THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENERGY BALANCE OF UKRAINE
4. THE INTERESTS OF RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL ENERGY SECURITY
For Russia, the international energy security is of particular importance. In the territory, which occupies 13% of the earth’s surface, where less than 3% of world population is concentrated over 34% of natural gas, about 13% of proven oil reserves, 20% of the reserves of coal and 14% of uranium [2]. The share of energy sector accounts for about one-quarter of Russia’s GDP, a third of total industrial production, about half of federal budget revenues, export and foreign exchange earnings. Annual primary energy production in the country is over 12% of the world. Russia ranked first in the world in terms of energy exports. Russian fuel and energy complex is an important component of world energy industry.
This situation, in terms of security, has both positive and negative aspects. Russian energy sector, as well as the worlds, is affected by political, economic and technological risks. On the one hand — about 30% of European demand for energy is met through imports of crude oil and natural gas from Russia, which implies a mutual interest in ensuring stability and security of supply, stability is guaranteed by multilateral and bilateral agreements with all the importing and transit countries. On the other — the system of storage and transportation of oil and gas is a very complex mechanism, and the stability of any network system, as it is known, is determined by the stability of its most vulnerable link. (In this system only in Russia are dozens of fields, about 60 thousand km of gas pi pelines and product pi pelines, 153 thousand km of trunk pi pelines, 856 oil storage
facilities, 360 pumping stations, 24 underground gas storage facility, 264 compressor stations and other infrastructure) [13].
The risk factors also are the non-transparent Russian energy companies and the imperfection of the tax system and legislation.
This is also the technological backwardness compared to the global level — the virtual absence of a mechanism of innovation. This problem is not solved since the failed CPSU Plenum on scientific and technical progress, planned in the late 1970s. For example, Russian oil companies extracted from the fields only 30–35% of proven reserves, and the average world figure is over 50%. The depth of primary oil refining in Russia is 70%, and in developed countries — 90% [22].
In addition, from the Soviet era Russia has inherited supply of the CIS oil and gas at preferential prices and unresolved issue of transit of hydrocarbons through the countries that made up before a single state. The problem was exacerbated by si phoning off gas and poor technical condition of pi peline systems. Delays in resolving of these issues were politically motivated – there was an opinion about the possible restoration of a single economic and political space.
Only in the last 4–5 years, Russia has embarked on market-based relations with CIS countries in energy, but until now the price of gas to Armenia and Belarus is much lower than European. Beginning of the transition to market relations with former Soviet republics was not done professionally and with a lack of adequate support in media, so it provoked a storm of unfair criticism in the West, especially from the U.S. and new EU members.
The same opposition, primarily from the Baltic States and Poland, caused a plan to build a “Nord Stream” — a pi peline under the Baltic Sea. There are calls to create an “energy NATO”, which is a complete utopia, as is feasible only if the United States will assume the role of the world’s princi pal supplier of energy in the first place in Europe.
The National security and defense council of Ukraine created the Department of Energy Security, which has a mostly representative function. Energy project aiming to establish supplies of Russian oil and natural gas to China, and an agreement between Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to build Caspian gas pi peline are also under criticism from European consuming countries.
Critical to energy security of the Russian Federation is the relationshi p in the energy sector with Ukraine — the main transit country for Russian energy supplies to European countries.
Russia should continue to pursue the development of market relations with CIS countries, taking into account their real possibilities.
There is the need to continue the construction of transport infrastructure for the diversification of routes and markets for hydrocarbons. (Currently 90% of Russian oil exports and total exports of natural gas is linked to Europe [18]). National interests of our country would be consistent with the strengthening of its geopolitical position in the remote power markets, the provision of national treatment subsoil on the continental shelf and securing its external borders, including in the Arctic.
In Russia, the export of oil is the main stimulus for production growth. It is therefore important to choose the optimal ratio of exploration, mining and oil exports, according to the needs of the state and industry in finance and the state of the resource base.
To meet these challenges, government and business is making significant efforts. It is clear that for Russia it is preferable to avoid the transit of oil and natural gas through Ukraine, Belarus and Poland. In September 2011 began to fill with gas the first line of the pi peline “Nord Stream”, and in a year will come the second line.
