᪥ᮏㄒࡢᑐヰࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬⛠モ࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ᶵ⬟
̿୰ᅜேᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࡼࡿึᑐ㠃ヰࡽࡢศᯒ ᴋᮏ ᚭஓ
ࡣࡌࡵ
1. ◊✲┠ⓗ
1.1 ◊✲┠ⓗ
1.2 㢟ヰ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚
2. ඛ⾜◊✲ၥ㢟Ⅼ 3. ◊✲᪉ἲ
4. ⤖ᯝศᯒ
4.1 ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⾲ࢀ⮬↛ࡉ 4.2 ┬␎ࡍࡁ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モ
4.3 ┬␎ࡍࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モ 5. ヰ㢟ࡢ㝵ᒙᛶᨭ㓄㛵ಀ
࠾ࢃࡾ
ࡣࡌࡵ
᪥ᮏㄒ㠀ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒ࠾࠸࡚⮬⛠モᑐ⛠モ㸦௨ୗࠕ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࠖ㸧ࡢ⮬↛࡞⏝ࡀ
ࡼࡃぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ≉Ⓨヰ࠾ࡅࡿࠕࢃࡓࡋࠖࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ⏝ࡢ㐺ษࡉࡣ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱⌧
ሙ࠾࠸࡚ึ⣭᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ≉ᚩࡋ࡚ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᆺࡋ࡚ࠊ㢟
ࡋ࡚┬␎ࡉࢀࡿࡁࡇࢁࠕࢃࡓࡋࠖࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࠖࡀㄒᙡⓗ⾲ࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡣᑎෆ࣭ⓑ㸦2001㸧ࠊᮧୖ㸦1996㸧ࠊ᭯㸦2004㸧ࡽࡀᣦࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀ
ே⛠㢟ࡋ࡚ᵓᩥୖ⩏ົⓗ᫂♧ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢẕㄒࡽࡢᖸ΅ࠊࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣ
……ࠖࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ……ࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᩥࡀᑟධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩍ⛉᭩ࡸࡑࡢᩍ࠼᪉ࡢᙳ㡪ࡀཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ
୍⯡ⓗ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣࠊ≉ㄯヰ࠾࠸࡚ࡑࡢሙ㠃ᛶࡼࡾヰࡋᡭࡢࡇࢆヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ⪺ࡁᡭࡢࡇ
ࢆヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡣ┬␎ࡉࢀࡿࡇࡀᬑ㏻࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊࠕࢃࡓࡋࠖࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࠖࡢㄒᙡⓗ⏝ࡣ᥍࠼ࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡀ⩦ᚓࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞
࠸ࡇࡀ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢⓎヰ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⮬↛࡞⏝⧅ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢⓎヰ࠾ࡅࡿ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⏝ࢆほᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ
ࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶࡍ࡚ࡀ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ⮬↛࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࢁࡶぢࡽࢀࡿࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀ㢟ࡋ࡚⮬↛࠼ࡿሙྜࡑࡢ⏝ࡀ⮬↛࡞ሙྜࡀ࠶
ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊࡑࡇ㢟ࡢᶵ⬟ⓗ㐪࠸ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᶵ⬟ⓗ㐪࠸ࡀ
࠶ࡿࡢࠊࡑࢀࢆ᥈ࡿࡢࡀᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
◊✲┠ⓗ
◊✲┠ⓗ
ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ㠀ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒヰ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ⾲ࢀ᪉ࡽࠊ᪥
ᮏㄒࡢᑐヰࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ᶵ⬟ࢆ᥈ࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡍࡿࠋศᯒࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࢸ
࢟ࢫࢺᛶࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊ㢟ᶵ⬟ࢆᩥ⬦ⓗ⧅ࡀࡾࡽ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇࡀᮏ◊✲ࡢ
║࡞ࡿࠋ
᪥ᮏㄒ㠀ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡋ࡚ࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ㞟ࡵࡸࡍࡉࡼࡾ୰ᅜே᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࢆ㑅ࢇࡔࠋ᪥ᮏㄒ㠀 ẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢヰࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ⾲ࢀࡢ⮬↛ࡉ⮬↛ࡉ ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㢟ᶵ⬟ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀࡼࡾ㩭᫂ᫎࡋฟࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⪃࠼ࡿࡽ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ⮬↛࡞ࡇࢁ⮬↛࡞ࡇࢁࢆẚࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࡢࡼ࠺࡞㢟ᶵ⬟ࡢ㐪
࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿᐜ᫆᥎ ࡛ࡁࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ྠኈࡢヰ࡛ࡣࠊᙜ
