n g v a r i e dv i e w so nt h es u b j e c t .Theset h e o r i e sc a nbec l a s s i f i e di n t o出r e e g r o u p so ft h e o r i e so fl a u g h t e r :t h es u p e r i o r i t yt h e o r y ,t h ei n c o n g r u i t y 也e o r y ,a n d吐1 er e l i e f也e o r y .. H u m o r i s t sa r enow田 e 凶1 gacomprehen 邑i v e也e o r yo fhumor也a t e x p l a i n st h e回 senαofhwnorwhichc o v ，町sa l l出e也r e ec a t e g o r i e s .One o ft h emostno 包 dt h e o r i e so fhwnori sS e m a n t i cS e r i ρ ；tT heo η ofHumor ( a b b r e v i a t e da sSSTH)p r o p o s e dbyR部恒n ( 1 9 7 9 ,1 悌5 ) ,w h i c hw酪 l a t e r d e v e l o p e di n 臼 G e n e r a lTheo ゅo fV e r 拘，l Humor( a b b r e v i a t e d踊 GTVH) byA抗a r d oandR部 k i n( 1 拘1 ) . T h i sp a p e rr e v e a l st h ei n s u f f i c i e n c yo fR a s k i n ’ s( 1 9 8 5 )argum 凹 t by u s i n gp r a g m a t i c a l l yi m p o r t a n tn o t i o n so fl i t e r a landu t t e r a n c em e a n i n g s .I t c l a i m s出a tt h ee x p r e s s i o no v e r / a , 帥i n gsen 》お c a n n o td i s t i n g u i s hbetween m e t a p h o r ,a m b i g u i t yandhumor.I na d d i t i o n ，出i spapere 玄p l a i n st h e twhath ep r e s e n t sa sa n v u l n e r a b i l i t yo fO r i n g ' s( 2 0 1 0 ) argumentm也a exampleo fhumori so n l ya na b s u r ds t a t e m e n tandn o tanexampleo f h w n o r . Byp o i n t i n go u tt h a t由ee s s e n c eo fhumori sa伽 i s t ，，出 p r o p o s e d byK i t a z u m e( 2 0 1 0 ），也i sp a p e rp r o p o s 回 T w i s tTheo η，w h i c he x p l a i n si n d e t a i lwhatc a 四回 l a u g h t e r .I tf u r 仕1 e rc l a r i f i e st h emaine f f e c t so fhumor a n d血e仕 u ei n t e n t i o n so fhwnor お包 HumorandLaughter Ha 吋nge x p l a i n e dt h eo u t l i n eo fhwnors t u d i e s ,l e tu se x p l o r et h ep r o b l e m wi 出t h et h r e eg r o u p so ft h e o r i e s :t h et e n d e n c yt oe q u a t el a u g h t e rw i 由 h u m o r .Thed e f i n i t i o n” humori ss o m e t h i n g也a tmak 田 ap e r s o nl a u g ho r s m i l e "h a sm i s l e dm皿 yh u m o r i s t si n t oequa 出 gl a u g h t e rw i t hh u m o r .I t h a sc r e a t e dt h em i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g白 a te v e r y 出 ng白紙 c a u s e sl a u g h t e ri s. (2). [46].

(3) h u m o r . L e tu si l l u s t r a t ehow出 i sp r o b l e mo c c u r si nF i g u r e1 . F i g u r e1T h e o r i e so fHumoro rL a u g h t e r ? humor. ー→. some 出 ng白紙 c a u s 田 l a u g h t e r c a u s e so fl a u g h t e r. 仕立e eg r o u p so f t h 田r i e so fl a u g h t e r rs u p e r i o r i t y mor } ←− l泊c o n g r 叫. t y lr e l i e f. { ::~:. Thef i r s tl i n ei n d i c a t e st h ecommond e f i n i t i o namongh u m o r i s t s :humori s some 也i n g也a tc 山田sl a u g h t e r .I th a sl e dm血 yhumort h e o r i s t st of i g u r e 田 sl a u g h 旬r ，酪 s e e ni nt h es e c o n dl i n e .A g r e a tnumb 町 o f o u twhatc a u. t h e o r i s t sh a v ep r o p o s e dv a r i e dv i e w so nt h es u b j e c tTheset h e o r i e s伺 nbe c l a s s i f i e di n 句 t h r e eg r o u p so ft h e o r i e so fl a u g h t e r ：出es u p e r i o r i t y也e o r y , o r y .Them i s t a k et h a tmany t h ei n c o n g r u i t yt h e o r y ,andt h er e l i e f出 e h u m o r i s t st e n dt omakei s出 a tt h e ye q u a t el a u g h t e rw i t hh u m o r .T h i s c h a r t ,h o w e v e r ,c l e a r l yshows白a t出e白r e eg r o u p so ft h e o r i e so fl a u g h t e r 紅. e也. e o r i 田 o fl a u g h t e ra ndn o tt h e o r i e so fhumor.Al 出o ugh也er e s p o n s e. i sa ni m p o r t a n tf a c t o rt oc o u n ts o m e t h i n ga sh u m o r ,wes h o u l dn o te q u a t e l a u g h t e rwi 出 h umori nt h a twhatc a u s e sl a u g h t e ri n v o l v e sb o 也 h umor a n dn o n h u m o rt y p e s ,a sshowni nt h eb o t t o ml e f to ft h ef i g u r e .Wemust k e e pi nmindt h a tn o ta l lc a u s e so fl a u g h t e ri n v o l v ee l e m e n t so fh u m o r .. 【 4 5 ]. (3).

