෫ᡋ࡞ࡢ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙┞பࡡᥞ᱄࡞ᢼྫྷᶊࢅ⾔ࡊ࡙ᢝ
51
ࢅ㜴Ḿࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸᏋᅹࡌࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉᅗ㏻❮ᏽࡊࡒ㞗 ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡢ༎ฦ࡞ᶭ⬗ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞࠽ࡄࡾโⓆິࡡౚࡢࠉ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භ
ᅗࡡࣂࣜࢹࣉࢹᨳ➿ࡡ⡷ࢮ෫ᡋ࡛├ࡡ㛭㏻ࡡ࠷ሔྙ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ55ࠊ
1990
ᖳ࡞ࡢ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࣞࢨࡡ㛭౿ᨭၻࡊ࡙෫ᡋ⤂⤎ࡊࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡᢼྫྷᶊࡡ⏕ࡵ࠵ࡱࡽぜࡼࡿࡂࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ឺࡡን࡞ᑊᚺࡊ࡙ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞
㛭ࡌࡾㅎၡ㢗࡞✒ᴗⓏ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ㸝ᅒ 6ཤ↯㸞ࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᶊᅗᐓහ ࡡṂງ⣦ணࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㉫ࡊࡒெ㐠༱ᶭࢅᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾᏽࡊ
࡙ࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾỬ㆗ࢅᢝࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠
2
᮪➠7
㡧ࡡぞᏽ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉຊ┍ᅗࡡᅗහ⟮㍾ᶊහ࡞࠵ࡾၡ㢗ࡡᖱῦࢅ⚏Ḿࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉᅗහ⟮㍾ᶊහࡡၡ 㢗࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾ㡧࡚࠵ࡿࡣᖱῦセᐖࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᶊᅗᐓහ࡚㉫ࡊࡒெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞❮➠
7
❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ᅒ6
Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾỬ㆗ᢝᩐ࡛ᢼྫྷᶊ⾔ᩐ㸝1946-2005
㸞56➱⩽షᠺ
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
!"#
$%&'(#
52
෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᅗ㏻❮➠
7
❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂิࡴ࡙ࡡᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹᨯ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථᢆヾࡈࡿ࡙ࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱࡛ࣚࢠᨳᗋ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ᓃᡋணລⓆࡊ ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞ᇱࡘࡂโ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⤎ྙࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾ୕࡚㔔さౚࡢࠉᓃ ᡋணࡡ├ᚃࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࣚࢠ㒂ࡡࢠࣜࢺெṂ⤄⧂ࠉᡋண⤂⤎ᚃ࡞ࣆࢬࣤᨳᶊ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙Ṃ⻇㉫ࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࣚࢠ
㌱ཬ㌹ᨯເࡊ࡙ࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࣚࣤࡷࢹࣜࢤᅗሾ࡞ኬぞᶅ࡞ᢪࡊᐞࡎࡒࠊᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉኣᅗ
⡘㌱โ✭ᶊࢅ☔ಕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾᏭධᆀᖈ࡛ࡣࡿࡾ༇ᇡࢅࣚࢠ㒂࡛༞㒂࡞スᏽࡊ࡙ࠉࣚࢠ㒂࡚ࡡ ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣚࢠ࡚ࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ
࡙ࠉᮇⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࡡᮮࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ57ࠊ
ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱โ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ⤎ྙࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉᶊᅗᐓమโ ࡡ᭩ࡵ㔔さཋ์ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸࠉெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩᑊᚺࢅ
⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ཬᨶ࡞ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠
4
❮௧ୖ࡚レ⣵࡞ౚࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ
7
⤎ㄊᶊᅗᐓᡋணࢅᅗ─㏛ịࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡞ࠉᶊᅗᐓࡡಕ㆜ࡡአ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽ࠉ ᤍࠉᩝẰ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙౼─ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭⏍ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᶊᅗᐓమ โࡡᏰⓏᶭ⬗ࢅᢰࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ㐺Ꮼࢅᅗᐓ࡞さịࡊࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ 㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࡡಕ㆜ࢅ⩇ຸࡘࡄࡾᶭ⬗ࡵᯕࡒࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㞗ᅆᏭ ධಕ㝸โᗐ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⤎ྙࡊ࡙ࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸࡷṂງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ
ᶊᅗᐓమโࡡᇱ┑࡛ࡾㅎཋ์ࢅࡾࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ
⾪
11
ᡋண࣬ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࣬㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ࡡṌྍⓏ┞㛭㛭౿ᡋண ெ㐠ᨥᥴ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸
53
-1863 ↋ᕣืᡋணふ
⤄⧂ࡡᙟᠺ
ᅗᐓࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ಕ㆜ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ
Ᏸ
᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ
ᅗᐓࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࡡ⚏
