Agmatine Pathway for Putrescine Synthesis in
Selenomonas ru-minantium:Gene Cloning and
Characterization of Recombinant
Enzymes.(Selenomonas ruminantiumのプトレシン生
合成におけるアグマチン経路の発見:遺伝子のクロ
ーニング及び組み替え体酵素の解析)
著者
Proonpairoj Phuntip
号
866
発行年
2005
URL
http://hdl.handle.net/10097/16499
氏
名(国籍)
学 位 の 種 類
学 位 記 番 号
学位授与年月 日
学位授与の要件
研 究 科 専 攻
学 位 論 文 題 目
プ ンパイ ロ パ ンチ ップProonpaircjPhuntip
博
士(農
学)
農
博
第866号
平
成18年3,月24日
学 位 規 則 第4条
第1項
該 当
農 学 研 究 科 生 物 産 業 創 成 科 学 専 攻
(博 士 課 程)
AgmatinePathwayforPutrescineSynthesisin58Z8ηoη20π
α3r〃 一
7ηε
ηαη加 η1:GeneCloningandCharacterizationofRec6mbinant
Enzymes.(∫εzθ
ηo脚71α
∫rκ
漉 η傭 ∫
配〃1のプ トレ シ ン生 合 成 に お け る ア
グ マ チ ン経 路 の 発 見:遺
伝 子 の ク ロー ニ ン グ及 び 組 み 替
え体 酵 素 の解 析)
論 文 審 査 委 員
是
一
弘
好
瞭
尚
尾
亦
谷
神
勝
新
授
授
授
教
教
教
助
査
査
主
副
(
(
論
文
内
容
要
旨
Introduction
Polyaminesareessentiallowpolycationsmoleculesforcellgrowthand pmlifヒ 耐ionhlallofIivhlgorgallismThekeyilltemlediate㎞polyamine biosynthesisisputrescine(H2N(CH2)aNH2,Put),whichisapoiyamineandis fUrtherconvertedtohigherpolyamhleslikespermid血eandspem血e.Pu曾escine andspermidinearemajorpoiyamineinbacteriawhereasspermidineismainly foundinplantandanimals. Intheprinciple,twodifferentbiosyntheticpathwaysleadtotheformation ofputresc㎞e:(i)theomi曲edecarboxylase(ODC)catalyze.dhectfbrmationof putrescine丘omornithineand(ii)theargininedecafboxylase(ADC)pathway.In -ADCpathway,azginineisfirstdecazboxylasedbyADCtoformagmatinewhich issubsequentlyconvertedtoputrescine.ODCandADCwerefoundmainlyin animalandplWnt,respectively.Howeverbothpathwaysoccursimultaneouslyin manybacteria PolyaminesplayauniqueroleinSelenomonasruminantiuwhichisgram negぬvebacte舳1iso1飢ed丘omsheep㎜ 肌Cぬve血e㎝dpu鵬sc㎞e covalentlylinktothea-carboxylgroupofD-glutamicacidresidueof peptidoglycanandplayimportantroleinmaintenanceoftheintegrityofcell envelOpe.Bothofthemarefbmled丘 ・omレ1ys血eorLomitb血ebylysine decarboxylase(LDC)whichsho"sd㏄afboxylationactivityagainstbothofレ 1ys㎞eandレomithhle.Ontheother,レomi血nespecificdecarboxylase(ODC)is notfoundinS.ruminantium.HenceLDCisanimportantenzymewhichsupplies cadaverineandputrescinetoformauniquepeptidoglycan. TheproductionofLDCinS.ruminantiumishigherregulatedandis strictlylinkedtothegrowthphaseofthebacterium,i.e.adrasticdecreaseof LDCactivityoccurredonlatelogphaseofcellgrowth,whichwasduetothe rapiddegradationofLDC.Yabukiinourlaboratoryfoundthatintracellulazfree cadaverinecontactalsodecreasedafterlatelogphase.However,atthestationary phase,spem垣dillealldspem血econtentwerekepta㎞ostsameIeveIasthoseill