(4) Non-humorCasest h a tCauseL a u g h t e r Onec a nf i n dv a r i o u sa c t i o n st h a td on o tn e c e s s a r i l yi n v o l v eh u m o r .For e x a m p l e ,h u m i l i a t i o na n db e l i t t l i n go t h e r smayc a u s el a u g h t e r仕・ o m出e f e e l i n go fs u p e r i o r i t yo v e ro t h e r s ,b u tt h e s ea c t i o n sdon o tn e c e s s a r i l y no t h e rw o r d s ,weh a v eo c c a s i o n a l l ys e e nc a s e si nw h i c h i n v o l v eh u m o r .I. p u r e l ya g g r e s s i v er e m a r k sr e s u l t泊 l a u g h t e r . Therea r eo t h e rc a u s e so fl a u g h t e rw i t h o u te l e m e n t so fh u m o r . Wheno n ei sg i v e nas u r p r i s eb i r t h d a yp a r t y ,i ti sn a t 町 a lt ob ee x c i t e d a n dp l e a s e dt of i n d也 a tw h i c hwed i dn o tほ p e c tWhenwes e eam a g i c i a n ぬ mo l d企i e n do n吐1 e makeano b j e c ta p p e a ro rd i s a p p e a r ,whenwer u ni n. s t r e e t ,wew i l lbep l e a s a n t l ys u r p r i s e d .Thesee x a m p l e sd on o tn o r m a l l y i n v o l v ed凹 1 e n t so fh u m o r ,y e t出eyc a u s eu st ol a u g h仕om也ei n c o n g r u i t y b e t w e e nwhatwee x p e c tandwhata c t u a l l yh a p p e n s . F u r t h e r m o r e ,e x p l i c i ts e x u a ld e s c r i p t i o n sando b s c e n es t o r i e s w i t h o u thumorouse l e m e n t sc 姐 p l e a s es p e a k e r sandl i s t e n e r s ,r e s u l t i n g i ns m i l eandl a u g h t e r .Thed i f f e r e n c ebetweent h e s es t o r i e sa n ds e x u a l humori sw h e t h e r由eyh a v ee l e m e n 凶 o fhumoro rn o tThesehumorous e l e m e n t se n h a n ，田 t h el a u g h t e rp r o d u c e dbyt h ea m u s i n gt o p i co fs e x .At t h esamet i m e ,t h e yh a v et h ee f f e c t so fl e s s e n i n gharmc a u s e dbys e x u a l t a l k ,d u et ot h e i rc l e a r l yj o 胎1 gm a n n e r .B r e a k i n gi n h i b i t i o n sa n dt a b o o s. by加, u c h i n guponm a j o rhumanf e a r s ,s u c ha sd e a t ho ri l l n e s s ,a n dmaking o f f e n s i v er e f e r e n c e st or e l i g i o nmaya r o u s el a u g h t e ramongl i s t e n e r s byr e l e a s i n gt e n s i o n .Thesea c t i o n sc a nb ed o n e ,h o w e v e r ,w i t h o u tany e l e m e n t so fh u m o r .Thed i 宜e r e n c eb e t w e e na c t i o n s也 a ta r ehumorousa n d tt h o s ewi 廿lhumora r emorel i k e l yt ob ea c c e p t e dby n o thumorousi s也a S O C l e t y . I na d d i t i o n白白e回 u s e so fl a u g h t e rp r o p 凶 e dbyt h e仕r r e eg r o u p so f. t h e o r i e s ,e n t i r e l yd i f f e r e n tC出 e so fl a u g h t e rc a no c c 笛 i o n a l l ybeo b s e 四e d .. (4). [44].

(5) L a u g h t e rands m i l i n g回 na l s obeas 沼no ff e a ro re m b a r r a s s m e n t ,出 R o s s )p o i n t so u t .Fori n s t a n c e ,t h ep o p u l a rJ a p a n e s es i n g e r ,Ayumi ( 1 9 9 8 :1. H a m a s a k i ,c o n f e s s e donh町 homepage也 a ts h eb u r s ti n t ol a u g h t 色rw hen o l dbyh e rd o c t o r出 a th e rl e f te a rc a nnol o n g e rf u n c t i o nd u e s h ew酪 t t on e g l e c t i n gt oh a v et i m e l ym e d i c a lc a r e .I tmayb eassumed由 a th e r e rd e s p a i randembarrassmenta sap r o f e s s i o n a l l a u g h t e rcame仕omh s i n g e r .L a u g h t e ri ssometimesam a n i f e s t a t i o no fe m o t i o n st h a ta r e 阻むe mea n do v e r w h e l n 血g ,. 却1 0 :1 4 )c l a s s i f i e st h ee l e m e n t s出a tc a u s el a u g h t e r ，錨 K i t a z u m e（. s e e ni nF泡u r e2 . F i g u r e2 C a u s e so fL a u g h t e r Non-humor P l e a s a n t四 s e s u p e r i o r i t y mcongnnty. Humor a g g r e s s i v ehumor ( s u p e r i o r i t y ,humorouse l e m e n t s ) i n c o n g r u o u shumor ( i n c o n g r u i t y ,humorouse l e m e n t s ) r e l i e fhumor ( r e l i e f .h u m o r o u se l e m e n t s ). r e l i e f U n p l e a s a n tc 部 e e x t r e m ee m o t i o n s （阻. t a z u m e ，却1 0 :1 4 ). Thenon-humorc o l u m ni nt h em i d d l es i g n i f i e sl a u g h t e r出a tお n o tc a u s e d 回ρ l e a s a n tc a s e sa n du n p l e a s a n t bye l e m e n t so fhumora n di ss e p a r a t e dm. c a s e s .Thef e e l i n go fs u p e r i o r i t yc o m i n g仕omb e i n gv i c t o r i o u sbymeans. o fp h y s i c a landv e r b a la g g r e s s i o n .f o re x a m p l e ,w o u l dbel i s t e di nt h ec e l l SU ρe r i o r i t y ,t h ei n c o n g r u i t yshowni nmagic ,i nt h ec e l li n c o n g r u i t y ，組d. s e x u a lt a l k .i n出. er e l i e fc e l l .Nonhumorc a ni n c l u d eu n p l e a s a n tc a s e s ，部 m ex 位e mee m o t i o n s .Thesehowevera r es e l d o mmadei n t oh u m o r . Thehumorc o l u m nshowsc a u s e so fl a u g h t e rp r o d u c e dbyhumor. 【4 3 ]. (5).

(6) a sw e l la so t h e rc a u s e so fl a u g h t e r .A g g r e s s i v eh u m o r ,f o ri n s t a n c e ,h a s SU ρe r i o r i 砂出. andhumorouse l e m e n お.I n c o n g r u o u shumorh a si n c o n g r u 均. w e l l硝 humorouse l e m e n t s .S e x u a lh u m o r ,f o re x a m p l e ,c a nbep l a c e d. m也 er e l i e fhumorc e l l .I th a se l e m e n t so ft h er e l i e ft h e o r ya sw e l l部 t h ee l e m e n t so fh u m o r .T h i schart,w h i c hi n c l u d e sac o l w n nf o rc a u s 田 o f l a u g h t e r也a tdon o tp閃 s e 部 e l e m e n t so fh u m o r ,demons むa t e showo t h e r humort h e o r i e s由a te q u a t ehumorwi 也l a u g h 飴 rc omeups h o r t . L i t e r a lMeaningv s .UtteranceMeaning I nt h ep r e v i o u ss e c t i o nwehavea n a l y z e dt h ee l e m e n t so fhumori ni t s v a r i o u st y p e s .B e f o r ee x a m i n i n gRaskin ’ sa r g u m e n tbyu s i n gp r a g m a t i c a l l y 白1 p o r t a n tn o t i o n so fl i t e r a lmeaningandu t t e r a n c em e a n i n g ,wehavet o. d訂 i かwhatthese同 u i s t i ct e r m sm e a n . l a r i f yhowhumanb e i n g sc o m m u n i c a t e L i n g u i s t shavea t t e m p t e d回 c w i t honea n o t h e r .Oneo f也 emostn o t e dt h e o r i e si swhatwec a l lt h e. c o d em o d e l .Thec o d emodele x p l a i n s也a tc o m m u n i c a t i o ni sa c h i e v e dby e n c o d i n game 回a g e ,t r a n s m i 伐i n gi ta n db e i n gd e c o d e dbyt h eh e a r e r . P r a g m a t i ct h e o r i s t s ,h o w e v e r ,a r g u et h a thumanc o m m u n i c a t i o n i sn o ti nmany回 S回 t h i ss i m p l e .Theyi n s i s t出a tc o n t e x t出 w e l l部出e m u t u a lc o g n i t i v ee n v i r o n m e n tbetweent h es p e a k e randt h eh e a r e rp l a ya n i m p o r t a n tr o l ei nr e c o v e r i n gt h es p e a k e r ’ si n t e n d e dm e a n i n g . G r i c e( 1 9 7 5 ) ,a r g u i n gt h ei m p o r t a n c eo fi n f e r e n c ei ni n t e r p r e t a t i o n , p r o p o s 回出ec ひo p e r a t i v ep r i n c i p l e .He部 sume 洛也a tc o m m u n i c a t i o ni sa c o o p 町a t i v eworkbetweent h es p e a k e ra n dt h eh e a r e r . Communica 白 rh 硝 c e r t a i ng e n e r a ls t a n d a r d swhichh ei s住y i n gt omeeti nc o m m u n i c a t i o n . Thoses t a n d a r d sa r et h eMaximso fQ u a n t i 飢 Q u a l i t y ,R e l a t i o nand. Manner .Fromt h e s eg e n e r a ls t a n d a r d s ,t o g e t h e rw i t ht h ec o n t e x t ,i t o m m u n i c a t o r ’ ss p e c i f i cm e s s a g e .E x a r 凶n e s h o u l dbep o s s i b l et oi n f e r白ec. (6). [42].