Ḿࠉெ㐠Ⓩಕ㆜ࡡ⩇ຸ
1863-1 919
ྙἪᡋண࡛㐢Ἢᡋண
࡛ࡡᓠื㸝ḿᡋㄵ㸞
࣬㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤ ఌࡡス
❟
࣬ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠1 ᅂࠉ➠2ᅂ㸞
➠1ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ ᡋணࡡୌ㒂㐢Ἢ
࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑
࣬ ᡋ᮪⣑
ᅗ㝷㏻┍
㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ 1919-1
945
ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢࡡᙟ㦹
࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡ㞬Ằ ᨥᥴᶭ 㛭ࡡス❟
࣬ 㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡெ 㐠ᨥᥴ ࡡὩⓆ
࣬ ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠3 ᅂ㸞
㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡᙟ㦹
➠2ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢ
࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮
ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ
㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ 1945-1
990
ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢࡡᙟ㦹
࣬ ෫ᡋ
࣬ ᳔Ằᆀよᨲ㜒ண
࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡெ㐠 ᨥᥴᶭ 㛭ࡡス❟
࣬ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ ெ㐠ᨥ ᥴࡡὩⓆ㸝ಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗
⩽࡛ᑊ㇗ᆀᇡࡡᣉኬ㸞
࣬ ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ᮪⣑
࣬ ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑࣬㆗
ᏽ᭡
࣬ 㞬 Ằ ࡡᆀ న ࡞㛭 ࡌ ࡾ
᮪⣑࣬㆗ᏽ᭡
࣬ ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑࣬♣ఌᶊぞ
⣑
࣬ ᣕၡ➴⚏Ḿ᮪⣑
㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡᙟ㦹
㸝ᢼྫྷᶊࡡⓆິ㸞
࣬ හᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ
࣬ Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ
෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ㸲ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱
ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ
㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ
1990- ᡋணࡡንᐖ㸲ࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋ
ணࠕ
࣬ᕰẰ ࡡኬ 㔖ṽ ᐐࡷẰ ᪐Ὧ
࣬ኬぞᶅ࠾ ࡗ᛬ ㏍ࡡெ
㐠༱ᶭࡡⓆ⏍
࣬ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ ெ㐠ᨥ ᥴࡡὩⓆ㸝ᚃ᪁࠾ࡼ๑
⥲㸞
࣬ ᅗ 㝷 ฬ ึᡜ ࡡス
⨠࡛ぞ⛤
㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡὩᛮ
㸝ᢼྫྷᶊࡡᢒโ㸞
࣬ெ㐠Ⓩථ
1 ࣒ ࣛ ࢜ ࣬ ࣆ ࣝ ࣤ ࢫ ዅ ጟ ဤ ఌ ࡡ Ṍ ྍ ࡞ 㛭 ࡊ ࡙ ࡢ ࠉ ྜྷ ጟ ဤ ఌ ࡡ ࢘ ࢴ ࣇ ࢦ ࢹ ࢅ ཤ ⩻ ࡡ ࡆ ࡛ ࠊ http://www.afsc.org/about/history.htm (1 January 2007). ࢟ࣛࢪዅ༝㆗ఌࡢࠉQuaker Peace and Social Witness (QPSW)
࡞ྞ⛘ࢅን᭞ࡊ࡙Ὡິࢅ⤽⤾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊྜྷᶭ㛭ࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.quaker.org.uk/peace (1 January 2007)ࠊHaberman, Frederich W. (ed.), Nobel Lectures: Peace, vol.2, Amsterdam; New York: the Nobel Foundation, 1972, pp.
373-402.
2 Dunant, Henry, Un Souvenir de Solférino, Genève: Comité International de la Croix-Rouge, 1928 㸝࣭ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤⴥ࣬ᮄ හฺ㑳ゼࠖ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ⏍㸯ࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝࠗࠉⓉỀ♣ࠉ1959ᖳ㸞ࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࡆࡡⴥ᭡ࡡኬ༖ࢅࢮࣜࣆ࢘ࣛ
࣭ࢿࡡᡋ࠷࡚ㇿഭࡊࡒඹኃࡡⱖᝎ࡛ㇿഭඹࢅ⒢࡛┫㆜ࢅࡊࡒெࠍ࡛ࡡⱖ㜒ࢅᥝࡂࡆ࡛࡞࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⬗ງࡷᢇ⾙ࡡ࠵
ࡾ༈ᖅࡷ┫㆜ᖅᨾຐ࡞ᚉࡊ࡙࠷ࡿࡣࠉኣࡂࡡㇿഭඹࢅᨾຐ࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾࡛࠷࠹ࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡ↋ᛍᡜ᠔࡛ࠉᖏ スࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡス❟ࡡࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡᙁ࠷ິᶭㄖࡲཱིࡿࡾහᐖ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡ༖⏍࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖ
ࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊྻᚽḿࠖ㉝༎Ꮚ࡛ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤ㸯ᡋண࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢷࡡ┞๏ࠗࠉ1991ᖳࠉ୯ኳපㄵ♣ࠊ
54
3 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣࡞㛭ࡌࡾṌྍⓏฦᯊ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊBoissier, Pierre, History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima, Second Edition, Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1985; Durand, André, History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II:From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1984; John F. Hutchinson, Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross,
Oxford: Westview Press, Inc., 1996. ࡱࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡ⤄⧂࡞㛭ࡌࡾᩝ⊡࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ௧ୖ
ࡡࡵࡡࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊHaug, Hans, Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Berne; Stuttgart;
Vienna: Paul Haupt Publishers, 1993; International Committee of Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Thirteenth Edition, Geneva: ICRC/
IFRC, 1994.
