著者別表示 INAZUMI Mitsue

条約適用事件から考えるミャンマーのジェノサイド 疑惑を審理する上での課題

著者 稲角 光恵

著者別表示 INAZUMI Mitsue

雑誌名 金沢法学

巻 62

号 2

ページ 93‑114

発行年 2020‑03‑31

URL http://doi.org/10.24517/00058164

Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止

㸯ࠉ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᐜ␲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜ㝿㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿືྥ

ࠉ1-1㸧Myanmar FFM࡟ࡼࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢㄆᐃ ࠉ1-2㸧ಶே㈐௵ࡢ㏣ཬ

ࠉ1-3㸧ᅜᐙ㈐௵ࡢ㏣ཬ

ࠉ1-4㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿㈐௵ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿ࠿

㸰ࠉᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ᐜ␲࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ྖἲุ᩿

ࠉ2-1㸧ᪧ࣮ࣘࢦᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢ุᡤ㸦ICTY㸧࡜ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ

ࠉ2-2㸧ᅜ㝿ྖἲ⿢ุᡤ㸦ICJ㸧ࡢᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳

ࠉ2-2-1㸧࣎ࢫࢽ࢔ᑐࢭࣝࣅ࢔஦௳㸦2007ᖺ㸧 ࠉ2-2-2㸧ࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔ᑐࢭࣝࣅ࢔஦௳㸦2015ᖺ㸧

㸱 ࠉඛ౛࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿICJ࡛࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ␲ᝨࢆᑂ⌮ࡍࡿሙྜࡢㄢ㢟 ࠉ3-1㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᐃ⩏ࡢཝ᱁ゎ㔘

ࠉ3-2㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡣẸ᪘ί໬࡜ࡶᙉไ⛣ఫ࡜ࡶ␗࡞ࡿ

ࠉ3-3㸧㧗࠸❧ドᇶ‽

ࠉ3-4㸧ཎ࿌ᅜࡢ㈇ᢸ̿̿ᙜ஦⪅㐺᱁ࠊッゴ㈝⏝ࠊ❧ド㈐௵

ࠉ3-5㸧ICTY࡜ྠᵝࡢ㈉⊩ࡣICC࡟ᮇᚅᅔ㞴

ࠉ3-6㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡢ஺㘒࡜ICJࡢไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓ⟶㎄ᶒ

㸯ࠉ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᐜ␲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜ㝿㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿືྥ

ࠉ2017ᖺ࡟70୓ேࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㞴Ẹࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែࡣࠊ࣑ࣕࣥ

࣐࣮ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿ࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛᩍᚐࡢᑡᩘẸ᪘ࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㏕ᐖ␲ᝨࢆᾋୖ

ࡉࡏࠊᅜ㝿♫఍࠿ࡽࡢὀ┠ࢆཷࡅᑐᛂࡀồࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ

ࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ␲ᝨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜ㝿㈐௵̿̿ಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵࡜ᅜᐙࡢ㈐௵ࡢ཮᪉

̿̿ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿヨࡳࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀጞືࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࡓୖ࡛ࠊ≉࡟ᅜᐙ㈐

௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿᅜ㝿⿢ุࡀ┤㠃ࡋ࠺ࡿၥ㢟Ⅼࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែ࡟ࡘ

ݰξȜΌΑρΫͺ໰௔ͅ۾̳ͥ ICJ ΐͿΦ΍ͼΡૄ࿩ഐဥম࠯

̥ͣࣉ̢ͥηλϋζȜ͈ΐͿΦ΍ͼΡ݃თͬૣၑ̳ͥષ͈́هఴ

✄ࠉゅࠉගࠉᜨ

࠸࡚ᅜ㝿⿢ุ࡟ᥦッࡍࡿᅜࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㈇ᢸࢆ㈇࠺ࡢ࠿ࠋࡣࡓࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ⓗ⿢ุ

ᶵ㛵࡛࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᅜᐙ㈐௵ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡢ࠿ࠋࡇ

ࢀࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔㡿ᇦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᅜᐙ㈐

௵ࢆᑂ⌮ࡋࡓᅜ㝿ุ౛ࡀඛ౛࡜ࡋ࡚ఱࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢ࠿ᮏ✏࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࠋ

㸧Myanmar FFM ࡟ࡼࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢㄆᐃ

ࠉᅜ㐃ࡢேᶒ⌮஦఍ࡀタࡅࡓ⊂❧ࡢ஦ᐇㄪᰝᅋ㸦㏻⛠Myanmar FFM㸧¹ࡣࠊ

࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠕί໬ᨻ⟇ࠖࢆ㠀㞴ࡋࠊࣛ࢝࢖ࣥᕞ㸦Rakhine㸧࡟࠾ࡅ

ࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡸࠊࣛ࢝࢖ࣥᕞ࡜࢝ࢳࣥᕞ㸦Kachin㸧࡜ࢩࣕࣥᕞ㸦Shan㸧࡟࡚

≢ࡉࢀࡓே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡜ᡓத≢⨥࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᶒ㝈࠶ࡿᙜᒁࡸ⿢ุᡤࡀᤚᰝࡋ ッ㏣ࡋ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆಖド࡛ࡁࡿ࡯࡝༑ศ࡞᝟ሗࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢሗ࿌᭩ࢆ2018ᖺ࡟බ

⾲ࡋࡓ²ࠋ≉࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ㸦genocide㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟≢⨥ᵓᡂせ

௳ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖࡢ❧ドࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊࡇࡢⅬࠊㄪᰝᅋࡣ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢពᅗࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ㄆᐃࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ³ࠋࡉࡽ࡟2019ᖺ9᭶࡟ᥦ ฟࡉࢀࡓሗ࿌᭩ࡣࠊࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿᨻᗓࡢᩛᑐᨻ⟇ࡸࠊᕷẸᶒ࡜Ẹ᪘࢔

࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢ⥅⥆ࡋࡓྰᐃࠊἲᨵṇࡢᛰ៏ࠊ࣊࢖ࢺࢫࣆ࣮ࢳࡢ⥅⥆ࠊ୪ࡧ

࡟2016ᖺ࡜2017ᖺࡢࠕί໬ᨻ⟇ࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㈐௵ࡀᅜෆ࡛㏣ཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ

࡜➼ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊᅜᐙ࡟ࡼࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢពᅗࡢᏑᅾࡀᙉࡃ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜⤖ㄽ ࡍࡿྜ⌮ⓗ࡞᰿ᣐࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ㄪᰝᅋࡣ㏙࡭ࡓ⁴ࠋ

1ࠉ The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar.ࠉࡇࡢㄪᰝᅋࡣᅜ㐃ேᶒ⌮

஦఍Ỵ㆟34/22㸦2017ᖺ3᭶24᪥㸧࡛タ❧ࡉࢀࠊ2019ᖺ9᭶࡟᭱⤊ሗ࿌᭩ࡢᥦฟ࡟ࡼ

ࡾ௵ົ᏶஢ࡋࡓࠋྠㄪᰝᅋ࠿ࡽࡢሗ࿌᭩ࢆཷࡅ࡚ேᶒ⌮஦఍ࡣࣇ࢛࣮ࣟ࢔ࢵࣉ࡜ฮ஦ッ

㏣ࡢࡓࡵࡢ㈨ᩱ‽ഛࡢࡓࡵࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞ᶵ㛵࡜ࡋ࡚The Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM)ࢆタࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

2ࠉ “Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar”, UN Doc. A/

HRC/39/64, 12 September 2018.

3ࠉ Ibid., paras. 85-87.

4ࠉ “Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar”, UN Doc. A/

HRC/42/50, 8 August 2019, para.90.

㸧ಶே㈐௵ࡢ㏣ཬ

ࠉㄪᰝᅋࡣ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡍ

ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ≢⨥࡟㛵ࢃࡗࡓ⪅㐩ࡢฎ⨩ࢆồࡵࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥᨻᗓ࡟௦᭰ࡋ࡚ྛ

ᅜཬࡧᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ฮ஦⿢ุᶵ㛵ࡀ⟶㎄ᶒࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆዡບࡋࡓࠋྠሗ࿌᭩ࡣ 2011ᖺ௨㝆࡟ᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓᐜ␲⪅ࣜࢫࢺࢆῧ௜ࡋࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟

࠾࠸࡚≢ࡉࢀࡓᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥ࡢᐜ␲⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ຍ┕ᅜࡀ⮬ᅜࡢ⟶㎄ᶒࢆ⾜౑

ࡋ࡚ᤚᰝࡋッ㏣ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࿧ࡧ࠿ࡅࠊࠕㅖᅜࡀᬑ㐢ⓗ⟶㎄ᶒࢆ⾜౑ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞

ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡓ⁵ࠋ

ࠉ2019ᖺ11᭶13᪥ࠊ࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚࢔࣭࢘ࣥࢧ࣭ࣥࢫ࣮࣭ࢳ࣮ࢆྵ

ࡴ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢせேࢆッ㏣ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ᬑ㐢ⓗ⟶㎄ᶒ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓッゴᡭ⥆ࡀ㛤ጞ ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚≢ࡉࢀࡓᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ಶேࡢฮ

஦㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿືࡁࡣᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ฮ஦⿢ุᶵ㛵࡛ࡶ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㔜኱࡞ᅜ㝿 ἲୖࡢ≢⨥࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿᶵ㛵࡛࠶ࡿᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢ุᡤ 㸦International Criminal Courtࠊ௨ୗICC㸧ࡣࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ICC᳨

ᐹᐁࡢ⫋ᶒ࡟ࡼࡾᤚᰝࢆ㛤ጞࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸧ᅜᐙ㈐௵ࡢ㏣ཬ

ࠉ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵ࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᅜᐙ㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍ

ࡿືࡁࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ๓㏙ࡢᅜ㐃ேᶒ⌮஦఍࡟ࡼࡾタ❧ࡉࢀࡓㄪᰝᅋࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖

ࢻཬࡧே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡢ⚗Ṇ࡜ᅜ㝿ேᶒἲཬࡧᅜ㝿ே㐨ἲࡢࡑࡢ௚ࡢ㐪཯࡟ࡘ

࠸࡚࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟ᅜᐙ㈐௵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ᫂ࡋࡓ⁶ࠋㄪᰝᅋࡣ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࣟ

ࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢࠕពᅗࠖࡀᾘ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ ࡀ෌ࡧ⏕ࡌࡿ㔜኱࡞༴㝤ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜㆙࿌ࡋࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ㜵Ṇ ࡋࠊᤚᰝࡋࠊ≢⨥࡜ࡋ࡚ฎ⨩ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢຠᯝⓗ࡞❧ἲࢆㅮࡌࡿ⩏ົࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚

࠸࡞࠸࡜㠀㞴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⁷ࠋㄪᰝᅋࡣಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵࡜ྠ᫬࡟࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢᅜᐙ㈐

5ࠉIbid., para. 112 6ࠉIbid., para. 18.