latelogphase.Thesefactssuggestedthatanotherputrescinesynthesispathway whichisactiveevenatstationaryphasesuchasADCpathwayshouldbepresentinS7〃 初 加oπ 伽 η2.Ihordertoclarifンthishypothesis,DFMLorDFMO, thespecificinhibitorforLDCandODCwereused.TakatsukaandKamio(2004) observedthatS.ruminantiumcouldgrownormallyeveninthepresenceofsmM DFMLorDFMOwhenlOmMレarghnewassupplied.Thiscase,the peptidoglycancontainsputrescineinsteadofcadaverine.ThisresultindicatesS. ア〃7π'παπ枷 加canfb㎝putrescinenotonlydkectly丘omomi廿 血ebutalso丘om azginine.Recently,LiaoinourlaboratoryfoundADCinSruminantium. PurificationandcharacterizationofADCandcloningofADCgenefromS. ruminantiumchromosomalDNAwasaccomplished Ingenera1,putreschlewascollverts丘omagma血ehldif驚rent3pathways. (Fig.1)Thefirstpathway,agmatinase(agmatineureohydrolase,AUH,EC 3.5.3.11)encodedbyspellhydrolyzesagmatineandformsputrescine.This pa血waywasfbund血1nanybacteriassuchas瓦co1ま,&zη 霊oηe磁 り卿 ま, &∼1〃20η θ〃α りP伽 πア∫〃〃3,1艶 ∂5∫1如48ア09卿5,Bαo'〃 鰐3〃 わ"1威5,B4c'11鰐 anthracisandalsoinhuman.Thesecondpathwaywasfoundinlacticacid
bactelria,Eカ`θroσooc鋸 ノhεcα露5(P烈 ∋viouslyre飴redtoas酌 ア{ψホococ6鋸 ノ∼zθoα113) andLathyrussativusseedling.Agmatinedeiminase(agmatineiminohydrolase, EC3.5。3.12)encodedbyαg〃Aconvertsagma血etoハ 乙caτba血oylputrescine (NCP).Thenputrescinecazbamoyltransferase(EC2.1.3.6)catalyzesthe phosphorolysisofN-cazbamoylputrescinetocazbamoylphosphateandputrescine. Thelastpathwayconsistsoftwoenzymes;AguAandNCP-carbamoylputrescine. However,agmatineutilizationpathwaysinvolvedinputrescinesynthesisinS. 耀 〃3∫η傭 勧2havenotbeenrep磁edbefbre. Lioaet.al.foundtwoopenreadingframeswhichshowedhighhomology. withthoseofagmathled{1血eandハ 乙carbamoylputrescineamidohydrolaseat downstreamofADCgene.Inmydoctorthesis,Iinvestigatedagmatine conversiontoputrescineinvivoandinvitrotoconformtheexistenceofactiveof ADCpathway血&ア 〃履 ηαηガ〃加.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION 5」'㎜ カ3απぬ勉 〃8hasAI図Cp8thway. SruminantiumwereculturedinCDmediuminpresenceofSmMDFMO and14C-arginine.Cellswereharvestedanddisruptedinthepresenceof5%TCA, andradioisotopeproductsinsupernatantwereanalyzedbyTLC.Theresult clearlyshowedtbat14C-argh血ewashlcorporatedintocellandconvertedto agmatineandputrescine.(Fig.2)Therefore,itisstronglysuggestedthatS. 川 而 ηαη"〃 海hasADCpathway. Fromthenucleotidesequenceofα 漉anditsthefla曲gregions,oヴ6and oヴ7whichshowedhomologywithproteinsinagma血eutilizatio!1enzymeswere fb皿d.Theoヴ6geneof1116bplongencodes372alI血10acidsprotein(ORF6). ORF6showed54%and43%identitywi血agmathledeimhlaseof」%θ π4b醒o㎜8 αθ7π9加{ゴ∫αand5蜜7・ 《ψ'oooα:粥 〃躍 如 鰐,respectively,and48%iden廿tywith
