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(1)Hong. Kong. of the WTO:. Ministerial Conference ALeap. to the DDA. Forward. Icbiro Araki◆. Surendra. Ⅰ. BACI(DROP ′nle Sixth took. place. Ministerial. the backdrop. against. 'Ministerial. Cancun. coupled. items.. agenda. But. the DDA.4). In general,. were. and. band there box" were. and. to have. on也e. where. on. were. domestic. speci丘c. threshold. of domestic. or. proposals. issue9)也ere. was. a. rejectedthis in favour. was. Kong. to do the. Hong. Kong,. twenty-one. failure of the devised. was. that the Cancun. job. have. could. of也e. WTO,. But. because. the. out trade. carry. Fifth. to. (originallyset. which. for them.. save. as. the. Ministerial failure of. caused. tillthe Hong. achieved. the issues. on. on. the. proposed. non-agriculture. to shrink. were. market. the current. criteria disciplining the so-called. specific had. 5%. had But. a. lack. However,. a. there. access.. divided. their. shown was. into也ree. bands. for bigber也resbolds.7). assigned. techniques. "new". were. cuts. countries. speci丘c. market. proposed. product. developing the. improved. were. countries. access.. market. support也e. de minimis. however,. of. Ministerial.6) The. Members. agreement,. and. levels of cuts. developing On. amount. of the diverse views. Kong. of agriculture,. Round. cuts. domestic. higher. enormous. progresses,. some. cuts. However,. had. DDA.5). subsidies and improving. export. and. be. in the Uruguay. that either. convergence,. of them. of additional. out. were. example,. support. percent. signi丘cant One. For. band. separate. there. the. on. not. for operationalizing. aview. for 50-80. different proposals.. could. is mandated. modality. developed.. there. consensus. support,. was. countries,. the Members. specially丘gured. negotiation. on. cut. (the bottom) were. 20043). of the DDA. and o也er Committees. among. Nonetheless,. seⅣices.. bypo也esis. developing. countries. of the Members. agricul山re,. working. completed. Package. for completion. by. in the. resulting. July. the. in Hone. Commi仕ee. consensus. of the Member. of convergence. based. to build. expended. (NAMA). willingness. Negotiation. the Trade. at. stark differences. On. were. stagnant,. measure,. the deadline. Conference. of the items. none. fallback. extended. Ministerial. remained. to. identi五ed. roughly. of the. (DDA).2) After. Agenda. bad. 2005). especially. Ministerial resolved. for that purpose. and. DDA. December. Conference.. positioning. access. the July Package. However,. Nonetbeless, efforts. in Cancun.Asa. at the Sixth. end of 2005), aimed. the Ministerial. of WTO. perspective. (13-18. Conferences,. Development. the Doha. in 1999,. Kong. Ministerial. of the Doha. review. in Seattle. process. in Hong. of the previous. some. in the. CoNFERENCE. Organization. Trade. mid-term. Conference. the negotiating. Conference. a. develop皿ental. with. Ministerial. failed to achieve.. of the failures of. Ministerial. SIXTⅡ MINISTERIAL. TEE. of the World. in 20031) to conduct. failure of the ′mird negotiations. Conference. OF. Bhandari●. and. to theT relevant non-product. different bad. to. integrated. specific. proposals.8). On. be determined.. ceiling to 2.5%.Another. blue box only. Other. For. proposals. cuts. "blue 池ere. proposal favour.

(2) a. 横浜国際社会科学研究. (618). 2. of both, including. combination. hypothesis. bands.. of three. On. agricultural. trading. export. were. progresses. On. access. market. issues22). o也er. were. products. a. number. treatment,19). Convergence. special. developed. was. AMS. there 37-83. was. special. a. working. percent.10). date,ll) export. end. and. credit,12) state Some. circumstances.16). convergence. involved.. were. products,20). on. On. including. far from. of issues. box.. of AMS血.om. cuts. treatment15). of issues. number. differential. ones.. major. a. on. involved. were. differential. and. were. the "old" blue. on. convergence. of issues. range. of agricultural. products,18) special and. sensitive. signi五cant. special. yet there. achieved,. was a. subsidy. food.aid,14). enterprise,13). disciplines. additional. Also, there. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). some. For. special. tiered fbmula,17). example,. safeguard. mechanism21). but critical divergences. of也em. and. were. still. there. Regarding for further. been. services,. liberalization. of mandated far. so. submitted. Members,. country. had. Members). been. request-offer. represented. a. On. NAMA, were. modalities including. with any. seems. in the. envisaged. to. be. decisive. a. Otherwise,. making.. problems. a. the. US. were. into. externally. July 2005.. a. Not. including. resource-intensive were. offers. time-. and. bad. submitted. Pascal. DDA. we. it has. need. Kong. and. could it. nor. the DDA. into the. cave. by. process. take. a. at. was. 2006. negotiators,. deal. off and. of the fast-track. ( "trade. of the. Kong. result issue. another. !1igh. a. if nothing. gained. skill of trading. the. examine. been. However,. tiger.25) For仙e. of the expiry. look. (as had. years. year. be. incredible. we a. one. would. of. an. below,. in four in. complete. not least because. to. in Hong the DDA. streamlined. the DDA. to. employing. In the sections that,. held. was. that nothing. says. need going. WTO. in 2006.. aimed. Lamy. in the NAMAframework. it could complete. neither. However,full. the Members.24). of the. Nonetheless,. been. now. NAMAframework.. of elements. able to complete. not. complete. President.. on. of the. number. the negotiations. that. Hong. the. aggravated. the negotiators. ⅠⅠ.FANNING. Besides. a. Conference. lose momentum. the negotiationswill. Initially, 69 offers had. since. revised. tariffs between. unbound. negotiations.. must. in detail, but befわre going facing. and. the negotiators. ¶ley. on. of agreement. is partial, because,. negotiators.. of the offers. quality. ¶1irtyrevised offers (representing. initial and. the adoption. Ministerial. Members. cub. year.. promotion") authorityof Ministerial. the. to catch. ventured也erefbre. the lack. success. unchanged. relied heavily. which. and. Members.. outstanding.. were. since. declaration).Still,it has. Doba. remained. at. made. to complete. task.. remained. number. 23). Members.. modalitiesforfurther. is flitted between. optimism. is going. The. success.. Herculean. a. pace. slow. the Sixth. backgrounds,. concrete. for many. negotiations. 8flexibilities. paragraph. partial. a. had been. Members'commitments. reafBrming It. to many. developedgiven. not. these. concluded. The. progresses. the formula,. Against. develop. some. disappointing. total that had. Services. process.. concem. serious. DDA,the. 23 initial offers had. circulated.. consuming. inthe. negotiation. deeply. was. tabled (representing 93 Members),. least-developed 54. area. another. the diverse coupled. positioning. withwide. THE. Members. of血e. FLAMES. within也e. RESISTANCE. organization,. the civil society. pressures血.om. ranging. OF. strong. demanding. groups. were. oppositions "no. deal. scaled up than. a. bad. deal".26) Some Kong. NGOs. and. Ministerial. were. planning. WTO. Ministerial On. anti-corporate. Conference. for massive had. ll December. as. globalization. well.. Since. opposition. long. campaigners back. had. a. strong. the Ministerial. to the Ministerial. Conference.. They. in the WTOand. mistrust. Conference. was. gathered. held. in Hong. in Hong. Kong. the Hong Kong,. they. before the. started.27) 2005,. amid. Hong. Kong's. biggest-ever. security. operation,. anti-globalisationand. other.