(7) ( 1 )t os e ehowi n f e r e n c ei sm a d e . ( 1 ) P e t e r :Doyouwant釦 mec o f f e e ? 妊e ew o u l dk e e pmea w a k e . M a r y :Co. I n( 1 ) ,Maryd o e sn o td i r e c t l ya n s w e rP e t e r ' sq u e s t i o n .H o w e v e r ,i fP e t e r. t knowst h a tMaryd o e sn o twantt os t a ya w a k e ,hewouldi n f e r由 a 任e e .P e t e rmakes出i si n f e r e n c eb a s e don出e s h ed o e sn o twantanyc o. a 田u m p t i o n也a tMaryi so b e y i n gt h emaximo fb er e l e v a n t . G r i c e( 1 9 7 5 )d i s 出回i s h e stwol e v e l so fm e a n i n g ,namelywhati s s a i da n dwhati smeanιW 句a ti ss a i di s仕1 ep r o p o s i t i o ne x p l i c i t l ye x p r e s s e d. bya nu仕：e r a n c e .防効a ti sm e a n t ,o nt h eo t h e rh a n d ,i s出 emeaning也e ぬn dedt oc o m m u n i c a t ei nm a k i n gap a r t i c u l a ru t t e r a n c e . s p e a k e ri n. I no r d e rt oe x p r 回 sw hati ss a i da n dwhati smeant,l i n g u i s t smake 出 l i t e r a l u s eo fv a r i o u st e r m s .Fore x a m p l e ,L y o n s( 1 9 8 7 :1 5 7 )u s e sbo 昭： a ndc o n t e x t i n d e p e n d e n tmeaningt or e f e rt owhati ss a i d ,w h i l e meani. n o n l i t e r a lmeaningandc o n t e x t d ゆ，endentmeaningt oe x p r e s swhati s m e a n t .S e a r l e( 1 9 7 9 :8 4 )u s e s也et e r m swo叫 o rs e n t e n c emeaninga n d s p e a k e r ' su t t e r a n c em e a n i n g ,a sshowni n( 2 ). ( 2 ) Toh aveab r i e fwayo fd i s t i n g u i s h i n gwhatas p e a k e rme 回 sb y. u t t e r i n gw o r d s ,s e n t e n c e s ,a n de x p r ，田s i o n s ,on出eo n eh a n d ,a n dwhat 出ew o r d s ,s e n t e n c e s ，組de x p r e s s i o n sme 担，. o nせ1 eo t h e r ,Is h a l l印日. t h ef o r m e rs p e a k e r su t t e r a n c em e a n i n g ,a n dt h el a t t e r ,w o r d ,o rs e n t e n c e m e a n i n g .. h 出i sp a p e r ,bys i m p l i f y i n gS e a l e ’ st e r m s ，出et erml i t e r a lmeani 昭： i su s e d t oe x p r e s swhati ss a i d ,w h i l eu t t e r a n c emeaningi su s e dt oe x p r 回 Su ゐa ti s. m e a n t .. 【 4 1 ]. (7).

(8) HumorousElements H a v i n gc l a r i f i e dt h el i n g u i s t i ct e r m su s e di n也i sp a p e r ,wew迎 nowl o o k a twhathumorouse l e m e n t sa c t u a l l ya r e .Thed o c t o r ’ sj o k ei saf a m o u s 玄p l a i n i n gh i s exampleo fhumorp r e s e n t e dbyR a s k i n( 1 9 8 5 :1 0 0 )i ne. お TH. ，国 s e e ni n( 3 ) .. ( 3 ）“I st h ed o c t o ra thome ” ？t h ep a t i e n ta s k e di nh i sb r o n c h i a lw h i s p e r . “ N o , "t h ed o c t o r ’ syoungandp r e はyw i f ew h i s p e r e di nr e p l y .℃ omer i g h t 立L”. R a s k i n( 1 9 8 5 :1 0 5 )d e s c r i b e st h i sj o k ea si n v o l v i n gano v e r l a po ftwo o c t o r ,P a t i e n tand s c r i p t s ,DOCTORandLOVER.Thet h r e ew o r d s ,d b r o n c h i a ln a t u r a l l ye v o k et h es c r i p tDOCTOR.Heri n v i t a t i o nt oCome r i g h ti n ,w h i l et h ed o c t o ri sn o ta thome,musts t r i k et h el i s t e n e ra s. somewhatoddandh eb e g i n st ol o o kf o ra n o 出e ri n t e r p r e t a t i o n .Ass o o n 部. t h ea p p r o p r i a t es c r i p t .LOVER,i se v o k e d ,a l lt h ep r e v i o u s l yoddp i e c e s. f a l ln e a t l yi n t op l a c e .R a s k i nc l a i m st h a tt h e s etwoo v e r l a p p i n gs c r i p t s a r ep e r c e i v e da so p p o s i t ei nac e r t a i ns e n s e ,a n di ti s也i so p p o s i t e n e s s 部 k i n ,1 偲5 :1 0 0 ) .T h i s也e o r yw踊 d e v e l o p e di n t o w h i c hc r e a t e st h ej o k e( R. GTVHbyA t t a r d oa n dR晶 k i n( 1 9 9 1 ) . ユ e ,h o w e v e r . ，也a t出ee x p r e s s i o no fo v e r / a ρ ；i nt h i se x p l a n a t i o n Ia r I D. h a sap r o b 1 印 la nds h o u l db ec l a r i f i e dF i g u r e3i l l u s t r a t 田 h owt h ej o k ei s em e a n i n g so f位出 j o k ei n t ot w ol e v e l s :l i t e r a l i n t e r p r e t e dbya n a l y z i n g吐1 a n du t t e r 組 c emear 血酔．. (8). [40].