4 ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡス❟ᖳ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊHaug, Humanity for All, pp. 633-645. 2006ᖳ࡞
ࡢ 185 ࢜ᅗ࡚㉝༎ Ꮚ♣࣬㉝ ᩺᭮♣ス❟ ࡈࡿ ࡙࠽ ࡽࠉ ࡌ ࡙ࡡ ᅗ㏻ ຊ┍ᅗ࡞ ㉝༎ Ꮚ♣⨠ ࠾ࡿ ࡙࠷ ࡾࠊ http://www.ifrc.org/who/society.asp (1 January 2007).
5 Checkland, Olive, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan 1877-1977, London: Campell Thomson & Mclaughlin Ltd., 1994,
pp. 8-11, 144-145, 167㸝㑝ゼࠉ࢛࣭ࣛࣥ࣬ࢲ࢘ࢴࢠࣚࣤࢺⴥࠉᕝ⸠ᩅゼࠖኮⓒ࡛㉝༎Ꮚ̿ᮇࡡெ㐠⩇100ᖳࠗࠉἪ
ᨳኬᏕฝ∟ᑻࠉ2002ᖳࠉ10-14ࠉ178-180ࠉ204-205㡣ࠊ㸞
6 ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣Ἢ㸝1952ᖳ8᭮14පᕱἪᚂ305ྒ㸞ࡡ➠3᮪࡞ࡢࠉࠔᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ≁ᛮ࡞࠾ࢆࡲࠉࡐࡡ⮤ᛮࡢࠉᑕ 㔔ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉᨳᗋ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊࡒᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ්࡙⏍ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ
7 ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.savethechildren.org/mission/index.asp (1 January 2007).
8 ࢛ ࢠ ࢪ ࣆ ࣑ ࡡ Ṍ ྍ Ⓩ ⤊ ⦃ ࡞ ࡗ ࠷ ࡙ ࡢ ࠉ ࢛ ࢠ ࢪ ࣆ ࣑ ࡡ ௧ ୖ ࡡ ࢘ ࣇ ࣋ ࣭ ࢩ ࢅ ཤ ⩻ ࡡ ࡆ ࡛ ࠊ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/about_us/history/index.htm (1 January 2007).
9 ࢢࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࢢࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.careusa.org/about/history.asp (1 January 2007).
10 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World’s Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 15㸝ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖୠ⏲㞬ẰⓉ᭡㸯ெ㐠⾔ິ
ࡡ50ᖳྍࠗࠉ㏳ಘ♣ࠉ2001ᖳࠉ15㡣㸞ࠊ
11 Ibid., pp. 13-14, 16㸝㑝ゼࠉ13, 14, 16㡣㸞ࠊ
12 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World’s Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 13-14, 16㸝ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖୠ⏲㞬ẰⓉ᭡㸯
ெ㐠⾔ິࡡ50ᖳྍࠗࠉ㏳ಘ♣ࠉ2001ᖳࠉ13-14ࠉ16㡣㸞ࠊ
13 Ibid., pp. 16-17㸝㑝ゼࠉ16-17㡣㸞ࠊ
14 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World’s Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 㸝ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖୠ⏲㞬ẰⓉ᭡㸯ெ㐠⾔ິࡡ50ᖳྍࠗࠉ㏳ಘ♣ࠉ2001ᖳ㸞ࠊLoescher, Gill, The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; Loescher, Gill, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the Post-Cold, Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997; Holborn, Louise W., Refugees: A Problem of Our Time: the Work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1951-1972, 2 vol., Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1975.
15 ྜྷぞ⛤➠2᮪ࡡⱝㄊぞ⛤ࡢ௧ୖࡡ࡛࠽ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊThe work of the High Commissioner shall be of an entirely non-political character; it shall be humanitarian and social and shall relate, as a rule, to groups and categories of refugees.
16 ᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằᨾῥᴏᶭ㛭ࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA: a brief history, 1950-1982, Vienna: UNRWA, 1982.
17 ᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘ࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ1986ᖳ࠾ࡼ1989ᖳࡱ࡚࡞12ᕬษ⾔ࡈࡿࡒUNICEF History Series Monographࢅཤ⩻
55
ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ
18 ୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊShaw, D. John, The UN World Food Programme and the Development of Food Aid, New York: Palgrave, 2001.
19 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1868ᖳ8᭮22࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ57࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘
ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/120?OpenDocument (1January 2007).
20 ICRC-IFRC, Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, pp. 21-22; ⸠⏛ୌࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࠗࠉ᩺∟ࠉ 1993ᖳࠉ127-128㡣ࠊ
21 ࣇࣛࣖࢴࢬࣜᐃゕ᱄ࡢࠉ1874ᖳ8᭮27࡞ᢝࡈࡿࡒ㝛ᡋ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐃゕࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ ᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument (1January 2007).
22 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡᒌぞ์➠3᮪࡞ᤍ㈠࡛ᙽ㐕࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊ᮪⣑࡛ᒌぞ์ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/150?OpenDocument (1January 2007).
23 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1906ᖳ7᭮6࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ52࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ
࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/180?OpenDocument (1 January 2007).
24 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1929ᖳ7᭮27࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ60࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘
ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/300?OpenDocument (1 January 2007).
25 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1929ᖳ7᭮27࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ53࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘
ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/305?OpenDocument (1 January 2007).
26 ྜྷⲙ᱄ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/320?OpenDocument (1 January 2007).