Peptidyl-argininedeiminase-likeproteinofListeriamonocytogenes.Predicted proteinofORF7whichcomposedof292aminoacidshashomologytoN-carbamoylputrescine(NCP)amidohydrolaseofP38μ 掘卿70〃 α∫ α87㎎ 加03α(57% identity)andshowedhighhomologywithcarbon-nitrogenhydrolasefamily proteinformStreptococcuspneumoniae(71%identity),Erwiniacarotovora (58%identity),Caulobactercrescentus(57%identity)andBurkholderia pseudomallei(55%identity).TheseresultssuggestedS.ruminantiumhasADC pathwaywhichcomprisedofADC,agmatinedeiminaseandNCP-amidohydrolase. AnalysisactivityofrecombinantAguAandAguB Theorf6andorf7geneswereamplifiedbyPCRandclonedtopETand recombinantORF6andORF7proteinswereexpressedasaC-terminalHis6-tag fusionproteininE.coliRosetta(DE3)cell.Recombinantproteinswerepurified
曲gNi2+chela血g面 面,DE超 一5PW㎝dphenyl-5PWco1㎜ chromatograplues.EnzymeactivitiesofrecombinantORF6andORF7were
investigatedusingagmatineandNCPassubstrates,respectively. ORF6reactionproductwasanalyzedbyAPI2000mass
syntheticNCP(Fig.3).BothNCPswereusedassubstratesforORF7reaction, andconvertedtoputrescine.Fromtheseresults,ORF6and7wereconfirmedas agmatinedeiminaseandN-carbamoylputrescineamidohydrolase,respectively. Therefore,Idesignatedorf6and7asaguAandaguB,respectively. AguAand、 △guB血15」7rπ π1`παπ1ぼ」醐臨臨 ExpressionofAguAandAguBproteinsinS.ruminantiumcellwere determinedbyawesternblotting.(Fig.9)S.ruminantiumproducedbothproteins inTYGmedium.ThepossiblepolyaminesynthesispathwayinS.ruminantium wasdepictedinFigure4. PropertiesofAguAandAguB ThemoleculazmassofAguAwascalculatedas41,391.ODaand determinedas45kDaonSDS-PAGEandgelfiltrationcolumn.ThereforeAguA wases血1atedtobemonomericenzyme.Ontheotherhand,AguBwascalculated as32,531.7Daanddetemunedtobe37kDaonSDS-PAGEwhile80kDaongel filtrationcolumn.HenceAguBwassuggestedtobeahomodimer.(Fig.5) AveryfewinformationhasbeenavailableaboutAguAandAguBfrom bacteriawhileasbothenzymesweremostlyfoundinplant.Onlypurificationof AguAandAguBfromP.aeruginosawasreport.AguAofPaeruginosais homodimerof43kDasubunits(Table1)MostofAguAazehomodimerssuchas
丘omオ ァαδ∫4φ 廊 孟加 〃αηα(43kDasubullit),Z2α 初 の 贋(44kDasubunit)rice(95 kDasubunit}exceptfromsoybeanshowedamonomerof70kDa.ForAguB,
mostlyC-Nhydrolasesstudiedsof… 江arefb皿 血ghomomultimers.AguB丘omP. aeruginosaandA.thalianashowedsameashomohexamerof33kDa,and35 respectively.(Table1) Figure6showed血eef驚ctofpHandtemperatureonAguA.Theopt㎞um pHandtemperaturewere6.5and45ーC,respectively.OptimumpHofAguAwas sameasenzymefromcornandsoybean.AguAfromP.aeruginosashowed higheropt㎞ulnpHat8.0.Opt㎞umtemperatureofAguA丘omslア 〃7π'π4π撫 海 andP.aeruginosaweresame.WhileAguAfromcornshowedhighoptimum temperatureat60ーC.TheenzymewasstableatpHrangefrom6.Oto9.Oandat thetemperaturebelow40ーCfor30min.TheeffectsofpHandtemperatureon