↛⮬↛⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀ┬␎ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⾲ࢀࡽ㢟ᶵ⬟ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡢࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸
ண ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ศᯒࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬⛠モࡣ୍ே⛠ࠕࢃࡓࡋࠖຓモࣁࡀࡘ࠸ࡓᙧࢆࠊᑐ⛠モࡣே⛠ࠕ࠶
࡞ࡓࠖຓモࣁࡀࡘ࠸ࡓᙧࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᑐ⛠モ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᐇ㝿ࡢヰ࡛ࡣ┦ᡭ
ᑐࡋ࡚ࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ͐͐ࠖࡣゝࢃ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊ⪃ᐹࡢ㝿ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤࠕ⏣୰ࡉࢇࡣ͐͐ࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ
࠺ࠕ┦ᡭࡢྡ๓ࠖຓモࣁࡀࡘ࠸ࡓᙧ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡿࠋ
ࣁ௨እࡶ㢟ࢆ⾲ࡍຓモࠊࡲࡓࡣ㢟ࢆ⾲ࡍᡭẁࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⌧ẁ㝵࡛ࡣ㆟ㄽࡢ」㞧ࢆ㑊 ࡅࡿࡓࡵࠊຓモࣁࡢࡳࢆྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᮏ✏ࡣ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⾲ࢀὀ┠ࡋࠊࡑࡇࡽ㢟ᶵ⬟ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡢࡀ┠ⓗ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊ
ࡢ㢟ᶵ⬟ࡀࢀࡔࡅ⾲ࢀࡿࢆ ࡿࡇࡣࡇࡢ┠ⓗࡣྜࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᩘ
㔞ⓗศᯒࡣ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸ࠋ
㢟ヰ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㢟ࡢᶵ⬟ࢆᩥ⬦ⓗどⅬࡼࡾㄪ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᩥ⬦ࡣヰ㢟ⓗせ⣲ࡼࡾᡂࡾ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣࠊ㢟ヰ㢟ࡣ࠺㐪࠺ࡢࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺༊ูࡍࡿࠋ
㢟ࡣᩥᵓ㐀࠾࠸࡚ླྀ㏙ࡢ๓ᥦࡋ࡚ఱࢆ㏙ࡿࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㢟ࢆ⾲ࡍ௦⾲
ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢຓモࣁࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣁࡣླྀ㏙ࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ㝈ᐃࡍࡿാࡁࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ㸦ᯇᮧ1971ࠊᓥ1995ࠊ Iwasaki 1987㸧ࡇࡼࡾࠊᩥ⬦ࡼࡾᑐẚᛶࢆ⾲ฟࡍࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᩥࡲࡓࡣᩥ⬦ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾࠸࡚
㢟ⓗ↔Ⅼ࡞ࡿෆᐜࢆ⾲ࡍࡶࡢࡀヰ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋヰ㢟ࡣලయᛶࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡼࡾᑠヰ㢟ࠊヰ 㢟࠸࠺ࡼ࠺㝵ᒙࡍࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊࠕ⏣୰ࡉࢇࡣබᅬ࡛ኚ࡞⏨ࢆぢࡓࠖゝࡗࡓሙྜࠊ㢟ࡣ ࠕ⏣୰ࡉࢇ࡛ࠖࠊヰ㢟ࡣࠕ⏣୰ࡉࢇࡀබᅬ࡛ぢࡓኚ࡞⏨ࡢࢥࢺࠖ㸦ᑠヰ㢟㸧ࡲࡓࡣࠕ⏣୰ࡉࢇࡢ බᅬ࡛ࡢฟ᮶ࠖ㸦ヰ㢟㸧࡞ࡿࠋ㸦Givon ed.1983ཧ⪃㸧ヰ㢟ࡣᑠヰ㢟ࢆෆᐜⓗໟྵࡍࡿ
ࡇࡼࡾࠊᨭ㓄㛵ಀ࠶ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋ
࡞࠾ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣຓモࣁࡀᚋ⨨ࡍࡿྡモྃࢆ㢟ㄆᐃࡍࡿࠋࠕ⚾ࠊ㹼⏦ࡋࡲࡍࠖࡢࠕ⚾ ȭࠖ
ࡢࡼ࠺↓ຓモ࡛⾲ࢀࡿྡモྃࡣᅇࡣ⪃ᐹࡢᑐ㇟ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ
ඛ⾜◊✲ၥ㢟Ⅼ
⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ᶵ⬟ࡣඛ⾜◊✲࠾࠸࡚⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ┬␎࣭㠀┬␎ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆࡶ㆟ㄽ ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦␊1980ࠊ▮㔝1981ࠊGivon ibid.ࠊHinds 1983&1987ࠊྜྷᕝ1988ࠊ◁ᕝ1990&2005ࠊ
ᮤ1991ࠊ⏥ᩫ⃝1992ࠊ㞵ᐑ࣭ᯘ㒊1993ࠊఀ㇋ᒣ1994ࠊBekes 1995ࠊబஂ㛫1996ࠊ2001ࠊ
᭯ ibid.㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ⾜◊✲ࢆࡲࡵ࡚ࡳࡿࠊࡲࡎ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟┬␎ࡣࠊඛ⾜ᩥ⬦ࡢ
↷ྜࠊᩗㄒࢆྵࡵࡓᩥᮎ⾲⌧ࡼࡿᩥἲⓗ࡞⦡ࡾࠊ㠀ゝㄒⓗᩥ⬦㸦▮㔝ibid.㸧1) ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿሙྜ
㉳ࡇࡿࡇࡀᣦࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊᮏ✏࡛◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡍࡿ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ㠀┬␎ࡢሙ
ྜ㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᮤ㸦ibid.㸧ࠊ᭯㸦ibid.㸧ࠊ⏥ᩫ⃝㸦ibid.㸧ࠊ㞵ᐑ࣭ᯘ㒊㸦ibid.㸧ࠊ◁ᕝ㸦ibid.㸧࡛ヲ ࡋࡃ⪃ᐹࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊᮤࡣே⛠௦ྡモࠕ⮬ศࡲࡓࡣ┦ᡭࡢୡ⏺῝ࡃᕪࡋ㎸ࡴᶵ⬟ࠖ
ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄆࡵࠊࡑࡢᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚㠀┬␎ࡀ࠶ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭯ࡣྎ‴ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢసᩥ
᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⛉᭩ࡢ᳨ドࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍ே⛠௦ྡモࡢ⏝ࡣࠕヰ㢟ᑟධࠖࠕᙉㄪࠖࠕᑐẚࠖࠕ᫂♧ࠖ