27 ⸠⏛ୌࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ153-154㡣ࠊ
28 ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥࡡṌྍᐓࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࢠ࣭ࣞࢺ࣬ࣆࣥ࢘㸝Jean-Claude Favez㸞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉࢻࢲࢪ࣬ࢺࢵࡡᙁ โᐖᡜ࡞ᣂᮨࡈࡿࡒெࠍࡡᨾῥ࡞ᾐᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⏊ኬ⏍ࡡࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࡛ࡡᢀึ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ฦᯊ
࡛フ౮ࢅຊ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣆࣥ࢘ࡢࠉᙔࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌᩝẰࡡᙁโᐖᡜࡡ❟ථㄢᰕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡᶊ㝀ࢅ
᭯ࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡᡋண⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾῥᴏ࡞ெဤ࡛㈠㔘ࢅᢖୖࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉࢻࢲࢪ࣬ࢺࢵ
ࡐࡡᐁឺࢅ㝻ⶰࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᐁࢅᣞᦤࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡᾐᴗⓏᑊᚺࡡ⌦⏜ࢅาᣪࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ ᅗ㝷ጟဤఌᙁโᐖᡜ࡚ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ᪡࡞᥀▩ࡊࠉᏋࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࢺࢵࡡ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹࢅ㟸 㞬ࡊࠉࢺࢵࡡྜྷ┍ᅗࡷ⾠᫅ᅗ࠾ࡼࡡࣗࢱࣕெࡡᦑ㏞ࢅ㜴Ḿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾࡛ᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊHaug, Humanity for All, pp. 66-68; Favez, Jean-Claude, The Red Cross and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
29 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949ᖳ8᭮12࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/365?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡
࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊJean-Marie Henckaerts (ICRC) and Louise Doswald-Beck (International Commission of Jurists), Customary International Humanitarian Law, Geneva: ICRC and Cambridge University Press, 2005; Pictet, Jean, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume I, Geneva: ICRC, 1952.
30 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949ᖳ8᭮12࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊPictet, Jean, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume II, Geneva: ICRC, 1960.
31 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949ᖳ8᭮12࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/375?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡
࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊde Preux, Jean, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume III, Geneva: ICRC, 1960.
32 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949ᖳ8᭮12࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ
56
ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊUhler, Oscar, Henri Coursier, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume IV, Geneva: ICRC, 1958.
33 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡢࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ྞ⛘ࡡ᮪⣑⌟ᐁ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ4᮪⣑࡛ࡐࡡ㆗ᏽ᭡ࢅ⥪⛘ࡌࡾἪమ
⣌ࢅᣞࡊ♟ࡌᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ௧๑ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡢࠉᡋணࡡᐐᩓ⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࠾ࡼࠉࠔᡋணἪ
㸝law of war㸞ࠕ࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ1971ᖳࠉࠔṂງ⣦ண࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ්☔ヾ࡛Ⓠᒈࠕ
ࡡࡒࡴࡡᨳᗋᑍ㛓ᐓఌ㆗ࢅዉᶭ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡྞ⛘ࢅ᥆ዜࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ࡙௧ᮮࠉࠔᅗ㝷ெ㐠 Ἢࠕᏽ╌ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ⸠⏛ୌࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࠗࠉ්ቌ∟ࠉ2003ᖳࠉ2㡣ࠊࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ
㐠Ἢ࡛ࡣࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉᡋ㜒አ࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡᵋᠺဤ࡛ᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵ࡞ཤຊࡊ࠷ࡐࡡࡡெࠍࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࠵ࡽࠉ
ୌ᪁ࠉࣀ࣭ࢡἪࡢࠉ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡵᡋணἪ࡛ࡣࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡽࠉషᡋஹᡋ୯ࡡஹᡋ⩽ࡡᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡊࠉᐐᩓᡥṹࡡ㐽 ᢝࢅぞโࡌࡾ┘Ⓩࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡࡞࠽࠷࡙ࣀ࣭ࢡἪ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾぞᏽໜྱࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡻ
ࡖ࡙ࠉ୦⩽ࡡ༇ืࡢ᪺☔࡚ࡢࡂࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊPictet, Jean, Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law, Dordrecht; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1985, pp. 2-3㸝㑝ゼࠉࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࣅࢠࢷⴥࠉ୕ᚽ⏠ゼ
ࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡⓆᒈ࡛ㅎཋ์ࠗࠉ2000ᖳࠉ㉝ఌ㤃ࠉ12-13㡣ࠊ㸞
34 ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ1977ᖳ6᭮8࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ166࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷 ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/365?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡡἸ 㔐᭡࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊPilloud, Claude, Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, Bruno Zimmermann, and International Committee of the Red Cross, Commentary on the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
35 ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ1977ᖳ6᭮8࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ162࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷 ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/475?OpenDocument (1 January 2007).
36 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ⸠⏛ୌࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࠗࠉ᩺∟ࠉ1993ᖳࠉ3-32㡣ࠊFleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 1-38. ࡱࡒࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝
༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࠉᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ
http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_history?OpenDocument (1 January 2007);
http://www.jrc.or.jp/about/humanity/history.html (1 January 2007).
37 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1948ᖳ12᭮9࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ133࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᅗ㏻ெᶊ㧏➴
ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm (1 January 2007).
38 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1950ᖳ12᭮14࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ140࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏
➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3b66c2aa10#search=%22Convention%20relat ing%20to%20the%20Status%20of%20Refugee%22 (1 January 2007).
