CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.3 Recommendation
The results of this study can be used to make decisions to promote drive tourism by manage local resident acceptance to driving tourist. Acceptance factor and aggressive driving behaviour factor became two main part of action that can be done. For acceptance factor, the government can take several actions such as those contained in the table 7-2. To manage aggressive driving behaviour, this study using approach intervention based on traffic safety.
In traffic safety 3 E engineering, education, and enforcement (McKenna, 2012; Federation Highway Administration-FHWA) generally used as an approach in decision making or policy. In this study, community involvement as a stakeholder is something that is not separated and has been considered as one of the parts in road safety strategy (Department of Transport England, 2011). For this reason, the approach is carried out through 4E which includes as follow:
1. Engineering, providing road technology or facilities to reduce accident and fatalities 2. Education, developing skill and attitude of driver and sharing knowledge to road user 3. Enforcement, enforcement of traffic regulations to reduce the level of violations
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4. Engagement, the involvement of local residents to be able to play a role in efforts to increase safety.
Table 7-2. Action can be taken to manage acceptance factor
No Factor Action can be taken
Perceive benefit (+)
1 Driving tourist increase government income
• Providing sufficient infrastructure and other facilities that can utilizes by others sector in Bali
• Promote drive tourism as an optional tourism in Bali
2 Driving tourist add value to tourism in Bali
Involvement (+)
3 Can involve in drive tourist program planning as individual
• Implement bottom-up planning, to get input and provide access for the community to be
involved in planning
• Open access to information on current activities or programs related to drive tourism, so as to provide opportunities for people to be involved in accordance with their abilities
4 Community can involve in drive tourist program planning
5 can involve in drive tourist program implementation as individual
Perceive risk (-)
6 Driving tourist can cause an accident
• Promote safety driving programme for tourist before drive in Bali
• Promote insurance programme related to drive tourism
• Increasing supervision to increase security with involve local community as law enforcement 7 Driving tourist can cause losing
property (vehicle etc)
Competition (+)
8 Driving tourist will increasing competition with community
• regulate business conditions to create a healthy competition atmosphere
• develop level of service for drive tourism 9 Driving tourist will increasing
competition with myself Social cost (-)
10 Driving tourist caused losing work-field for local resident
• Provide new work-field to support driving tourism, such as providing new rest area or other facilities to shift the workforce
• Provide education to local resident to improve abilities and skills
11 Driving tourist caused conflict with local resident
Trust to Government (+)
12 Government implement regulation of driving tourist
• Government provide regulation to create security in drive tourism
• Government implement regulation without discrimination
• Government must be transparent, encourage public participation and be responsible.
13 Government issue regulation of driving tourist
Fairness (+)
14 have same protection with driving tourist
• Law enforcement without discrimination 15 use same vehicle used by driving
tourist
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Table 7-3. Action can be taken to manage aggressive driving behaviour
No Factor Action can be taken
Threat (-)
1 Communication threat or insult voice
• Educate driving tourist with road manner before get licence for driving in Bali
• local enforcement to give advice and warnings to driving tourist
• Involve local community as local enforcement 2 Gesture
3 Intentionally barking suddenly Negative Intention and emotion (-)
4 Taking space in parking (more 1 spaces)
• Provide off street parking space (urban)
• Provide park and ride system in crowded tourist area and provide loop bus (Urban)
• Provide clear sign and parking mark (urban)
• Introduce parking system and location in Bali
• Introduce defensive driving
• local enforcement to give advice and warnings to driving tourist
• Involve local community as local enforcement 5 Easy to be provoked
6 quickly seek for vengeance
Risky behaviour (-)
7 Annoyed in intersection • Install more sign and road marking in Intersection (urban and rural)
• Install time countdown in traffic light and Variable Massage Sign (VMS) (urban)
• Install interactive speaker in intersection for announcement and music (Urban)
• Design attractive road intersection (urban)
• Introduce to understand Intersection system in Bali to tourist
• Install banner or sticker in rental vehicle
• Install surveillance camera (urban)
• Install Police or local resident sign and facilities like police box, etc (urban and rural)
• Involve local resident as unofficial traffic regulator in field on rush hour (urban and rural)
• Involve local resident as unofficial traffic regulator in field on rush hour (urban and rural) 8 Running stop/ red light signals
9 Blocking intersection 10 Failing to yield right of way
Improper Driving (-)
11 Improper safety equipment • Provide comfortable and safe equipment
• Introduce driving regulation in Bali
• Introduce safety driving
• Routine patrol
• Involve local community to introduce safety driving
Based on the total affect to local acceptance, there are three factors should be considered in detail as proposed recommendation to increasing local residents’ acceptance to driving tourist. The three main factors are:
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1. Involvement give positive affect to local acceptance; local resident wants to involve in planning (as individual and community) and implementation (as individual).
