VALUATION
2.6 Determinant and Hypothesis
Based on conceptual framework, this study has two main hypotheses, as follow:
1. Acceptance factor (AF) can positively affect acceptance towards driving tourist.
Its mean if value of acceptance factor high, the acceptance toward driving tourist will be highand vice versa.
2. Aggressive driving behaviour (ADB) factor can negatively affect acceptance towards driving tourist. Is mean if value of aggressive driving behaviour high, the acceptance toward driving tourist will be low and vice versa.
Based on a review of empirical studies of factors influencing local acceptance, identified the following acceptance factors:
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• Perceived Benefit, as the ‘expected gain’ from any activity by considering costs by maintaining the satisfaction of local residents (Dyer et al., 2007; Cavus and Tanrisevdi, 2003). The benefits that are generally expected are an increase in income for each stakeholder involved in tourism activities, both the benefits obtained as individuals, groups, and government. Another expected advantage is the increase in the value of tourist destinations that can have an impact in the long term. the higher the profits obtained, the higher the acceptance of local residents and higher change to local resident to involve in tourism activities. Thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H1a. Perceive benefit positively affect acceptance towards driving tourist
H1b. Perceive benefit positively affect involvement towards driving tourist
• Involvement or participation, as manifestation of local residents’ involvement in activities in the form of planning and implementation to achieve development goals as individual or groups. Participation become most important factor in sustainable tourism development (Eshliki and Kaboudi, 2011; Lin and Simmons, 2017) and needed in decision making process (Dola and Mijan, 2006). The higher the participation of local residents in the planning and implementation of drive tourism, the higher the acceptance of the driving tourist. Many studies also shown that participation have relation to trust of government, perceive benefit and perceive risk.
Thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H2. Involvement positively affect acceptance towards driving tourist
• Perceived Risk or cost, as ‘expected loss’ and depends on personal intuition from local residents and not based on specific knowledge such as experts (Li et al, 2019) and is categorized as a cost that must be borne due to an activity caused by the driving tourist. risk is also part of the negative impact that results from tourism activities.
Local residents have a tendency to avoid risks or losses and this will prevent local resident to move involve in tourism. Therefore, the higher the risk that is expected to occur, the lower the acceptance of the local population. In preliminary study, based
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on EFA, the perceive cost consist of latent construct namely social cost and risk.
Thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H3a. Perceive risk negatively affect acceptance towards driving tourist
H3b. Perceive risk negatively affect involvement or participant local resident toward driving tourist
H3c. Social cost positively affect perceive cost toward driving tourist
• Competition, as social process that involves individuals or groups competing with each other and doing something to achieve certain victories. In this study, competition define as competition between tourist and local residents, or between local residents as individual or groups. competition becomes one of the factors that influence the acceptance of local residents and have positive relation (Chung and Kim, 2009). The more the level of competition, the higher the level of acceptance of local residents. In other hand increasing competition can affect to social cost. Thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H4a. Competition positively affect perceive benefit towards driving tourist
H4b. Competition positively affect involvement towards driving tourist
H4c. Competition positively affect social cost towards driving tourist
• Trust to government. as confidence of local residents to government to carry out their roles according to their functions in drive tourism activities. The main thing is to make regulations and implement regulations to ensure the achievement of the target of a program. Trust have influence to acceptance (Chung and Kim, 2009) and have relation to perceive benefit (Zou, 2017; Li et al, 2019; Soland (2013), perceive cost and perceive fairness (Li et al, 2019; Soland, 2013) which encourage local people to involve in tourism. Thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H5a. Trust can positively affect perceive benefit towards driving tourist
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H5b. Trust can positively affect involvement towards driving tourist
H5c. Trust can negatively affect perceive risk towards driving tourist
• Perceive fairness, as equality gained by local residents with the presence of drive tourism activities. Previous studies show that fairness is very important for public acceptance (Walker et al, 2014). Related to driving tourist, local resident hope to get the same treatment as tourists. This practice is like getting a rule that is not favouritism and the opportunity to use the same facilities the higher level of fairness will encourage the higher acceptance of driving tourists. Government have relation also with fairness (Li et al, 2019; Soland, 2013). Thus, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H6. Perceive Fairness can positively affect trust to government towards driving tourist
Social exchange theory (SET) is used as a basis in developing relationships between hypotheses. SET is considered a very important theory in the field of perception of local residents (Nunkoo, 2016). The two things that form the basic part of SET are the relationship between expected benefits and the risks posed. This relationship will determine the behaviour of local residents to be involved in tourism activities. The more positive things that can be able to encourage local residents to be more involved and accept a tourism activity (Ward and Berno, 2011)
In this study it is assumed that aggressive driving behaviour (ADB) is an external factor that will affect the acceptance of local residents (LA) to driving tourists. Acceptance is assumed to be an internal system that is influenced by acceptance factors (AF) and the ABD is assumed to have a direct influence on AF and LA as show in figure 2-5.
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Figure 2-5 Resident acceptance to driving tourist affected by ADB
The factors contained in ADB have the influence of two influences namely direct influence and indirect influence. The direct influence shows that ADB will affect the acceptance of local residents to receive driving tourists. Indirect effects indicate that ADB will influence factors that are in AF which also affect the acceptance of local residents to receive driving tourists. ADB factors that have an influence are explained in table 2-1, while factors affecting AF are detailed based on the set of hypotheses or determinants. Based on a literature review of factors that influence the acceptance of local residents, this study tried to construct a basic acceptance model based on the relationship of the hypotheses as shown in figure 2-6.
Acceptance factor (AF)
Aggressive driving behaviour factor
(ADB)
Local Acceptance (LA) Internal
External
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Figure 2-6 Basic model of local resident acceptance to driving tourist
H3b Compet
ition
Benefit Trust to
Govern ment
H4a
H4b
H1a H5a
H1b
Involvement Acceptance
H6
Fairness
Social Cost
H4c
H3c
H3a H5b
H2
Risk H5c
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