7ࠉIbid., para. 90.

௵ࡢ㏣ཬࡶ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡜ࡢ⪃࠼ࢆ♧ࡋࠊࣂࣥࢢࣛࢹࢩࣗ࡜࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡀ࢖ࢫࣛ

࣒༠ຊᶵᵓ㸦Organization of Islamic Cooperation㸧ࡢዡບࢆཷࡅ࡚࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟

ᑐࡍࡿ஦௳ࢆᅜ㝿ྖἲ⿢ุᡤ㸦International Court of Justiceࠊ௨ୗICJ㸧࡟ᣢࡕ

㎸ࡴヨࡳࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ḽ㏄ࡢពࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓ⁸ࠋ

ࠉ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣ2019ᖺ5᭶31᪥ࡢ࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛ༠ຊᶵᵓࡢࢧ࣑ࢵࢺࡢሙ࡛࢖ࢫ࣒ࣛ

ᩍᚐ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ICJ࡬ࡢᥦッࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿぢゎࢆ♧ࡋ࡚

࠸ࡓࡀࠊ2019ᖺ9᭶26᪥ࠊᅜ㐃⥲఍࡟࠾࠸࡚࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥᨻᗓࢆICJ࡟ᥦッࡍ

ࡿពྥࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ྛᅜ࡟ཧຍࢆ࿧ࡧ᥃ࡅࡓࠋ2019ᖺ11᭶11᪥ࠊ࢞

ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࢆ┦ᡭ࡜ࡋ࡚ICJ࡟ᥦッࡋࡓࠋ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ㌷

➼࡟ࡼࡾ2016ᖺ10᭶㡭࠿ࡽᗈ⠊࠿ࡘ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞ࠕί໬ᨻ⟇ࠖࡀࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ㞟ᅋ

࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࠊ኱㔞ẅேࡸᙉጮཬࡧࡑࡢ௚ࡢᛶᭀຊࠊ୪ࡧ࡟ఫẸࢆఫᒃ࡟

㛢ࡌ㎸ࡵ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓᮧࡢ↝ࡁウࡕ➼ࢆࡘ࠺ࡌ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⾜Ⅽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊ 2017ᖺ8᭶௨㝆ࡣࡼࡾ኱つᶍ࡞ᙧ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ

࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ㜵Ṇཬࡧฎ⨩࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᮲⣙ࠖ⁹㸦௨ୗࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㸧ࡢ㐪཯࡟ヱ ᙜࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡶ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢ⥾⣙ᅜ࡛࠶

ࡾࠊ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣྠ᮲⣙➨9᮲ࡢ⣮தゎỴ᮲㡯࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁICJ࡟ッ࠼ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣICJ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙➨1᮲ࠊཬࡧ➨3᮲

(a)࠿ࡽ(e)ࠊ୪ࡧ࡟➨4᮲࠿ࡽ➨6᮲ࡢ⩏ົ࡟㐪཯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᐉゝࡋࠊ

ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢ㡰Ᏺࢆồࡵࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ≢ࡋࡓ⪅ࡢฎ⨩࡜ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅࡟

ᑐࡍࡿ⿵ൾࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜➼ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࠉ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘ࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵ࡟௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨ࡶせㄳࡋࠊICJࡣᮏ᱌ᑂ⌮

࡟ඛ❧ࡕ2019ᖺ12᭶࡟௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨ࡢ࿨௧᫝㠀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑂ⌮ࡋࡓࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ

ഃࡣࠊ࢔࣭࢘ࣥࢧ࣭ࣥࢫ࣮࣭ࢳ࣮ᅜᐙ㢳ၥࡀ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨࡟㛵ࢃࡿ12᭶10᪥ࡢ

ཱྀ㢌ᘚㄽ࡟ฟᖍࡋࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ⾜ⅭࡣࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕṊ⿦ໃຊࡢࢸࣟ⾜Ⅽ࡬ࡢᑐ

8ࠉIbid., para. 107.

9ࠉ The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.ࠉ1948ᖺ࡟సᡂ ࡉࢀ1951ᖺ࡟Ⓨຠࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏࡣᮍᢈ෸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ᛂ࡛࠶ࡾ㏕ᐖ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ࡢࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ୺ᙇ࡟ἢࡗ࡚཯ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ ࡓࠋ

ࠉ2020ᖺ1᭶23᪥ࠊICJࡣ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ㡿ᇦෆ࡟࠸ࡿࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ

ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡇ࡜ཬࡧᮏ௳ࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ␲ᝨ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿドᣐࡢ◚

ቯࢆ㜵Ṇࡋドᣐࢆಖ඲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ୪ࡧ࡟ࠊ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨࿨௧ࢆ㑂Ᏺࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟

࡜ࡗࡓࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᥐ⨨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚4࢝᭶௨ෆ࡟ࠊ࠿ࡘ6࢝᭶ẖ࡟ሗ࿌᭩ࢆᥦฟࡍࡿ

ࡇ࡜ࢆ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟࿨ࡌࡿ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨ࢆ඲఍୍⮴࡛Ỵᐃࡋࡓࠋ6࢝᭶ẖ࡜࠸࠺

ᐃᮇⓗ࡞ሗ࿌ࡢᥦฟ⩏ົࡣࠊ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔࠿ࡽࡢせㄳෆᐜ࡟ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ

ICJࡀ⊂⮬࡟ຍ࠼ࡓᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᱌ุỴࡀฟࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡣ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨࿨௧ࡀ ἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊࢆᣢࡘࡓࡵࠊࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑗ᮶ࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢⓎ⏕ࡀண 㜵ࡉࢀࠊ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨࿨௧ࡢ㑂ᏲࢆICJࡀぢᏲࡗ࡚࠸ࡃຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ

࡚ࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥᨻᗓࡀᅜẸࡢᨭᣢࢆ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕၥ㢟ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸࡜

ྰᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡸࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘ࡢேᶒࢆ౵ᐖࡋࡓࡾᚅ㐝ࢆᝏ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ

⛬ᗘ㜵Ṇࡉࢀࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࠉࡲࡓࠊ2020ᖺ1᭶ࡢ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨࿨௧ࡣࠊ࿨௧ࢆ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀ㡰Ᏺࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ ࡢ࠿ᅜ㝿♫఍ࡀὀどࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ⌮⏤࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿࠋ኱つᶍ࡞㞴Ẹὶฟ࡜࠸࠺༴ᶵ࡟ࡶ

ᅜ㐃Ᏻಖ⌮ࡀ⾜ືࡏࡎࠊᅜ㐃ேᶒ⌮஦఍࡜࠸ࡗࡓேᶒᶵ㛵ࡸࡑࡢ௚ࡢᅜ㝿ᶵ㛵

࡛ࡶ୺ᶒᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡿ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉไࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ࣑ࣕࣥ

࣐࣮ࡣࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡀᅜෆၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ␲ᝨ࡟ࡘ࠸

࡚ࡶᅜෆ࡛ㄪᰝࡋ⿢ุࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ᪉㔪࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀᅜእ࠿ࡽࡢ௓ධࢆ㏥

ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ୰ࠊἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊࡢ࠶ࡿ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨࿨௧ࡀୗࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᅜ㝿♫఍ࡀ

࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟ࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘ࡢᚅ㐝ࡢᨵၿࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡃ㊊ࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᮇ ᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࠉࡶࡕࢁࢇ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨ࡣ᭱⤊ุỴࡀฟࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛஦ែࢆᝏ໬ࡉࡏ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࡢᬻ

ᐃᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ุỴ࡟ண᩿ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ௒ᚋࠊᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ᑂ

⌮࡟ධࡿࡀࠊࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⿕ᐖᅜ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࢞ࣥ

ࣅ࢔ࡀ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ㈐௵ࢆ⿢ุ࡟ッ࠼ࡿ㈨᱁ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ྰ࠿࡜࠸࠺⟶㎄ᶒࡢၥ

㢟ࡸࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢせ௳࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㞟ᅋࢆ඲㒊ཪࡣ୍㒊ࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿពᅗࠖࢆ

ࡶࡗ࡚࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀ≢⾜ࡋࡓ࡜❧ド࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡜࠸ࡗࡓ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ุỴ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛

ࡢதⅬࡣṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿㈐௵ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿ࠿

ࠉ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡛ࡶࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡋ࡚࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜㠀 㞴ࡍࡿኌࡀୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ሗࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⿕ᐖ⪅㐩ࡸேᶒNGOࡣ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ㌷ࡸ

㆙ᐹࡢಶࠎࡢᵓᡂဨ࡟ࡼࡿᭀຊ⾜Ⅽࡢฮ஦㈐௵࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ

ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥ࡀᅜ㝿♫఍࠿ࡽ᩿⨥ࡉࢀࠊᅜ㝿♫఍ࡢ┘どࡢୗ࡛ࣟ

ࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘ࡢྲྀᢅ࠸ࡀᨵၿࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡣࡓࡋ࡚࣑ࣕࣥ

࣐࣮ࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࢆ≢ࡋࡓ࡜ἲⓗ࡟ุ♧ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ♫఍ⓗ㠀㞴࡜

⿕ᐖ⪅㐩࠿ࡽࡢせồࡀ࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦ࡛≢ࡉࢀࡓࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᐜ␲࡟ᑐࡍࡿἲⓗุ᩿ࡢඛ౛ࢆぢࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵ཪࡣᅜ ᐙࡢᅜ㝿㈐௵ࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ㏣ཬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᅜ㝿ἲ࡟๎ࡗࡓྖἲุ᩿࡟࠾࠸࡚

ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᴟࡵ࡚㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞

࠸ࠋᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᐜ␲ࡀᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ྖἲࡢሙ࡛࡝ࡢ

ࡼ࠺࡟ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓ࠿ࡀཧ⪃࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋḟ❶࡛ᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ⣮த୰ࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥

ࡢᐜ␲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ྖἲᶵ㛵࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ุ᩿ࡀୗࡉࢀࡓࡢ࠿ᴫᣓࡋࠊ➨

3❶࡛࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦௳ࡀICJ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡿሙྜ࡟┤㠃ࡋ࠺ࡿၥ㢟Ⅼࢆᣲࡆ

ࡿࠋ

㸰ࠉᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ᐜ␲࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ྖἲุ᩿