(3) Hong. to the. took. protesters. Kong. of the world. end. the WTO.. rally against. a. (IchiroAraki, Surendra. of the WTO. ′mousands "Sink. body.. trading. from. of protesters. the WTO". "Keep. and. (619). Bhandari). all. WTO. 3. joined. the world. over. out of agriculture". read. of the banners.28). many. Several before. thousand. setting. clashed,. tear. used. negotiators. demonstrators. When. Hone. the. hampered. dealing. "betrayal･" The. Ah･ica a. Trade. Police. and. demonstrators. subdue. of those. street. rally. the protestors to. trying. South. were. arrested. to a. their. nations,. Korean. edge. farmers,. Ministerial. 18. on. from. ranged. 2005,. were. sells poor 1960s,30). city since也e they. that. remarked. judgments. ■●. it being. appalling"and. deal. the. farmers.31). and. critical.Their. extremely. ofglobal. believe. they. police. talks. While. of their workers. of millions. labourrights. that. commercial. December. hundreds. or. environment. sedated. asriot. the future. on. deal. a. years. Organisation. Trade. derail. to. normally. threatened. and. thanthirty. more. of World. watered-downcompromise. attempt. completed. in. clashes day. penultimate. up. was. comfort. the Hong. Kong The. forced. disaster"to. a"development. on. conclusion to. open. and. sensitive. from. very. large. a. countries. sectoral. destabilization date. end. support. bad. declaration. with. was. they. which. loss. a. Kong. of developing. to Hong. came. Kong.And. major objections to. in therich a. up. opened. in service. including. to choose. countries. wbicb. seⅣice. for plurilateral and. sectoral. Moreover,. sectors.. North.. corporations血･om血e. countries,. G90,. the. Despite. it did pressure. massive. opposition. for five days, the. developed. wanted.35). of industrial push. C. in investment. force. would. and. of developing Annex. the. to powe血1. got what也ey. for the. through. Further. of developing. occur. of 2013. route. Kong. Hong. round",. at best, illusory at worst.33) nle. rights. ownership. sectors. elimination. measures. escape. foreign. NAMA. on. could. Hong. ambiguous. the. extent.. what. number. formula. in the "development. milestone. of the positions. most. was. undermined. seⅣice. even山ally. ′nle Swiss. required. to. by increasing. up. on. areas. a. The. outcomes.. concede. seⅣices. to open. thanbeing. 34). conclusionfo1low:. negotiations. an. to. in the other. existed. sectors. iii. The. said that rather. anti-development. had been. whatever. ii.. to. attempt. Most. centre.. to agree. ratcbeted. Kong. Network. platformfor. nley. countries.. i.. spray. an. also deployed.. a. 32). as. ended. the. on. hall struggled. development,. Hone. of the. outcome. in. the site of the talks for. milesfrom. rice market.29). protesters. of poor. with. officers. were. hit by its mostviolent. was. Ministerial. the development. of them. of the. pepper. to the exhibition. outside. Kong. few. Park. police. short. ¶1e result was血e丘ercest丘ghting血at. countries. Some. Kong. inside the conference. commerce,. and. a. Kong. thousand. of the country's. battles with. running. hoses. and get closer. It is said that Hong. fought. Several. gas,負re. liberalization. opposed. in Hong. gathered. the march.. on. off. police. protesters. past police barricades who. in. streets. to call for the. together. Ministerial Conference. to. tariffs. As. result. of export. were. countries. a. end. industrial. local industries. was. subsidies. untouched.. formulation也at也e. in the. cuts. tariffs. This. industrial. collapse;. would. also. losses.36). job. to massive. elimination. drastic. undertake. date. merely. The. rich countries. would. be con丘med. symbolic had. as. the. beengiven. only upon. domestic. themselves. the completion. the modalities.37) iv. The was v.. Aid. quota-free. duty-free. and downto. watered for trade. was. market. 97%withbest basically. an. to. access. endeavour. the goods language. emptyproposal. of LDCs of. "on. a. at best, because. in the market. of developed. countries. lasting basis". it. was. used. as. a. tool toforcefurther. liberalization. vi.. On. cotton,. countries,. the which. main. threat. to African. destroys the market. cotton. producers-the. for millions. of African. domestic. farmers-had. support not. been. in the industrialized removed.38). of.

(4) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (620). 4. In short,. Round. haveglaringly A. question. interest. of也e. door. open. void would of,也e. countries,. deal in Hong. no. clearthat. poor. In trade courses. tangible. of any. Nonetheless,. strong. and. goods. the. negotiators. were,. who. by civil society to such. negotiators. as. in. from. voices. a. negotiation. trade negotiations a. where. In multilateral,rules-based any. terms. or. "national. when. to. conditions. I, already. Reminding that, "Let. tell you. funny. Secretariat. years,. when. `we. announced. prepared. past･"42). WTO. may. it viewed. by. other. international. galvanize. the. UN. Members'efforts. to be. prosperity. other. support.. could. not be nle. past. and. jobs. And血ey a. substitute negotiations. bad for. tradeoffs bring. the. demise. the. desirable. positive. results.. are. any. (and. legitimacy. and. further. nuanced.. liberalization. of getting. the. of血e At least, in. of trade. difficulties to the task. added. character. impact. and. in the trade. changes. of the. compromise･. policy. for doing. consensus 41). from. so.. a. of. weaker. trade. country. impose. can. Compromise. is like building. which. bilateral. a. Member. no. right and. voting. an. ofBce. a. in the old GATr.. when. concealed to. contribution. UN. organizations? to. an. is obtained. Rome-a. task that. and. too.. recognize. They. help. to. that. a. negotiators. our. intransigence';. make. General. would. interdependence. thevu1nerable. complex. network. and people. negotiators. `wewi1l only we. dies hard.. rich. totheir. regional. But. how. people. with trade. is. could. countries. the fact that prosperity in their societies. of bilateral and. all know,. that trade. if the. honestly. as. attitude,. remarked. Goals,. speak. the. when. diplomats. of trade. `也is. demonstrated. really meant. This. Ko丘Annan44). to. have. and. was. really meant. `we. and. they. none'!. Development have. said. outcome',. all,the ethos. Secretary. aboutglobal. had. They. and. they. said. that, in those. guide tells you. what. I,amy. isanapocryphal. there. the. we. Pascal. negotiations. This. agreement',. ambitious -. the Millennium. achieve. of past. Director-General:. as. balanced. by this past.43) A鮎r. guided. to. the experiences. all the concessions. make. at home.. on. demand';. successfully. our. of the 21St century,. economies. to, if not. blow. sophisticated. rooms. universalism,". seek. we. but populism,. rejected not just protectionism, meant. have. others. Tne. changing. more. equal. is a. negotiators. we. everything. our. have. hand,. one. that the negotiators. the challenges. possesses. I took. since. of trade. to make. where. it was. CoMPROMISE. certain. based. Chairman,. 'we. meant. really are. agreements. is part of. `Mr. said. better contain. flexibility',they. the. to maintain也e. toward. in their nature,. for "grand. I learnt. language. to the. negotiators. Rather. day.. one. little secret. a. guide. bad. support. in. facing. unless也ere. the difficulties of compromise,. me. agreement. Members,. o也er. o也er. GETTING. OF. Member. each. up particularism"40)･isgiven. be accomplished. cannot. in the. actually. not･. On. serious. sense. in order. become. outside the conference. often impose. can. negotiations,. or. way. in the. self-righteous. different. are. country. powerful. a. hardly. may. manner. in Section. seen. some. III. CHALLENGES Multilateral. DDA.. plate because. is useful. organizations in. her. or. tradeoffs. the discussionwill. acting. have. we. blaming. criticism. In the process,. Still, these. services.. cause. been. it would. to the. Development. a. the poor.39). against. course,. void. at least it could. pie in his. expectfull. Therefore,. outcomes.. system.. from. irreparable. set for. have. would. Of. countries.. an. meant. the o也er,. on. and. should. to respond. trading. itwill prevent. one. criticism. Secretariaりwillhave multilateral. no. have. the playingfield. Ministerial. broken. many. of the WTO.. system. negotiations. least-developed. simply. would. Kong. too. made had. that the Doha. pitched. Hong. WTO. of the. the hopes. the rich countries. as. to也e. for protectionism. trading. mles-based. a. Conference. Further,. failure of the. especially. Kong. Ministerial. (LDCs).. proverbial. to whether. as. Kong. countries. remained. arises. Hong. the. opinion. the least developed. to. promises. in their. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). had the. about. elsewhere training. and. agreements. effective multilateralframework.. in the GAY. remind. that the major. Players. often. come. up. with. flurry of thingsand.