(9) F i g u r e3 L i t e r a lM e a n i n g sandU t t e r a n c eM e a n i n g s LITERALMEAN 町 GS II st h ed o c 回ra thome? Ip a t i e n t. I. ゑ. Ib r o n c h i a lw h i s p e r Ld附 r ' syoungp r e t t y曲. ー一一. . ー →. N o .Comer i g h ti n .. UTTERANCEMEANING1 SEEINGTHEDOCTOR e x p e c t i n gd o c t o r ’ sp r 回回目. 一一ー＋. 紅・ s ev o i c e田 u s e dbyb r o n c h i t i s ho. 旬. s e ead o c t o r. -. UTTERANCEMEANING2 ADULTERY e x p e c t i n gd o c t o r ’ sa b s e n c e. 包e n t pa. せ1 er e c e p t i o n i s t. ,. 一一ー＋. l o v e r l o wv o i c ef o rs e c r e c y. youngp r e t t yw i f e. t ocommita d u l t e r y. 閣i o n s .Thel o w e r Theu p p e rh a l fshowsl i t e r a lm e a n i n g so ff i v ekeye x p r e. . h a l fi l l u s t r a t e su t t e r a n c em e a n i n g s ;t h el e f tshowsu t t e r a n c emeaning1 w h i l et h er i g h t ,u t t e r a n c emeaning2 .Whenah e a r e rl i s t e n st o仕1 ef i r s t fSEE 町 G THEDOCTORo n也e f o u re x p r e s s i o n s ,u t t e r a n c em e a n i n g1o l e f tc a nbee a s i l ye v o k e db a s e don也 eDOCTORf r a m e .H o w e v e r ,t h e a d d i t i o no ft h el a s ts e n t e n c e ,N o .Comer i g h ti n ,n e g a t e s仕1 eo r i g i n a l l y 却 c emeaning1 .n e c e s s i t a t i n gi t sch 組 g et oac o m p l e t e l y e x p e c t e du批 r. ぬr a n e eme 鉱山1 g2o fADULTERYont h er i g h tEachu t t e r a n c e o p p o s i t eu t. me 鉱山gi nt h eSEEINGTHEDOCTORs c e n a r i os h o u l db es h i f t e dt o也e ADULTERYs c e n a r i o ,a sshownbya r r o w s :fromt h ed o c t o r ' sρr e s e n c e t oh i sa b s e n c e ，仕oma ρa t i e n tt oal o v e r . ，金omab r o n c h i a lw h i s p e rt on o t t ob eh e a r d ,f romar e c ゆがo n i s tt oayoungρr e 的Jw約 a ndfromt os e e ad o c t o rt ot ocommita d u l t e r y .T herei snoo v e r l a p p i n gbetweent h e. 【3 9 ]. (9).

(10) u t t 町田氏m e a n i n g so fl田 d2 .Themostn o t a b l ea c t i o nt ob et a k e ni n也e i n t e r p r e t a t i o ni saq u i c kands u d d e nc h a n g e出a ti ss 泊: r i l a rt oar e a c t i o n whensome 仕r i n gt w i s t e di sr e l e a s e d仕om出es u p p r e 槌i o 乱 A l t h o u g ht h ef o u ro u to ff i v el i t e r a lmeaningsa r eo v e r l a p p i n g ,i t d o e sn o tmean出 a tu t t e r a n c emeanings1and2町 eo v e r l a p p i n g .I ti s c l e 紅白a tR田 k i n ' so v e r 均 o ftwos c ゆt sお c o n f u s i n gl i t e r a lm e a n i n g sand ，. u t t e r 組問 m e a n i n g s .T h i sj o k ei n v o l v e stwou t t e r a n c emear 官辺s :o n et obe n e g a t e da tt h eendanda n o t h e ro n eo ft h eo p p o s i t emeaning . I no r d e rt oc l a r i f y也ed i f f e r e n c emorec l e a r l y ,l e tu sl o o k泊t oa n. e x a m p l eo fm e t a p h o r . ( 4 ) C a n d l ei nt h eW i n d :A T r i b u t et oP r i n c e s sD i a n abyE l t o nJ o h n 閃 e GoodbyeE n g l a n d ' sr. Mayyoue v ，町g rowi no u rh e a 口s Youwere出eg r a c e仕1 a tp l a c e di t s e l f Wherel i v e sw町 e白 m a p a r t Youc a l l e do u tt oo u rc o 皿住y Andyouw h i s p e r e dt ot h o s ei np a i n Nowyoub e l o n gt oh e a v e n Andt h es t a r ss p e l lo u ty o u rname And誌記emst omeyoul i v e dy o u rl i f e L i k eac a n d l ei nt h ewind u n s e t Neverf a d i n gw i t h也es Whent h er a i ns e ti n Andy o u rf o o t s t e p sw i l la l w a y sf a l lh e r e AlongE n g l a n d ’ sg r e e n e s th i l l s Yourc a n d l e sb u r n e do u tl o n gb e f o r e Yourl e g e n de v e rw剖. ( 1 0 ). [38].

(11) Thesea r ef a m o u sl y r i c ssungbyE l t o nJ o h na sa凶 bu 旬旬P r i n c e s s DianaD i a n ai sm e t a p h o r i c a l l ye 玄p r e s s e da sEngland ’ sr o s e ,whichh a s s p e c i a lc o n n o t a t i o n st oB r i t i s hp e o p l e .M i c h e l l eJ .Hoppe(1999)writes 出a t" E n g l a n dh a sa l w a y sbeenknownf o ri t sb e a u t i f u lg a r d e n s .Whether. i ti s也es o 札也ew e a t h e ro r由el o 吋n ga 仕e n t i o no ft h eg a r d e n e r s ,f l o w e r s : f l o u r i s h .Theb e s tknowno f吐1 e s ei st h er o s e ,f o rn o to n l yi si tap紅 to f e v ，町y dayl i f ei nE n g l a n d ,i ti sas y m b o lo fi t sr o y a l t y . ”. h 也お t r i b u t e ,P r i n c e s sD i a n a ' sl i f ei sd e s c r i b e d田 ac a n d l ei nt h e w i n d .Thee x p r e s s i o nac a n d l ed e 配r i b e sh e ra f f e c t i o n a t ea t t i t u d et o也e. v u l n e r a b l eandp e o p l ei np a i n ,w h i l ei nt h ewindshows出a ts h eh e r s e l fi s SU 宜e r i n gands t r u g 1 凶i n gi nah e a r t l e s se n v i r o n m e n tThee x p r e s s i o nyour. c a n d l e sb u r n e do u te u p h e m i s t i c a l l yd e n o t e sh e rd e a t h . 位u c t u r eo ft h ef i r s th a l fo f出1 se u l o g yby F i g u r e4r e p r e s e n t s也es. a n a l y 泊l gi ti n 句 t wom e a n i n g s :l i t e r a landu t t 町 a n c em e a n i n g s . F i g u r e4 P r i n c e s sD i a n aandE n g l a n d ' sRose LITERALMEANINGS. IGoodbyeEngland’ sr o s e. I. 可. f L M yo IY ouw ぽu e仕1 eg r a c e也a tp l a c e di t s e l f I IWherel i v e swereぬm a p ぽt I UTTERANCEMEANING1 PRINCESSDIANA. UTTERANCEMEANING2 ’ SROSE ENGLAND. P r i n c e s sD i a n a g r a c e. E n g l a n d ' sr 凶 e g r a c e. l i v e. p l a c ei t s e l f. n a t i o n a ls y m b o l b e a u t i f u ll a d y. n a t i o n a lf l o w e r b e a u t i f u lf l o w e r. 【 3 7 ]. ( 1 1 ).