39 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡ➠33᮪➠1㡧࡞ࠔ⥶⣑ᅗࡢࠉ㞬Ằࢅࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ᪁Ἢ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉᅗ⡘ⱕࡊࡂࡢ≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌⓏ㞗 ᅆࡡᵋᠺဤ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ཧࡢᨳⓏណぜࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࡐࡡ⏍ཧࡢ⮤⏜⬛ጸ࡞ࡈࡼࡈࡿࡾ࠽ࡐࡿࡡ࠵ࡾ㡷ᇡࡡᅗሾ㏛ᨲ ࡊཧࡢ㏞㑇ࡊ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ぞᏽスࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
40 ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ1967ᖳ1᭮31࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ138࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸ
ᏻຸᡜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ
http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3b66c2aa10#search=%22Convention%20relat ing%20to%20the%20Status%20of%20Refugee%22 (1 January 2007).
41 ᅗ㝷㞬ẰἪ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊFeller, Erika, Volker Türk and Frances Nicholson (eds.), Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection, Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003; Nicholson, Frances and Patrick Twomey (eds.), Refugee Rights and Realities: Evolving International Concepts and Regimes, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1999; Goodwin-Gill, Guy S., The Refugee in International Law,
57
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
42 ୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡢࠉ1948ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌ࡚ᢝࡈࡿࡒᐃゕ㸝A/217 A(III)㸞࡚࠵ࡽࠉ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡡெᶊᐐ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾཬ┤ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒࠉᅗ㝷ெᶊಕ㝸ࡡ᭩ิࡡモࡲ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᙔิࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮࡛ୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࠉᅗἪࡡ⤣
ᶭᵋ࡛ெᶊ࡞ルᙔࡌࡾぞᏽ࡛ࡾᏽ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡢࠉධఌୌ⮬࡚ࡡᢝ┘ᣞࡈࡿࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ
❮ࡻࡽ㐔ࡿ࡙ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾ⤊㐛ࢅ㎲ࡖࡒࠊୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡢࠉἪⓏᣂᮨງࡡ࠷ᅗ㏻⥪ఌỬ㆗࡛ࡊ࡙ᢝࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ
ࠉἪⓏᣂᮨງࡡ࠵ࡾᅗ㝷ெᶊぞ⣑ࡡᙟᠺ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒࠊ
43 ᅗ㝷ெᶊぞ⣑ࡢࠉ1966ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌ࡚ᢝࡈࡿࡒᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡽࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡡහᐖࢅ᮪⣑ࡊࡒࡵࡡ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉࠔ⤊ῥⓏࠉ♣ఌⓏཀྵࡦᩝⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑㸝International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights㸞㸝Aぞ⣑ཧࡢ♣ఌᶊぞ⣑㸞ࠕࠉࠔᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑㸝International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights㸞㸝B ぞ⣑ཧࡢ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑㸞ࠕࡡࡗࡡ᮪⣑࡛ࠉࠔᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑ࡡ㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝Optional
Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights㸞㸝➠ୌ㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞ࠕࡡ㆗ᏽ᭡࠾ࡼࡽࠉ1989ᖳࠉࡆࡿ࡞
ࠔṒฬࡡᗣḾࢅ┘ᣞࡌᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑ࡡ➠㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty㸞㸝ṒฬᗣḾ㆗ᏽ᭡࣬➠㏛ຊ