(5) Hong. hopes. optimize也e. Kong. of poor. and. domestic. especially血rough. increases. subsidies. and. has. giving. and. debt. in agricul山re,. subsidy. that, "While did not. Such. in. a. Union. G8. and. is crucial. that. to trade. challenge. on. agreed. countries. sign姐cantly. 5. access,. market. date for ending. subsidies. sector. blocking. persistent. set a clear, unambiguous. for their crops,. receive. is another. which. (621). Bhandari). continue. the European. in agriculture.. especially. countries. but in real terms也ey. countries45). relief, they. access,. market. (IchiroAraki, Surendra. of the WTO. rightly remarked. in aidand. in developing. farmers. marginalized. support. liberalization. KofiAnnan signiflCant. Ministerial Conference. trade-distorting the prices. reduce. for their. that. sustenance. and. livelihoods."46) For. instance,. France. at the bottom. was. French. farmers. add up to about 40 percent. institution. will have. a. subsidies by the developed also the EU50) had. and. the EU,. France51). to reciprocate. EU's nle. success.. We. the. hand,. o也er. inequities. India bad. beads. trade,. of delegations LDCs.. In short, Ministerial.. But. Over. bo仕om. up. Thus,. seemed. it is important. part. of. easy. according. areas.. The. world. trade. WTO. to. a. works. so也at也ey. will not block. of major. focus. consensus,. is tiny. A cynical. view a. Ministerial.. For. example, in which. the conditions. charges. an. and. Issues. States49) had by. other a. WTO. prove. and. armchair.. subsidies. was. an. cut of 55-. to. Moreover,. were. conditional. as. like cutting. agreed. 70%.. countries. wi也in the EU. asking. package. DDA. to. subject. here in. 200. the most. a. important. were. 53). to agriculture.". only. the. perpetuates had. in. said. on. particularly. for the. task. issues. Hong. Kong. out to agree也e丘nal. carried. feature. to the DDA.... of difFICultissues."55). afull-size. consultations. a. a洗er, if we. or. Conference. there,. and. number. was. compromise. Round. of也is. of the. outcomes. only. Ministerial. to achieve. Kong holdfast. be reduced. if the content. Kong. in Hong. said, "We. cannot. of progress. the Hong. succeed. representative. on. and. will not. Chairperson. signs. help. not. could. "We. German. and. these. so. might. bigger. the. on. enormous. Kong. the expectations. of the pre-Hong. cynic,"the by. pillar alone. agreeing. the Hong. to. to lower. aspect. were. ′nleSe evidence. the negotiators. important. Union. (NAMA).. 54). gatherings. that despite. to note. exercise. because. Another Again,. an. agriculture. However,也e. convergence. major. reforms. the European. of the Hong. Kong. Ministerial-. the agenda.. offlexibility in the lead-up. the signs merely. Declaration.56) in negotiating. approach. no. in. the United. proposal. of completion,. far from. six. that. of CAP,. several. create. outface. India, Brazil. EU's. The. Round...". remain into. meetings,. of the Ministerial. text. name. "…血ere. Members. 450. one. …. that. meeting. Kong. "...to. help. posited. as. clearly said,. success. it will be. Members. bringlng. in had. said, "In也e. then. improved. access. market. not. distorting. band,. of the Round."52). part. was. the US,. other. commissioner. one. it. trade. that emphasizing. trade only. ofglobal. conceming. now. on. the. Hong. real opportunityto. signi丘cantly. to this cut, whereas. agriculture is the key to. know也at. On也e. proposed. was. European. to focus. continue. had. of non-agricultural. message. a. However,. for cu仕ing. proposal.. in the血･ont. was. countries. On. (CAP). poverty.''48). Ministerial. development.. not ready US. the. improvement The. was. Policy. budget.47). dawnof. that could. Despite. billion in subsidies. of也e EU. at the. growing. the opportunities. to escape. Kong. for the. gradually. were. chance. the Hong. committed. was. that DDA. remarked. of people. sense. positive. of. Agricultural. Kong.. US$52. than. subsidies. a. afifth. more. Common. in Hong. negotiations. eveIγ year. These. In this context,. 90%. agricultural. about. Blair had. millions. on. receiving. Nevertheless, Tony. the European. to the reformto. opposed. continued. out. pays. had. of the difficulties. about. participants Kong poorest. the poorest. what. Some. might. lowered也eir. preparatory. is. countries. cynical. observer. be achieved. a. was. at Hong. focus. the. prerequisite. in effect have made. were. may. already. showing. say that this. Kong.57). was. Compromise. levels of ambition.. work. members. be that the promises. deal later':. the negotiators. challenges,. Conference.. in Hong. a. veto,. Kong. on. the poorest. for moving even are. an. forward. countries. in other. thoughtheir. share. of. effort to buy. them. off.

(6) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (622). 6. However,. it must. by. expressed. the. be noted poorest. world's. liberalization.For instance, General. Council. licensing. compulsory 也e sense也at Some from. to. occasion. initiative, Japan products. 'Buy".. be. As. financial years.. employed. Will be. an. announce a. ODA. production, of. a. package. by. at the G8. total of ten thousand. the丘rst. initiative". the. In血is. system.. for essentially. access. development. Summit,. of. on. of developing. trading. all. assistance,. `people'and. `produce'`sell'and. countries;. ten billion US. will be provided. dollars in. the next. over. inthesefields. experts. positively Koizumi. `FinancialAssistance',. developing. and. time.. Minister. Prime. market. Gleneagles. trainees. of in. br. of extensive. infrastructure. Council. conditions. the empowerment. quota-free. the. historic achievement. "development. Technology',. of trading. distribution. and. a. and. Initiative announced. a. trade than. General. clarifythe. was. bene丘ts of the multilateral. `mlOWledge. the. for their efforts to gain. to promoting. duty-free and. phases. bis to. comprehensive. ′nlis initiative also includes. different. 2005,. December,. early. view. reap也e. to provide. at three. exchange. a. concerns. further. went. formally. countries. made. Conferencewith. of support,. Japanese. assistance. to developing. methods. in trade,. Agreement. the. the effect offurther. Members. This. of epidemics.58). assistance. to. 31. to. positively. 6 December. Article. WTO. announcement. health,. On. adding. in the event. respond. them) about. public. Ministerial. by. and help也em. all LDCs.. of four. part of the. TYlere. Round. and. of仇e. an. for. speak. provisions. decided. its commitment. originating血･om. `system'to. has. Ministerial. expresses. is composed. which. "Japan. the Doba. countries也rougb. In. system.. Kong. who. of TRIPS. products. increased. trading. of the Hone. NGOs. Agreement. to amend也e. announced. follows:. as. stated. TRIPS. the. acted. Members. (and. to. made. were. efforts. prior to the Cancun. reached amend. the WTO. genuine. countries. for pharmaceutical. the multilateral. Japan. some. in the controversialarea. decision. decision. a. adopted. that. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). during. three. the. same. period".59) Again,. the. that these. cynic. say this is merely. might. preparatoIY. IV. At the Ministerial broadly. were access,. A.. discussed. WAY. more. negotiated issues. or. less in丘ve. is. denying. no. Kong.. NEGOTIATED. WERE. issues. twentyseven. almost. in Hong. of the negotiations. outcome. IssuES. THE. but there. of substance,. and negotiated.60) However,. discussed. were. headings:. major. agriculture,. non-agriculture. they market. and co仕on.. AGRICULTURE. (14. consultation. December. 2005).. discussions, Tnree. support.. major. issues. 也erefbre. submi仕ing. a. consultation. view. to. was. develop. begun. on. the second. day. of the Conference. facilitated the agriculture. who. far.61). so. regime. First,flexibilitiesin export. ending. did not. subsidies;. requested. Members. other. want. particularly. third, disciplining. and. "a仕empted. access. market. to. compromise. domestic. next. speak. imposed. day. and i.i. oI一也em. an. 2005). ,. outcome. agreeable. had provided. facilitator Mr.Kituyi and. bad. also. urged. a. text prepared delegations. the. inputs.63). "There. have. (16 December been. no. ,. Members.62). (15 December. session. had. MukhisaKituyi,. the facilitator had. so. that the Members. and. made. deadlinefor. to come血･om也e. converge. At the third consultation remarked也at,. setting. stating. Minister. in the agriculture. did not speak,. had. Industry. and. issues. agriculture. great advance. second,. the compromises. with. no. involved. were. consultation. At the second. Trade. that. All the Members. on. negotiation. Kenyan. countries;. ended也e. him. and. had reported. for developing. by. and. development. seⅣices,. TYlefirst. had. Conference,. THE. devoid. gesture. goodwill. for the positive. paved the way. WOrks. a. 2005). breakthroughs.. ,. the chairperson But. on. the. of the Ministerial o也er. hand,. there. Conference, have. been. minister no. Tsang. breakdowns. in.