Active efforts are being made to advance the project “South Stream”. Commissioning of the pi peline will completely eliminate the natural gas transit through Ukrainian territory. In addition, the end of the year will complete the construction of the pi peline, which would eliminate the handling of Gdansk. An agreement was reached on the purchase by Gazprom of Beltransgaz. According to the Prime Minister V. Putin, “We get rid from the dictatorshi p of transit countries” [17].
Now it is formed the transport infrastructure for oil and gas exports to China and other Asia-Pacific region. In 2009, commissioned the first phase of the system of trunk oil pi peline “Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean” (ESPO) oil pi peline with capacity of 30 million tonnes a year. In the long term capacity of the ESPO could rise to 80 million tons. Russia and China reached agreement on building two gas pi pelines to supply natural gas to the amount of 68 billion cubic meters per year. The negotiations on an agreement to build a gas pi peline in North Korea and South Korea are being held.
At the same time remains the danger of turning our country into a raw material appendage of the world economy. Dependence on external demand for energy should not affect the economic development in times of falling demand. The energy component of economic growth is high, despite periodic statements of government officials on its reduction. In Russia, as well as in some others energy-exporting countries, there exist the concentration of income in a relatively limited number of people and the trend towards substitution
of domestic production by imports. In addition, often the government and business “give unconditional preference to the current benefit — even to the detriment of the strategic objectives” [18].
Nevertheless, given the extensive resource base, Russia may spend oil profits on fundamental modernization of the economy, realization of strategic innovation projects with long payback period, to acquire and develop the most advanced technologies of deep processing of raw materials, which will no doubt be a major contribution to country’s energy security. Modernize its economy, relying on the favorable situation of raw material — a task that is largely solved in the UK and Norway [7], but has not been solved in Russia. To solve this problem, Russia has no more than 10–15 years.
Considerable reserves of energy efficiency are within the energy sector. There must be a transition of fuel and energy sector to innovative development — improving the characteristics of all types of energy producing and equi pment.
In relations with consumers of energy should come from the fact that Russia and its partners are absolutely the same interdependent.
According to the Russian Prime Minister V. Putin “... the Europeans depend on our supplies, but we depend on the buyers of our gas — this interdependence, this is a guarantee of stability” [4]. The exchange of assets — a way of ensuring the mutual interests of producers, consumers and transiters of energy. Cooperation in this area can not be used as a means of political pressure from any side.
In practice, however, Russia may present an accurate list of amendments to the Energy Charter Treaty, for example, Article 7 – the “Transit” and other subjects, in case of adoption of such amendments Russia would ratify the document. Russia’s position is that “one of the keys to global energy security — it is a fair distribution of risks between producers, transit partici pants and consumers” [12].
The primary role in ensuring the stability of energy supply, play the long-term contracts, which, in our view, are the means to promote international energy security. Spot trading is useful as an additional tool.
We can briefly list the major internal and external threats to energy security of the Russian Federation:
Internal:
A point of view, prevalent in some close to the country’s leadershi p structures that the continuation of pre-crisis trend to support and provide various advantages and benefits to large raw materials companies — a way for the resumption of high growth in GDP and welfare;
ministry of Finance policy to withdraw from the economy of a large part of income from oil exports — the difference between pledged to the state budget (for 2011 — 75 dollars per barrel) and the real price of oil (100–$ 110) According to the academician E.M. Primakov, “This line, in fact, involves the assignment for the future abandonment of the pre-crisis economic policy that would turn Russia into a raw materials appendage of world powers, quickly developing on the basis of scientific and technological progress — not only” traditional “and also China” [14];
energy-intensive economy — the overall cost of energy in the structure of production costs in Russia are almost 2 times higher than in China, seven times — than in the U.S. and 12 times — than in the EU. (Energy intensity of GDP is higher in a few neighboring countries.);
the failure of electric generation sector reform, leading to unrestrained growth rates, accidents and conflicts between generating companies and the state;
high degree of depreciation of fixed assets in the energy sector (in power generation — 40%), low coefficient of the recoverability of oil and its degree of processing — the output of light petroleum products;
the lag in the use of renewable and alternative energy sources, compared not only with Europe, U.S. and Japan, but also with China.