ࡢ4✀㢮ࡢᶵ⬟ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏥ᩫ⃝࠾࠸࡚ࡣࢸࣞࣅ␒⤌࠾ࡅࡿᑐヰࢆࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࡋࠊືモࠕᛮ࠺ࠖࡀࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩥࢆㄪࡓ⤖ᯝࠊㄒࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࡾ➨୕⪅ࢆヰ㢟ࡋࡓࡾ
ࡍࡿ᮲௳ࡢࡶ࡛ㄒࡢ㠀┬␎ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㞵ᐑ࣭ᯘ㒊ࡣ㢟ᑟධᩥ
࡛ࡣ㢟ࡀ┬␎ࡉࢀࡎࠊ㢟ᒎ㛤ᩥ࠾࠸࡚㢟ࡢ┬␎ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡇࢆᣦࡋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒẕㄒヰ
⪅ࡼࡿ✵ḍグධࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡼࡿศᯒ࡛ࡢド᫂ࢆヨࡳ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ◁ᕝࡣᑠㄝసရࡽࡢᘬ⏝ࢆ
ㄯヰ㈨ᩱࡋ2) ࠊ㢟ࡢ┬␎㠀┬␎ࡢ᮲௳ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࣁࡢࠕቃ⏺タᐃᶵ⬟ࠖ
ࡋ࡚ࠕ㢟ࡢᑟධᶵ⬟ࠖࡑࡇࡽὴ⏕ࡍࡿࠕ㢟ࡢタᐃᶵ⬟ࠖࢆㄆࡵࠊࡑࡇ㢟ࡢ㠀
┬␎ࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽࡢᙇࡣࡑࢀ࡞ࡾࡢṇᙜᛶࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊၥ㢟Ⅼࡋ୍࡚ࡘࡣࠕᙉㄪࠖࡢࡼ࠺
ᢳ㇟ⓗ࡛᭕࡞ᴫᛕࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕᑐẚࠖࡶࠕ᫂♧ࠖࡶࠕᙉㄪࠖ
⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡞ࡃࡶ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊࡶ࠺ᑡࡋ⢭⦓ࡀᚲせࡔឤࡌࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㢟ᑟධᩥ࠾࠸࡚㢟 ࡢ㠀┬␎ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡇࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࠼ࡤㄯヰ㛤ጞ࠾࠸࡚⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀ
㢟ࡋ࡚᫂♧ࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᑠㄝ࡞࡛ࡣ㛤ጞᩥࠕ⚾ࡣ͐͐ࠖ࡞㢟ࡀ᫂♧ࡉࢀࡿ
ࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡣヰ࡛ࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽࠊึᑐ㠃ヰ࡞࡛ࡣࠊ┦ᡭ ࡢ㌟ศࠊఫᡤࠊࡁࡣᐙ᪘ࡢࡇࡀ㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ヰ㢟࡞ࡿ࡞࡛ࠊ࠸ࡕ࠸ࡕࠕ⚾ࡣ͐͐ࠖ
ࠕ㹼ࡉࢇࡣ͐͐ࠖゝࢃ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥࡽࠊᐇ㝿ࡢᑐヰࢹ࣮ࢱࡢศᯒࡢᚲ せᛶࢆឤࡌࡿࠋඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣ⏥ᩫ⃝௨እࡣࠕ᭩࠸ࡓࠖ㈨ᩱࡀࢹ࣮ࢱඖ࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᐇ㝿ࡢㄯ ヰࢆศᯒࡋࡓࡶࡢࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋ⏥ᩫ⃝࠾࠸࡚ࡶືモࠕᛮ࠺ࠖࢆྵࡴᩥࡢࡳࡢศᯒ⤊ࢃࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣᐇ㝿ࡢᑐヰࡽࡢศᯒࢆヨࡳࡿࡓࡵࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ㠀ẕㄒヰ⪅ึᑐ㠃ヰࢆ
⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࢆᑐヰࢹ࣮ࢱࡋࡓࠋ௨ୗࠊ◊✲᪉ἲࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
◊✲᪉ἲ
ᮾி㒔ෆࡢᏛࡢ୰ᅜே␃Ꮫ⏕12ྡ୰ᅜᅜෆࡢ᪥ᮏㄒᑓᨷࡢ୰ᅜேᏛ⏕20ྡ㸦࠸ࡎࢀ
ࡶึ⣭ࢆ⤊࠼࡚୰⣭࠸ࡿᏛ⏕㸧⿕㦂⪅ࡋ࡚༠ຊࡋ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓࠋ␗࡞ࡿᏛࠊࡲࡓࡣ␗࡞
ࡿᏛ㒊ࡸࢡࣛࢫᡤᒓࡍࡿேࢆࢃࡏࠊึᑐ㠃࡛ࡢヰࢆࡉࡏࡓ㸦ణࡋࠊᮾி㒔ෆࡢᏛ
୰ᅜᅜෆࡢ㸯ᰯ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡣࠊྠᏛࡢ␃Ꮫ⏕ྠኈ࡛࣮ࣟࣝࣉࣞࡋ࡚ึᑐ㠃ヰࢆࡏࡊ
ࡿࢆ࠼࡞࠸࠸࠺ไ⣙ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸧ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡢヰࡣ㘓㡢ࡋᩥᏐࡋ࡚ศᯒ㈨ᩱࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡍ
࡚ࡢ⿕㦂⪅ࡽࠊㄪᰝ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ◊✲㈨ᩱࡋ࡚⏝࠾ࡼࡧබ㛤ࡍࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚
ᩥ᭩ࡼࡿᢎㅙࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ึᑐ㠃ヰࢆศᯒᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊึᑐ㠃࠸࠺ࡇࡽヰཧຍ⪅ࡀ⮬ศࡸ┦ᡭࡢࡇࢆ
ヰ㢟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀ⏝ࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺⪃࠼ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊヰࡢෆᐜ
ࡶࠊࡢヰཧຍ⪅࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ࡇࡀヰ㢟࡞ࡿࡺ࠼ෆᐜⓗ⤫୍ࡉࢀࠊྠࡌᩥ
⬦࡛ࡢẚ㍑ࡀᐜ᫆࡞ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡓࠋ
⤖ᯝศᯒ
⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⾲ࢀ⮬↛ࡉ
⿕㦂⪅ࡢⓎヰ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⾲ࢀࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࠊ㸯㸧┬␎ࡍࡁࡇࢁࢆ┬␎ࡋ࡚࠸
࡞࠸ࡢ࡛⮬↛࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ㸰㸧┬␎ࡋ࡚ࡶࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶ⮬↛ࡉࡣኚࢃࡾࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ㸱㸧┬␎
ࡋ࡞࠸࠺ࡀ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡿࡢ㸱ࡘࡢሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀศࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣ㸯㸧㸱㸧ࡢሙྜࢆ⪃ᐹ ࡢᑐ㇟ࡍࡿࠋ
┬␎ࡍࡁ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モ
ࡲࡎࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀ㢟ࡋ࡚┬␎ࡍࡁࡇࢁ┬␎ࡉࢀࡎ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ⮬↛
࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢆᣲࡆࡿࠋ
ึᑐ㠃ࡢᣵᣜ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬⛠モࡢᐃᆺⓗ⏝
⿕㦂⪅ࡢࡰဨࡀึᑐ㠃ࡢᣵᣜ࠾࠸࡚ྡࡿ㝿ࠊࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣ㸦ேྡ㸧࡛ࡍࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺
⮬⛠モࢆᐃᆺⓗ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ㢧ⴭ࡞≉ᚩࡋ࡚ほᐹࡉࢀࡿࠋࠕ㹼⏦ࡋࡲࡍࠖࡢࡼ࠺
ㅬㆡㄒࢆࡗࡓሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊㅬㆡㄒࡣ୍ே⛠ࢆ⾲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊࠕࢃࡓࡋࠖࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚
ࡋࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㸦௨ୗᑐヰ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࠕ㹡␒ྕࠖࡣ⿕㦂⪅␒ྕࢆ⾲ࡍࠋୗ⥺㒊ࡣ⪃ᐹࡢᑐ㇟
࡞ࡿࡇࢁࢆ♧ࡍࠋ㸧
㸦㸯㸧㹡㸸ࡣࡌࡵࡲࡋ࡚ࠋࢃࡓࡋࡣ㸦㹡 ྡ๓㸧࡛ࡍࠋ࠺ࡒࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍࠋ 㹡㸸ࡣࡌࡵࡲࡋ࡚ࠋࢃࡓࡋࡣ㸦㹡 ྡ๓㸧࡛ࡍࠋ୰ᅜࡽ᮶ࡲࡋࡓࠋ࠶࣮ࠊࡼࢁࡋࡃ
࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍࠋ
㸦㸰㸧㹡㸸ࡣࡌࡵࡲࡋ࡚ࠋ
㹡㸸ࡣࡌࡵࡲࡋ࡚ࠋ͐͐ࢃࡓࡋࡣ㸦㹡 ྡ๓㸧⏦ࡋࡲࡍࠋ
ྡࡾ⾜Ⅽࡣືసࡀ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛⮬⛠モࢆ᫂♧ࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤᑐẚᛶࡀᙉࡃ⾲ࢀ
⮬↛࡞ࡿࠋከࡃࡢึ⣭᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⛉᭩ࡢ᭱ึࡢㄢ࡛⮬ᕫ⤂ࡋ࡚ࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣ㹼࡛ࡍࠖࡀฟ࡚
ࡃࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡣࡑࢀᙉࡃᙳ㡪ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ྠ୍㢟ࡢ㐃⥆ⓗ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ
ヰࡋᡭࡀ୍ࡘࡢヰ㢟࡛ヰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡁࠊࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣ͐͐ࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ͐͐㸽ࠖ࠸
࠺ࡼ࠺⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀ㢟ࡋ࡚⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
㸦㸱㸧㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡣ㸦㹡 ྡ๓㸧࡛ࡍࠋ㸦Ꮫྡ㸧Ꮫ࡛ຮᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㹡㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋ
㹡㸸୰ᅜࡽ᮶ࡲࡋࡓࠋ 㹡㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋ
㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡣ ṓ࡛ࡍࠋࢃࡓࡋࡣ୰ᅜ࡛ ࣨ᭶ࡄࡽ࠸ࠊࢇ̿ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࢆຮᙉࡋࡲ
ࡋࡓࠋ୰ᅜ࡛Ꮫࢆ༞ᴗࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋࢃࡓࡋࡢᑓ㛛ࠊᑓ㛛ࡣࢹࢨ࡛ࣥࡍࠋ
㸦㸲㸧㹡㸸͐͐࠶ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡣࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ࠸ࡘ᪥ᮏ᮶ࡲࡋࡓ㸽 㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣ㸱᭶ᮏ᮶ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
㹡㸸࠶࡞ࡓࡣ᪥ᮏࡢࠊ༳ࠊ༳㇟ࠊ࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠊ࠺࡛ࡍ㸽
㹡㸸᪥ᮏࡣࡁࢀ࠸ࡢࠊࡁࢀ࠸࡞⾤࡛ࡍࠋ࠶࣮ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ఱࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍ 㸽
㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊࢇ࣮ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᏛࡢู⛉ຮᙉࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㹡㸸࠶࠶ࠊࢃࡓࡋࡶ᪥ᮏࡢᏛࡢู⛉⏕࡛ࡍࠋ
㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㊃ࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽
㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡢ㊃ࡣᩱ⌮ࢆࡘࡃࡿࡇ࡛ࡍࠋ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㸽
㹡㸸⚾ࡢ㊃ࡣࢧࢵ࣮࢝ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡍࠋ࠶࡞ࡓࡣᑗࠊᑗ᮶ఱࠊఱࢆࡋࡓ࠸࡛ࡍ 㸽
㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡣᑗ᮶ࠊࡁ࠸♫࡛ാࡁࡓ࠸ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
㸦㸱㸧࠾࠸࡚㹡 ࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟㛵ಀࡍࡿヰ㢟ࡢࡶ࡛⮬⛠モࢆ㢟ࡋ࡚⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ㸦㸲㸧࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㹡 ࡣ㹡 ࡢ᮶᪥㛵ࡍࡿヰ㢟 F ⮬㌟㛵ࡍࡿヰ㢟ࡢ࡞࡛ࡑࢀ
ࡒࢀᑐ⛠モࢆ㢟ࡋ࡚㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦୰ 㸤 ⾜┠ 㸤 ⾜┠㸧ࠋ୕ୖ㸦1960㸧ࡢ ࠕࣁࡢࣆࣜ࢜ࢻ㉺࠼࡛ࠖ▱ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡣ୍ᗘタᐃࡋࡓ㢟ࡣḟ᪂ࡋ࠸㢟ࡀ⾲ࢀ
ࡿࡲ࡛ࡑࡢໃຊࡀᚋ⥆ᩥయཬࡪࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ྠ୍ヰ㢟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㢟ࡢ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡇࡢἲ๎ࡀ≢ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢁ⮬↛ࡉࡀ⾲ࢀࡿࠋ
┬␎ࡍࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ⿕㦂⪅ࡢⓎヰ࠾࠸࡚㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⾲ࢀࡀ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡾࠊ┬␎ࡍࡿ