AguBwereshowninfigure7.OptimumpHisabout7.Oandtheenzymefsstable frompH6:0to8.0.Morethan80%activityremainedatthispHrange.Inthe optimumpHrangeofAguBweresameasfoundinothersourcesexceptAguB fromA.thalianashowedhighoptimumpHat8-9.Theoptimumtemperatureof
A岬wお450C.A姻 ㏄ti殉wass励1em漉1700C.(脚m㎜temp㎝ ㈱of AguBfromS.ruminanNumwasalmostsameasAguBfromothersources. TheKmandVmaxvalveobtainedfromaLineweaver-Barkplotwere6.67 mMandl.22nmoy㎡n1ド9ProteinofAguAtowardsagma血eandO.22mMand O.33nmoUmin/オgproteinofAguBtowardsN-carbamoylputrescine,respectively. (Fig.8)」 勤valuesofAguAandAguB丘omothersourceswereshowedTable1. AguAfromriceseedlingshowhighKm,15mM.WhileKmvalueofAguA fromP.aeruginosa,A.thaliana,corn,maizeshoot,soybeanandcucumberwere lowerthanlmM.KmvalueofAguBfromS.ruminantiumwasalmostsameas 肱ofAguBfbmP.α87㎎ 吻05伽4.1加1勧 αa丑dcom. TheeffectsofmetalionsonenzymeactivitieswereshowninTable2. MetalionssuchasA12+,Cot+,Cue+,Fee+,Fe3+,Nit++andZn2+inhibitedthe
A罰A麟 ・i騨1mM・xceptMn2+,whi・hwasth・ ・㎜ ・ 鎚 血 皿dinA團A 丘omSoybea鶏riceseedlhlgandcom・On血eother㎞d,AguBwasstro1191y h血bit・dbyC・2+,Fe2†,Mn2+㎝dZn2+.lgd・ac・ ㎞id・ ・ndHg2+㎜ 舳 ・ ・症・ng inhibitorswithAguAandAguBactivity.Theseresultssuggestedthatcysteine involvedinthecatalysisofbothenzymes. Ef醸ec重ofsite・d董rec亡edm耐 £ge皿esisfbrt血eac髄vitiesofAguA8ndAg直B. AlignmentofAguAamongseveralhomologuesobtainedfromGenBank revealedthatC361wasstrongconserved.Ontheotherhand,triadconserved regionscontainglutamate,lysineandcysteineamongnitrilasefamilyandK147, C153andEl60,arealsofbund血AguB丘om51醒 痴 παπ枷 鷹.Therefbπe,mleof theseconservedcysteineswasdeterminedbysite-directedmutagenesis.Asthe result,C361AmutantofAguAshowed20%oftheactivityofthewildtype enzyme.C153AandE160AmutatedenzymesofAguBcompletelylostits
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iodoacetamideandHg2+tocysteineoftheAguAandAguB.
Conclusions 1.AgmatineutilizationpathwayinS.ruminantiumconsistsof2enzymes agmatinedeiminaseencodedbyaguAandN-carbamolyputrescine amidohydrolaseencodedbyaguB. 2.PropertiesofAguAandAguBwerecharacterizedbyusingrecombinant enzymes.ItissuggestedthatAguAandAguBconvertagmatinetopu血escille inADCpathwayofS.ruminantium. 3.TheconservedresiduesC361forAguA,C153andE160forAguBwere impo血ntresiduesfbrenZymeac廿vi廿es.