(12) F i g u r e4shows也a t仕omf o u rl i t e r a lm e a n i n g s ,t h eu t t e r 血 c emeaning1 o fPRINCESSDIANAand也eu t t e r a n c emeaning2o fENGLAND ’ SROSE c a nbei n t e r p r e t e d .P r i n c e s sDianai sm e t a p h o r i c a l l yc a l l e dEngland ’ s. r o s e .A g r a c e f u ll a d yandg r a c e f u lf l o w e rhaveano v e r l a p p i n gimageo f g r a c e .Thef a c t也a tD i a n al i v e di nEnglandi se 却 r e s s e d踊 p l a c e d出 e l f . An a t i o n a ls y m b o landan a t i o n a lf l o w 町 h aveano v e r l a p p i n gi m a g e ,and 町 .Tos umi tu p ,bo 也u 仕e r 組 c e s odoab e a u t i f u ll a d yandab e a u t i f u l畳ow. r eo v e r l a p p i n g meaningso fP阻 NCESSDIANAandENGLAND'SROSEa i nt h i s加 i c .C o n s e q u e n t l ywec a ns a yt h a tmetaphorh a stwoo v e r l a p p i n g I m a g e s . F i g u r e5showst h es 廿u c t u r eo ft h el a t t e rh a l fo ft h el y r i c . F i g u r e5 P r i n c e s sD i a n aandaC a n d l ei nt h eWind LITERALMEAN 国 GS. I youlivedyour旺e. f l. I L i k eaC組 d l ei nt h ewind N向山刷出. es u n s e t I Yourc a n d l e sa r eburnedo u t. UTTERANCEMEANING1. UTTERANCEMEANING2. PRINCESSDIANA'SLIFE. CANDLEINTHEW国 D. P r i n c e s sD i a n a l i v e dab e a u t i f u l l ys h i n i n g出e. ac a n d l e n e v e rf a d i n gw i t ht h es u n s e t. i na d v e r s ec i r c u m s t a n c e s. i nt h ewind. d e a d. burnedo u t. F沼町e5shows也a tfromf o u rl i t e r a lmear 血 gs,ah e a r e r回 na r r i v ea ttwo 組 c eme 鉱山1 g s :PRINCESSDIANA ’ SLIFEandCANDLEINTHE u t t e r. WIND.D i a n a .whol i v e dab e a u t i f u l l yd出血g凶e ,i sd e s c r i b e da sac a n d l e. n e v e r舟dingw i t ht h es u n s e t .Thef a c t白紙 s h ehadt ol i v ei na d v e r s e. ( 1 2 ). [36].

(13) c i r c u m s t a n c e si se x p r e s s e d酪初 t h ew i n d .Herd e a t hi sm e t a p h o r i c a l l y. u r n to u tc a n d l e s .I n由 i sl y r i cyouc a ns e eo v e r l a p p i n g e x p r e s s e da sb s c e n a r i o so fb o t hPRINCESSDIANA ’ SLIFEandCANDLEINTHE WIND. ComparisonbetweenF i g u r e3 (humor) andF i g u r e s4叩 d5 ( m e t a p h o r )i l l u s t r a t e st h ed i f f e r e n c ebetweenhumorandmetaphor c l e a r l y .W h i l ehumorh a saq u i c kc h a n g ei nu t t e r a n c em e a n i n gf r o ml凶 2 , a n dc o n s e q u e n t l y ,t h e r e ' sn oo v e r l a p p i n gb e t w e e ntwou 悦e r a n c eme 沼血g s , m e t a p h o ri n v o l v e so v e r l a p p i n go ftwou t t e r a n c em e a r 血g s . I ti sc l e a rt h a tR a s k i n ’ So v e r / a ρ ；o ft w os c r i p t si sc o n f u s i n gl i t e r a l ’ sj o k ei n v o l v e stwo meaningsandu t t e r a n c em e a n i n g s .Thed o c t o r. u t ほr 皿 c em e a r 血g s :o n et ob en e g a t e da tt h ee n da n da n o t h 町 o n ewi 也也e o p p o s i t em e a n i n g .Themostn o t a b l ed i f f e r e n c e也 a td i s t i n g u i s h e shumor 企omm e t a p h o ri s仕: i a thumori n t e r p r e t a t i o nr e q u i r e sq u i c kr e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n 企oma ne x p e c t e du t t e r a n c em e a n i n g旬. t h eo p p o s i t eu t t e r a n c em e a n i n g .. Havinge x p l a i n e dt h eproblemwi 由 t h ee x p r e s s i o no v e r l ゆ，， t h e o c 加r ' sj o k ec a nb eamended田 f o l l o w s . e x p l a n a t i o no f也ed ( 5 ) Thej o k eo v e r l a p p i n gf u l l yo ri np a r ta t由 el i t e r a lmeaningl e v e l. i n v o l v e stwos c r i p t sw h i c ha r ep e r c e i v e da so p p o s i t ea tt h eu t t e r a n c e m e a n i n gl e v e l ,andi ti s白i so p p o s i t e n e s sw h i c hc r e a t e st h ej o k e . Thep r o b l e mw i t h也i sd e f i n i t i o ni st h a ti tc a n n o td i s t i n g u i s hbetween humoranda m b i g u i t yw h i c hi sshowni n( 6 ) . ( 6 ) aIb u r i e d$ 1 0 0i n出eb a n k .( L 担問la m b i g u i t y ) o o k .( S t r u c t u r a la m b i g u i t y ) b .Theg i r lh i tt h eb o y明白 ab F o re x a m p l e ,banki n( 6 a )i sambi 即o u s泊由a ti tc a nb ei n t e r p r e t e da s. 【 3 5 ]. ( 1 3 ).

(14) e i t h e ra βn a n c i a li n s t i t u t i o no rane d g eo far i v e r .Twou t t 位回目m e a r 血g s , w h i c ha r ep e r c e i v e da so p p o s i t e s ,a r eo v e r l a p p i n gf u l l ya tt h el i t e r a ll e v e l . ( 6 b )i ss t r u c t u r a l l ya m b i g u o u si n也a ttwoo p p o s i t ei n t e r p r e t a t i o n sa r e po 回i b l e ：仰t hab o o kc a nbea na d v e r bmodi 射 ngt h ev e r bh i to ri tc a n h eb o ya s組 a d j e c t i v e .T h i ss e n t e n c ei n v o l v e stwou t t e r a n c e m o d i f yt. m e a n i n g s ,w h i c h紅 eo p p o s i t ei nm e a n i n g . 也 t h i se x p l a n a t i o ni st h a ti td o e sn o tf u l l y Anotherproblemwi. e x p l a i nt h emostn o t a b l ee l e m e n t sshowni nF i g u r e3( h u m o r )a n dn o t f o u n di nF i g u r e s4and5( m e t a p h o r ) .Onei st h en e g a t i o no ft h ef i r s t u t 町四民s hownbyac r ，国S a nda n o t h e ri saq u i c ka n ds u d d e nc h a n g eh旬 a n o t h e rc o m p l e t e l yo p p o s i t em e a n i n g .Thed y n a m i co f吐血 i n s t a n tc h a n g e r e s e m b l e st h a to far e t u r na c t i o nwhens o m e t h i n gt w i s t e di sr e l e a s e df r o m t h es u p p r e s s i o n . AV i s u a lStudyo fHumor( K i t a z u m e ,2 0 0 8 ,2010a,2010b). I ti sn o te a s yt od e f i n ea b s t r a c tc o n c e p t ss u c ha shumoro rhumorous e l e m e n t s .b e c a u s ewec a n n o ta c t u a l l y田 e也. e m .Ont h eo t h e rh a n d ,wec 叩. r e c o g n i z esome せJ . i n gwheni tf i t sh句也ep a t 町 no fhumoro rhumorous e l e m e n t s .I nde 五n i n gt h e s ea b s 位a c tc o n c e p t s ,wemustmakee v i d e n twhat おi no u rc o l l e c t i v ec o g n i t i o n .. l e m e n t so four I nana t t e m p tt ov i s u a l l yshowt h ehumorouse c o ρi t i o n ,K itazume ( 2 0 1 0 a :1 7 ・2 8 ,2 0 1 0 b :6 3 7 1 )r e s o 巾 t ov i s u a la i d s .. i s t i n g u i s hc h a r a c t e r i s t i c sf o u n di nhumorousp a i n t i n g s ,two I no r d e rぬ d p a i n t i n g sbyt h esame紅 t i s ta r ecompared. ( 1 4 ). [34].