⮬↛࡞ࡿࡇࢁࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ
ྠ୍ヰ㢟ࡢᩥ⬦ෆ࠾ࡅࡿヰ㢟ᑐ㇟ࡢ᭰
ྠࡌヰ㢟ࡢᩥ⬦࠾࠸࡚ࠕࢃࡓࡋࡢሙྜࡣࡇ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢሙྜࡣ࠺ࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺
ヰ㢟ࡢᑐ㇟ࡀヰࡋᡭ⪺ࡁᡭࡢࡕࡽ⛣ືࡍࡿ㸦ࡲࡓࡣ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡿ㸧ሙྜࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モ ࡀ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀࢃࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊⓎヰࡢὶࢀ၈✺ࡉࡀ⏕ࡌ⮬↛
࡞ࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᑐ⛠モࡣࠕ࠶࡞ࡓ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃ┦ᡭࡢྡ๓ࢆ࠺ࡇࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿࠋ
㸦㸳㸧㹡㸸᪥ᮏࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᙼዪ୰ᅜࡢᙼዪࡀࠊࠊࡕࡽࡀዲࡁ࡛ࡍ㸽
㹡㸸ࡲ࡛ࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ୰ᅜࡢᙼዪࠊ୰ᅜࡢᙼዪࡢ࠺ࡀ࠸࠸࡛ࡍࠋ࡛ࡶࠊ᪥ᮏே
ࡢࡔࡕࠊࡲࡔ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࢇ࣮ࠊࡑ࠺ࠊ᪥ᮏேࡢ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞⩦័ࡀศ
ࡽ࡞࠸ࠊࠊ࠺࣮ࢇࠋ
㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣ᪥ᮏࡢᙼዪࡀḧࡋ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ
㸦㸴㸧㹡㸸ᙼዪࠊ᪥ᮏ᮶ࡲࡍ㸽 㹡㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋ
㹡㸸୍⥴ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍ㸽 㹡㸸࠸࠸࠼ࠊఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡏࢇࠋ
㹡㸸࠺ࡑࠊᙼዪࠊ୍⥴ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡏࢇ㸽
㹡㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋ࠶࡞ࡓࡣᙼዪࡀ࠸ࡲࡍ㸽Ѝ㸦㹡 ྡ๓㸧ࡉࢇࡣᙼዪࡀ࠸ࡲࡍ㸽 㹡㸸࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ
㸦㸳㸧㸦㸴㸧࡛ࡣᜊேࡢࡇࢆヰ㢟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୰࡛ࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ㹡 㹡 ヰ㢟ࡢᑐ㇟ࡀ⛣ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡶࡋࡇࡇ࡛⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࢆࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ㹡 㹡 ࡢⓎヰ၈✺ࡉࢆឤࡌࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊඛ⾜ࡍࡿᩥヰ㢟ⓗ⧅ࡀࡾࡀ࠶ࡿ≧ែ࡛ヰ㢟ᑐ㇟ࡢ⛣ືࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿሙྜࠊ⮬࣭
ᑐ⛠モࡢ⏝ࡀ⮬↛࡞ࡿࠋ
ヰ㢟㌿ࡼࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ヰ㢟ࡢᑟධ
ヰࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡛ࠊࠕࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ͐͐㸽ࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ヰ㢟ࡀኚࢃࡿሙྜࠊᑐ⛠モࡀ
ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ヰ㢟㌿ࡣࠊᑐ⛠モࡢࡳࡀࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣヰ㢟ᑐ㇟ࡢ⛣ື
࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣ๓⠇ྠࡌ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ヰ㢟ࡀᑟධࡉࢀ࡚ヰ㢟ࡀࡁࡃኚࢃࡿࡇࢁ࡛ࠊᶵ⬟
ࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௨ୗࠊࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡶ⮬↛࡞Ⓨヰࡢࡓࡵ
ᑐ⛠モࡣࠕ࠶࡞ࡓ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃ┦ᡭࡢྡ๓ࢆ࠺ࡇࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿࠋ
㸦㸵㸧㹡㸸ᑗ᮶ࠊᑗ᮶ఱࢆࢆࡉࡏ࡚ࠊఱࡢࢆḧࡋ࠸࡛ࡍ㸽
㹡㸸࠶࣮ࠊࢹࢨࣥࠊࢹࢨࢼ࣮࡞ࡿࠊ࡞ࡿࡓ࠸࡛ࡍࠊ࡞ࡾࡓ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ࠶࡞ࡓ ࡢᑗ᮶ࡣ㸽࠶࡞ࡓࡢክࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽
㹡㸸⮬ศࡢ♫ࢆసࡾࡓ࠸࡛ࡍࠋ 㹡㸸࠶࠶ࠊࡍࡈ࠸ࡡࠋ
㹡㸸࠺ࡑࠋࢇ࣮ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡣᙼዪࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ㸽Ѝ㸦㹡 ྡ๓㸧ࡉࢇࡣᙼዪࡀ࠸ࡲ
ࡍ㸽
㹡㸸ࠑ➗࠸ࠒࡣ࠸ࠊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊࡇ࡛ࡍ㸽
㹡㸸୰ᅜ࡛ࡍࠋ
㸦㸶㸧㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡢክࡣ࢚ࣥࢪࢽ࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ 㹡㸸࢚ࣥࢪࢽ㸽
㹡㸸࠺ࢇࠋ
㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ㊃ࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽Ѝ㸦㹡 ྡ๓㸧ࡉࢇࡣ㊃ࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽 㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡣ㊃ࡣࢧࢵ࣮࢝ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡍࠋ
㸦㸵㸧㸦㸶㸧࠾࠸࡚㹡 㹡 ࡀヰ㢟ࢆ㌿ࡋ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ヰ㢟⛣ࡿࡁᑐ⛠モࡀ㢟ࡋ
࡚ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ௨ୗ㸦㸷㸧᭱ᚋࡢ㹡 ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ၈✺㛵ಀ
࡞࠸㉁ၥࢆࡉࢀࡿࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ༢㉁ၥࢆ୪❧࡚࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ឤࡌࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸦㸷㸧㹡㸸ࢃࡓࡋࡣࠊࢇ࣮ࠊᑠ㔠ᕷఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࠋ 㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊྠࡌ⏫࡛ࡍࠋ