ࠉ1990ᖺ௦࡟㐃㑥ࡢᔂቯᚋ࡟⏕ࡌࡓṊຊ⣮த࡟క࠸ᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦࢆ

ᖍᕳࡋࡓࠕẸ᪘ί໬ࠖࡢத࠸ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡟ᑐࡍࡿᅜ㝿♫఍ࡢ㛵ᚰࢆ࿧ࡧ

㉳ࡇࡋࡓࠋྠᆅᇦࡢ᝺๻࡬ࡢᑐᛂ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㐃Ᏻಖ⌮࡟ࡼࡿᪧ࣮ࣘࢦᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢

ุᡤ㸦International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslaviaࠊ௨ୗICTY㸧ࡢタ❧

ࡀᐇ⌧ࡋࠊICTYࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ஦௳ࢆྲྀࡾᢅࡗࡓࠋࡲ

ࡓࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᅜᐙ㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿᅜᐙ㛫ッゴࡀICJ࡟ᥦッࡉࢀุỴ࡟

⮳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ❶࡛ࡣᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᐜ␲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

ICTY࡜ICJ࡟࠾ࡅࡿྖἲุ᩿ࢆ⥲ᣓࡍࡿࠋ

ࠉ⤖ㄽࢆඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ICTY࡜ICJࡢㅖุ᩿ࡣ୍ᵝ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ❧ドࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ICJࡀ♧ࡋࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢཝ ᱁ゎ㔘ࡢඛ౛࡟ᚑ࠺࡞ࡽࡤࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㏕ᐖᐜ␲ࡀ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢୡ㛫ⓗ࡞⣕ᙎࡀ࠶ࢀ࡝ࡶࠊἲᘐ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྠ⨥ࡢᡂ❧ࡀ ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㧗࠸❧ドᇶ‽ࡢቨࢆ㉸࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊಶ

ேࡢฮ஦ฎ⨩ࢆ⾜࠺ICC࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦௳ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛ࡣ

࡞ࡃே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡜ࡋ࡚ฎ⌮ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ౛ࡶྵࡵ࡚

ୡ⏺ྛᆅ࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿᝒ๻ⓗ࡞኱つᶍேᶒ౵ᐖࡀ♫఍ⓗཪࡣᨻ἞ⓗሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚

ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ㠀㞴࡜⣕ᙎࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿ㢖ᗘ࡟ẚ㍑ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᡂ❧ࡀᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ྖἲᶵ㛵࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ౛ࡣᴟࡵ࡚㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚

࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸧ᪧ࣮ࣘࢦᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢ุᡤ㸦

㸧࡜ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ

ࠉᅜ㐃Ᏻಖ⌮ࡣỴ㆟827㸦1993ᖺ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ኱㔞⹢ẅࡸ኱つᶍ࠿ࡘ⤌⧊ⓗ࡞

ዪᛶࡢᣊ᮰ࡸᙉጮ࡜࠸ࡗࡓᭀຊࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀࠕẸ᪘ί໬ࠖࡢᐇ⾜ࡀ࠶ࡿᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ ࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦࡢ≧ែࡀᅜ㝿ࡢᖹ࿴ཬࡧᏳ඲࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⬣ጾࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㐃

᠇❶➨7❶ࡢୗ࡛⾜ືࡋࠊICTYࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᏳಖ⌮ࡢࡇࡢ➨7❶ Ỵ㆟࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ1993ᖺ࡟๰タࡉࢀࡓICTYࡣ2017ᖺ12᭶31᪥࡟㛢ᘐࡍࡿࡲ࡛

ࡢ㛫ࠊᗄࡘ࠿ࡢ஦௳࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡟㛵ࡍࡿಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵ࢆᑂ⌮ࡋࡓࠋ ICTY࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ึࡵ࡚᭷⨥ุỴࡀୗࡉࢀࡓࢡࣜࢫࢸࢵࢳ஦௳ุ

Ỵ㸦Krsticࠊ2004ᖺ㸧࡟ࡣࡌࡲࡾࠊ࣏࣏ࣅࢵࢳ௚஦௳ุỴ㸦Popovic et alࠊ2015 ᖺ㸧ࠊࢺ࣑ࣜࣝ஦௳ุỴ㸦Zdravko Tolimirࠊ2015ᖺ㸧ࠊ࢝ࣛࢪࢵࢳ஦௳ุỴ 㸦Karadzicࠊ2016ᖺ㸧ࠊ࣒ࣛࢪࢵࢳ஦௳ุỴ㸦Mladicࠊ2017ᖺ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ICTYࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᐜ␲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑂ⌮ࡋ≢⨥ᵓᡂせ௳➼࡟ࡘ࠸࡚᫂ࡽ࠿

࡟ࡋࡘࡘ᭷⨥ุỴࢆୗࡋࡓࠋ᭱㔜せ஦௳࡜┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࣑ࣟࢩ࢙ࣅࢵࢳ 㸦Milosevic㸧ඖ኱⤫㡿ࡢ⿢ุࡣබุ୰࡟⿕࿌ே⑓Ṛࡢࡓࡵ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ุỴ࡟⮳ࡽ

࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊࢭࣝࣅ࢔ேඖᣦᑟ⪅ࡢ࢝ࣛࢪࢵࢳ࡜ඖ㌷ྖ௧ᐁࡢ࣒ࣛࢪࢵࢳ࡟ᑐ ࡋ࡚ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛᭷⨥ุỴࡀୗࡉࢀࡓⅬࡀICTYࡢຌ⦼࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀ

ࡿࠋ

ࠉᮏ✏ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ≉࡟ゝཬࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ➨1࡟ࠊୖグࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡟㛵ࡍ

ࡿุỴࡣICTYࡢ୺せุỴ࡜ࡋ࡚ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ⥲ໃ161ྡࡢ㉳ッࢆᢅࡗࡓ ICTYࡢ஦௳඲యᩘ࠿ࡽぢࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊICTYࡢ௚ࡢᑐ㇟≢⨥㸦ᡓத≢⨥ࠊࢪࣗ

ࢿ࣮ࣦㅖ᮲⣙ࡢ㔜኱࡞㐪཯ࠊே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥㸧࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᐜ

␲࡛ࡢ㉳ッࡣᑡᩘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣICTY᳨ᐹᒁࡀッゴᡓ␎ୖࠊ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ❧ドࡢ㞴ࡋࡉ࡟ࡼࡾ⿕࿌ேࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛↓⨥࡜ࡋ࡚㔘 ᨺࡉࢀࡿ༴㝤ᛶࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࠊࡼࡾ❧ドࡀᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡿ௚ࡢ≢⨥ྡ࡛㉳ッࡍࡿഴྥ࡟

࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤJelisic஦௳࡛ࡣ᳨ᐹࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ≉ู࡞

ពᅗࢆ༑ศ࡟❧ド࡛ࡁ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡢ⌮⏤࡛1999ᖺࡢ⿢ุ㒊ุỴ࡛⿕࿌ேࡣ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚↓⨥ࡔࡀே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡜ᡓத≢⨥࡛᭷⨥࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛

࠶ࡾ¹⁰ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ❧ドࡢ㞴ࡋࡉࡀ㝿❧ࡗࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛᭷⨥ࡀᡂ

❧ࡋࡓ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖࡸඹ≢ࡸᩍ၀ࡢ❧ド୪ ࡧ࡟≢⨥ඹྠయ㸦Joint Criminal Enterprise㸧ࡢἲ⌮ࡢᑟධ࡞࡝࠿ࡽICTYࡀⱞᡓ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ⑞㊧ࡀぢ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋ

ࠉ➨2࡟ࠊICTY࡛ࡣࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓㸦Srebrenica㸧ᆅᇦ࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡀ≢

ࡉࢀࡓ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓௨እࡢᆅᇦ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛㉳

ッࡉࢀࡓ౛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ᳨ᐹഃࡀ༑ศ࡞❧ドࡀ࡛ࡁࡎ࡟᭷⨥ุỴࢆᚓ

ࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ¹¹ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶICTYࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࢆᑐ㇟≢⨥࡟ྵࡵࡿ

ᙧ࡛タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊICTYタ❧๓࠿ࡽᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔㡿ᇦ

10ࠉ Prosecutor v. JelisiÉ, ICTY, Case No. IT-95-10-T, Judgment of 14 December 1999, Trial Chamber I, para. 108.

11ࠉ ࢝ࣛࢪࢵࢳ஦௳࡜࣒ࣛࢪࢵࢳ஦௳࡛ࡣࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓ᆅᇦእࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᐜ␲࡟ࡘ

࠸࡚ࡣ❧ド୙༑ศ࡟ࡼࡾ↓⨥࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ6HH3URVHFXWRUY.DUDGåLF,&7<&DVH1R,7 95-5/18-T, Judgment of 24 March 2016. See also, Prosecutor v. Mladiü, Case No. IT-09-92-T, Judgment of 22 November 2017, Trial Chamber I.

࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜ᅜ㝿♫఍ࡀᙉࡃ␲ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡿ

ࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎICTYタ❧ᚋࡢ1995ᖺ7᭶࡟Ⓨ⏕ࡋࡓࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓

ࡢ኱⹢ẅࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ࡋ࡚ICTY࡟ࡼࡾㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓ၏୍ࡢ஦౛࡛࠶ࡿ࡜

࠸࠺஦ᐇࡣࠊ♫఍ⓗㄆ㆑࡜ྖἲุ᩿࡜ࡢ኱ࡁ࡞ࢠࣕࢵࣉࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠉ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢྲྀᢅ࠸࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊྠࡌ ࡃᏳಖ⌮࡟ࡼࡾ๰タࡉࢀࡓ࢔ࢻ࣭࣍ࢵࢡᅜ㝿ἲᘐ࡛࠶ࡿࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢ุ

ᡤ㸦International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda㸧ࡢ᪉ࡀᏛ⾡ⓗ࡟ࡶὀ┠ࢆ㞟ࡵ

ࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛ࡢ㉳ッᩘ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊ࢝ࣥࣂࣥࢲ஦௳ุỴ㸦Kambandaࠊ 2000ᖺ㸧ࡸ࢔࢝࢖࢙ࢫ஦௳ุỴ㸦Jean-Paul Akayesuࠊ2001ᖺ㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ึࡢ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ᭷⨥ุỴ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡾᙉጮࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆᐃ ࡉࢀࡿ࡞࡝ࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢ุᡤࡀ㠉᪂ⓗ࡞ุ᩿ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸧ᅜ㝿ྖἲ⿢ุᡤ㸦ICJ㸧ࡢᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳

ࠉ1990ᖺ௦ࡢᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔⣮த୰࡟≢ࡉࢀࡓ኱つᶍேᶒ౵ᐖ࡟㛵ࢃࡿᅜ 㝿㈐௵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ๓⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᅜ㐃Ᏻಖ⌮࡟ࡼࡾタ⨨ࡉࢀࡓICTYࡀ ಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵ࢆ⿢࠸ࡓࡀࠊICJࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡟㛵ࢃࡿᅜᐙ㈐௵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

」ᩘࡢ஦௳ࢆᢅࡗࡓࠋICJࡣᅜᐙ㛫⣮தࢆᑂ⌮ࡍࡿୡ⏺ἲᘐ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᪧ࣮ࣘ

ࢦ⣮த୰࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࢆ≢ࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔ᆅᇦࡢㅖᅜࡀ࠾஫

࠸ࡢᅜᐙ㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ⣮த࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡟ࡘ࠸

࡚」ᩘࡢ஦௳ࡀICJ࡟ᣢࡕ㎸ࡲࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ஦௳ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲

⣙➨9᮲ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚┦ᡭᅜ࡟ࡼࡿྠ᮲⣙ࡢ⩏ົ㐪཯ࡢㄆᐃࢆồࡵ࡚ᥦッࡉࢀ

ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ⣮தᙜ஦ᅜࡣ␗࡞ࢀ࡝ࡶࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢ㐺⏝࡟㛵ࡍ

ࡿ஦௳ࠖ㸦௨ୗࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳㸧࡜ࡢ஦௳ྡࡀ௜࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࠉ௨ୗ࡛⤂௓ࡍࡿᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ」ᩘࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳ࢆ඲య࡜

ࡋ࡚⥲ᣓࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ၏୍ࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓ࡢ

ࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓ࡢ஦ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࢆ㜵Ṇࡍ

ࡿ⩏ົࢆᯝࡓࡉ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡢᅜᐙ㈐௵ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ

࢖ࢻ⨥⮬యࡢ≢⾜ࡣᅜᐙࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡜ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

㸧࣎ࢫࢽ࢔ᑐࢭࣝࣅ࢔஦௳㸦 ᖺ㸧

ࠉ1993ᖺ࡟࣎ࢫࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼࡀࢭࣝࣅ࢔¹²ࢆᥦッࡋࡓࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡛ࠖࡣࠊ1996ᖺ࡟ඛỴⓗᢠᘚุỴ¹³ࡀฟࡉࢀ2007ᖺ࡟ᮏ᱌ุ

Ỵ¹⁴㸦௨ୗࠊ2007ᖺุỴ㸧ࡀୗࡉࢀࡓࠋ2007ᖺุỴ࡟࠾࠸࡚ICJࡣࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽ ࢶ࢓࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ≢ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࢆㄆᐃࡋࡓࡀࠊ≢⾜ࡣ㠀ᅜᐙ୺య࡟

ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࢭࣝࣅ࢔࡟ᖐᒓࡋ࡞࠸࡜ุ♧ࡋࡓ¹⁵ࠋྠ᫬࡟ICJࡣࢭࣝࣅ࢔࡟ࡣ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ㜵Ṇ⩏ົ㐪཯࡜ࠊࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡀICTY࡛㉳ッࡉࢀࡓ࣒ࣛࢪࢵࢳ

ࢆICTY࡟ᘬΏࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙➨6᮲࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ༠ຊ⩏ົ㐪

཯࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄆᐃࡋࡓ¹⁶ࠋ

㸧ࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔ᑐࢭࣝࣅ࢔஦௳㸦 ᖺ㸧

ࠉࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔ࡣ1991ᖺ௨㝆࡟ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡀ⾜ࡗࡓఫẸࡢᙉไ⛣ື࡞࡝ࢆࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐪཯࡜ࡋ࡚1999ᖺ࡟ICJ࡟ᥦッࡋࠊࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡣࢡࣟ

࢔ࢳ࢔ࡀ1995ᖺࡢ㌷஦άື୰࡟ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ே࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ≢ࡋࡓ㈐

௵ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜཯ッࡋࡓࠋICJࡣࡇࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚2008ᖺ

࡟ඛỴⓗᢠᘚุỴࢆࠊ2015ᖺ࡟ᮏ᱌ุỴ㸦௨ୗࠊ2015ᖺุỴ㸧¹⁷ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ

12ࠉ ᥦッᙜึࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢ㐺⏝஦௳ࡢᙜ஦ᅜࡣ࣎ࢫࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼᑐ࣮ࣘ

ࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊᅜྡኚ᭦ࡢࡓࡵ࣎ࢫࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼᑐࢭࣝࣅ࢔࣭ࣔࣥ

ࢸࢿࢢࣟ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣᅜྡኚ᭦๓ࡢ᫬Ⅼࡶྵࡵ୍࡚㈏ࡋ࡚ࢭࣝࣅ࢔࡜⛠ࡍࡿࡇ

࡜࡜ࡍࡿࠋ

13ࠉ The Case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Judgment of 11 July 1996, ICJ Reports 1996.

14ࠉ The Case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment of 26 February 2007, ICJ Report 2007 (hereafter, referred as 2007 Judgment).

15ࠉ 2007 Judgment, ibid., para. 471.

16ࠉ ICTY࡬ࡢ༠ຊ⩏ົࡣᅜ㐃᠇❶➨7❶ࡢୗ࡛ICTYࢆタ⨨ࡋࡓᏳಖ⌮Ỵ㆟ࡢἲⓗᣊ᮰ຊ

࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙➨6᮲࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ICJࡢゎ㔘ࡢጇᙜᛶ ࡣ␲ၥどࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ‮ᒣᬛஅࠕᅜ㝿ྖἲ⿢ุᡤ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳㸦࣎ࢫ ࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼᑐࢭࣝࣅ࢔࣭ࣔࣥࢸࢿࢢࣟ㸧㸦3࣭᏶㸧ࠖࠗ❧࿨㤋ἲᏛ࠘➨342ྕ 㸦2012ᖺ㸧ࠊ518㡫ࠋ

17ࠉ Case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the

ࠉ2007ᖺุỴ᫬࡜␗࡞ࡾࠊᮏ௳ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ICTYࡢ᭷⨥ุỴࡀ ඛ⾜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸୰࡛ICJࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᡂ❧᭷↓ࡢุ᩿ࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡓࠋ

⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚2015ᖺุỴ࡛ࡣࠊࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔࡜ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡢ཮᪉࡜ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ

⨥ࢆ≢ࡋࡓ࡜ࡣㄆᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋICJࡣẅே࡜࠸ࡗࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙➨2 ᮲࡟ิᣲࡉࢀࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ヱᙜࡋ࠺ࡿᐇ㉁ⓗ⾜Ⅽࡀྛᆅ࡛ከࠎ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸

ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡓࡀࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ≢⨥ᵓᡂせ௳ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ≉ู࡞ព ᅗࠖࡀ❧ド୙༑ศ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᡂ❧ࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋICJ ࡣࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔⣔ఫẸ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙➨2᮲(a)ཬࡧ(b)࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿ

⾜ⅭࡣᏑᅾࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ᛶ᱁࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖ

ࢆᣢࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⤖ㄽࡋࡓ¹⁸ࠋ2007ᖺุỴ࡛ࡣ࣎ࢫࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝ

ࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼࡢࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ࡜ㄆᐃࡋࡓୖ࡛ࢭࣝࣅ

࢔࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ㜵Ṇ⩏ົ㐪཯➼ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ2015ᖺุỴ࡛ࡣࢡࣟ࢔

ࢳ࢔࡜ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡢ㡿ᇦෆ࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢⓎ⏕ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸௨ୖࠊࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ୖࡢ⩏ົ㐪཯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᑂ⌮ࡣ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖࢆḞࡃࡓࡵ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥୙ᡂ❧࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽࢆᑟࡃୖ࡛

ࡣࠊẅே࡜࠸ࡗࡓᐇ㉁ⓗ⾜Ⅽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ࡜ICJࡀ㏙࡭ࡿᚲせࡣ⌮ㄽⓗ࡟ࡣ࡞

࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡢุ౛ホ㔘ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡣᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᵓ ᡂせ௳ヱᙜᛶࢆᑂᰝࡍࡿᡭἲ࡟ᚑࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔ཬࡧࢭࣝ

ࣅ࢔ࡢྛᆅ࡛ᭀຊ⾜Ⅽࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆุỴᮏᩥ࡛ゝཬࡋࡓࡢࡣ୧ᅜࡢ⿕

ᐖ⪅㐩࡟㓄៖ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶICJࡀ2007ᖺุỴ࡛ཝ᱁ゎ 㔘ࡢጼໃࢆ᪤࡟♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵ2015ᖺุỴࡀୗࡉࢀࡿ௨๓࠿ࡽࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ

⨥ࡀㄆᐃࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣప࠸࡜ண ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࢆㄆᐃࡋ࡞࠸

Ⅼ࡛⤖ㄽࡣண ࡜ྠࡌ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊICJࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࡞࠸ࡀᐇ㉁ⓗ

⾜ⅭࡢᏑᅾ࡟ゝཬࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ௨እࡢ㔜኱࡞≢⨥࡜␲ࢃࢀࡿ⾜

Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Servia), Judgment of 3 February 2015, ICJ Reports 2015 (hereafter, referred as 2015 Judgment).