(15) F i g u r e6 D回 c eh出eC i t y R e n o i r( 1 8 8 5 / 5 6 ). F i g u r e7 Dan 白血出eC o w i t r y R e n o i r( 1 槌3 ). F辺町e6i safamousp a i n t i n gbyP i e r r e A u g u s t eR e n o i re n t i t l e dDancei n 飢， w h i l et h ehumorousp a i n t i n gi nF i g u r e7 ,a l s obyR田 o i r ,i sDance t h eCi. i nt h eC o u n t r y .AlthoughDancei nt h eC o u n t : ηhasas i m i l a rs t r u c t u r a l o u t l i n et o也 a to fDancei nt h eC ￡臥 i n由 a tamani nab l a c ks u i tanda woman泊 a即 wna r ed a n c i n g ,Dancei nt h eCoun 的 h a se l e m e n t s也a ta r e c o m i c a l .Whata r e出 emostd i s c e r n i b l ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c si nt h ehumorous. ρa i n t i n g ? An o t a b l ed i 宜e r e n c ei s白紙 w h i l et h el a d yi nDancei nt h eC i t yi si n ag l i t t e r i n gw h i t e ,f o r m a ls l e e v e l e s sd a n c egownw i t hf a n c yw h i t eg l o v e s , r e p r e s e n t i n gap r o t o t y p i c a ls c e n a r i oo fane l e g a n tdances c e n e ，也ec o 四位y woman'sl o n gs l e e v e dd r e s sandi n a p p r o p r i a t e l yb i gh a t訂 efunnyo ro u t − 吋. o ft h en o , 明 .T heJ a p a n e s e加 1泊 h e rhandandt h es 也・awh a ton也e宜. o o r. 【 3 3 ]. ( 1 5 ).

(16) haveace 此a i ne f f e c t ,t w i s 也lg也ee l e g a n td a n c e配叩ei n t oac o m i c a ld a n c e s c e n e .Kitazume( 2 0 1 0 a :1 8 1 9 ,2 0 1 0 b :6 4 6 5 )c o n c l u d e s也a ts u c ht r i v i a l i t e m s ,wheni n s e r t e di nt h en o r m a ls c e n e ,p r o d u c ehumorouse f f e c t s . K i t a z u m e（却伺： 1 3 5 1 3 8 ,2 0 1 0 a :7 7 7 9 )p r ，田e n t sa n o t h e re x a m p l eo f v i s u a lh u m o r .. F泡ure8. F i g u r e9. − − 司・・・掴 Z Eaz ass− E − −‘ ，’ −. Ea. ’ 司司・ H ・. a. −・・. 『圃・. ー長4 4. 唱咽降. 4. 司唖F. 下・ 4 . 醐 . ・ . . . 回刷 . . . . . r v. 育ヤ. CCA P. 却0 3I n v 踊 i o no fI r a q. 司区C Y. 却0 3 ) W i k i p e d i a（. 0 0 3 ) Memecan.S油油（2. F i g u r e8i sas c e n eo fab r o a d c a s to fUS包r c r a f t sf l y i n go v e r也ed 回 e r to f I r a qi nM a r c h ,2 0 0 3 .AndF i g u r e9i sas a t i r i ，回l c ぽ旬o nbyS a b a hMemecan i nI s t a n b u l ,T u r k e y .Thep i c t u r eshowingi m b a l a n c e dm i l i t a r yf o r c e s , e x p r e s s 回 c r i t i c i s mo ft h eC o a l i t i o nF o r c e ’ sa t t a c ko nI r a qw i t h o u taUN e n d o r s e m e n tI fyoul o o kc a r e f u l l ya t也 ea i r p l a n ea tt h eb o t t o m ,h o w e v e r , youw i l lf i n dt h a tt h eI r a q ip l a n ei smadeo fp a p e r .Thep a p e ra i r p l a n e t w i s t st h es e r i o u ss c e n eweh a v es e e nont e l e v i s i o ni n t ot h ehumorous s c e n e . Basedon出ea n a l y s i so ft h e s e五g u r e s ,K i t a z u m e( 2 0 1 2 :2 3 )d e f i n e s w i s t . t h ee s s e n c eo fhumor部 at. ( 1 6 ). [ 3 2 ].

(17) ( 7 ) Thed ε f i n i t i o no fat w i s t. Thee s s e n c eo fhumori sat w i s t .Thet w i s ti saminora l t e r a t i o n , w h i c hi n白江主1 ，仕組s f o r m . sa ρr o t a 砂ρi c a ls 白 n a r i oi n 白 al u d i c r o u so n e .T h i s s p e c i a li n c o n g r u i t ybetweent h etwos c e n a r i o sp r o d u c e sl a u g h ぬr . Dynamicso fHumor O r i n g( 2 0 1 0 :2 0 )madeap r e s e n t a t i o na t出. e2 2 " ' 1I n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n f e r e n c e o fI n t e r n a t i o n a lS o c i e t yf o rHumorS t u d i e s( I S H S )h e l di nHongKongi n 2 0 1 0 .Heo p p o s e dt h ei d e ao fb l e n d i n gwheni n t e r p r e t i n gh u m o r ,a s s e r t i n g 出a tt h eb l e n d i n g也e o r yd o e sn o td i s t i n g u i s hbetweenmetaphor( 8 )a nd. humor( 9 ) . 批（m e t a p h o r ) ( 8 ) Myl a w y e r芯 ash. ( 9 ) As h a r ki smyl a w y e r .( h u m o r ) C o n c e d i n gO r i n g ' sargument出a tt h eb l e n d i n g出e o r yd o e sn o td i s t i n g u i s h betweenmetaphorandh u m o r ,Iwouldp r o p o s e由a tO r i n g ’ si n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f( 9）出血 e x a m p l eo fhumori si n a p p r o p r i a t e . W h i l e( 8 )i sc l e a r l ya ne x a m p l eo fm e t a p h o r ,meaning出 a tt h el a w y e r おg r e e d y ,( 9 )i ni 田 l a t i o ni sn o n s e n s i c a l ,c o n s i d e r i n g出a ti ti scommons e n s e 出a tas h a r kc a n n o tbecomeal a w y e r .I to n l ybecomeshumorouswhen. i tf o l l o w s( 8 ），也a ti s ，由e ya r ehumorouswhent o g e 出e r .I紅 g u e仕i a t仕r i s p a i rp r o v i d e sg o o di n s i g h t泊加 t h ee s s e n c eo fh u m o r . Byc h a n g i n gt h ewordo r d e ro fl a w y e r組 ds h a r k ,ap r o t o t y p i c a l s c e n a r i oo fag r e e d yl a w y e ri n( 8 )becomes祖国出血k a b l e配 e n a r i oi n( 9 ) . Thec h a n g ei nwordo r d e rworks錨 at w i s tt oc r e a t e出i sh u m o r . Ac l o s el o o ka tt h i sp a i rc l a r i f i e swhyhumorc a u s e sl a u g h t e r . I n c o n g r 凶t yt h e o r i s t shavem a i n t a i n e dt h a tl a u g h t e ri sp r o d u c e dbyt h e. 【 3 1J. ( 1 7 ).