Undeveloped legal framework in this area (even in comparison with Ukraine).
External:
Weak geographical diversification of export flows of energy resources — accounts for 80% of deliveries to the EU market;
unsatisfactory commodity composition of exports of energy — which accounts for 90% of crude oil and fuel oil;
dependence on energy transit countries;
lack of presence of Russian energy companies in the world market, not allowing them to build a vertically integrated structure;
high degree of politicization of energy relations between Russia and foreign countries;
natural disasters and terrorist threats.
***
Energy is at the epicenter of world economic and political issues that directly affect the quality of life. An adequate supply of energy is a significant factor of global security.
Russia’s place in the world energy is not reduced to a high specific gravity of the country in the world’s hydrocarbon reserves.
If the country manages to diversify energy export routes, Russia could play a unique role in the elaboration of an international system to counter the extreme situations in the global energy sector and provide a stabilizing influence on world energy market. This special role in ensuring international energy security by the fact that Russia is at the same time a member of the “Group of Eight,” which combines the most energy-consuming state and a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which includes the new net importers of hydrocarbons, India and China, as well as a member of OPEC Iran, which causes much anxiety in the West. The role of one of the largest countries-manufacturers and exporters of hydrocarbons objectively brings our country to closer relations with OPEC members.
Having not only a large share of world energy reserves, production and exports, but also having high scientific and technical potential and visible role in world politics, while remaining a reliable supplier of energy to the world economy, Russia is open for all international projects aimed at the generation, transmission and use of energy.
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“Group of Eight”. www.mid.ru 17.03.2006.
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Àëåêñàíäðà Ñåðãååâíà Êóð÷åâñêàÿ, ÑÏáÃÓ
Энергетическая безопасность Арктики как основа развития региона
АННОТАЦИЯ
 óñëîâèÿõ èñòîùåíèÿ ìèðîâûõ çàïàñîâ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóð-ñîâ îáåñïå÷åíèå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðèîáðåòàåò âàæ-íåéøåå çíà÷åíèå êàê äëÿ ìèðîâîé ýêîíîìèêè â öåëîì, òàê è äëÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ðåãèîíà, â ÷àñòíîñòè. Àðêòèêà óæå ñ íà÷àëà ÕÕ âåêà ïðèîáðåëà âàæíåéøåå ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ýêîíîìèêè ìíîãèõ ñòðàí. Ãëàâíîé ïðè÷èíîé ïîâûøåííîãî âíèìàíèÿ ê Àðêòèêå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðèðîäíûå ðåñóðñû äàííîãî ðåãèîíà, ïðåæäå âñåãî, ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèå.
Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü ðåãèîíà ïðèíèìàåò âñå âîçðà-ñòàþùåå çíà÷åíèå â ìèðå.  òîæå âðåìÿ òðàíñôîðìèðóåòñÿ è ñàìî ïîíÿòèå «ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü» â ðåãèîíå Àðêòè-êè. Ñîâðåìåííîå çíà÷åíèå ýòîãî òåðìèíà âûõîäèò çà ðàìêè åãî òðàäèöèîííîé èíòåðïðåòàöèè, à èìåííî îáåñïå÷åíèå áåñïåðå-áîéíûõ ïîñòàâîê íåôòåãàçîâûõ ðåñóðñîâ ïî ñòàáèëüíûì è ðà-çóìíûì öåíàì.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü Àðêòèêè òàêæå âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ îáåñïå÷åíèå áåçîïàñíîñòè îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, áåçîïàñíîñòü îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ èíâåñòèöèé â ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîì ñåêòîðå ðåãèîíà, ïîâûøåíèå ýíåðãîýôôåêòèâ-íîñòè è ýíåðãîñáåðåæåíèÿ, äèâåðñèôèêàöèþ âèäîâ èñïîëüçóå-ìîé ýíåðãèè, à òàêæå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ìåæäó àðêòè÷åñêèìè è íåàðêòè÷åñêèìè ãîñóäàðñòâàìè.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáåñïå÷åíèå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè â åå ñîâðåìåííîì ïîíèìàíèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâîé óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàç-âèòèÿ ðåãèîíà Àðêòèêè.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Àðêòèêà; ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî;
ðàçâèòèå ðåãèîíà; ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü
ABSTRACT
In conditions of natural resources’ global depletion energy security becomes critical for the world economy as well as for the Arctic region. Since the early Twentieth century the Arctic has obtained a strategic importance for many countries. The main reason of increasing attention to the region is its abundant natural resources, primarily energy resources.