㆗ᏽ᭡㸞ࠕ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡࡞ຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠊ
44 ᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑➠4᮪➠2㡧࡚ࡢࠉᅗẰ⏍Ὡࢅ⬛࠾ࡌපࡡ⥥᛬ឺᏋᅹࡊࠉᅗᐓࡐࡡᏋ ᅹࢅපᘟ࡞ᐃゕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉࡐࡡ⥥᛬ᛮ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᕰẰⓏ࣬ᨳⓏᶊฺࢅโ㝀࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡぞᏽࡢࠉྜྷぞ⣑
➠6᮪㸝⏍࡞ᑊࡌࡾᶊฺ㸞ࠉ➠7᮪㸝ᣕၡཧࡢṟ⹚ฬࡡ⚏Ḿ㸞ࠉ➠8᮪1ཀྵࡦ2㸝ዦ㞌ཀྵࡦᙁโຘ഼㸞ࠉ➠11᮪㸝ዉ
⣑⩇ຸᒓ⾔࡞ࡻࡾᣂ⚏㸞ࠉ➠15᮪㸝㐫ཀྵฌ⨡ࡡ⚏Ḿ㸞ࠉ➠16᮪㸝ெ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾࡴࡼࡿࡾᶊฺ㸞ࠉ➠18᮪㸝ᛦࠉⰃᚨཀྵ ࡦᏺᩅࡡ⮤⏜㸞ࡡᶊฺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐐࢅᐖヾࡊ࠷ࠊ
45 ᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑➠12᮪➠1㡧࡚ࡢࠉࠔ⪻┍ᅢࣀ⪻┍ᅢ㛣ࢼᅢஹ᩿⤧ࢼ⮫ࣜࢿࣜ⣦∉Ⓢ⏍ࢪࣜࢹ࢞ࣀ␔ル௲ࣣ௯
ึⱕࣀྒྷἪⓏよỬཧࣀ⪻┍⌦᭫ࢿᐼᰕࢼࢪࣉࢠ௯ึᏻࢿึỬⱕࣀྒྷἪึࢿึỬᚃཧࣀ⪻┍⌦᭫ࢿሒ
࿈ᚃࣣ᭮⤺㐛ࢪࣜ㎶ዯరࢻࣜሔྙࢼ᪂ࢷ࣓ᡒ∉ࢼソࣉࢦࣜࢤࢹࣣ⣑ࢪࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉ1924ᖳࡡᨭḿ࡚ࡢࠉࠔྒྷἪⓏよ Ửࠕࡡ㒂ฦ๎㝎ࡈࡿࡒࠊ
46 ᅗ㝷㏻┍➠16᮪➠1㡧࡚ࡢࠉࠔ➠༎ᱼࠉ➠༎ᱼཧࣀ➠༎ᱼࢼ౪ࣜ⣑ᮨࣣ↋っࢨࢷᡒணࢼソࣉࢰࣜ⪻┍ᅢࣀ␔↓
ࢿ⦳ࢷࢿ⪻┍ᅢࢼᑘࢨᡒண⾔∌ࣣ∌ࢨࢰ࣓ࣜࢿࢹ┫ೲࢪࢿ⦳ࢷࢿ⪻┍ᅢࣀࢼᑘࢨ├ࢼୌวࢿ㏳ၛ୕ཧࣀ㔘⼝୕
ࢿ㜕౿ࣣ᩿⤧ࢨ⮤ᅢẰࢹ㐢⣑ᅢᅢẰࢹࢿୌวࢿஹ㏳ࣣ⚏Ḿࢨ⪻┍ᅢࢰࣜࢹྫྷࢹࣣၡࣀࢪࢿ⦳ࢷࢿᅢࢿᅢẰࢹ㐢⣑
ᅢᅢẰࢹࢿ㛣ࢿୌวࢿ㔘⼝୕㏳ၛ୕ཧࣀெⓏஹ㏳ࣣ㜭㐜ࢪࣉ࢞ࢤࢹࣣ⣑ࢪࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉ㏳ၛࡷ㔘⼝୕ࡡ⤊ῥโࢅ
โࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙าᣪࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ➠16᮪➠2㡧࡞ࡢࠉࠔ⪻┍⌦᭫ࣀ๑㡧ࢿሔྙࢼ᪂ࢷ⪻┍ࢿ⣑ᮨ᧞㆜ࢿ∌⏕ࢪࣉ
࢞ඹງࢼᑘࢪࣜ⪻┍ᅢࢿ㝛ᾇཧࣀ✭㌱ࢿฦ᧬⛤ᗐࣣ㜕౿ᅢᨳᗋࢼᥞ᱄ࢪࣜࢿ⩇ຸ࣓ࣜࢿࢹࢪࠕ࡛࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ ࡆࡡ⤊ῥโࡡᐁຝᛮࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ຊ┍ᅗ࡞ࡢඹງࢅ౩ฝࡌࡾ⩇ຸᏋᅹࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ ᅗ㝷㏻┍࡚ࡢ⤊ῥโᐁ᪃ࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉຊ┍ᅗࡡ㌱㝪ࢅఔ࠹โࡢ༝㆗ࡈࡿࡾ࡞⏻ࡱࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠹㸝᭩୕ᨼᶖࠖᅗ㝷 ᶭᵋㄵࠗࠉ➠2∟ࠉ51-53㡣㸞ࠊ
47 ᅗ㏻❮➠51᮪࡞ࡢࠉࠔࡆࡡ❮ࡡ࠷࠾ࡾぞᏽࡵࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ṂງᨯᦹⓆ⏍ࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᏭධಕ 㝸⌦ఌᅗ㝷ࡡᖲཀྵࡦᏭධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞ᚪさ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣ࠉืⓏཧࡢ㞗ᅆⓏ⮤⾠ࡡᅖ᭯ࡡᶊฺࢅᐐࡌࡾࡵࡡ
࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡆࡡ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡞ᙔࡖ࡙ຊ┍ᅗ࡛ࡖࡒ᥈⨠ࡢࠉ├ࡔ࡞Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ሒ࿈ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉ ࡆࡡ᥈⨠ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌᅗ㝷ࡡᖲཀྵࡦᏭධࡡ⥌ᣚཧࡢᅂᚗࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ࡛ヾࡴࡾ⾔ິࢅ࠷ࡗ࡚ࡵ࡛ࡾࡆࡡ❮
࡞ᇱࡂᶊ⬗ཀྵࡦ㈈௴࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾᙫ㡢ࡵཀྵࡌࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉṂງ⾔ࡡᑊ㇗ᅗࡡ⮤⾠ᶊ
࡚࠵ࡾืⓏ⮤⾠ᶊ࡛ࠉṂງ⾔ࡡᑊ㇗ᅗࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡྜྷ┍ᅗࡡ⮤⾠ᶊ࡚࠵ࡾ㞗ᅆⓏ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ୦⩽ᐖヾࡈࡿ࡙࠷
ࡾࠊ
48 ࠔᡋணᨲᲘ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ࠕࡢࠉ1928ᖳ8᭮27࡞⨣ྞࡈࡿࡒ᮪⣑࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡᅗຸ㛏ᏻࣆࣚࣤࢠ࣬ࣄࣛࣤࢡ࣬
ࢢࣞࢴࢡ㸝Frank Billings Kellogg㸞࡛ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡአຸኬ⮟ࣛࢪࢷࢴࢺ࣬ࣇࣛࣤ㸝Aristide Briand㸞ࡡ୦ྞࡡྞ࡞
ࡔࢆ࡚ࢢࣞࢴࢡ㸲ࣇࣛࣤ༝ᏽ㸝Kellogg-Briand Pact㸞࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵኣ࠷ࠊྜྷ᮪⣑➠1᮪࡚ࡢࠉࠔ⥶⣑ᅢࣀᅢ㝷
58
⣦∉よỬࢿ∌ᡒ∉ࢼソࣆࣜࢤࢹࣣ㟸ࢹࢨයࢿ┞ப㜕౿ࢼ᪂ࢷᅢᐓࢿᨳ➿ࢿᡥṹࢹࢨࢷࢿᡒ∉ࣣᢛᲘࢪࣜࢤࢹࣣයࢿ
⮤ࢿெẰࢿྞࢼ᪂ࢷᄦ⫋ࢼᐃゕࢪࠕ࡛ぞᏽ࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷⣦ணࢅよỬࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᡋணࢅᨲᲘࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐ ࡡᚃࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮࡚ࡡṂງ⾔⩇ຸࡡモ㔘▴࡛ࡖࡒ࡛࠷ࢂࡿࡾࠊ