(18) 血c o n g r 叫t ybetweentwos c e n a r i o s .H o w e v e r ,t h ep a i ra b o v ed e m o n s t r a t e s. t h a ti n c o n g r u i 砂 i sn o tenought oe x p l a i nwhyt h i shumorp r o d u c e s l a u g h t e r .L a u g h t e ro c c u r swhenl i s t e n e r sr e c o g n i z e也 a tam i n o ra l t e r a t i o n a tt h eendd r a s t i c a l l yc h a n g e st h ec o n t e x t b a s e ds c e n a r i o .Thedynamic changet r i g g e r e dby出 i sminora l t e r a t i o nc o n t r i b u t e st op r o d u c i n g l a u g h t e r .T h i so b s e r v a t i o nn e c e s s i t a t e st h er e 吋s i o no f( 7 )i n t o剛， which e x p l a i n smorec l e a r l ywhyhumor伺 u s e sl a u g h t e r . 加〕 T w i s tTh 田 r y. Thee s s e n c eo fhumori sat w i s t .Thet w i s ti sam i n o ra l t e r a t i o n , w h i c h ,i ne 宜e c t ,t r a n s f o r m sa ρr o t o t y ρi c a ls c e n a r i oi n 加 al u d i c r o u so n e . Thedynamicso ft h i sd r a s t i cchanget r i g g e r e dbyaminora l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c el a u g h t e r . I n t e n t i o no fHumorists Wheni n t e r p r e t i n gu t t e r a n c emear 由民， weu s u a l l yr e s o r tt ob a c k g r o u n d knowledgeaboutl i f ec a l l e daf r a m e ,andt h ec o n t e x ti nwhicht h e u t t 町田白 i sm a d e .I no t h e rw o r d s ,humanb e i n g sa r ec o n s t a n t l y位向g旬 i n t e r p r e tv a r i o u suはe r a n c e sb a s e do nt h es t e r e o t y p i c a lk n o w l e d g ea n dt h e c o n t e x ti nw h i c h出es e n t e n 田 Ba r eu t t e r e d . At w i s t ,whicho f t e na p p e a r sa t也ee n d ,s u r p r i s i n g l yt u r n so v e r 由 ec o n t e x t b a s e di n t e r p r e t a t i o n ,s u d d e n l yc r e a t i n gas c e n a r i owhichi s. p e r c e i v e da sl u d i c r o u sfromas t e r e o t y p i c a lknowledgewehavea b o u t t h ew o r l d .I ti s ,t h e r e f o r e ,s a f et o部 sume出a t出eme 錨 a g eo fah u m o r i s t i sar e c o m m e n d a t i o nt obet e m p o r a r i l y企e ef r o m也enormst ow h i c hwe. a r eb o u n d e d .Humorshowsu s由a tap r o t o t y p i c a lconαptweh a v ea b o u t s o m e t h i n gcane a s i l ybet r a n s f o r m e di n t oal u d i c r o u sonewi 也 m inor a l t e r a t i o n s .. ( 1 8 ). [30].

(19) Conclusion Whati shumor?Whatc a u s e sl a u g h t e r ?T h i sp a p e rh a sa t t e m p t e dt o p r o v i d esomeanswerst ot h e s ep e r e n n i a lq u e s t i o n samongsthumor 也e o r i s t s .. T h i sp a p e rr e v i e w sKitazume ’ s( 2 0 1 0 )c l a i mo fp o i n t i n go u tt h e f a l s i t yo fe q u a t i n ghumorandl a u g h t e r .Kitazumee x p l a i n st h a t出 e commond e f i n i t i o n“ humori ss o m e t h i n g出a tmakesap e r s o nl a u g ho r ”h a sc r e a t e dt h em i s u n d e r s t a n d i n gt h a te v e r y t h i n g也 a tc a u s e s s m i l e. l a u g h t e ri sh u m o r .Byc l a s s i かi n g出ec a u s e so fl a u g h t e ri n t otwot y p e s : 担gt oc l a r 江yacommon humorandn o n h u m o rt y p e s ,andt h e na t t e m p t. e l e m e n tf o u n di na l le x a m p l e so fh u m o r ,K i t a z u m e（却1 0 )p r o p o s 自由a t 関田C 泡 o fhumori sat w i s t . t h ee. Manyhumort h e o r i s t s ,i na t t e m p t i n gt of i n do u t由ee s s e n c eo f humorandc a u s e so fl a u g h t e r ,havep r o p o s e dv a r i o u sv i e w s .Among v a r i e dt h e o r i e so fh u m o r ,o n eo f也emostq u o t e dt h e o r i e si sR a s k i n ' s ( 1 9 7 9 ,1 9 筋） S e m a n t i cS e r i ρ tTheo η ofHumor.T h i sp a p e re x a m i n e sh i s f a m o u sj o k eo fad o c t o r ' sw i f ebya n a l y z i n gi ti n t ol i t e r a landu t t e r a n c e mear 血g s .T h i s血 a l y s i sr e v e a l st h a tt h ee x p r e s s i o no v e r 均， o f伽 oSCゆ t s i nR槌 k i n ’ sSSTHi sc o n f u s i n gl i t β r a lm e a n i n g sa n du t t e r a n c em e a n i n g s . Thed o c t β r ’ sj o k ei n v o l v e stwou t t e r a n c em e a n i n g s :o n e旬 ben e g a t e da t 出. e ro n eo f担 o p p o s i t em e a n i n ga n dt h e r ei snoo v e r l a pa t t h ee n danda n o 出eu t t e r a n c el e v e lI ta l s or e v e a l s也a t出emostn o t a b l ef e a t u r ei nhumor 也a tl a c k si nm e t a p h o ri saq u i c ka n ds u d d e nc h a n g e也a ti ss 回世a r回. a. r e a c t i o nwhens o m e t h i n gt w i s t e di sr e l e a s e df r o mt h es u p p r e s s i o n . T h i spaperh a smadeaf u r t h e ri n v e s t i g a t i o nont h ec a u s e so f l a u g h t e r .O r i n g ' s( 2 0 1 0 )e x a m p l e so fhumora n dm e t a p h o rshowni n( 8 ) a n d( 9 )h a v eg i v e nac l e a ri n s i g h ti n 旬出ec a u s 田 o fl a u g h t e rp r o d u c e dby h u m o r .Byp o i n t i n go u t由ei n a p p r o p r i a t e n e s so fO r i n g ’ sa r g i . 江n e n t ,t h i s. 【 2 9 ]. ( 1 9 ).