Agma血e
H2μ 一(HN富)C-HN疇(CH2)4-NH2
H20
i
H州 胴CO-NH2
2
H20
NH3
ハんcarbamoypu往esch}e(NCP)
HゴN一(0=)C-HN一(CH2)岬2
Pi
314
HゴN一(0冨)ρ=P
Putarrescine
2 1.Agmatinase 2.Agma血ede㎞illase 3.Putrescine cazbamoyltransferase 4.N-carbamoylputrescine aznidohydrolaseCO2+NH3
H2N(CH2)NH Fig.1.Threedistinctenzymaticsystemsforthebiosyntheticconversionof agma血e叙)pUt蹟eSCine 鋸12
10
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6
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Agma血e
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Fig.2.Conversionof14C・argin血e血S耀 〃2加α〃ガππ2ceU.14C-arg㎞e incoorperatedintocellandconvertedtoagmatineandputrescine,respectively..百..'縣6諭 緬 詣煎.6幽 1.1α繭 ¶,d仙 』8爵1,』融 滴'「5両ジ.`
鰯1
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^〉∼ 層喧 襲 ・一 憶 輔 噸422 母40循o ...!略8磯u.. 仰o◎ 幻1.噂3.4 鋤 2箆.o 賑4釦.蘇1(A)
響2 02040δ090雪00雪20 ..■1 噸=0256閉 翫面扁.§繭 歪b湘d勧 面弓}瞬ム地 喜爵 恕縦r.ぜu函.3うr吻.姻
6 3 面 " ﹄ ¶ 03 Ω o .冶 η 鍔 ① 署 岬 ee.e 巴加5 ea.e 姻 1319 幅o 4 <一 膿A髭へ ∼ 闘濫
一
刎 拗 97B⋮
⋮ 鱗 6 一〇5 r)
B
(
{質,7 巳 ぞおの れ ヨ 鰯71」389 .o柵、.{鵠 備 釈.,7噌 ρ 側o濯053遡.望 蹴2舷 β 鞠 £295・㌔952 02000080ioO耀20唯q口{億0爆802聞220「2葡2502舶360i ..蘇 、引畔.、 Fig。3.Detem血adonofハ しcarbamoylputreschlebyMassspectrophoto!neter(A)ハ 乱 carbamoylputrescinefkomchemicaisynthesis(B)丘omAguAreaction.LYS㎜0㎜
㎜ARG㎜
Arginhledecarboxylase(ADC)
AGMAT㎜
L碧豊撫i豊eAg匝
象a血ede㎞inase
ハみCARBAM:OYLP㎜SC㎜
ハしCarbamoylputresehle
CADAVB㎜PUTRESCINE3m童{葦o血ydm1£se
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(Pep五do9lyca設)SPERNIID-NE
l
a
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↓Sp・
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SPERMINE
Fig.4.PolyaminesynthesispathwayinS.ruminantium.
(A)
kDa
97.4
62.2
42.2
30.0
20.0「一=7一
一一
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(﹄ ε 釜 噛軸 弓 帽ω 5 ぢ 国 16 3141
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14.4 10000 Mo置eo血r皿ass(Da) a⑤
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ー 監 一 己ー ー ー ﹂ ﹂ ー ー i 盤 ー ﹂ ー ! 2 ︾ 1 0 4 ・ 2 言 嘱邑 o ヨ 着 。 旧捲 3 藷 aメ
8④ 組Da
x xー
⋮ ioooo 帽 iooooo Mo雇ocu塁armass(D頃) 1000000 Fig.S.MoleculazmassofpurifiedAguAandAguB.AguAshowedmolecular massofabout45kDaonSDS-PAGEandgelfiltrationcolumn(A).AguBwas dete皿inedtobe37kDaonSDS-PAGEalldnativestnlcture80kDaonge1 舳rado夏colu㎜(B).tA)
120
+OP㎞
副pH
一x-pH曲b晦
100一 x x ,.,巴
80一 x X h 一 r ●一 》 ●顧ぢ
60一 " d ... x 一 a 40一 o厳
20一 a0
圏 1 1 145
6
画
7
8
9
(B)
120