49 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 37-44㸝㑝ゼࠉ37-44㡣㸞ࠊHaug, Humanity for All, pp. 97-104.
50 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 59-62, 64-68, 70-74, 76-77㸝㑝ゼࠉ59-62, 64-68, 70-74, 76㡣㸞; Haug, Humanity for All, pp. 118-123.
51 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 79-91㸝㑝ゼࠉ79-91㡣㸞ࠊ
52 ࣄࣆ࡚ࣚࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊObiaga, Ndubisi, The Politics of Humanitarian Organizations Intervention, Lanham: University Press of America, 2004.
53 ࢤ ࣤ ࢦ ࣭ ࣤ ࡡ Ṍ ྍ Ⓩ ⤊ ⦃ ࡞ ࡗ ࠷ ࡙ ࡢ ࠉ ࢤ ࣤ ࢦ ࣭ ࣤ ࡡ ௧ ୖ ࡡ ࢘ ࢴ ࣇ ࢦ ࢹ ࢅ ཤ ⩻ ࡡ ࡆ ࡛ ࠊ http://www.concern.net/pressroom/about/started.php (1 January 2007).
54 ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊTanguy, Joelle, “The Médecins Sans Frontières Experience,” in K.M. Cahill ed., A Framework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters, New York: Routledge, 1999, pp. 226-244; Brauman, R. and J. Tanguy, The Medecins Sans Frontieres Experience, Médecins sans Frontiers, 1998, available in the website.
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/volunteer/field/themsfexperience.cfm (1 January 2007). ࡱࡒࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ㸝ࣆࣚࣤࢪ㸞 ࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ http://www.msf.fr/site/site.nsf/pages/histoire14 (1 January 2007). ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡡ 1990ᖳࡡὩິ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊMédecins sans Frontière, Life, Death and Aid: The Médecins sans Frontières Report on World Crisis Intervention, London, New York: Hachette, 1993㸝㑝ゼࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ⥽ࠉ㕝ᮄ⛧ゼࠖᅗሾࡀ༈
ᖅᅆࡢぜࡒ̾ᅗ㝷⣦ணࡡහᐁࠗࠉᮇ⤊ῥ᩺⪲♣ࠉ1994ᖳ㸞ࠊMédecins sans Frontières, World in Crisis: the politics of survival at the end of the 20th century, London, New York: Routledge, 1997; Weissman, Fabrice (ed.), In the Shadow of ‘Just Wars’:
Violence, Politics and Humanitarian Action, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004.
55 ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භᅗ࡚ࡢࠉᑛᩐὬࡡⓉெࡡභඨᨳᶊࡢࠉኣᩐὬࡡ㯦ெࡡ᭯Ⰵெ⛸ࢅᨥ㒼ࡊࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ♣ఌ⏍Ὡ࡞
࠽࠷࡙Ⓣெ࡛ࡐࡿ௧አࡡெ⛸ࢅ㝰㞫ࡊࠉࣁࣤࢵ࣭ࢪࢰࣤ㸝Bantustan㸞ᨳ➿ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉⓉெ࡞ዅࡌࡾຘ഼⩽ࡡୌ㒂ࢅ㝎
࠷࡙ࠉ㯦ெࢅ㎰ሾࡡᆀࡡஇࡊ࠷Ⲡᆀ࡞ᙁโ⛛పࡈࡎࡾெ⛸㝰㞫ᨳ➿㸝ࣂࣜࢹࣉࢹᨳ➿Apartheid policy㸞ࢅᐁ⾔ࡊ ࡒࠊ1977ᖳ11᭮4ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢỬ㆗418ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠7❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භᅗࡡࣂࣜ
ࢹࣉࢹᨳ➿ᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾᏽࡊࠉ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤊ῥโࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊ
56 ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡡᢝᩐ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡌ࡙㛸の࡚ࡀࡾࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᩝ᭡ࢬࣤࢰ࣭
㸝United Nations Documentation Centre㸞ࡡ௧ୖࡡ࣭࣑࣭࣌࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊhttp://www.un.org/documents/scres.htm (1 January 2007). Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᢼྫྷᶊ⾔ࡡᅂᩐ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡛༝㆗㈠ࡡ࠵ࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣜ࣬࣎
ࣛࢨ࣭࣬ࣆ࢚࣭࣑ࣚ㸝Global Policy Forum㸞ࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ࠽ࠉୌࡗࡡỬ㆗᱄࡞ᑊࡊ࡙々ᩐ ᅗᢼྫྷᶊࢅ⾔ࡊࡒሔྙࠉ々ᩐᅂࡡᢼྫྷᶊ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ゝ⟤ࡊࡒࠊ
http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm (1 January 2007).