(20) p a p e rp r o p 由自 T w i s tTheo ηbasedon出ed e f i n i t i o no ft w i s ta r g u e di n ），回s e e nb e l o w . K i t a z u m e( 2 0 1 0 閃 r y T w i s tTh. w i s t .Thet w i s ti sam i n o ra l t e r a t i o n , Thee s s e n c eo fhwnori sat o t o か, P i c a /s c e n a r i oi n t oal u d i c r o u so n e . w h i c h ,i ne f f e c t ,t r a n s f o r m sa ρr. Thedynamicso ft h i sd r a s t i cchanget r i g g e r e dbyaminora l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c el a u g h t e r . TheT w i s tT h e o r yl e a d stot h eq u e s t i o no fwhyweo v e 此u r nc o n t ほt anda 白i n g .I ti sa s s u m e dt h a thumanb e i n g s s t e r e o t y p i c a lk n o w l e d g ea b o u tsome 紅. ec o n s t a n t l y仕 y i n gtoi n t e r p r e tu t t e r a n c e sb a s e do n也es t e r e o 旬p i c a l. ぬx ti nw h i c ht h es e n t e n c e sa r eu t t e r e d .Thei n t e n t i o n k n o w l e d g ea n dc o n. o fah u m o r i s ti stoo f f e rt e m p o r a r y仕eedom企om仕1 e s es e tb o u n d a r i e s , tap r o t o t y p i c a la s s w n p t i o nweh a v ea b o u t b e c a u s ehumorshowsu s出 a s o m e t h i n gc a ne a s i l ybet r a n s f o r m e di n t oal u d i c r o u so n ewi 也 m i n o r. a l ぬr a t i o n s . Acknowledgement 2 出I n t e r n a t i o n a l T h i si sar e v i s e dv e r s i o no fap a p e rIp r e s e n t e da t由e1 ，加1 1 .Iamg r a t e f u lt ot h ea u d i e n c eo f P r a g m a t i c sC o n f e r e n c eonJ u l y5. t h ep r e s e n t a t i o nf o rt h e i rh e l p f u lc o m m e n t s .Iw i s ht oe x p r e 槌 mys i n 白 r e i c h o l a sMustywhoh e l p e dmeg r e a t l y田 an a t i v es p e a k e ro f g r a t i t u d etoN. En 凶ぬ. ( 2 0 ). [28].

(21) Re 旬開n 四. S. A批a r d o ,S a l v a t o r eandV i c t o rR a s k i n( 1 9 9 1 ）令官i p t也eoryr e 羽s i 七回：J o k es i m i 加i t yand 聞 n t a 出 nm o d e l "Humor4 3 1 4 ,2 9 臼4 7 . j o k er e p r ） “L o g i c狙 dco 即位s a t i o n ”h P.C o l ea n dJ .Mor 回且（ e d s . ) G r i c e ,H e r b e r tP a u l( 1 9 7 5 Sy 胃飽za nds e m a n t i c s( v o l3 ) :Speecha c t s . NewY o r k :Academicb開． K i t a z u m e ,S a c h i k o( 2 0 0 8 )・ s a t i r eandMetaphor ”B u l l e t i nofGraduateSchoolof u l t u r a lS t u d i e so f K i n k iU n i v e r s i t yVol5 .1 1 5 1 4 2 . L i t e r a t u r e ,A市 andC 一一（2 0 1 0 a )Howt odot h i n g s却 i t hh u m o r .T o k y o :E i h o s h a 一一一（2 0 1 0 b ） “W arait oyumoanos h i k 北u 他k ik o u s a t s u "[Av i s u a ls t u d yo fl a u g h 包r and t 習r i k u[ S c i 回句。f l a u g h 旬r ]Vol2 .6 3 7 1 . h u m o r ] .Warainok ） “S h a k e n ,n o ts t i r r e d :B l e n d i n gandhumor ・’ C o n f e r e n c eprogram O r i n g ,E l l i o t t( 2 0 1 0 b o o k l e tf o rt h e2 2 " 1I n 防 n a t i o n a lS o c i e t yf o rHum 町 S t u d i e sc明 f e r e n c e . R箇 k i n ,V i c t o r( 1 9 7 9 ） “S emanticmechanismso fhumor ”I nC .C h i a r e l l oe ta l( e d s . ) , P r o c e e d i n g sof伽 J 抑制1 u a lm e e t i 昭 o ft h eBer 彪』 e yLi 申： i s t i cS o c u i t y . 沼5 3 5 . 一一（1 9 8 5 )S e m a n t i cmechanismso fh u m o r .D o r d r e c h tD .R e i d e l 喧s ,A l i s o n( 1 蜘） Thel a 昭岨eo fh u m o r .L o n d o n :R o u t l e d g e . Ro S e a r l e .J o h nR o g e r s( 1 9 河）“M etaphor ’ ＇h A ndrewO r t o n y（叫）脱却h ，o randThought . C a m b r i d : 匹 Cam 批i d g eU n i v ，ぽs i t yPr 悩 S H o p p e ,M i c h e l l ,J .( 1 鈎9 )・＇E n g l a n d ’ sRo 岳ザ L i t e r a ηl i a i s o n ,a r t i c l e1 9 .L i t e r a r yL i a i s o n , 出e vedonF e b r u a r y2 7 ,2 0 1 2f r o m L t d .Re : / / w w w . l i t e r a r y l i 包鈎n / a r t i c l e l 9 h 凶t l . h口p Memecan,Sabah( 2 0 0 3 )R e t r i e v e donF e b r u a r y1 4 ，制活企om ゆ：／／www . c a r t o o n w e b . c o m / c a r t o o n s i n f o c u s / w a r o n s a d ぬm/waronsaddam26.html . h t 恒p e d i a個別） " 2 0 0 3I n v . 錨i o no fI r a q ”R e 住i e v e donF e b r u a r y1 4 ,2 0 0 6f r o m Wi ：／／，血w i k i p e d i a o r g ／羽厄／2 0 0 3 一町四o n _ o f _ I r a q h t t p a n d l ei nt h ewind1997-I nl o v 1 ・開gm emoryof J o h n ,E l t o nandB e r n i eT a v p i n( 1 9 9 7 )C Dia 開， P r i n c e s so fW a l e s . P o l y G r甜 1白 mpany. ・ A昭 u s t e( 1 8 8 3 ) “ D釦偲 i nthe臼田町.＂ OrsayA r tMuseumC o l l e c t i o n . R e n o i r ,P i e r r e 一一（1 8 8 5 / 6 ） “D創 lCei n出eC i t y . ”OrsayArtMuseumC o l l e c t i o n .. ，. 【 2 7 ]. ( 2 1 ).

(22)