㹡㸸࠶ࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ㏆࠸࡛ࡍ㸽 㹡㸸ࡣ࠸ࠊ㏆࠸࡛ࡍࠋ
㹡㸸ᮾᑠ㔠㥐ࡢ㏆ࡃ㸽 㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊࡣ࠸ࠊ㏆ࡃࠋ
㹡㸸ࠊḧࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽 㹡㸸ࢇ࣮ࠊ㌴ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᑐ⛠モࡣᩥ⬦࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢヰ㢟㌿ࡢാࡁࡀ࠶ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
ヰ㢟ࡢ㝵ᒙᛶᨭ㓄㛵ಀ
๓⠇࠾࠸࡚ࠊྠ୍ヰ㢟ࡢᩥ⬦ෆ࠾࠸࡚ヰ㢟ᑐ㇟ࡀ᭰ࡍࡿሙྜㄯヰࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡛ヰ㢟 ࡀ㌿ࡉࢀ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ヰ㢟ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡿሙྜࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モ㸦ᚋ⪅ࡣᑐ⛠モࡢࡳ㸧ࡢ⏝ࡀồࡵ
ࡽࢀࡿࡇࡀศࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ➨㸰⠇࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊึᑐ㠃ヰ࡞࠾࠸࡚┦ᡭࡢ㌟ศࠊ ఫᡤࠊࡁࡣᐙ᪘ࡢࡇࡀ㐃⥆ࡋ࡚ヰ㢟࡞ࡿሙྜࠊヰ㢟ࡀ㌿ࡉࢀ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡀ㉁ၥᩥࡈ
ࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣ͐͐ࠖࠕ㹼ࡉࢇࡣ͐͐㸽ࠖ࡞⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀࢃࢀࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࡞
ࡐࡑ࠺࡞ࡢࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡣࠊㄯヰࢆ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ㄯヰࡣ௨ୗ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊୗᑠࡉ࡞ヰ㢟ࠊࡑࡢୖࡁ࡞ヰ㢟࠸࠺ࡼ࠺㝵ᒙࢆ࡞ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ୗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢヰ㢟ࡣୖࡢヰ㢟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺㛵ಀᛶࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
㸦㸧ㄯヰࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࠾࠸࡚ࠊྠ୍ヰ㢟ෆࡢヰ㢟ᑐ㇟ࡢ᭰ࡣ୍␒ୗࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㉳ࡇࡿࠋ ࡘࡲࡾࠊᑠࡉ࡞ヰ㢟㐃㙐 4) ࠾࠸࡚ࠕࢃࡓࡋࡢሙྜࡣࠖࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡢሙྜࡣࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ヰ㢟 ᑐ㇟ࡢ᭰ࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᑐ⛠モࡢ⏝ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿヰ㢟㌿ࡣࡑࢀࡼࡾୖࡢࣞ
࣋ࣝ࠾࠸࡚㉳ࡇࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡲࡲࡗࡓヰ㢟ࡋ࡚ヰ㢟ࡢ㌿ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿሙྜᑐ
⛠モࡢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢᶵ⬟ࡀാࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㢟ᶵ⬟ࡣୗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢヰ㢟㌿ࡣാ࡞
࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊୗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢヰ㢟㌿ࡣ㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢᑐ⛠モࡣࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
࠼ࡤࠊึᑐ㠃ヰࡢሙྜࠊ┦ᡭࡀ᪥ᮏ࡛ఱࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵࠊ㌟ศࠊఫࡲ࠸ࠊ᮶
᪥ᮇ࣭ᅾᮇ㛫࡞ࢆ⪺ࡃࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠕᏛ⏕ࡉࢇ࡛ࡍ㸽ࠖࠕࡣ࠸ࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠖࠕ
ࡕࡽ࠾ఫࡲ࠸࡛ࡍ㸽ࠖࠕᑅఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࠖࠕ࠸ࡘ᪥ᮏ᮶ࡲࡋࡓ㸽ࠖࠕ3᭶๓᮶ࡲࡋ ࡓࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ୗ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢヰ㢟㐃㙐ࡋ࡚⾲ࢀࠊ┦ᡭࡢ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢ≧ἣ࠸࠺ୖࣞ࣋ࣝ
ࡢヰ㢟ᨭ㓄ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜࠊ㉁ၥࡈࠕ࠶࡞ࡓࡣ͐͐㸽ࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ᑐ⛠モࢆ⏝
ࡋࡓࡾࡣࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊࠕ㹼ࡉࢇࡣ㊃ࡣఱ࡛ࡍ㸽ࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ヰ㢟ࡀ᪥ᮏࡣ㛵ಀ࡞ࡃ
┦ᡭ⮬㌟㛵ࡍࡿࡇ⛣ࡿࠊୖࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾ࡅࡿヰ㢟㌿ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࠊᑐ⛠モࡢ⏝ࡀồࡵ
ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡇࡼࡾࠊᮏ◊✲ࡢ⤖ㄽࡋ࡚௨ୗࡢࡇࡀゝ࠼ࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸦11㸧᪥ᮏㄒࡢᑐヰࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࠾࠸࡚ࠊྠ୍ヰ㢟ࡢᨭ㓄ࡢࡶ࡛ヰ㢟ᑐ㇟ࡀ᭰ࡍࡿሙྜ
ࡣ⮬⛠モᑐ⛠モࡀ㢟ࡋ࡚᫂♧ࡉࢀࠊヰ㢟㌿ࡼࡿ᪂ࡋ࠸ヰ㢟ࡢᑟධࡢሙ ྜࡣᑐ⛠モࡀ㢟ࡋ࡚᫂♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡣヰ㢟ࡢ㝵ᒙᵓ㐀࠾࠸࡚ୗࣞ࣋ࣝ
࡛㉳ࡁࠊᚋ⪅ࡣୖ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㉳ࡁࡿࠋ
୍ゝࡅຍ࠼ࡿࠊᐇ㝿ࡢㄯヰ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡁ࡞ヰ㢟ࡢࡶ࡛ࡢ㛤ጞᩥ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ
㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ⏝ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠸5) ࠋࡑࢀࡺ࠼ࠊᏛ⏕ࡢ⮬ᕫ⤂ࡀࠕࢃࡓࡋࡣ࡛͐͐ࡍ࡛ࠖጞ
ࡲࡿࡢࡣㄒ⏝ࡋ࡚㛫㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᑠㄝ࡞ࡢᩥ❶࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㛤ጞᩥࠕ⚾ࡣ͐͐ࠖ
ࡢࡼ࠺⮬⛠モࡀࢃࢀࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㐪࠸ࡢゎ᫂ࡣḟࡢㄢ㢟ࡍࡿࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ
ᑐヰࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊேࡢヰཧຍ⪅ࡀᑐ㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺⌧ሙᛶࡽࠊ⮬ศࡢࡇ
┦ᡭࡢࡇࢃࡊࢃࡊゝࢃ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶศࡿࡺ࠼ࠊ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࢆ⾲ฟࡋ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡶヰࡣᡂࡾ
❧ࡘࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞୰࡛ࠊ࠶࠼࡚⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࢆ㢟ࡋ࡚⾲ฟࡍࡿࠊࡑࡢ㢟ࡣ᭷ᶆࡍࡿࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ᭷ᶆࡀࢸ࢟ࢫࢺ࠾ࡅࡿ㢟ᶵ⬟ᩚྜࡍࡿ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⮬↛ࡉࡀಖࡓࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ
ࡀ୍ࡘࡣࠊୗࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾ࡅࡿྠ୍ヰ㢟ෆࡢヰ㢟ᑐ㇟ࡢ࡛᭰࠶ࡾࠊࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡣୖࣞ࣋ࣝ
࠾ࡅࡿヰ㢟㌿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊᅇࡢ◊✲⤖ᯝࡀ᪥ᮏㄒẕㄒヰ⪅ࡢᑐヰࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠊࡲࡓࠊࡉࡲ
ࡊࡲ࡞ఏ㐩ᡭẁ࠾࠸࡚㢟ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࡀᮏ◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝྠࡌࡼ࠺⾲ࢀࡿ࠸࠺
ࡇࢆㄪ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせᛶࢆឤࡌࡿࠋ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢࡓࡵᑐ↷ゝㄒ◊✲ࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ᭱ᚋࠊ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱࠾࠸࡚⮬࣭ᑐ⛠モࢆᢅ࠺㝿ࠊ༢࠺ࢃ࡞࠸ࢆෆ┬ุ᩿ࡍࡿ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᩥἲⓗᙺࢆ᫂ࡽࡋࡑࢀࢆព㆑ࡋࡓᩍᮦసࡾࡸᩍᤵἲࡀᚲせࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ
ࡀ┿ࡢᩍ⫱ᩥἲ⧅ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ὀ
1) ▮㔝㸦1981:93㸧ࡣ┬␎ᚲせࡍࡿࠕ㠀ゝㄒⓗඛ⾜モࠖࡋ࡚ࠊⓎヰࡢሙ࠾࠸࡚ㄯヰཧຍ⪅ࡀឤࢆ㏻
ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿࠕ≧ἣⓗඛ⾜モࠖ㸦㸦᪂ࡋ࠸ࣂࢵࢢࢆᣦࡋ࡚㸧ࠕࡡ࠼ࠊࠝࡇࡢࣂࢵࢢࡣࠞ࠸࠸ࣂࢵࢢ࡛ࡋࡻ
࠺ࠋࢢࢵࢳ࡞ࡢࠖ㸧ࠊㄯヰཧຍ⪅ࡢඹ㏻ࡢ▱㆑ࡸ⤒㦂ࢆ๓ᥦࡍࡿࠕ௬ᐃⓗඛ⾜モࠖ㸦㸦㠃᥋ࡽᡠࡗࡓ⪺
ࡁᡭ㸧ࠕࠝ㠃᥋ࡣࠞ࠺ࡔࡗࡓ㸽ࠖ㸧ࠊㄯヰཧຍ⪅ࢆ୍ࠊே⛠ࡍࡿࠕゝㄒ㐠⏝ⓗඛ⾜モࠖ㸦ࠕࠝྩࡣࠞࡶ
࠺ࠕᙳṊ⪅ࠖぢࡓ㸽ࠖࠕ࠶࠶ࠊࠝࡣࠕᙳṊ⪅ࢆࠖࠞぢࡓࡼࠖ㸧ࡢ㸱ࡘࡢ⠊ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 2) ᑠㄝࡢᩥ❶ࡀ࡞ࡐࠕㄯヰࠖ࡞ࡿࡢ᫂ࠋ
3) ⮬⛠モࡶࠕࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࢃࡓࡋࡣ……ࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺ヰ㢟㌿ࡢᙺࢆᢸ࠺ࡇࡀฟ᮶ࡿࠋణࡋࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺
ࠕࢃࡓࡋ ȭࠖࡢࡼ࠺࡞↓ຓモྃࡀ᭱ࡶ⮬↛࡞ࡿࡇࡀศࡿࠋ 㸸ࠕ᪥ࡶᬬ࠸࡛ࡍࡡ࠼ࠖ
ࠕࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡ࠼ࠖ
ࠕࢃࡓࡋࠊ᪥᪂ᐟ⾜ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠖ
ࠕ࠼㸟ࡑ࠺࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠖ
4) ṇ☜ࡣヰ㢟ࡢ㝵ᒙⓗ⧅ࡀࡾ࠾࠸୍࡚␒ୗࡀ୍ࡘࡢヰ㢟ࡢࡳࡢሙྜࡶ࠶ࡾᚓࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣヰ㢟 ᑐ㇟ࡀ᭰ࡍࡿᵝࡀศࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࡼ࠺ୗࣞ࣋ࣝࡢヰ㢟ࢆ」ᩘࡢヰ㢟ࡢ㐃㙐య㸦aЍbЍc㸧ࡋ࡚♧ࡍࠋ 5) ణࡋࠊ↓ຓモྃࡸࡧࡅྃࡀㄯヰࡢ㛤ጞᩥࢃࢀࡿࡇࡣ࠶ࡿ㸦ࠕࢃࡓࡋ ȭ ⏣୰⏦ࡋࡲࡍࡀࠖࠕඛ
⏕ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࠸࠸࡛ࡍࠖ㸧ࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
㞵ᐑ᭸Ꮚ࣭ᯘ㒊ⱥ㞝 1993 ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒ࠾ࡅࡿ“ㄯヰ㢟”ࡢ┬␎㛵ࡍࡿᐇ㦂ⓗ◊✲ࠖࠗᶓᅜ❧Ꮫᩍ⫱⣖せ࠘33
␊ᘯᕭ 1980 ࠕᩥࡣఱ̿㢟ࡢ┬␎ࡑࡢാࡁ̿ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱࠘41
ᖹᕝඵᑜ 1989 ࠕ㢟┬␎ࡢ⏕࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࠾ࡅࡿ᪥ᮏேእᅜே᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ┦㐪ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏㄒ᪥ᮏᩥᏛ࠘
11⟃ἼᏛ
ఀ㇋ᒣᩔᏊ 1994 ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⛉᭩ࡢࡓࡵࡢヰࡋゝⴥᩥἲᇶ♏◊✲ ↓యືモㄒྃࡢᵓᩥⓗពࠖࠗゝㄒᩥ࠘
1 ⋊༠ᏛእᅜㄒᏛ㒊
⏥ᩫ⃝ࡋᏊ 1992 ࠕヰࡋࡇࡤ࠾ࡅࡿࠗ┬␎࠘ࡢ◊✲̿ࠗᛮ࠺࠘ࡑࡢㄒࡢ┬␎ࡘ࠸࡚̿ࠖࠗᏛⱌ࠘627
ዪᏊᏛ
ᴋᮏᚭஓ 2010 ࠕᑐヰ࠾ࡅࡿ⮬⛠モ࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ㢟ᛶ⤖᮰ᶵ⬟̿୰ᅜேᏛ⩦⪅ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒࡼࡿึᑐ㠃ヰࡼ
ࡾ̿ࠖࠗ2010ᖺᗘ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱ᏛᏘண✏㞟࠘
ᮤ᪉ 1991 ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒࡢே⛠௦ྡモࡢ┬␎ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗᅜᩥ◊✲࠘41 ឡᏛᅜㄒᅜᩥᏛ
ᯇᮧ᫂⦅ 1971 ࠗ᪥ᮏᩥἲ㎡࠘᫂᭩㝔