Nowadays the concept of energy security is getting an increased importance globally. At the same time we can see transformation of the concept of energy security in the Arctic. The modern definition of energy security in the region is outside the framework its traditional one, which means the security of regular supplies and access to oil and gas resources at stable and reasonable prices. Nowadays the concept of energy security in the Arctic includes also security of the environment, security of investment in energy sector of the region, energy efficiency, diversification of energy sources, and energy cooperation between Arctic and non-Arctic states.
Thus, energy security in its new meaning forms a basis for the Arctic region’s sustainable development.
Keywords: the Arctic; development of the region; international cooperation; energy security
 óñëîâèÿõ èñòîùåíèÿ ìèðîâûõ çàïàñîâ ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóð-ñîâ îáåñïå÷åíèå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðèîáðåòàåò âàæ-íåéøåå çíà÷åíèå êàê äëÿ ìèðîâîé ýêîíîìèêè â öåëîì, òàê è äëÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåìîãî ðåãèîíà â ÷àñòíîñòè. Àðêòèêà óæå ñ íà÷àëà ÕÕ âåêà ïðèîáðåëà âàæíåéøåå ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ýêîíîìèêè ìíîãèõ ñòðàí.
 òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ëåò, â îñîáåííîñòè â ãîäû õîëîäíîé âîéíû, ðåãèîí Àðêòèêè â îñíîâíîì ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ îáîðîíîñïîñîáíîñòè, íåæåëè êàê èñòî÷íèê ïðè-ðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, íàïðèìåð, íåôòè è ãàçà. Ñ îêîí÷àíèåì õîëîä-íîé âîéíû ñèòóàöèÿ èçìåíèëàñü.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îòíîøå-íèå ê ðåãèîíó êàê ê âîåííîé ãðàíèöå àðêòè÷åñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ ñìåíÿåòñÿ âèäåíèåì Àðêòèêè â êà÷åñòâå «êëàäîâîé ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ». Ïðèðîäíûå ðåñóðñû ðåãèîíà ïðèâëåêàþò âñå áîëü-øåå âíèìàíèå â ñâåòå ãëîáàëüíîãî èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà.  ðå-çóëüòàòå çíà÷èòåëüíîãî ïîâûøåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû â Àðêòèêå è åæåãîäíîãî óìåíüøåíèÿ ëåäÿíîãî ïîêðîâà Ñåâåðíîãî Ëåäîâè-òîãî îêåàíà âîçðàñòàþò âîçìîæíîñòè äîñòóïà ê ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèì ðåñóðñàì ðåãèîíà, âêëþ÷àÿ òàêæå èõ òðàíñïîðòèðîâêó ê ïîòðå-áèòåëÿì ïî àðêòè÷åñêèì ìîðñêèì ïóòÿì.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðåãèîí Àðêòèêè ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïðèîðèòåòíûì äëÿ ïîëèòèêè è ýêîíîìèêè ìíîãèõ ñòðàí — êàê ïîñòàâùèêîâ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ, òàê è èõ ïîòðåáèòåëåé.
 äàííîé ñòàòüå Àðêòèêà áóäåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ êàê ðåãèîí, âêëþ÷àþùèé â ñåáÿ òåððèòîðèè âîñüìè ãîñóäàðñòâ. Èç íèõ ïÿòü ñòðàí èìåþò ïðÿìîé âûõîä ê âîäàì Ñåâåðíîãî Ëåäîâèòîãî îêåàíà. Ýòî Ðîññèÿ, ÑØÀ, Êàíàäà, Íîðâåãèÿ è Äàíèÿ. Òðè äðóãèå ñòðàíû àðêòè÷åñêîãî ðåãèîíà — Ôèíëÿíäèÿ, Øâåöèÿ, Èñëàí-äèÿ — íå èìåþò âûõîäà ê Ñåâåðíîìó Ëåäîâèòîìó îêåàíó.