(7) Hong. either".64) The were. differences. in parallel progress On. would. while. Conference. Ministerial. support,. export. adopted. accordance Disciplines achieve. bands. imposed. allforms. Declaration proposed. way. of export. engaging. efforts. competition.. detailed. for building. certainly. lead the Hong. a. made. number. of. for agricul山ral. modalities. Members. have. 7. be se仕1ed unless. not. circulated that bad. was. to develop. that would. regarding. the issue. Members. approach. support.. Kong. the. on. convergence. Ministerial. bands-highest,. Developing. are. countries are. support. domestic and. placed. in the. developed. it. support,. bottom,. the. middle. to be. going. domestic. of agriculture-. of trade-distorting. of reduction. of trade-distorting domestic. reduction. areas. in three. classifying of domestic. key. all the three. on. commitments On. access.. market. Members'1evel. lowest. in. band.. by April. 2006. to. Substantial. part. of. effective cuts.65). ′me Ministers. this elimination and. better. a. has reaffirmed. subsidies and. with. was. Considerable. erosion.. subsidies, but it could. of export. text. objectives. been. of tariff preference. the issue of treating. of the Ministerial. ¶1is. had. Declaration. three. made. on. for all foms. (623). Bhandari). debacle.. to another. The. difficult issue. ≠e. months.. If something. end. date. (IchiroAraki, Surendra. of the WTO. the. on. text. basic. maintaining也e. issue.. agriculture. been. revised. in the coming. negotiation. an. of. have. 17 December,也e. changes. has. had remained. the question. on. expended. Ministerial Conference. Kong. have. is to be realized. boxes;. amber. to eliminate. agreed. one. by the end box,. more. allforms. of export. by the end of 2013.. subsidies. of 2009.66) In addition to the already "safe. as. named. box". will be. three. existing. introduced. boxes-blue,. green. emergency. food. deal with. to. situations.67) On. market. the thresholds the. products", access. market. to be. July. 2004. on. ahead,. nature. agriculture. was. States.. manufactures:. bad. As. a. neither. Umguay. Round. GDP72)也e. developed. on. access. Seattle. and. Conference access was. The. and. frustrations. Cancun has. categorically. serious. Whether substantive. decisions. were are. to be. became. these. modalities,. export. was也e丘rst. under也e. remained. Conferences. the. successful. Members. in two. are. been. part. of. at the. for. centre. to submit. required. export. subsidies. sector. were. and. a. with. were. As. the. period and. those. therefore of the. trade. on. of the. to cut. manner. No that seen. the deadline. a. in. the Hong support. doubt,. the Hong. ofApri1. share. in. to. trade as. 2006.. by the developed of the failure of. causes. domestic. because,. in. result, the commitments. major. is closer. protectionism marginal. hardlyfu1fi11ed. backgrounds,. this is yet to be. process. from. Despite也e. sector.. one. achievements. in. sector. if not eliminate,. of the WTO.. these. GATr. 1955, at the insistence. respects. reduce,. subsidies. Against. far-reaching. the. prohibited.71). agricul山re. in agriculture. in achieving. to. action. export. and. During. since. major. were. disciplines. of the WTO.. in the Geneva. is unique.. especially. to open也e. support. eliminate. WTO. subsidies. and. this lack of progress. agreed. "sensitive. of. now. are. which. disciplines in the agricultural. serious. mles. reluctant. of domestic. in the. different. nor. restrictions. made. on. of GATrru1es. application. agriculture. the ministers. Based. strict trade. discipline. to. ′nle mOdalities,. to enforce. are. attempt. done.. issue. to. that has. products". for which. July 2006.. 31. level. Eventually,these. at significant a. over. Ministerial. of "sensitive. bands,. refer to the concept. not. be. of agriculture. this sector. does. four. adopting. to. remains. later than. in this context. reduction. Declaration. concept. by 30 April 2006.. agriculture. countries. Ministerial. much. rigorous. quantitative. and brought. countries.. from. result,. agricul山re. market. no. the tariff cuts. structuring. issues.70). issues,. declined. exempted. Doha. agricultural. three. importance. and. countries. ¶1e. on. on. agreed. introduced也e. be established. developed. United. Package69). all也ese. must. have. agreed.68) ′me. draft Schedules. comprehensive The. need. negotiation. However, moving. the Ministers. access,. Kong. Ministerial. and open Kong. market. Ministerial. in manufactures.. noted. above,. all the.

(8) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (624). 8. B.. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). NAMA Commerce. (NAMA). Minister. issues.. immediately. Mr.. Humayun虹Ian. first consultation. The. a洗er the opening. and. the unknownwas from. that is what. Brst. that they. the point of compromise,. are. compromises. were. he. was. not. to. said, "It may. be the. not. from. come one. have. would. member. spoke,. juncture, but. It was. also clear desired. or. sought. but. is yours. this challenge. course. of. Conference,. at this. the delegations.. you. lies and. challenge. no. their positions. access. market. of the. the meeting. at. to express. expected. day. the丘rst. on. because. short. supposed. was. held. was. meeting. of. ¶1is is wbere也e. made. facilitator of the non-agriculture. was. meeting. which. of the facilitator, when. the statement. negotiation. The. session.. the facilitator. Membersknew. except. Of Pakistan. to. meet.''73). on. differences. main. day (14 December. the second were. flexibility.According to也e. adhere. Onthe. to him. third day. are. much. the. on. On. some. 2005,. Members. The. version. Ministerial. between. non-linear. tariff peaks, Adoption. Swiss. of the. including is not. been. agreed. thanfull. It qualifies. the. "less thanfull. has. been further emphasized. tariff peaks at. of the. Khan. a. gave. a success. disappointing. very. bad 75). story".. differences. major. In. picture･ in Geneva.. adopted. short, he did not. were. to NAMA-. component. are. he. had. the. on as. such. see. question. having. to start. of. totallyfree. requested. and. tried to accommodate. the. moving.76) had. of 17 December mentioned. He. to report.. new. nothing. the differences. clearly. of issues,. number. conversion. for the. adopted. to. preferences. about non-reciprocal. non. ad. Swiss. the. as. such. of. tariffs. of July 2005也ere. end. or. reduction. in particular. (i.e.bigber. not. on. are. as. valorem. appropriate. "less. formula,. duties into ad. the. thanfull. valorem,. and. impasse. an. interest. to deeper. submitted. developing. to. is. cuts). the issue. On. of tariffs including. elimination. of export. products. was. signi丘cantly. into. take. the special. account. reciprocityin reduction concept. introduced. was. of NAMA tariffs. tariff peaks. and. in Doha. higher. than. the. will hardly get any opportunity. are. and. 刀le. one. countries.. of the. tangible. fomula. of adopting. in也e. it means followed. of developing. "less thanfull Of needs bythe. countries,. reciprocity" clarified. ne. to be. July 2004. Package,82). Declaration.83) all the. almost. applied the bound. one.. access.84). Members. have. a. wider. If applied tariffs, especially. tariffs market. significantly reduced. of market. interests. COnCept. exactly. Declaration81). is that. only by reducing escalations. what. Ministerial. negotiation. are. reduced,. Kong. needs. commitments.. "reciprocity"but. of. by the Hong. problems. the bound. unless. IJDCs. to. reciprocity". major. Generally,. all. TYlerefore. countries也e. that. approach,. tariffescalation,. concept. overhang.. to. NANA.78). been. until也e. through1ess. One. but continued. Commi仕ee.80). it has. clear yet.. now. said. and. a. reafEirmed. formula. because. Negotiating Further. into. Declaration. groups. mark-up. and. has. hightarifEs and. achievements, TYade. agriculture. Swissformula79). The. sectoral. and narrowing. Dra氏Ministerial. Declaration. reciprocity" concept, balance. to. tariffs reduction.77). on. countries. The. a. and. be related. to. ground. middle. in the positions也ey. Conference. Khan. negotiating. of the. of the different. and positioning. developing. facilitator Mr.. to continue. revised. interests. facilitator Mr.. ,. ministerial draft. The. the. that had. sectors.. 16 December. cautioned. to. of tariff preferences. how. and. to hd. willingness. entrenched. this Ministerial. amendments. tariffs, the erosion. unbound trade for. turn. enoughto. 2005). increasingly. remained. a. to be. fわr convergence.. threat. a. had. opらning. had indicated was. the facilitatorsaid that the Members'. consultations,. market. (15 December. of consultation. nOtflexible. progress. delegates. the. have. the. ambitious. position,74) which. maximalist. Ⅲe said, "…delegations Ti1ey. how. about. after informal. 2005). access. will not. both in developed. and. binding. relating. be improved developing. to.

(9) Hong. With from. low. system. levels. overall. issues. where. their. high1evels. preclude. problems. degree. of effective they. protection. Many. Nepal. affecting. having. their. is very. major. those. as. number. by. tackle. the. for. issues. residual. at the. For developing. countries, to be. need. there. ¶1eSe,. For. country.. protection. 4-digitlevel. countries. Members.. some. (625). Bbandari). of products. developed. Tもese. Surendra. to. in developed. granted. markets.85). more. tradewith. but in the. LDCs. 9. arising HS. of the two. are. issues do. however, the issues. not the. are. high1evels. the very. and. into consideration. taken. of trade･. instance,. to. the. LDCs. The. the negotiators. Hong. Kong. whowill. have. free and. bee. quota. important. more. to have. of. while. have. could. negotiations. highand. are. lowering. down. the. of tariffs escalation. end. prioritized these issues･. in intensive. engaged. in. access. in developing. countries. tariffs and. example,. market. market. it is important. of the applied. reduction. Ministerial. LDCs,. For. countries.. applied tariffs in the developing. goods･. to be. it is. Therefore,for. is for non-reciprocal. urgent. countries･. of Nepal, the. developing. neighbouring. India alone･ Duty. case. For. access. market. of tradewith. portions. of its foreign. important. terms. but. tariff rates. on. a. of bindings. coverage. such. country. to. is how. to be addressed.. access. market. in developing. sixty percent. in the developing. C.. escalation. about. countries. rests. of peaks. issue. relating. need. limited. the. are. countries. work. especially. and escalation. and. the key. markets. of tariffs and. (IcbiroAraki,. of the WTO. issues.. in better. bound. of peaks. face. developed. heavily. of protection,. LDCs. has. country. non-reciprocal. NAMA. negotiating. Ministerial Conference. developed. to. respect. Kong. Now. the remaining. modalities and Schedules.. on. SERVICES Consultation. the starting. felt that the text the Doha. (CATS) and keep. A on. consultations Chairperson. sound. viewed. third. felt that. seⅣices. its wri仕en. (15 December. Conference. in the draft ministerial text･. services. forward,. others. in line with. not. and. different views. that it needed the. were血･aught input. on. basis for the way. 2005,. draft, others group. of the Ministerial. Members. the text strengthened,. wanted. the General. 2005), where. Many. Agreement. Trade. on. had a. third. in Services. mandate.86). of 16 December. original. its operation･. the part. was. too prescriptive. was. negotiation. the consultation. the. a. the third day. on. started. had offered. thatthat. had. On. services. of the consultation. point. considered group. on. text. too. was. the. on. emphasizing. need. It reminded. prescriptive.. issues･. ′me. G-90. delete. to. the draft text. Some. on. expressed. both in its objectivesand sections. modi丘cations. same. with. had. Group. had. that. to. the possibility. the on. of negotiation. to. dealingwith. first and. the. transmitted. favoured. second. Conference plurilateral. agreements.87) ne. 7, 2005. about action. in the negotiations･88) other. of 17. Draft･ The. December. text･ persuaded. text. Ministerial. revised. Kamal. Ministers. December. changes Nath,. re且ected. had. reaffirn1ed. the Commerce. thatAnnex. C. on. the. services. C. that theAnnex. Minister was. that. concerns. was. of India, which. harmless. and. Members. some. a. not was. a. had. sort. for. of prescriptive. demander. participation. expressed. of the services. in plurilateral. talks. was. voluntary.89) Under requests. Ministers services,. with. Declaration On market. has. agreed. C of the. annex. for negotiation. the request. have. and. enter. in Hong. on. set. objectives. on. border a. how supply:. non-discriminatory. Hong. Kong. bilateral. on. either. Ministerial or. Declaration, plurilatera. when. a. basis也e. Member. of the WrO. requested. Member. is. of trade. in. into negotiation.90). I(ong. appropriateflexibilityfor. Modeトcross access. of. Member. ano也er. to honour. required. 7O)). paragraph to. to. achieve. individual. to negotiate. Ministers basis. a. progressively. developing on. have across. country. liberalizing. agreed sectors. higher. level of liberalization. Members.Annex. the different modes. to negotiate. of interest. on. to. C of services. Ministerial. supply.. at existing. commitments Members. of the. and. removal. levels of. of existing.