18ࠉ 2015 Judgment, ibid., para. 440㸬

Ⅽࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓ¹⁹ព࿡࡟ὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋICJࡣ⮬ࡽࡢุ᩿ᶒ㝈ࡀࢪ࢙

ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡜࠸࠺ไ㝈࡟᭹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ㏙࡭ࡓୖ࡛ࠊྠ᮲⣙௨እ ࡢᅜ㝿ⓗ⩏ົࡢ㐪཯࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㈐௵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ண᩿ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࡢࡼ

࠺࡞㐪཯ࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ⣮தᙜ஦ᅜࡣࡑࢀࡽࡢ㈐௵ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ⣮தᙜ஦ᅜ཮᪉ࡀ ࡑࢀࡽ㐪཯ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㐺ษ࡞⿵ൾࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟༠ຊࡋ⥆ࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࢆዡ ບࡍࡿ࡜2015ᖺุỴ࡛㏙࡭ࡓ²⁰ࠋᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ICJࡢ⟶㎄ᶒࡢ᰿ᣐࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ

࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ௨ୖࠊICJࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢゎ㔘࡜㐺⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡳ

ุ᩿ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ௨እࡢ≢⨥ࡢᡂ❧᭷↓࡟ࡘ࠸ุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿᶒ 㝈ࡀ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺㝈⏺ࡢ୰࡛ࠊICJࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ឤ᝟࡬ࡢ㓄៖ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ

ࡶࡢ࡜ゎࡉࢀࡿࠋ

㸱ࠉඛ౛࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿ

࡛࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ␲ᝨࢆᑂ⌮ࡍࡿሙྜࡢㄢ㢟 㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᐃ⩏ࡢཝ᱁ゎ㔘

ࠉࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡣࠊࡑࡢ≢⨥࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㔜኱ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜ㝿♫఍ࡢពぢࡢ୍⮴ࡀ ぢࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊ᮲⣙ୖࡢᴫᛕ࡜ୡ㛫ࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡟ࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࠖ࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ

஦㇟࡜࡟ࡣ ࠎ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡎࢀࡀ࠶ࡿⅬ࡟ὀពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ ᮲⣙ୖࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᐃ⩏㸦➨2᮲㸧ࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠕࡇࡢ᮲⣙࡛ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡜ࡣࠊᅜẸⓗࠊே✀ⓗࠊẸ᪘ⓗཪࡣ᐀ᩍⓗ

㞟ᅋࢆ඲㒊ཪࡣ୍㒊◚ቯࡍࡿពᅗࢆࡶࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓḟࡢ⾜Ⅽࡢ࠸ࡎࢀࢆࡶ

ព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ

aࠉ㞟ᅋᵓᡂဨࢆẅࡍࡇ࡜ࠋ

19ࠉ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡟ヱᙜࡋ࠺ࡿᐇ㉁ⓗ⾜ⅭࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂グࡋࡓከᩘពぢࡢࡳ࡞ࡽ

ࡎࠊಶูពぢ࡛ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥௨እࡢᅜ㝿ἲ㐪཯⾜Ⅽ࡟ゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤ

࣮࢟ࢫ⿢ุᐁࡣࠊICYࡢㅖุỴࡸドᣐ➼࡟㚷ࡳࠊᮏ௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ≉ู

࡞ពᅗࡢ❧ド࡟⣮தᙜ஦ᅜࡀኻᩋࡋࡓ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼཮᪉ࡀ㔜኱࡞≢⨥ࢆ≢ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺᫂☜

࡞ุ᩿࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡞࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋSee, Separate Opinion of Judge Keith to the 2015 Judgment, para. 34. See also Separate Opinion of President Tomka to the 2015 Judgment, para. 34.

20ࠉ 2015 Judgment, para. 523.

bࠉ㞟ᅋᵓᡂဨ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㔜኱࡞⫗యⓗཪࡣ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞༴ᐖࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࠋ c ࠉ඲㒊ཪࡣ୍㒊࡟⫗యⓗ◚ቯࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡋࡓ⏕ά᮲௳ࢆ㞟ᅋ

࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᨾព࡟ㄢࡍࡇ࡜ࠋ

dࠉ㞟ᅋෆ࡟࠾ࡅࡿฟ⏕ࢆጉࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࢆពᅗࡍࡿᥐ⨨ࢆㄢࡍࡇ࡜ࠋ eࠉ㞟ᅋࡢඣ❺ࢆ௚ࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟ᙉไⓗ࡟⛣ࡍࡇ࡜ࠋࠖ

ࠉୖグᐃ⩏ࡣ୍ゝ୍ྃኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃICTYつ⛬➨4᮲2㡯࠾ࡼࡧࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜ 㝿ฮ஦⿢ุᡤつ⛬➨2᮲2㡯୪ࡧ࡟ICCつ⛬➨6᮲࡟ࡶ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢᐃ

⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡣ2ࡘࡢᵓᡂせ௳ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ2ࡘࡢᵓᡂせ௳࡜ࡣࠊ ձୖグa࠿ࡽe࡟ิᣲࡉࢀࡓᐇ㉁ⓗ⾜Ⅽ㸦actus reus㸧࡜ࠊղᨾព㸦mens rea㸧ࠊ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕᅜẸⓗࠊே✀ⓗࠊẸ᪘ⓗཪࡣ᐀ᩍⓗ㞟ᅋࢆ඲㒊ཪࡣ୍㒊◚ቯࡍࡿព ᅗࠖ࡜࠸࠺≉ู࡞ពᅗ㸦dolus specialis㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᵓ ᡂせ௳ࢆ2ࡘ࡟ศࡅ࡚ྛࠎࡢᵓᡂせ௳ヱᙜᛶࢆᑂᰝࡍࡿᡭἲࡣᅜ㝿ⓗฮ஦⿢ุ

ᶵ㛵࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ²¹ࠊICJࡶࡇࢀࢆ㋃くࡋࡓࠋ

ࠉᏛ⾡ⓗ࡟ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ≢⨥ᵓᡂせ௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣㄽதࡀከ࠸ࠋᐃ⩏ୖࠊ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ヱᙜࡍࡿᐇ㉁ⓗ⾜Ⅽ㸦ୖグࡢ≢⨥ᵓᡂせ௳ձ㸧ࡣࠊẅᐖࠊ㔜኱

࡞㌟యⓗཪࡣ⢭⚄ⓗ༴ᐖࠊ㌟యⓗ◚ቯࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓ⏕ά᮲௳ࡢ㈿ㄢࠊฟ⏕㜼 ṆࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡢᙉไ⛣㏦࡜࠸࠺5ࡘࡢ⾜Ⅽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⨥ฮἲᐃ୺⩏࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ࡞ࡽࡤ a࠿ࡽe࡟ิᣲࡉࢀࡓ5ࡘࡢ⾜Ⅽ௨እࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ヱᙜࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ᮲⣙ୖ

ࡢᐃ⩏࠿ࡽእࢀࡿࡶࡢࡶ ࠎ࡟ࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ⓗཪࡣ♫఍ⓗ࡟⣕

ᙎࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋᩥ໬ⓗࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ²²ࠊ⤒῭ⓗࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࠊᨻ἞ⓗࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ

࢖ࢻ࡞࡝ࡢ୺ᙇࡸከᵝ࡞ᣑ኱ㄝࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᨻ἞ⓗཬࡧ♫఍ⓗ࡟ࡣ≉

ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ኱つᶍ࡞㏕ᐖࡸᕪูࢆࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚㠀㞴ࡍࡿഴྥࡀ࠶

ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ICJࡣࢪ࢙

21ࠉ See for example, the Prosecutor v. Akayesu, ICTR, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment of 2 September 1998, para. 498.

22ࠉ ᴮ⃝ᖾᗈࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙2᮲࡜ᩥ໬ⓗࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࠖ⟃ἼᏛ㝔኱Ꮫ⣖せ➨1㞟 㸦2006ᖺ㸧ࠊཧ↷ࠋ

ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᐃ⩏ࡢᣑ኱ࢆㄆࡵࡎཝ᱁࡞ゎ㔘ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋICJࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙

ࡢ㉳ⲡ⪅ࡀᐃ⩏࡟ྵࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓⅬࢆ㔜どࡋ࡚ᨻ἞ⓗ㞟ᅋ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ

ࡸᩥ໬ⓗࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ᮲⣙ୖࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ࡣㄆࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸²³ࠋ ࠉࡲࡓࠊࠕᅜẸⓗࠊே✀ⓗࠊẸ᪘ⓗཪࡣ᐀ᩍⓗ㞟ᅋࢆ඲㒊ཪࡣ୍㒊◚ቯࡍࡿព ᅗࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗ㸦dolus specialis㸧ࠖ㸦ୖグࡢ≢⨥ᵓᡂせ௳ղ㸧ࡢゎ㔘࡟

ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶICJࡣཝ᱁࡞ጼໃࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋ2015ᖺุỴ࡛ࡣ㞟ᅋࡢࠕ◚ቯࠖࡸ㞟ᅋ ࡢࠕ୍㒊ࠖࡢ◚ቯࡢព࿡ࡸពᅗࡢドᣐࡀㄽத࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊICJࡣ◚ቯ࡜ࡣ⫗య

ⓗཬࡧ≀⌮ⓗ◚ቯࢆព࿡ࡋࠊ㞟ᅋࡢ୍㒊࡜ࡣ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ┦ᙜ࡞㒊ศ࡛࡞ࡅࢀ

ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡢ2007ᖺุỴ࡛♧ࡋࡓゎ㔘ࢆ෌☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢゎ㔘ࡣICTY࡟

࡚♧ࡉࢀࡓゎ㔘²⁴ࢆ㋃くࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ♫఍ⓗ◚ቯࡣᑐ㇟እ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶

ࡿࠋ

ࠉ࡞࠾ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ≢⨥࡜ࡋ࡚❧ἲࡋฎ⨩ࡍࡿ⩏ົࢆ

⥾⣙ᅜ࡟ㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᅜ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ⚗Ṇࡍࡿ᫂ᩥࡢ᮲ᩥࡀᏑᅾ ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᅜࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸⩏ົࡀ᮲⣙ୖᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿தⅬ࡜

ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ2007ᖺุỴ࡛ICJࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡀᅜ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ⚗Ṇ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ゎ㔘ࡋࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ⚗Ṇ⩏ົࡢᅜ࡟ࡼࡿ㐪཯ࡀICJ࡟࠾࠸࡚

ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓ౛ࡣᮍࡔᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟⚗Ṇ⩏ົ㐪཯ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࠿ྰ

࠿ᑂ⌮࡟ධࡿୖ࡛ࡢ⩏ົࡢ᰿ᣐ᮲ᩥࡢၥ㢟ࡣᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲

⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡛ゎỴ῭ࡳ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ

㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡣẸ᪘ί໬࡜ࡶᙉไ⛣ఫ࡜ࡶ␗࡞ࡿ

ࠉICJࡣࢭࣝࣅ࢔⣔ໃຊࡢ⾜Ⅽࡣࠕ኱ࢭࣝࣅ࢔㸦Greater Serbia㸧ࠖ࠿ࡽ௚ࡢఫẸ 㞟ᅋࢆ㏣࠸ᡶ࠸᤼㝖ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㞟ᅋࡢ඲యཪࡣ୍㒊ࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿᨻ

⟇ཪࡣពᅗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ²⁵࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖࡢせ௳ࢆḞ ࡃ࡜ุ♧ࡋࡓࠋICJࡣࠕẸ᪘ί໬㸦ethnic cleansings㸧ࠖ࡜ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ༊ูࡋ 23ࠉ 2007 Judgment, para 194.

24ࠉ ౛࠼ࡤࠊProsecutor v. Krstiü, ICTY, Case No. IT-98-33, Judgment of 2 August 2001, para.

577-580.

25ࠉ 2007 Judgment, para. 190.ࠉSee also, 2015 Judgment, para. 435.