. ・一◎一一〇P㎞ltemperature-x-temperatロrestab晦 100一 ,..×一XX一
×一X、X
ev80
々
.^ a ぢ60一 駆 O >一 ● 慧40一 幽 o 蛋 x` ,x 20一 o0
1■1欄114203040506070
te皿 爬m重 盟reビqFig.6.EffectofpH(A)andtemperature(B)onAguAactivities.(A)AguAwas
incubatedat37ーCin50mMbufferofeachpHfor30minandtheactivitywas measured.Amaximumactivitywastakenas100%.IncaseofpHstability.,the enzymewastreatedateachpHin50mMbufferat45ーCfor30minand relmainillgactivitywasmeasured血der.thestandardcondition.(B)Ag底BFofpH stabiUty,theenzymewastreatedat℃achpHin50mMbuf財at37。Cfbr30血 followedbyassayingtheremainingactivityunderstandardcondition.(A)
120
100
0 0 0 8 6 4 (零 ) き 写 嘱写 儒 O ︾ 欄● " 歪 一×一 〇ptセna己 .pH+pHs翻 山避童y労
x\
へx
X20
0
4
5
6
7pH
8
9
(B)
120
100
一・一 ・pt圃
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Temμm㎞
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Fig67.E丘bctofpH(A)andtemperature(B).onAguBactivities.AguAwas incubatedat37ーCin50mMbufferofeachpHfor30min.Amaximumactivity wastakenas100%.Incaseofstability,theenzymewastreatedateachpHin50 血Mbu伍eratoptimumtemperaturefbr30min,fbllowedbyassayingthe remainingactivityunderthestandardcondition.ForpHstability,theenzymewas treatedateachpHin50mMb㎡aer.就370Cfbr30min,fbllowedbyassayillgthe remai1血gactivityunders㎞dardcolldition.(A)
倉
血0
1玉.
Ag闘A
d り自
1.6一 二 no 1.4一 a 、 .目 1.2一 日む
1.0一 層 a ...o.
≧
同 0.6一血ofAg腿A=6.67
レ
㎞
雷1.22
0.4一 0.2一A:8
1 1 , 層 ■ , 一〇.15 一〇.1 一〇.0500,050.1
0.15
・で舶n1/1㎎m輔 呵(mM4)
(B)
﹄ 8 0 ﹂ 鳥 評 .自 欄目 、 閣。 目 ε ヒ 刷2
0
8
6
4
1
1
gniofAguBKmofAguB=0.22
Vmax=0.33
一10 一5'05
1/[NCP]m1Vt1
10
15
Fig.8KineticstudiesofAguA(A)andAguB(B)
盟 8 ◎ 0 7㎞ ●●o閥闘陶ol&π ㎝ 前躍諏醜侃 ㎞ †VGm●d馳 面 旬 i 0.1 0.01 o_z
Control4
466101214'1618202224 ㎞{㎞ ⊃567891011
12h
騨
岬
A
A
.轟 遭脚剛聯,噸 騨圏軸P鴨 廟嘲疇 朝鱒 一 ・覇 ゆ 欄 墜♂
. 耐_.講 』嘲繭 砂 輔 鮮 鞭 編 拳 嚇 隅盛 騨.鞭 脚噸噛
Fig.9.Crossreactionofanti-AguAandanti-AguBwithcrudeextractsof
S.ruminantiumaftercultureinTYGmediumfor4-12h
Table1.Molecularmassand働ofagma垣nedei面mseandハ みcarbamoylp蒐 血esch鳩 amidohydrolasewithothersources.
AguA
AguB
source Molecu1組 コnass a
伽
Molecularmass
a)
血
∫ ㎜
∫
㎜
ガ㎜
P.aeruginosa
浸.伽
」
ま
α襯
Z診4〃 η 四
Riceseedling
Soybean
Cucumber
45monomer
43homodimer
43homodimer
43homodimer
95homodimer
70monomer
36and47dieter
6.67
0.60
0.11
0.19
15.00
2.50
0.oa
37homodimer
33homohexamer
35homohexamer
o.a2
0.50
0.13
Table2.Effectsofmetalionsandsomechemicalreagentsonagmatine de㎞i1]鵬eandハ 乙carbamoylputrescinealnidohydrolase.