(10) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (626). 10. Of commercial. requlrementS on. on. access. market where. a. on. levels offoreign allowing. equity. Mode. from. duration transferees At. negotiations. was. new. became. services. in opening. on. and commitments. on. commitments tests, and. needs. had made. in也eir domestic. independent. 2. mode. enhanced. commitments. reach. a. issues･. By. the. Hong. offers. that. were. categories. the. recognized. successful. delinked. others,. of prescribed. of intra-corporate. In the Hong. Ministerial. sixty WTO. disappointing. reportedly in opening. Kong. Members. because. they. only in也e. seⅣices. in the. made. progress. conclusion･. Kong. but enthusiast. markets. and. improved. or. stay and possibilityof renewal･. had. to. the. on. new. tests; indication. needs. duration of Ministers. on. negotiate professionals. commitments. of prescribed. hottest. of the. to. agreed. of economic. improved. intensib, efforts. to. countries. seⅣices. on. negotiate of economic. have. suppliers,. of disagreement･. area. one. developing. many. an. not. reduction. reduction. or. and indication. participants. urged. and. Ministerial, including. CATS. services. substantial. and possibilityof renewal;. and. levels of. at existing. commitments. to Members. to. agreed. Ministers. person:. or. removal. have. of substantial. of contractual. businessvisitors;. Cancun,. of interest. on. of legal entity permitted1. natural. of. presence;. of stay. to negotiate. agreed. sectors. Ministers. removal. the types. the categories. on. commercial. sceptic. participation;. IV-presence. commitments. across. presence:. greaterflexibilityon. on. basis. have. 1 exist.. mode. III-commercial. Mode. Ministers. abroad/. non-discriminatoⅣ. commitments on. presence.. II-consumption. Mode. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). were. of. markets. Members.. other. Against. Members.. of也e. con丘dence. ¶1ey. be catalytic in promoting. could. the successful. this background,for. cut in services. Should. realize也at. trade in goods. by half would. protection. be. of the DDA. completion opening. well. ′mere. as. five times. on. larger. from. comparable. (14 December. 2005). that generated. build. to. urgent. because. in real income. increase. that show. studies. than. seems. Ⅶ･ould be in their advantage. seⅣices. are. it. services,. a. it. from. a. trade. goods. liberalization.91). D.. IssuES. I)EVELOPMENT. First consultation Foreign. Trade. issues. important. were. of these. most. on. issues. second. not. could. felt that. on. on. 17 December ¶le. such. as. Bangladesh. in the. in也e. Minister. "lasting. Declaration providing. basis,". 97). which. made them. was. plenary. developed had. further. duty-free and. indicates也at. not. which. ,. some. drafted. a. between. gained. had. claimed. were. text. different. the concession. is not. ever. the view也at也ey Members. were. generally. considering. strongly. a. general. other. to. Some but for. that. urge. the. do with special however. a. revised. text of. treatment･96). overall. qualifications. free. to cover. agreement. and circulated･95) nle. approaches. br. and. the duty-free and quota. on. was. LDCs,. access.. the LDCs. 94'. Kong･". as也ere. to. facilitator,. development. convergence･93). achieved. proposalsfor. market. they. that, "We. at Hone. up. market. quota-h･ee. expressed. Instead,. broad. ′me. to negotiate･92). mandate. countries. compromise. on. no. access. of the LDCs･Whereas,. practical･ bad. progress. countries. had. some. session. progress. compromise. which. not be opened. 2005). Rohee. had significantly reflected. Ministerial. sense. lasting basis". (16 December. product. of the LDCs.. a. he. ･. said that all也e. duty free market. for all products. relating to LDCs,. particularly those. of LDCs,. concerns. phrase. band,. to the LDCs. all the products. "on. to. I♪Cs'issue. on. access. in classical. using也e. the third consultation access. market. 2005). free market. commitment. other. texts,. negotiated. (15 December. of Guyana. Rohee. free and. quota. and NAMA. to agriculture. related. Clement. on. day. the second. on. Minister,. started consultation. タ〉. "binding. the. were. Cooperation. duty-free,quota. accept a. but he. consultation. including. options,. lntemational. and. is畠ues started. development. on. are. it hailed. the. still there,. limited period･ It is stillnot.

(11) Hong. knownthat free. how. and. facing. 97 per. judge. quota-free. Members cent. "facing. Ministerial Conference. and. access. market. from. of products. originating. by. basis".. 2008. Surendra. Further,. for all products. provide such. market. LDCs.98)Who. decides. clear･ Moreover,. still not. the rationale. access. are. "facing. there. two. are. all LDCs;. to provide. permitted. three. percent. second, for. access. market. the indicators. are. what. ll. First, duty-. recipes.. originating血･om. difficulty"and. of excluding. (627). Bhandari). from. goods. of. duty-h･ee and. is unclear.. access. market. to. the "lasting. provide. should. (IchiroAraki,. of the WTO. has to decide. who. difficulties at this time. difficulty"are. quota-free. E.. to. Kong. CoTTON ′me. issue. the West The. of co仕on. A打kan. cotton. 2004. July. producing. had. package. specifically･99) In Hong. 2005)･When. it had. said that. On. it had. Ministerial. in 2006. of 16. a. directed. 2005. and. LDCsfrom. Commi仕ee. the. progress that. way. was. the. on. States. achieved. on也e. issue a. quota. period,. for which. day. (14. and. hope.. EU. that. it was. the. not shirk.101) the level of. as. closer to hand.. of export. co仕on. subsidies丘)r for cotton. access. decision. groups.. December. satisfactory. of cotton,. free market. dutyand. a. solution. all forms. other. expeditiously. acknowledged it would. to bring. to eliminate. and. second. which. problem,. insistence血･om. strong. ambitiously,. that tailored. responses. supposed. of implementation. commencement. started. were. to provide. countries. cotton. issue. wi也the. at the. efforts by Oxfam. address. cotton. the commitment. rea血･med. the developed. on. to deal. a. in 2003. subsidies.100) ′me United. responsibility. in. to. shownpositive. reduced. December. Declaration. had. Ministerial. effective advocacy. Ministers. the. and. by. assisted. States. its markets. opened. the Cancun. to. flrSt COnSultation. and dialogue had increased. understanding. from. and. the consultation. The. the. the United. subsidizer也ere丘)re. major. countries,. mandated. Kong,. the EU. in the lead-up. su血(:ed. will be. exports. by the Sub-. taken. Co仕on.102). on. Ⅴ. CoNCLtTSION The. Hong. Kong. Ministerial. Declaration. DDA. by the end. of 2006,103) which. on. negotiations Conference,. it has brought. as. Nonetheless,. we. flnal Declaration on. circulated fourth. 17 December. on. After Hone. Ministerial. the trade and. "and. industry. exceeded". on. going. hand. the Communist Tnese. have. round. efforts. been. very. and and. remarks were. Kong. Ministerial,. save. the talksfrom Kingdom. for仙e. nationality". task. Before flrSt draft. circulated. The 2005,105) the third. on. on. agreeing was. and. prepared. 7 December. the. 2005106) and也e. ･110). trade. failure but it was Kong. to "keep. up也e. poor. statement. Peter. commissioner. describing Hong. world's. This. EU. reminds. not. a. true. Mandelson. pressure': Only position. Johnson,. success.109)Alan said that "low. Ministerial. France's. said that the. on. expectation. halfjoking, he. added. issue and. agriculture. its. negotiation.. commerce. From. untiring. French. on. of the Ministerial. achievements. building. consensus. were. 1 December. the. conclude. to a corrigendum.lob). of United. told campaigners. agricultural. India's. enoughto. secretary. and. take-up. maybe. impact. was. of. significant. to. track.. on. nature. almost. 200107) supplemented of the Hong. back. five Drafts. 2005,104) the second. the conclusion. Kong. barely. 26 November. 2005. of the most. one. DDA. recall the Herculean. to. December. of the Members'commitment. embodiment is. the almost-derailed. need 18. on. is the. round. Industry about. Minister we. now. Partyof India said that evidence. that how. expended. difficult for any. by. Kamal. seem. to be. government. difficult it was. the Chairperson. tangible outcome. said that "India. Nath se仕ing. to. course. hadgiven in achieving of the. Conference. in Hong. Kong.. up. a. thisfinal. welcomes. development. agenda.". India's sovereigntyat. the reaffirmation and. the WrO. In the early. to. On. draft.. the other. the WrO.112). the DDA.. Director. afternoon. revised 111). In fact, unless. General,. it would. of 17 December. the.