2. Perceived risk gives negative affect to local acceptance; local resident wants to avoid involve with accident and losing property cause by driving tourist
3. Social cost gives negative affect to local acceptance; local resident wants to avoid losing job and conflict with driving tourist
To handle three main factors above, a recommendation can be done is developing an electronic system (e-system / e-drive tourism) flatform using web based and manage by government or DMO and support by government policy to encourage driving tourist in Bali.
This programme use approach 4E (Engineering, Education, Empowerment and Engagement) to develop the main principal how the program should operate as follow:
1. Engineering, to use technology approach
a. Related to system of operation, Government build the e-system using information and communication technology (ICT) to promote drive tourism.
This system can be access by tourist before coming to tourist destination by login to system and used as an application to issue e-licence in tourist destination. With this, tourist can prepare plan, accommodation, cost, licence, and other information before arriving in destination.
b. Related to mode of operation, all vehicle that registered to e-system will have additional surveillance and monitoring system build in vehicle. The vehicle specification also can specifications can be controlled in accordance with government policy. For example: all rental vehicle use electric vehicle so can reduce the pollution and environmentally friendly or if the driver commits an offense, the system in the vehicle can provide a mild warning until the vehicle stops completely (smart vehicle using AI)
c. Related to infrastructure, infrastructure in tourist areas will use a smart infrastructure system, where this infrastructure is equipped with a variety of equipment that can interact with equipment that is in the vehicle that is operating to provide information in real time, and receive data to further be used to evaluate and optimize the performance of infrastructure. Costs for the
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construction and maintenance of infrastructure are derived from drive tourism revenues.
2. Education, share information related to driving and drive tourism
a. This system will provide related information to user related to destination characteristic, traffic condition, traffic regulation, driving requirement and place to pick up of pick off vehicle (renting vehicle).
b. This system will provide online training by login to the system as a part of requirement to applied for e-licence. Because of this foreign tourist can prepare before they come and renting vehicle in Bali. The training material including safety training, how to drive vehicle, emergency action and to avoid doing ADB based on local resident perception.
c. This system will provide offline training in Bali in airport, terminal or seaport uses by foreign tourist to access or enter Bali. The material for training similar with online training.
d. This system will provide online and offline training program for local resident for driving and non-driving training (especially local resident who involve in drive tourism activities) to increase their ability and understanding of drive tourism.
3. Enforcement, enforce regulation to maintain the sustainability of drive tourism a. The system used as a main requirement for driving tourist to enforce traffic
regulation. The driving tourist can understand regulation completely and avoid behaviours that can violate traffic rules and disturbed local resident acceptance.
b. Government used the system as surveillance and monitoring tool to deal with traffic violation and taking action in an emergency. Law enforcement can identify potential traffic violations early and can take immediate action to reduce the risk of accidents.
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c. Conducted routine and random patrol based on the system (potential violation traffic mapping). With a limited number of police, local people can be used as aid workers to enforce the law with the division of authority, for primary roads (arterial) supervised by the police and secondary (collector) supervised by local personnel.
d. Enforce specific insurance to cover the life insurance and losing property (included in renting system) which cover driving tourist and local resident who involve in accident.
4. Engagement, invite the other stakeholder to play active role
a. Local resident invites as investor in the system by investing money (share or holding), facilities (area for pick up-pick off, repairing and parking) and vehicle (share capital or ownership)
b. Local resident can involve as employee (human resource) based on their ability to take part (low ability post to high ability post) from web engineer to facilities maintenance.
c. Local resident or community can propose (bottom-up) a specific route or a destination area for driving tourist and will have co-management with government to run the sub e-system.
d. Local resident involves as local enforcement unit.
There are some limitations to this study, including:
• in this study there was no differentiation between aggressiveness between motorcycles and passenger cars
• observation of the value of aggressiveness is entirely based on people's perceptions so that it is necessary to do a comparison with the method of using a camera or identifying vehicle plates
• this study based on local resident in Bali, need adjustment to use in others place
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