࡚࠾ࡾࠊẸ᪘ࢆ≉ᐃࡢ㡿ᇦ࠿ࡽ᤼᩺ࡍࡿせᮃ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᶆⓗࡢ㞟ᅋࢆ≀⌮ⓗ࡟

◚ቯࡍࡿពᅗࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᡂ❧せ௳࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠕ≉ู࡞ព ᅗࠖࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ᙉไⓗ⛣ఫࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡣヱᙜࡋ࡞࠸࡜2015ᖺุỴࡣ㏙

࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࠉࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ICJࡣࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖࢆཝ᱁ゎ㔘ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࠕẸ᪘ί໬ࠖᨻ⟇ࢆ

ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍ♫఍ⓗ࡞୍⯡ホ౯࡜␗࡞ࡿ⤖ㄽࢆୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ICJࡀ⏝࠸ࡓㄽἲ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࠕẸ᪘ί໬ࠖᨻ⟇࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⾜Ⅽࢆࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ ࡢࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖࡀḞዴࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢドᣐ࡜ᢅࡗࡓ࡜ᢈุࡍࡿኌࡶ࠶ࡿ²⁶ࠋ

࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢࠕί໬ᨻ⟇ࠖࡀ❧ドࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ヱᙜ ࡏࡎࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖࡢḞዴࢆ♧ࡍࡀᨾ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ୙ᡂ

❧࡟ࡼࡾ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ୖࡢ⩏ົ㐪཯ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥഃࡀ

୺ᙇࡍࡿ㝿ࡢ᰿ᣐඛ౛࡜ࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡣICJࡢ⟶

㎄ᶒࢆྰᐃࡋ⮬ᅜࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙࡟㐪཯ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿጼໃࢆ⥅⥆

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥᨻᗓࡀタ⨨ࡋࡓ⊂❧ㄪᰝጤဨ఍ࡀ 2020ᖺ1᭶20᪥࡟Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓሗ࿌᭩࡟࠾࠸࡚἞Ᏻ㒊㝲࡟ࡼࡿேᶒ౵ᐖࢆㄆࡵࡘ ࡘࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢពᅗࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡶࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥᨻᗓࡢッゴᡓ␎࡟

ἢࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ

ࠉICTY࡜ICJ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿゎ㔘ࢆ♧ࡋࡓᅜ㝿⿢ุᡤࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேᶒ⿢

ุᡤࡢJorgic v. Germany஦௳²⁷࡛ࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᐃ⩏ࢆᗈࡃゎ㔘 ࡋ♫఍ⓗ༢఩࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ◚ቯࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠕẸ᪘ί໬ࠖ࡟Jorgicࡀཧຍࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ

ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛᭷⨥࡜ࡋࡓⅬࡀதⅬ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேᶒ⿢ุᡤࡣࢻ࢖

ࢶࡀ᥇⏝ࡋࡓᗈ࠸ᐃ⩏ࢆ⫯ᐃࡋࡓࠋJorgicഃࡣ⫗యⓗཪࡣ≀⌮ⓗ◚ቯ࡟ヱᙜࡋ

࡞࠸Jorgicࡢ⾜Ⅽࢆࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛⨩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேᶒ᮲⣙➨7᮲ࡀ

ᐃࡵࡿࠕἲᚊ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ≢⨥↓ࡋࠖࡢཎ๎࡟཯ࡍࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࡀࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃே

26ࠉ See, Martin Steinfeld “When Ethnic Cleansing is Not Genocide: A Critical Appraisal of the ICJ’s Ruling in Croatia v. Serbia in Relation to Deportation and Population Transfer” Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 28 No. 4 (2015), pp. 941-944.

27ࠉ Jorgic v. Germany, Judgment (merits), ECHR, 12 July 2007.

ᶒ⿢ุᡤࡣᅜ㐃⥲఍Ỵ㆟47/121࡞࡝ࡀ࣎ࢫࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼ࡟࠾ࡅࡿẸ ᪘ί໬ࢆࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ୍ᙧែ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ⿢ุᡤࡀ⏝

࠸ࡓᗈ࠸ゎ㔘ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᮏ㉁࡜ྜ⮴ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ♫఍ⓗ

༢఩࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㞟ᅋࡢ◚ቯࢆ௻ᅗࡋࡓ⾜Ⅽࢆྵࡴ࡜࠸࠺ゎ㔘࡜⮬ࡽࡢ⾜Ⅽࡀࢪ࢙

ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚᭷⨥࡜ࡉࢀࡿ༴㝤ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣண ྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ

࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேᶒ᮲⣙➨7᮲㐪཯ࡣ࡞࠸࡜ุ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேᶒ

⿢ุᡤࡣICJ࡜ICTYࡼࡾᰂ㌾࡞ゎ㔘ࢆㅖᅜࡀ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆチᐜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

㸧㧗࠸❧ドᇶ‽

ࠉḟ࡟ICJ࡟࠾࠸࡚せồࡉࢀࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜᐙࡢ⩏ົ㐪཯ࡢ❧ドᇶ

‽ࡢ㧗ࡉࡀὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚

ICJࡣ౛እⓗ࡟㔜኱࡞ᐜ␲࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ୺ᙇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣỴᐃⓗ࡞ドᣐ࡟ࡼࡾド᫂

ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸²⁸࡜ࡋࡓࠋᚑ᮶ࡢICJ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᡭ⥆ࡼࡾࡶ㧗ᗘ࡞❧ドᇶ

‽ࡀせồࡉࢀࡓ࡜ࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐜ␲࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ICJࡀ᏶඲࡟ㄝᚓࡉࢀࡿ

㸦fully convinced㸧࡯࡝࡟᫂☜࡟ド᫂ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡘࡘࠊࡇࢀࡀ ฮ஦ッゴἲୖࡢᣲド㈐௵࡜ྠ୍࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡲ࡛ࡣICJࡣゝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿

ࡋࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ICJࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᡂ❧ࡢ᭷↓࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ICTYࡢุ᩿

࡟౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊ㧗ᗘࡢ⵹↛ᛶࢆ㉸࠼ࡿᇶ‽࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ

↓⨥ࡢ᥎ᐃࡢୗ࡛ಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵ࢆྜ⌮ⓗ࡞␲࠸ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ❧ドᇶ‽࡛ࡢᣲド㈐

௵ࢆ㈇ࡗࡓICTYࡢุ᩿࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚ࠊᅜᐙ㈐௵ࡢ᭷↓ࡀุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

௒ᚋࡶICJ࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ⚗Ṇ⩏ົ㐪཯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜᐙ㈐௵ࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿሙྜ࡟

ࡣࠊ㧗ᗘ࡞❧ドᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡍᚲせࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ2007ᖺุỴ࡛ࡣ ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ㜵Ṇ⩏ົ㐪཯ࡣ⚗Ṇ⩏ົ㐪཯࡯࡝ࡢ㧗࠸❧ドᇶ‽ࡀせồࡉࢀ࡚

࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ2015ᖺุỴࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢⓎ⏕ࡀ㜵Ṇ

⩏ົࡢ㐪཯᭷↓࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᑂ⌮ࡢ๓ᥦ᮲௳࡜ࡋࡓࠋ⤖ᒁࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍ 28ࠉ See, 2007 Judgment, para. 209, and see also, 2015 Judgment, paras. 178-179.ࠉ2007ᖺุỴ࡟

࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢド᫂ࡢᇶ‽ཬࡧ᪉ἲ࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ‮ᒣᬛஅࠕᅜ㝿

ྖἲ⿢ุᡤ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳㸦࣎ࢫࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼᑐࢭࣝࣅ࢔࣭ࣔ

ࣥࢸࢿࢢࣟ㸧(2)ࠖࠗ❧࿨㤋ἲᏛ࠘➨338ྕ㸦2011ᖺ4᭶㸧ࠊ420㹼423㡫ࠊཧ↷ࠋ

ࡿᅜᐙ㈐௵඲⯡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡲࡎ㧗࠸❧ドᇶ‽ࢆ‶ࡓࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᏑᅾࢆ

❧ドࡍࡿᣲド㈐௵ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸧ཎ࿌ᅜࡢ㈇ᢸ̿ ̿ᙜ஦⪅㐺᱁ࠊッゴ㈝⏝ࠊ❧ド㈐௵

ࠉICJつ⛬➨34᮲࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁᅜࡢࡳࡀICJ࡟࠾ࡅࡿதゴ஦௳ࡢᙜ஦⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡇ

࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕẸ᪘ࡣICJ࡟ᥦッ ࡍࡿ㈨᱁ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋICJ࡛࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢᅜᐙ㈐௵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣᅜ ᐙ࠿ࡽࡢ௜クࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ㞴Ẹࡢ኱㔞ὶධ࡟ࡼࡾᦆᐖࢆ⿕ࡗࡓ

ࣂࣥࢢࣛࢹࢩࣗ࡜࠸ࡗࡓ㞄ᅜࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣᦆᐖ㈺ൾࡢㄳồࢆ௜ࡋࡓᥦッ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ

࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᐇ㝿࡟ICJ࡟ᥦッࡋࡓࡢࡣ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢞ࣥ

ࣅ࢔ࡀ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀ⾜ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㐪ἲ⾜Ⅽࡢ⿕ᐖᅜࡢ⠊␪࡟ධࡿ࠿␲ၥどࡉ

ࢀࡿࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥഃ࠿ࡽཎ࿌ᅜࡢッゴᙜ஦⪅㐺᱁ࢆத࠺ᢠᘚࡀᥦ㉳ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶

ࢁ࠺ࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢ⥾⣙ᅜ㛫ࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡣ࠸࠼┤᥋ⓗ࡞ᦆᐖࢆ⿕ࡗ࡚࠸࡞

࠸ᅜ࠿ࡽࡢᥦッࢆICJࡀチᐜࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿ࠊẸ⾗ッゴ㸦actio popularis㸧ࡢၥ㢟ࡶㄽ த࡜ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉ2007ᖺุỴ࡛ICJࡢཝ᱁ゎ㔘ࡢጼໃࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ࡟2015ᖺุỴࡀୗࡉࢀ

ࡿ๓࠿ࡽᩋッࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜ண ࡉࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔࡜ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡣ ICJ࡛ࡢதゴࢆྲྀࡾୗࡆࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃ᭱⤊ุỴ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢッゴࡢᡭ㛫ࡸ㈝⏝ࡢ

㈇ᢸࢆ⏑ཷࡋࡓࠋࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔࡜ࢭࣝࣅ࢔ࡢ୧ᅜ࡜ࡶᅜෆ࡟Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ⿕ᐖ⪅㐩ࡢ せồ࡜ᅜෆᨻ἞≧ἣ➼࠿ࡽᥦッࡢ᧔ᅇࢆ⾜࠼࡞࠸≧ἣ࡟࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿࠋ

࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࢆࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐪཯࡛ICJ࡟ᥦッࡋࡓ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣࠊྠᵝࡢ㈇ᢸ

ࢆぬᝅࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ

ࠉࡲࡓࠊཎ࿌ᅜࡣ๓⠇࡛㏙࡭ࡓ❧ド㈐௵ࢆ㈇࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆᛀࢀ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋICJ ࡣ㆙ᐹ࡛ࡶ᳨ᐹ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⊂⮬࡟ㄪᰝᶵ㛵ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚஦ᐇࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟Ⓨぢࡋ࡚࠸

ࡃᶵ㛵࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋICJࡣ᭩㠃ཬࡧཱྀ㢌ᑂၥ࡟࡚ཎ࿌ᅜ࡜⿕࿌ᅜࡢ┦᪉ࡢ୺ᙇࢆ

⪺ࡁุ᩿ࢆୗࡍࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ICJ࡛ࡣ❧ド㈐௵ࡣᅜ㝿ἲ㐪཯ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿᅜ࡟࠶

ࡿࠋ୺ᙇࢆ᰿ᣐ࡙ࡅࡿ༑ศ࡞㈨ᩱࢆᥦ౪ࡋᘚㄽࢆ⾜࠺ᅜࡢ❧ド⬟ຊࡀヨࡉࢀࡿ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែࢆICJࡀᑂ⌮ࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊドᣐࡢ◚ቯࢆ⚗ࡌド

ᣐಖ඲ࢆ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ࡟࿨ࡌࡿ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨࿨௧ࡣฟࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡀ⮬ࡽ

ࡢ㐪ἲ⾜Ⅽࢆ⿬௜ࡅࡿㄪᰝࡸドᣐࡢᥦฟ࡟༠ຊࡍࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡎࠊᥦッࡍࡿ

ཎ࿌ᅜࡢッゴ⬟ຊ࡟౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡾ࠿ࡡ࡞࠸ࠋཎ࿌ഃࡢ❧ドࢆ⿵ຓࡍࡿᏑ ᅾࡸッゴ㈝⏝ࢆᨭ᥼ࡍࡿᏑᅾࡀồࡵࡽࢀࠊேᶒNGO࡞࡝࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿ

ືࡁࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㏫࡟ࠊ‽ഛ୙༑ศ࡞≧ែ࡛ᥦッࡋ❧ド୙༑ศ࡜ࡋ࡚

ࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ୙ᡂ❧ࠖࡀICJ࡟ࡼࡾุ♧ࡉࢀࡓሙྜࡢ࣐࢖ࢼࢫຠᯝࡸ⿕

ᐖ⪅ࢆྵࡵࡓ♫఍ⓗ⾪ᧁࡣィࡾ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ༑ศ࡞‽ഛࡀᚲせ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ

ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

㸧

࡜ྠᵝࡢ㈉⊩ࡣ

࡟ᮇᚅᅔ㞴

ࠉᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡛ࡶ┦ᡭᅜࡢ㐪཯ࢆ୺ᙇࡍࡿᅜ࡟❧ド

㈐௵ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓⅬ࡟ࡣ㐪࠸ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ㛵ಀᅜ࡜ICJࡀ኱࠸࡟౫ᏑࡋࡓᏑᅾࡀ࠶ࡗ ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀICTY࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋICTYࡣᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣛࣅ࢔㡿ᇦ࡛≢ࡉࢀࡓᅜ㝿ἲ

ୖࡢ≢⨥࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᤚᰝࡋ⿕␲⪅ࢆッ㏣ࡋ⿢ุࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛኱㔞ࡢ㈨ᩱࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡋ ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⿢ุ࡛ྊႏࡉࢀࡓドேࡣ4,650ேࠊ㉳ッ≧ࡸุỴᩥࡣ250୓࣮࣌

ࢪ࡟ୖࡿ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࠋICTYࡢάືࡣࠊッゴ࡛⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡞ドேࡸ≀ⓗ

ドᣐࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡋ࡚ᶒጾ࠶ࡿἲⓗุ᩿ࢆࠊᚋ࡟ྠࡌ≧ἣ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᅜᐙ㈐௵ࢆᑂ⌮

ࡍࡿICJ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᥦ౪ࡍࡿ⤖ᯝ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢドᣐ㈨ᩱ࡜ICTY ࡢㅖุ᩿ࡀ኱࠸࡟ཧ⪃࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊICJࡢ2007ᖺุỴཬࡧ2015ᖺุỴ ࡢ㝶ᡤ࡛ICTYࡢุ᩿ࡀཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

ࠉࡲࡓࠊICJࡀICTY࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛ࡢ㉳ッࡢḞዴࢆ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࡓ

Ⅼࡣၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋICJࡣ2007ᖺุỴ࡛ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ㉳ッᐜ␲࡟ྵࡲࢀࡓ

࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡣ㔜どࡏࡎࠊ᳨ᐹᐁࡀ㉳ッ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᐜ␲ࢆྵࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ཪ ࡣᙜึᏑᅾࡋࡓ㉳ッᐜ␲ࢆᚋ࡟ಟṇࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ㔜せ࡜⪃࠼ࡿጼໃࢆ♧ࡋࡓ²⁹ࠋ 2015ᖺุỴࡣࠊICTY࡟ࡼࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ㉳ッࡢḞዴࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ࡞

࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢỴᐃⓗ࡞ドᣐ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡜ࡣពᅗࡋ࡞࠸࡜㏙࡭ࡘࡘࠊ࣑ࣟࢩ࢙

ࣅࢵࢳᐜ␲⪅࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ࣎ࢫࢽ࢔࣭࣊ࣝࢶ࢙ࢦࣅࢼ࡛ࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᐜ␲ࡀ㉳

29ࠉSee, 2007 Judgment, para. 217.

ッෆᐜ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢡࣟ࢔ࢳ࢔࡟࡚⏕ࡌࡓ⣮த࡟㛵ಀࡍࡿᨻ἞ⓗ

ཪࡣ㌷஦ⓗ࡞ᣦᑟ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ⪅㐩ࡢ஦௳࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ㉳ッᐜ␲࡟

ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺஦ᐇࡣࠊࡼࡾ㔜せ࡞ព࿡ࢆᣢࡘ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶

ࡿ³⁰ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊICTY࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ㉳ッᐜ␲ࡢḞዴࡸᑡ࡞ࡉࢆ㔜どࡍ

ࡿࡢ࡟ࡣၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠕ≉ู࡞ពᅗࠖ➼ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡣ❧ドࡀ㞴 ࡋ࠸ࡓࡵࠊICTYࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛ࡢッ㏣ࢆᅇ㑊ࡋࠊពᅗࢆ❧ドࡍࡿᚲせࡢ࡞

࠸ᡓத≢⨥ࡸே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡛㉳ッࡋ᭷⨥໬ࡍࡿッゴᡓ␎࡟㏵୰࠿ࡽ㌿ࡌ࡚࠸

ࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ⣮தࡢ≉ᐃࡢ᫬ᮇࡸᆅᇦ࡟

࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛ࡢッ㏣ཬࡧ᭷⨥ุỴࡢḞዴࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ≢ࡉࢀ࡞

࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋICJࡣICTY࡟ࡼࡾㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓド ᣐཬࡧ஦ᐇ࡟኱࠸࡟౫ᣐࡋุ࡚᩿ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊICTYࡀᙜ᫬၏୍ࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ࡋ࡚᭷⨥ุỴࢆୗࡋࡓࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓௨እࡢᆅᇦ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ⤖ᯝ࡜

ࡋ࡚ICJࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡜ㄆᐃࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣓ࢹ࢕࢔࡛ࡣࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽ ࢶ࢓௨እࡢᆅᇦ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶఫẸࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᭀຊࡸ㠀ே㐨ⓗྲྀᢅ࠸ࡸᤕ⹭཰ᐜ ᡤࡢᫎീ࡞࡝ࡀሗࡌࡽࢀࠊᪧ࣮ࣘࢦ⣮த୰࡟≢ࡉࢀࡓẸ᪘ί໬ᨻ⟇ࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ

࢖ࢻ࡜ࡋ࡚♫఍ⓗ࡟ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊICJ࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛࠶

ࡿ࡜ㄆᐃࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࢫࣞࣈࣞࢽࢶ࢓ࡢ஦ែࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋୡ㛫୍⯡࡛ࡢࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻࡢㄆ㆑࡜ἲⓗ࡞ᴫᛕ࡜ࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡛ICJࡀICTYࡢ㈨ᩱ࡟౫Ꮡࡋࡓࡼ࠺

࡟ࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែࢆICJࡀᢅ࠺࡟㝿ࡋ࡚ཎ࿌ᅜ࡜ICJ࡟≢⨥㛵㐃㈨ᩱࢆᥦ ౪ࡋ࠺ࡿ୺యࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢

⨥ࢆICCࡢ᳨ᐹࡀッ㏣᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊICC࡟ᮇᚅࡍࡿ⪅ࡶ࠸ࡿ࡛࠶

ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊICCࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡣ2ࡘࡢⅬ࡛ᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ࡜

⪃࠼ࡿࠋࡲࡎ➨1࡟ࠊ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡣICC㠀⥾⣙ᅜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊICC࡟ࡼࡿ⟶㎄ᶒ ࡢ⾜౑࡟ྠពࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶICCࡣᅜ㐃Ᏻಖ⌮࠿ࡽࡢ஦ែࡢ௜クࡢሙ

ྜࢆ౛እ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚⟶㎄ᶒࢆ⾜౑ࡍࡿ๓ᥦ᮲௳࡜ࡋ࡚≢⨥⾜Ⅽᆅᅜཪ 30ࠉ2015 Judgment, para. 187.