(12) 横浜国際社会科学研究. (628). 12. chairperson. text. the revised representing. in overall也ey. bad that. Declaration overall, associated. It is. Members. to acknowledge. ready. Review. one.. ambitious December. 2006. oxfam. a. that the WTO. says. the difficultdecisions were. flag. points. the world. Rich. around. that. deadline. to. unable. Hong. Kong. of血e. DDA. was. ministerial. were. passed. and by. the Members. offuture. to. comes. an. April. Kong. Members Against. 2006. a. seems. very by. be completed appears. somehow. trade fairer for poor. far from. behave. would. extremely. unless. should. of developing. before those. of the. by 2006･. make. in early 2006, but it was. in Hong. evidence. end, which. of the DDA. lost opportunityto. a. by. NAMA. and. embedded. proposals･. in. in national. regional particularism･. or. is. ahead. because. mostly. interests. differentialtreatment. interests. meeting. leadership. the necessary. show. and. challenges. enormous. of national. agriculture. special. their commercial. put. submitted. the accomplishment. on. caution. off to afurther. put. on. Ministerial. on也e. this leapforward. However,. are. the structure instead. on. modalities proposals. serious. There deadlines. already. can. of也e dra丘but. sec血ns. their reseⅣationl13). to the DDA･. many. impact. indirectly bo杖om-up. maintained. with the various. national positioning. for the completion. countries. were. past. Proposals that. that it had. or. history.. substances･. in the. had jointlycirculated directly. sixtyMembers,. put fo-ar°. forward. of multi1ateralism. of the outstanding. when也e. These. incongruent.. or. contents. the merits. leap. contents. of limited. out. on. bad. in the WTO a. the task for developing. backgrounds,. Venezuela. fact that. Over. disappointment. evidences. highswing.. a. of the Members. positions. become. is still in. which. known. for coming. unwillingness. particularism,. the. of the WrO. General. dra丘text bigbligbting. new. is first time. which. than. a. the. Director. Members.. to the. and. Ministerial. rather. the contents.. achieving. these. Kong. process. with. it･ Cuba. acknowledged,. Hone. I.amy,. had also expressed. also accepted. was. the. Declaration. Members. some. Mr.. and. had welcomed. Members. However,. Tasang. Ministerial. of the. all也e. approach.. diverse. Mr.. of the Conference,. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). countries･. clear whyrich. differently in. any. people Most. of. countries. few months'. a. time.114) oxfam's. is. concern. a. opportunity forgiving the DDA is not. Here, a. EU. has. to. and quota-free double. goods. conference. In. on. ′mese. readiness. But. the TRIPS. this. Hong. Kong. be easily belied when. can. asan. the DDA. achievements. can. 1.3 billion in 2005. are. indeed. irrespective into. stakeholders. a. of the developed,. real. success･. including. Equally,. developing a. on. to the. sense. the civil society. and. States. country. to. trading. rules-based. of responsibility. for realizing. support. to. also announced. for LDCs. access. market Hong. Kong. Ministerial. system. under. the WTO･. DDA,. which. depend. on. the. allthe Members responsibilityto bring. In this backdrop,. bear. needs. has. duty-free. by 2010.118). of the. achievements. least-developed. organizations. developing. and to introduce. duty-free quota-bee. in this discourse.. expend. people;. ¶1e United. but only step forward. notfinal. to. world combined･116) Japan building, especially. of血e. to 2.7 billion annually. laudable. be specifically credited are. to 10,000. LDCs･. the deal. and. it is. 10.0 billion for infrastructure. amounting from. the LDCs･. the ulterior motive,. assistance. rest. particularly. particularly. again･115)Whatever. than也e. $. achievements,. countries,. trade-related. assistance. all products. tangible. some. of developing. increased. trainees,. and. Agreementl19) countries. derived. contribute US. scale of the efforts that the Members. the leap fbⅣard all other. that look. perspectives. of the Economist. -to. for essentially. achievements. these. and. of the WTO,. of 2006.. concerns. trade-related. more. of experts. of developed. market. essence,. exchange. the. pledged. for aid for trade血･om. amendments in the. to give. access. market. Members. commitmentsl17). conduct. its contribution. ne. also other. has. comments. cynical. country. promised. Conference. efforts to address. to recall the. important. three. made. in the LDCs;. Ministerial. countries. major developed. Members.. are. by the end. tangible shape. a. Kong. developed. do not need. we. fact that. has. Hong. the. throughthe. there. in 2006.. completed. Further,. However,. one.. serious. a. to be. shared. intemalized. the efforts of the WTO. and scaled Members. up. by for.

(13) Hong. DDA. bringing the the successful. Kong. into. a. Ministerial Conference. success. story,. of the DDA. completion. the future. where. (IchiroAraki,. of the WTO. of all, especially. the WTO. will prove. as. Surendra. Bhandari). the LDCs. withstands.. institution. an. for fair and. (629). 13. Moreover, trade. equitable. only. amongst. all the Members. In October DDA. 2005, six ministers. negotiations. economic. linked. governments. more. who. Indeed, work. Hong the. as. words,. domestic. 告ong. at the. at Hone. access. poor. They. this country's. expanding. structural. Kong. trading. It. system.. It is also important. reform.. (along with. government. Ministerial)understands. and in the lead-up. Kong. gain. on. from. other is at. what. to it.However,. much. and. is urgent. is. seⅣices. no. be. must. bought. signi丘cantly.. conducted. an. at. truly be turned. can. off. developed. the. system,. this, the DDA. there. and. have. be opened. must. left off in. they. where. that they. trading. economies. by achieving. on. carry. be content. simply. NAMA. agriculture,. matter. up and. the multilateral. developing. results. Only. The. poor.. turn. simply cannot. benefit. of the emerging. deliver tangible. for the world's. round. to. negotiations. they must. and. cannot. consciences.. the markets. as. well. market. pace. development. to examinetheir. for the world's. countries'markets. expedited. tangible results. in early 2006, negotiators. need. In order. In other. delivered. recommence. They. LDCs.. and. Of trade".120) So, the Japanese. in their speeches. some. of supporting. of the. success. to be done.. talks. Kong.. the benefltS. follows: "Tもe. as. the credibilityof the multilateral. through. similar positions. have. they. in terms. strengthening. competitiveness. enjoy. countries. jointlyannounced. government. priorities. and. wi也strengthening. stated. needs. When. for maintaining. as. well. important. of Japan's. one. developing. more. stake.. as. profits. is inseparably that. is. of the Japanese. into. a. for complacency.. room. Notes ◆Professor National University. Prof. School of Social Sciences, Yokohama of law at the lnternational Graduate as a trade officialwith the Japanese government. He also served as legal affairs officer at the World Araki has worked. Trade. +Post-Doctoral as. worked. Fellow. SAFTA. 1) The Fifth Session is known. 2) WTO,. of the Ministerial. Doba. Work. 2004). 4) See Alexandra 2004). ,. Strickner <. that. "…In. Doha. was. [email protected]. held from. was. Commerce. Bhandari Nepal. has the. on. / [email protected].. September. 10-14. Surendra. and Supplies. 2003 in Cancun,. Mexico,. it. therefore. 9114. November. 2001. Ministerial Declaration. -. adopted. members ¶1e. hopes. really Not. commitments.. run. Adopted. Doha. by血e. is Not. General. Dead. their main. achieved tO血e. up. Council. Just Yet, But. July Package. goal:. 1 August. on. What. 2004, WT/L/579. Exactly. Has. Been. the Doba. Saved? >.. Development. (2 August. The. Round. (October authors and. the. presented picture of and damaged multilateral from the July General Council. The heavy hitters came in. to a successful. outcome. Trade. Commissioner. Pascal I,amy. a. saving a. pinned. more. 14 November. on. 2001).. Decision. including EU. the July Package. Conference. Studies. Dr.. of Industry,. http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/bwi-wto/wto/2004/1026julypackage.htm. multilateral trading system. for the meeting,. be contacted:. can. & Carin Smaller,. July, WTO. trading systemwithall. He. (20 November. Programme,. available at. Ministry. Majesty's Government. FourthSession. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1,. 3) WTO,. at: [email protected]. University, Institute of Advanced. Nations. Ministerial.. MinisterialConference. 2001,. the. to His. and BIMSTEC.. the Cancun. as. be contacted. can. at the United. legal consultant. a. issues of WTO,. say. (1995-98). He. Organization. a. bmised. and US Trade Representative, Robert Zoellick. In fact, kind a concrete about achieving step forward on of agreement-on anything-than f♭r decisions laid in had been Doha out met, and desperation single one of the timelines some. ". permeated也e. 5) See WTO,. negotiating. Trade. Council, TN/C/5 has taken. place. atmosphere. Negotiation Committee. over. the last six months.. by the Chairman. Report. (28 July 2005). Supacbai,. as. The. Chairman. of也e. negotiating. groups. a. of the Trade. TNC have. Negotiations. reported也at met. Committee. "Indeed,. formallywith. a. vast. increasing. to the General amount frequency. of work as. we.