୕ୖ❶ 1960 ࠗ㇟ࡣ㰯ࡀ㛗࠸࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧
ᮧୖிᏊ 1996 ࠕࠗࢃࡓࡋ࠘ࡢ⏝㐣ከࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏㄒ◊ಟࢥ࣮ࢫಟ⏕㏣㊧ㄪᰝሗ࿌᭩࠘2
ࡿ࠸Ꮚ࣭Ⲩ∾ࡕࡉᏊ࣭᭯፱ 2001 ࠕ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⛉᭩ぢࡽࢀࡿ⮬⛠モ࣭ᑐ⛠モࡢ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗᩍ⫱Ꮫ◊✲
⣖せ࠘47-2 ୰ᅜᅄᅜᩍ⫱Ꮫ
ᓥ㈨⏕ 1995 ࠕࠗࡣ࠘㐃యಟ㣭⠇ᵓ㐀ࠖ┈ᒸ⦅ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㢟ྲྀࡾ❧࡚࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧
బஂ㛫ࡲࡺࡳ 1996 ࠕᩥࡢᩥἲᩥ㐃⥆ࡢᩥἲ̿ᩥ❶ࡢᩥἲࡢᚿྥ̿ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ࠘15-9
᭯፱ 2004 ࠕྎ‴ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ⩦⪅ࡢసᩥぢࡽࢀࡿ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ୍ே⛠௦ྡモࡢ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗᅜ㝿༠ຊ◊✲ἲ࠘
10-2 ᗈᓥᏛᏛ㝔ᅜ㝿༠ຊ◊✲⛉
◁ᕝ᭷㔛Ꮚ 1990 ࠕ㢟ࡢ┬␎㠀┬␎ࠖࠗᩥ⸤ゝㄒ◊✲ ゝㄒ⠍࠘18 ⟃ἼᏛ
̿̿̿̿̿2005 ࠗᩥἲㄯヰࡢ᥋Ⅼ ᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄯヰ࠾ࡅࡿ㢟ᒎ㛤ᶵ⬟ࡢ◊✲࠘ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧
ᑎෆஂோᏊ࣭ⓑ㤶⧊ 2001 ࠗึ⣭᪥ᮏㄒᩥᆺࡢᩍ࠼᪉ࢇࡈ㸯࣭㸰࣭㸱㸫ᩍᖌ⏝ゎỴ᭩࠘ࣝࢡ
▮㔝Ᏻ๛ 1981 ࠕㄯヰ࠾ࡅࡿྡモྃࡢ┬␎ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱࠘43
ྜྷᕝ༓㭯Ꮚ 1988 ࠕሙ㠃ࡢࢫࢡࣜࣉࢺ┬␎⌧㇟ࠖࠗ᪥ᮏㄒᏛ࠘7-3
Bekes, Andrej 1995 ࠕᩥ⬦ࡽぢࡓ㢟ࠗࣁ࠘ࠖ┈ᒸ㝯ᚿ࣭㔝⏣ᑦྐ࣭⏣ၿᏊ⦅ࠗ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㢟ྲྀࡾ❧࡚࠘
ࡃࢁࡋ࠾ฟ∧
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Iwasaki, Shoichi 1987 “Identifiability, Scope-setting, and the Particle WA: A Study of Japanese Spoken Expository Discourse” in Hinds, J. et al. eds. 1987. Perspectives on Topicalization: the Case of Japanese WA. Amsterdam:
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グ
ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ2010ᖺᗘ᪥ᮏㄒᩍ⫱ᏛᏘ㸦2010.5.23 ᪩✄⏣Ꮫ㸧࡛ࡢཱྀ㢌Ⓨ⾲ࢆࡶຍ➹࣭ゞṇࡋࡓࡶࡢ
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
An Analysis of Thematic Functions Performed by the First and Second Personal Pronouns in the Text of
Japanese Dialogues
㸫In the Case of Chinese Learners of Japanese Conversing in Japanese at the First Meeting
KUSUMOTO Tetsuya
The paper analyzes the thematic functions performed by the first and second personal pronouns in the text of Japanese dialogues.
Thematic deletion is one of the characteristics of Japanese discourse. Especially, the first and second personal pronouns are deleted in the dialogue text. Learners of Japanese in the beginning levels tend to violate this type of pragmatic rule and overuse the first and second personal pronouns as a theme. It is observed, however, that their use of the first and second personal pronouns, which seems inappropriate basically, becomes appropriate in the certain contexts. I have clarified when the first and second personal pronouns in the thematic status should be deleted or should not be deleted by examining the text of dialogue performed by Chinese students learning Japanese at the intermediate levels. I have asked them to converse in Japanese, supposing that they have met for the first time.
As a result, deletion of the first and second personal pronouns in the thematic status should occur when the theme semantically corresponds to the previous context, refers to the existential knowledge, or becomes familiar by the structural operations. On the other hand, the deletion of that sort is not allowed when the transfer of thematic focus from the speaker to the listener, or vice versa, occurs in the same thematic context, and when the thematic change occurs in the course of dialogue (the latter, the second personal pronoun only). It should be noted that the construction of discourse is multi-layered in which the lower small themes are governed by the upper big themes. In that construction, the transfer of thematic focus mentioned above occurs in the lower level and the thematic change occurs in the upper levels.
Lastly, the further research is required to clarify more the thematic functions of the first and second personal pronouns, which determines whether they should be deleted or not. Application of the findings to the teaching of Japanese is, of course, important, too.