ࡣ⿕␲⪅ࡢᅜ⡠ᅜࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࠿ࡽࡢྠពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ

ᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥ࢆICCࡀᑂ⌮ࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ࡣ≢⨥⾜Ⅽᆅᅜ࡛࠶ࡾ⿕␲⪅

ࡢᅜ⡠ᅜ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢྠពࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊICCࡣ㞴Ẹࡀὶ ධࡋࡓࣂࣥࢢࣛࢹࢩࣗࡀICC⥾⣙ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚⟶㎄ᶒࢆᡂ❧ࡉ ࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ௻ᅗࡋ࡚ࠊࣟࣄࣥࢠࣕ㞴Ẹ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ≢⨥ࡢ␲ᝨ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᤚᰝࢆ㛤ጞ ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࠕ≢⨥⾜Ⅽᆅᅜࠖࡢᴫᛕࢆᗈࡃゎ㔘ࡋࠊ≢⨥ࡢᡂ❧ࡀࣂࣥࢢ

ࣛࢹࢩ࡛ࣗ᏶⤖ࡋࡓ࡜ゎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋICC᳨ᐹᐁࡣࡇࡢゎ㔘ࡢጇᙜ ᛶ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ␲⩏ࡸ⟶㎄ᶒࡢไ㝈࡜࠸࠺㞀ᐖࢆ஌ࡾ㉺࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ➨2

࡟ࠊICCࡣ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ

⨥ࡢ㉳ッᐜ␲࡛ᑂ⌮ࡍࡿ࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⌧᫬Ⅼ࡛ICCࡣ2017ᖺ࡟࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥ

ཬࡧࣂࣥࢢࣛࢹࢩࣗ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ICCつ⛬➨7᮲1㡯(d)ࡢఫẸࡢ㏣ᨺཪࡣᙉ ไ⛣㏦ࠊྠ㡯(h)ࡢẸ᪘ⓗཪࡣ᐀ᩍⓗ᰿ᣐ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ㏕ᐖࠊᖐᅜࡍࡿᶒ฼ࡢ౵ᐖ

ࢆྵࡴྠ㡯(k)ࡢ㠀ே㐨ⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࠊே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡢᐜ␲࡛࣑ࣕࣥ

࣐࣮ࡢ஦௳ࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࡓ࡜࠼ᑗ᮶ICCࡀ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែ࡟

㛵ࡍࡿ஦௳࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㛗ᮇࡢබุᚋ࡟᭷⨥ุỴࢆୗࡋࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍࡿุ᩿࡜ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚⭾኱࡞ドᣐ୪ࡧ࡟

ᶒጾ࠶ࡿ஦ᐇㄆᐃཬࡧἲⓗุ᩿ࡢᥦ౪࡜࠸࠺ࠊᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺

⏝஦௳࡟ᑐࡍࡿICTYࡢ㈉⊩࡜ྠᵝࡢࡇ࡜ࢆICC࡟ᮇᚅࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛

࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉICJࡀ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែࢆᑂ⌮ࡍࡿሙྜࠊᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞ฮ஦⿢ุᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡿࢪ࢙

ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ᭷⨥ุỴࡀඛ⾜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸≧ែ࡛ICJࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ≢ࡉࢀ

ࡓ࠿ྰ࠿ࡢุ᩿ࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ2015ᖺุỴ࡛ICJࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ ᡂ❧ࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ᝿㉳ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࠊICC࡟௦᭰ࡋ࡚ࠊ๓

㏙ࡢேᶒ⌮஦఍ࡢୗ࡛ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓ࡜ࡢぢゎࢆ♧ࡋࡓㄪᰝᅋࡢሗ࿌

᭩ࡸࠊㄪᰝᅋࢆᘬ⥅ࡄࡓࡵ࡟᪂タࡉࢀࡓᶵ㛵ࡀドᣐࡢ཰㞟࡜ᥦ౪࡜࠸ࡗࡓⅬ࡛

ICJ࡜ཎ࿌ᅜࢆ⿵ຓࡍࡿᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋ࠺ࡿ࠿௒ᚋὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋ⌧࡟ICJ࡬ࡢッ

≧ࡸ௬ಖ඲ᥐ⨨ᡭ⥆࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢞ࣥࣅ࢔ࡣㄪᰝᅋࡢሗ࿌᭩ࢆከࠎᘬ⏝ࡋ࡚୺ᙇ

ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙㐺⏝஦௳࡟࠾ࡅࡿICTY

࠿ࡽࡢ㈨ᩱ࡜ㅖุỴࡢᢅ࠸࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊ㠀ྖἲⓗᶵ㛵࡟ࡼࡾᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ㈨ᩱ࡜

ぢゎࢆICJࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ㔜どࡍࡿ࠿ࠊICJ࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᐇ࡜ุ᩿ࡀྠᵝ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡿ

࠿ࡣ୙࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋ

㸧ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡢ஺㘒࡜

ࡢไ㝈ࡉࢀࡓ⟶㎄ᶒ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢ⠊␪እ࡛࠶ࡿࡑࡢ௚ࡢ≢⨥࡟ࡘ࠸ุ࡚᩿ࢆୗࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗ ࡓࠋ࣑࣐࣮ࣕࣥࡢ஦ែࡀICJ࡟ᥦッࡉࢀࡓ㝿ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡀ⟶㎄ᶒࡢᇶ

♏࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ICJࡣྠᵝ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ௨እ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᑂ⌮୙⬟࡜

࠸࠺⟶㎄ᶒࡢไ㝈ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋICJࡢ⟶㎄ᶒࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙➨9᮲࡟ᇶ

࡙ࡁྠ᮲⣙ୖࡢ⣮த࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ័⩦ἲࡸᙉ⾜つ⠊㸦ࣘࢫ࣭ࢥ࣮ࢤࣥ

ࢫ㸧ཪࡣᑐୡⓗ⩏ົ㸦࢚࣭࣒ࣝ࢞࢜ࢿࢫ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍࡿつ⠊

࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶICJ࡛ࡢᑂ⌮ᑐ㇟እ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋ

ࠉ᭱ᚋ࡟ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡭ࡓ࠸ࠋࢪ࢙ࣀ

ࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅛ᭷ࡢᇶᮏ᮲⣙ࡀே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡟

ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮍࡔᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜࡟ὀពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᅜ㐃ᅜ㝿ἲጤဨ఍ࡀ

ே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅜ㝿ἲつ⠊ࡢἲ඾໬ࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥

࡟㛵ࡍࡿከᩘᅜ㛫᮲⣙ࡣᮍࡔไᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

ࠉࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡣࠊ཮᪉࡜ࡶᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᭱ࡶ

㔜኱࡞≢⨥࡜ࡋ࡚ᅜ㝿ⓗฮ஦⿢ุᶵ㛵࡛ಶேࡢฮ஦㈐௵ࡀ㏣ཬࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࠋ୧⨥

࡜ࡶே㢮ࡢṔྐୖྂࡃ࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ≢⨥࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥࡜ࡋ࡚㢮ᆺ

໬ࡉࢀጞࡵࡓṔྐࡣὸࡃࠊ≢⨥㢮ᆺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ➨2ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ୰࡟≢ࡉࢀࡓᡓத

≢⨥࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࢽࣗࣝࣥ࣋ࣝࢢᅜ㝿⿢ุ࡜ᴟᮾ⿢ุ࡟࠾ࡅࡿฎ⨩ᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ே㐨

࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡀඛ࡟ㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡜࠸࠺≢⨥㢮ᆺࡀㄌ⏕ࡋࡓࡢࡣ➨2 ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋ࡟ࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࠖ࡜࠸࠺㐀ㄒࡀ๰㐀ࡉࢀࡓᚋ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ

࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢไᐃ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡣࢽࣗࣝࣥ࣋ࣝࢢᅜ㝿⿢ุཬࡧᴟᮾ⿢ุ

ࡢ⟶㎄ᑐ㇟࡜ࡉࢀࡓே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ≢⨥ࡢ୍㢮ᆺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᢅ࠸࠿ࡽ⬺ࡋࡓࠋࢪ࢙

ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙➨1᮲ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀᖹ᫬ཪࡣᡓ᫬ࢆၥࢃࡎᅜ㝿ἲୖࡢ≢⨥࡛

࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂グࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊᡓத≢⨥࡜ᙜ᫬ࡢࠕே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ≢⨥ࠖ࡟ໟ

ྵࡉࢀ࡞࠸᪂ࡓ࡞≢⨥㢮ᆺࢆసࡾฟࡋࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡣࠊṊຊ⣮த୰࡛

࠶ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆၥࢃࡎࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ≢⨥࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᐉゝࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊྠ⨥࡜

Ṋຊ⣮தཬࡧே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡜ࡢ㐃⤖ࢆษࡾ㞳ࡋࠊᅜ㝿ே㐨ἲ࡜ᅜ㝿ฮ஦ἲ࡜

ᅜ㝿ேᶒἲࡀ஺㘒ࡍࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸⌧௦ᅜ㝿ἲࡢᵝ┦ࡢⓏሙࢆ♧၀ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠉ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡜ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᴫᛕࡢⓎᒎྐࢆぢ

ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ┦஫࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋྜ࠸ࠊ㔜」ࡍࡿ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀே㐨࡟ᑐࡍ

ࡿ⨥࡟ໟᦤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡶࡢࢆ᪂ࡓ࡟≢⨥㢮ᆺ໬ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺≢⨥㢮ᆺࡢㄌ⏕⤒⦋

࠿ࡽࡑࡢ㢮ఝᛶࡀ࠺࠿ࡀࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡶࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ

ཷࡅ࡚᫬௦࡟ࡼࡾኚ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡶὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿࠋே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡢ≢⨥㢮ᆺ⮬

యࡀ᫬௦࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ኚᐜࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚Ṋຊ⣮த࡜ࡢ㐃

⤖ࡀษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ

࢖ࢻ࡜ྠᵝ࡟Ṋຊ⣮த୰࡟≢ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᙧ࡬࡜ኚᙧࡋࡓ⌧ᅾ࡟

࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ⊂⮬ࡢ≢⨥㢮ᆺ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡᅾࡍࡿព⩏ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠿␲ၥ

ࢆ࿊ࡍࡿኌࡶ࠶ࡿ³¹ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᅛ᭷ࡢᇶ♏᮲⣙ࢆᣢࡓࡎྛ✀ࡢᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢ุᶵ 㛵ࡢつ⛬࡜ุ౛ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᴫᛕⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆࡓே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊᇶ♏࡜

ࡉࢀࡿከᩘᅜ㛫᮲⣙࡜ࡋ࡚ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡣᇶ┙

ࡢᙉࡉࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᅜᐙࡢ⩏ົࡸ㈐௵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᐃࡵࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ᮲⣙ࡢᏑᅾࡣ

᫂☜࡞ᅜ㝿ἲ᰿ᣐࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࠺ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋICJ࡛ࡢᑂ⌮ྍ⬟ᛶࢆ⪃࠼ࡿሙྜࠊ ICJࡢ⟶㎄ᶒࡢ᰿ᣐࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࠺ࡿᇶᮏ᮲⣙ࡢ᭷↓ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࢆ⏕ࡴࡇ࡜࡟ὀ ពࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ

31ࠉ William Schabas “The Genocide Convention at Fifty” (Special Report, USIP, Washington DC, 1999), pp. 4-5.