(14) (630). 14. have. 横浜国際社会科学研究. Inthe. The. this mid-yearmarker.. neared. early part of this year,. we. TNC. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). has maintained. to Hong. looking forward. targets. set ourselves. its oversight role, meeting Kong. formally. four. on. and beyond.AsI. occasions.... had announced. 2004, I undertook a process of collective reflection in January and February of this broad the process Fromthis involved consultations covering year, which spectrum of the membership. and from a Ministers in Davos, itquickly became that也ere was a strong desire to keep ambitions fわr apparent ga也ering of some Hong I sensed the that Conference Kong high, so thatthe resultsfrom would take us into the end-game of the Round. at the TNC. in December. meeting. it,to work. all sides, and l stillsense. on. commitment. tow∬ds. an. outcome. ambitious. Round. so也at也e. could conclude. in2006." WTO,. 6) See. Doha. Work. "…. high1evel. a. reflect. important. where. Now,. in the o也er key. as. services. and. as. well. areas. ". it. ; see. sees. onru1es.As. Trade. to. Negotiation. that "The. had reported. trade offs that memberswill. 7) See WTO,. Committee. negotiations. Crawbrd US. Falconer. dollars. The. Chairperson. 8) Ibid"the addition. case,. 9) The. be. box. is. commitment. the European. 10) WTO,. a. 7 above.. ceiling for the bo杖om some. 2010. of Members. had. subsidies. convergence or. credit guarantee criticalissues. 13). Ibid.,. there. food. a. achieved. insurance. plrogrammeswith. on. a. was. convergence. was. the scope on也e. on. of practices. issue of也e fu山re. consensusamong. Members. aid. There. proposals. Chairperson at. of the Farm. of the key political. is not. which "Blair House". H.. by the Chairperson 0-10,. 10-60. and. E.. 60 billion. >. stilldivergences to be bridged. In that, for all developing countries,. AMS,. no. there should. be. no. cut. and, in. countries.". subject to. Agreement. the normal. between. reduction. the United. Statesand. Agriculture.. on. for those. the thresholds were. longer. than丘ve. bands.. elimination for all forms. years". There. to be. appeared. divergences. remaining. some. subsidies,withaccelerated "no. Report. there is aview. support,. number. of elements. repayment. the. over. for "speci丘c''products. of export. subsidies,with. use. of monopoly. that the WTO to. of 180 days and. to export. below.. credits, export. However,. a. number. of. powers.. should. not. be eliminated. be made. However,. there. o也er. respect. were rules to address trade-distorting practices, althoughthere major new bythe disciplines. Fundamentally to be covered opposing positions. was. situations.. of disciplineswith. periods. was that what also consensus that in the disciplines a distinction should. aid and food aid to address. to. subject to血･ont-loading within that period.. had been. material. on. available. some. two-thirds of the cut for developed. on. export. period. we. gains will. Talks:. Chairperson. Bands:. countries,thereare. result of the. to end. yet to be solved.. however,. 14) Ibid., there. year. had remained. differences regarding remained,. as. Groser,. were也ree. nofull be US$25 billion and above. There US$12 billion and 15 billion.. proposed. But. needed. greatest. ,. also clari丘ed. developing. convergence. band: between. had proposed. group. "direct" export. 12) Ibid.,. was. that the top tier should. convergence. Another. There. have. respectively.. of domestic. asthe. Farm. 2005). Agriculture. on. 2005). There. See Article 6.5 of the Agreement. in 1993.. Union. at note. Tim. and 70-80%. be lessthan. should. category. devised. was. July. at all.Alternatively, at least forthosewith. AMS. controversial. This category. Negotiations. for in the Framework,. specifically provided. cut in de minimis. no. 53-75%. that "Asregards. had reported. (28. progress. Secretariat and intended. also WTO,. Agenda.'…see. own. Need. ". (25 November. 31-70%,. in that respect.. thatthe. by也e. prepared. We. months.... Special Session. TN/AG/21 were:. cuts. cut for thosewithan. any. bule. ll) Ibid.,. TNC,. to the exemption. there should any. to也e. proposed. paper. his. on. that "It is clearly. Council. I explained. areas. Committee. important. are. some. Chair,. the relevant. Negotiations. to General. is concerned. stalled, but也ey. are. by. that. by Members In. level of convergence.. Trade. agric_28julyO5_e.htm>.. agriculture negotiations have sort out in the coming. Agriculture. on. report. Council. ei也er fully agreed. are. meetings. Committee,. <http://www.wto.ore/english/news_e/newsO5_e/ Talks. a. Conference-Draft. the General. and l clearly identi丘ed urgent. each negotiating area孤d reported on the development stem血･om is mainstreamed along也e entire Doba outline bow development Reports. lower. reported. and this week's. development. as. said before. a. also WTO,. of the TNC. of也e far. present. Ministerial. of the. Lamy. dra丘whicb. this draft attaches. he. as. Chairperson. as. Session Pascal. the text reflects. in Agriculture,. the pressure. up. fbr也e. areas,. persist,. situation. 2005). Lamy. solid progress. also need NAM. keep. we. inputs. In other. present. outthe. for the Sixth. Director-General. produced. differences. substantive. (19 October. essentialthat. cases. of convergence.. responsibility, setting to Act. 2005). ′me WTO. have in many. consultations. or. Preparations. Programme:. (26 November. Ministerial Text,. between was. not. stand inthe was. commercial. at least two yet. way. a common. types. of the provision of genuine displacement. There were of food. understanding. aid: emergency where. food. emergency.