Àðêòèêà, ñîãëàñíî èññëåäîâàíèþ, ïðîâåäåííîìó Ãåîëîãè÷åñ-êîé ñëóæáîé ÑØÀ â 2008 ã., îáëàäàåò ïðèìåðíî 30 % ìèðîâûõ çàïàñîâ ïðèðîäíîãî ãàçà, 20 % ãàçîêîíäåíñàòíûõ æèäêîñòåé è 13 % íåðàçâåäàííîé íåôòè1. Îêîëî 84 % çàïàñîâ íåôòè è ïðè-ðîäíîãî ãàçà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ðàéîíå øåëüôà. Ñóùåñòâóþò è äðóãèå, â îäíèõ ñëó÷àÿ áîëåå ñêðîìíûå, â äðóãèõ — áîëåå çíà÷èòåëüíûå, îöåíêè çàïàñîâ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ â ðåãèîíå. Ïî ïðåäâà-ðèòåëüíûì îöåíêàì, çàïàñû óãëåâîäîðîäîâ â äàííîì ðåãèîíå çíà÷èòåëüíû äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îáåñïå÷èòü ïîòðåáíîñòè â íèõ íûíåøíåãî è áóäóùåãî ïîêîëåíèé.
 íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò â öåíòðå ïîâåñòêè äíÿ íàõîäèòñÿ ïðî-áëåìà îáåñïå÷åíèÿ è ïîääåðæàíèÿ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè â ðåãèîíå. Èìåííî ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåò ðàçâèòèå ðåãèîíà â ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì, ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì è ýêîëîãè÷åñêîì íàïðàâëåíèÿõ. Ñóùåñòâóåò íåïîñðåäñòâåííàÿ âçà-èìîñâÿçü ìåæäó ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòüþ ðåãèîíà è åãî ðàçâèòèåì. Óñòîé÷èâîå ðàçâèòèå ðåãèîíà ïðèçâàíî îáåñïå÷èòü òàêîå ðàçâèòèå, êîòîðîå ïîçâîëèëî áû óäîâëåòâîðÿòü ïîòðåáíîñ-òè íûíåøíåãî ïîêîëåíèÿ áåç óùåðáà äëÿ áóäóùèõ.
Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü ðåãèîíà — ýòî êîìïëåêñíîå ïîíÿòèå, êîòîðîå âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ îáåñïå÷åíèå áåçîïàñíîñòè öåëîãî ðÿäà íàïðàâëåíèé, íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàííûõ ìåæäó ñîáîé.
Êëàññè÷åñêîå ïîíÿòèå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè îçíà÷à-åò îáåñïå÷åíèå ðåãóëÿðíûõ ïîñòàâîê, à òàêæå äîñòóïà ê ýíåðãå-òè÷åñêèì ðåñóðñàì ïî ñòàáèëüíûì è ðàçóìíûì (ñïðàâåäëè-âûì) öåíàì2. Ñîâðåìåííîå ïîíÿòèå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíî-ñòè â Àðêòèêå ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëåå øèðîêèì è âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ:
áåçîïàñíîñòü îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû ðåãèîíà, áåçîïàñíîñòü îñóùå-ñòâëåíèÿ èíâåñòèöèé â ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèé ñåêòîð ðåãèîíà, ýíåðãî-ýôôåêòèâíîñòü, äèâåðñèôèêàöèþ èñïîëüçóåìûõ ðåñóðñîâ, à òàê-æå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî è äèàëîã ìåæäó àðêòè÷åñêè-ìè è íåàðêòè÷åñêèàðêòè÷åñêè-ìè ãîñóäàðñòâààðêòè÷åñêè-ìè íà ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííîì óðîâíå, íà óðîâíå ðàçëè÷íûõ íåïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ îðãàíèçà-öèé, îðãàíèçàîðãàíèçà-öèé, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ èíòåðåñû êîðåííîãî íàñåëå-íèÿ ðåãèîíà, à òàêæå íà óðîâíå ÷àñòíûõ êîìïàíèé.
