Readability and vocabulary level of reading passages in Japanese University entrance exams
著者(英) Kenji Kitao, S. Kathleen Kitao journal or
publication title
Journal of culture and information science
volume 6
number 1
page range 11‑20
year 2011‑03‑10
URL http://doi.org/10.14988/pa.2017.0000013109
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