(15) Hong. food aid would. Kong. 16) Ibid., work. in developing. relating to exports. to developing. 17) Ibid., progressed. on. convergence. onthe. to. 18) Ibid., there l%. to. as. no. as. had. no. to be. had. Members. However,. a. bands. yet. Some. formally. means. efforts to promote efforts had been. to be bridged.. Members. Somewhat. including. Japan. 75100%.. between. Members'proposals. of sensitive products.. no. strong. thoughgenuine. were. on. convergence. by. course,. even. cap. arrangements. for the tieredformula. considerable. made. the bands.. for. had proposed. Others. into. been. had. of. developed.. bad, of. Members. the thresholds. regards. was. a. from. extend. littleas. as. Members. and也ose. I.atterly,it had have. could. for developing. Members. more. search. ifanything,. was,. countries. Some. to. ¶1ere. countries.. to considering. open. more. somewhat. continued. Was. cuts of two-thirds intensively for. to. marked. rejectcompletely. have proposed a cap at 150%. had been a clear divergence betweenthose. Members. which list of non-exhaustive and illustrative criteria-based indicators looking for a list wbicb could act as a血ter or screen f♭rthe. a. of schedules,. was. in wbicb. zone. and divergence. remained,. of specialproducts,there. of opinion. plausible. for developing. countries. Others. that, prior to establishment. selection of such products. developing Member country. as. bands. offour. A certain body. onthat. for developing. hypothesis. working. countries. higher thresholds. of. designation. established. a. bands.. for developed. cuts. tariffcap. 20) Ibid., regarding. There. flnanCing. temporary. not much. basis for allocating items bands.. those. the coverage. countries,there. issue. a. was. tariff cuts.. of a tariffcap.. lesser cutswithinthe. of the. of. a. ad hoe. any. circumstances. divergent.. But significant disagreement. considered. 15. oftarifE lines.. on. connected. the concept. had. convergence. 15%. for developed. convergence.. to govern. created. within. as. achieved. on. amount. onthe. been. was as. had. more. rejectcompletelythe. disagreement. of the. even. concept. much. 19) Ibid.,. (631). Bhandari). to the monopoly includingwith respect status lifetime for Article 9.4, had been uncontroversial.. major. convergence. continued. Surendra. bands. But, size of actual cuts to be undertakenwithinthose course formal positions (which of gaps remaifled),. to nove血-om. greater. extended. for structuring. for cuts. were. and. in exceptional. bands. approach. that. positions. an. procedures. equivalents. of four. linear-based. abandoned. made. countries. countries. ad valorem. hypothesis. a. differential treatment,. the criteria and consultation. on. working. for special and. provisions. state trading enterprises. adopting. (IchiroAraki,. of the WTO. end and other food aid begin.. 15) Ibid.,framework. with. Ministerial Conference. which were been proposed (but was not discussedwithMembers as a whole) that a to designate the at least 20 per cent of its agricultural tariff lines as right. Special Products.. 21) Ibid., there. was. an. particular circumstances had. a. were. There. nature.. "price-based". to deal speci丘callywith. Package.. The. Commi仕ee,. Negotiating Negotiations. 25) See Pascal December. Lamy, 2005,. negotiations. us. Group. on. matters. onthe 36. other words:. Access. on. at least be capable. over. if so how,. or. view. that it. of addressing. if so. how,. situations to be of a had remedy specialsafeguard could be. whether,. any. agreementthat. whether,. or. a. 35. by paragraphs. covered. and. tariffescalation, albeit that there wasfull. Progress. Chairman. of the July 2004. agreement. of this for commodities. bythe. 37. tothe. onthe. need. exporters.. Trade. Negotiations. results where. Chinese. popular nothing. to understand. proverb. ventured,. the. >.. all participants. reasons. nothing. by the ChairmanAmbassador. S. H. Johannesson. to. 2005).. 13 on of the Sixth Ministerial Conference of the WTO, "The reality is that the true magic Lamy says these of. Ceremony. http://www.wto.org. <. Report. (24 November. TN/MA/16. in the Opening. at. be taken. A. refusing. Market. Committee,. available. disagreementwiththe. it could. 2005).. on. Statement. is to achieve. risks must. its cub?''-in. get. however. a. (28 November. TN/S/23. 24) See WTO,. language,. however,. was,. material. remained. genuine recognition of the particular importance Special Session of the Council for Trade in Services Report. 23) See WrO,. some. There. no. that. the view. Divergence. and that ithad to be tailored tothe. mechanism. was. price effects. convergence. material for could be said paragraph. same. forthis to be done, and. the Trade. no. with. divergence. strong. remained. 22) Ibid., there had been. countries. There. to be dealtwith･. were. special safeguard. "surges".. import. as. )I. "surge. a. disagreement. there. was. be described. might. lesser than. temporary. of developing. and needs. trigger. Nor. quantity. efEectively what that. that there could be. agreement. are. says. gained･. of counterparts. But for that, allwill be able to declarevictory. don't go intothe cave of thetiger, howwill you get. winners,. "If you. Repeating. and. long. avoiding. any. known. positions, uslng. risks-including. negOtiators'. politicalrisks-will. nowhere.". 26) See Sanjay Suri, No news･asp?idnews-31382. Deal. Better. >; see. Than. also Ramesh. a. Bad. Deal,. Jaura, Do. (12 December Not. 2005), available at <http://www.ipsnews.net/ (17 December 2005), available. SacrljiceDevelopment,. at.

(16) (632). 16. 横浜国際社会科学研究. 第10巻第6号(2006年2月). >. The author <http://Ⅵnvw.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews-31465 Global Call for Action Against Third World Network (TWN). says. Focus. lnternational,. (CmCUS). demands. December. at. ,. weare. tⅣing to use也e. Kong. is better than. 27) See GCAP,. Background. the developed. push forward not. countries, nis. Briefing on. their agenda. making. meaningful. be. would. the WTO,. Day. a. On. Kong.. Ministerial. Day. of. Hundreds. campalgnerS. to. of their. deal in Hong. no. and. Injured. Subsidies. NGOs. Jhamtani,. at. <http://www.whiteband.org/ days. is. will be mobilizing the WTO,. on. calling. GCAP's. before the opening. international. countries. to liberalise at the WTO. trade policies in accordance. wi他山eir. development. own. Summit,. (12 December. 2005), available. and. priorities.''. http://blog.jinbo.net/. <. at. of. to demand. >.. WTO,. at. Concession. (18 December. 2005), available. Criticize. http://edition.cnn,com/. <. at. >.. Kong,. Largely. The. Observer. (18 December. Groups. Symbolic,. 2005),. available. 18, 2005). available. <. at. >.. Say,. (December. at. <. at. <. 1478>.. http://ww.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=3 Hira. countries. At. the dumping. stop. brie丘ng provides也at. continents. GCAP. poor.. http://observer.guardian,co.uk/international/story/0,6903,1669943,00.html. 32). to. (16. Union,are. in developing. markets. and. states. developing. the WTO. against. Arrested,. Emad,. Joint Statement. deal for development,. aCrOSSfive. Stop pushing. ‥.. 2005/BUSINESS/ 12/ 18/wto.protests/index.btml Riot Hong Global Trade Rock 30) See The 31) Mekay. o鮎rs. Ministerial,. the European. Statesand. loth December,four. on. trade justice for the world's. delivers. Resistance. CINA/?cid=4&pid=3781 29) CNN,. Kong. The. >.. ¶一e background. >.. take place. this date GCAP. institutions and national govemments their allow them也e policy space to detemine First. Hong. concessions. bad. very. the inadequate. on. 18, 2005), available. (October. of action in 2005wi11. 血ancial. The. United. to open血e. ActionAid. Participation. Citizen. ".... Band. Ministerial in Hong. 28) See. Statement. countries, particularlythe. countriesare. for. Alliance. by accepting. also Joint Civil Society. see. speciallssues/WTO/wto3/gcapnews.2005-ll-15.7507155078/en. that the WTO. and. includingthe. International,. bad deal.". a. third and五nalWhite WTO. the World. to sacri丘ce their development. not. Ministerial to aggressively. time. same. of the Earth. Oxfam. ,. <h仕p://www.choike.org/nuevo_eng/informes/3764.html. the major developed agricultural products in developing. the. Friends. countries;. by how. outraged. South,. countries. of developed. 2005) available. ".... that. developing. asked. extreme. the Global. on. SocietyOrganizations. ninetyCivi1. Poverty(GCAP). ,. Hong. WTOk. bttp://www,twnside.org, sg/title2/twninfo337.btm 33) Ibid.. Outcome,. (19 December. Developing. Countries,. Kong. 2005). available. >.. 34) Ibid. 35) Martin虹10r, at. <. Mr.. WTO. Imbalanced. their. express. concerns. countries. formula,. "As. says,. a. bonus,. the developed. the last day and inthe. on. last hours. Of. theview. course,. text, which. than the Geneva. countries of. to cut. be used. with coefficients, would. stronger. Against >.. Hong. important. also extracted. Kong. on. NAMA.. Ministers. industrial tariffs.¶1e丘nal language. only notes. that也ere. is. a. working. (20 December. of the Third. is not necessarily representative of the views of diverse groups For a more view, see Oxfam's report about the DDA. moderate. Ⅰ￠10rrepresents,. 36) Ibid., Kohr. much. Outcomes. Ministerial. http://ww,twnside.org.sg/title2/twninfo339.htm. World. 2005) available ,. Network,. gathered. who. 114. at note. (. hypo血esis. a. adopt to. Kong. to. below.. from concessions have now agreedthat "we. of which. in Hong. use. developing the Swiss. Swiss formula". ) is. Swiss formula‥.. a. It. text tariffs.′me 18 December丘nal also agreed that applied rates would be used as the basis for treating unbound "non-linear for tariff a to This had been in base rates commencing not mark-up approach adopts establish reductions. "marked drafts, to base values, which thus included at the last minute. The applied rates will be up" previous and was. was. ". be cut by the formula. would. then. bound. tarifEs‥. ¶1eSe NAMA. and bound-a. commitments. of benefit from. Hong. years. no. ago,. and. Kong,. it was. price should. furthest possible, and. it was. a. end-date novictory.. have. shamethat. drastic treatment &om. developing. they will have. for elimination. the EU. not. countries. agree. subsidy. have. are. tariffs that would unprecedented. come. subsidies, the most have been. of allshould. to 2010. with apologies.. (a date acceptable. The. result in low. in the history of. de-industrialization effects.. of agricultural export. for it.It should would. of unbound. severe. This greatest-distorting. beeIl asked. barely credible." 38) Ibid., Ⅰ払or says "The African Ministers would. extracted. implemented,. the multilateral trading system.When 37) Ibid., Kohr says, "As for the 2013. very. ". publicized eliminated. claim many. date, 2013, was也e. to everyone. else) which. have been. had demanded. that 80%. of domestic. subsidies for cotton. be eliminated. by the.