Âñå ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ðåãèîíà íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé. Íàïðèìåð, äîáû÷à óãëåâîäî-ðîäîâ â ðîññèéñêîì ñåêòîðå Àðêòèêè ñîïðÿæåíà ñ íåîáõîäèìî-ñòüþ ðàçâèòèÿ Ñåâåðíîãî ìîðñêîãî ïóòè äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ èõ òðàíñïîðòèðîâêè.  òîæå âðåìÿ ðàçâèòèå Ñåâåðíîãî ìîðñêîãî ïóòè íåâîçìîæíî áåç ñîçäàíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé èíôðàñòðóê-òóðû, ÷òî òðåáóåò êîëîññàëüíûõ èíâåñòèöèé, êàê íàöèîíàëüíûõ, òàê è çàðóáåæíûõ. Âñå ýòî íåâîçìîæíî, âî-ïåðâûõ, áåç ñîçäàíèÿ áëàãîïðèÿòíîãî èíâåñòèöèîííîãî êëèìàòà â ðîññèéñêîì ñåêòî-ðå ñåêòî-ðåãèîíà, ïðèíÿòèÿ íîðì è çàêîíîâ, îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ãàðàí-òèè äëÿ èíâåñòîðîâ íà çàêîíîäàòåëüíîì óðîâíå â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ íîðìàìè ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ïðàâà, à âî-âòîðûõ, áåç ìåæäóíàðîä-íîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà â ðåãèîíå, âêëþ÷àþùåãî â ñåáÿ îáìåí îïûòîì, òåõíîëîãèÿìè, èííîâàöèîííûìè ïðîåêòàìè, ÷åëîâå÷å-ñêèìè ðåñóðñàìè. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, äîáû÷à óãëåâîäîðîäîâ íà-ïðÿìóþ ñâÿçàíà ñ âîçäåéñòâèåì íà ýêîëîãèþ ðåãèîíà è æèçíü êîðåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, ÷òî òðåáóåò òàêæå êîìïëåêñíîãî ïîäõîäà ê ðåøåíèþ ýòèõ ïðîáëåì.
Äîñòèæåíèå ýòîé çàäà÷è âî ìíîãîì çàâèñèò îò ïîëèòèêè ãîñóäàðñòâ äàííîãî ðåãèîíà. Êàæäîå àðêòè÷åñêîå ãîñóäàðñòâî èìååò ñâîþ ñòðàòåãèþ ðàçâèòèÿ ðåãèîíà, â êîòîðîé îòðàæåíû îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ è öåëè ýòîé ïîëèòèêè. Ñòîèò îòìåòèòü,
÷òî âàæíåéøèìè ñîñòàâëÿþùèìè ïîëèòèêè êàæäîãî èç ãîñó-äàðñòâ äàííîãî ðåãèîíà ÿâëÿþòñÿ, ïîìèìî âîïðîñîâ îáåñïå÷å-íèÿ íàöèîíàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè è ñóâåðåíèòåòà â Àðêòèêå, âîïðîñû îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè, âêëþ÷àþ-ùèå â ñåáÿ ïðîáëåìû äîáû÷è óãëåâîäîðîäîâ, âîïðîñû çàùèòû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, îáåñïå÷åíèå æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ äàííîãî ðåãèîíà. Êëþ÷åâóþ ðîëü â ðåãèîíå â òîæå âðåìÿ èãðàåò íå òîëüêî ïîëèòèêà àðêòè÷åñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ, íî è âëèÿòåëüíûõ íåàðêòè÷åñêèõ ñòðàí, êîòîðûå òàêæå õîòÿò ïîëó÷èòü ÷àñòü «àð-êòè÷åñêîãî ïèðîãà» (íàïðèìåð, ïîëèòèêà Êèòàÿ).
Ðàññìîòðèì áîëåå ïîäðîáíî ñîñòàâëÿþùèå ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ðåãèîíà. Äàííûé ðåãèîí îêàçàëñÿ â íàèáîëüøåé
1 U.S. Geological Survey (2008): Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle, http://www.usgs.gov/
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2 Lassi Heininen, Chris Southcott. Globalization and the Circumpolar North, University of Alaska Press, 2010, p. 224URL: http://www.geopoliticsnorth.org/
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