57 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 211-213, 216-218㸝㑝ゼࠉ211-213, 216-217㡣㸞ࠊ
59
➠
3
❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦ1
ᗆㄵ
1990
ᖳ࠾ࡼࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡷெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㛭ᚨࡡྡྷ୕࡛ᨥᥴࡡቌኬ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᛦⓏᇱ♇࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ⌦よྊḖ࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡ◂✪࡞࠽࠷࡙ᥴຐࡷථ࡛࠷࠹
⏕ㄊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢኣᵕ࡚レ⣵㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᅗࡡṂງ⣦ணࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ
㌱ථࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡゕㄕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞ࡵᣂࡼࡍࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ࡢరࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ
ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠⩇ࡡᮇ㈻Ⓩၡ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡゕཀྵ࡛ࢆぜࡼࡿ࠷ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ᨥᥴ⩽࡛ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࢅ୯ᚨ࡞㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ
⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡἪⓏ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢゕཀྵࡊ࠷㸝➠
1
❮➠3
⟿ཤ↯㸞ࠊᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᄿࡗࡡㄵⅤࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᅗ㝷ࡡၡ㢗ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ
ெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊ⩇ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠
3
❮➠2
⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾណࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࡡᇱᮇⓏㄊ⩇ࢅࠔࠖெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㸝ᇱ♇㸞ࠗࠖ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㸝ᑊ
㇗㸞ࠗࠖយ㸝㛭౿㸞ࠗࠕ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙ᴣᛍࡡහໜࢅ☔ᏽࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡛༡យ⩇ࡷࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࣬ெᶊ
࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ᴣᛍࡡአᘇࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ
➠ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠
3
❮➠3
⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࠷࠾ࡾぞ⠂Ⓩ⌦⏜࠾ࡼᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெᶊࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢪ࣭࣑ࣚࡷࢩ࠾ࡼࡡᣦᡋ
ぜࡼࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷࡞㝮ࡊ࡙ぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗ᥞ㉫ࡈ
ࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊெ㐠⩇ࢅᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡛ୠಐⓏ౮ೋࢅᴣふࡊࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰ
ࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ㆗ㄵࢅᥴ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽࠉெ㛣ᛮࢅྱࡴࡒᵕࠍᏺᩅ
Ⓩ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺♟ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ
➠ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠
3
❮➠4
⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡛ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾࡀࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆ మࠉᏺᩅⓏᑊ❟ࢅ㉫ᅄ࡛ࡌࡾࢻࢩ࡚࢘ࣛࡡࣄࣆࣚᡋண࡞㝷ࡊ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࢅඁ㐕ࡊ࡙ᨥᥴࡊ ࡒࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩᒈ㛜࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㢟ᅹࡊࡒࠉばᐠᛮ࡞ᚺࡋࡒ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨥᥴセᐖࡈࡿࡾ
60
ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹⌦Ⓩၡ㢗⫴ᬊ࡞࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸࠉἪ࡛㐠ᚠ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᩒ⌦ࡌࡾࡆ࡛
࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ⩻࡞❟⬦ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠
⩇࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾばᐠᅥࡡយࢅெ࡞ࡵྊ⬗㝀ࡽཀྵ
ࡌ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ
➠ᄿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩཋ์ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠
3
❮➠5
⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ➠ࡡㄵⅤ࡛ࡵ㛭㏻ࡌࡾࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ⾔Ⅵெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷࡞㝮ఔࡊ࡙
ᙟᠺࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡗࡡᇱᮇⓏཋ์ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ
ெ㐠⩇ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅぞᏽࡌࡾெ㐠ᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡⱖࢅ⥾ࡊࠉ⏍࡛ᗛࢅಕ㆜ࡊࠉᑕཚ
ࢅᑕ㔔ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᖲࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉ
ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾපᖲᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢᕣืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂᥞ ౩ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉ࠷࠾ࡾெ㛣ࡵᨾຐ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ᕣืࡈࡿ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥ ᥴࡡᨥᥴ⩽࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾ୯❟ᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾ⣦ண࡞ཤຊࡊ࡙
ࡢࡼࡍࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡖ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௧୕ࡡࡗࡡさ௲࡞㐲ྙࡊ࠷⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ
ெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
ᅗ㝷ெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞᩺ࡊ࠷▩ぜࢅࡵࡒ
ࡼࡌࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡛ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࡡḿᙔさ௲࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᡋㄵ
ࢅᥴ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ㌱ථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ༎ฦ࡞᳠
ッࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹≁Ṟ㢗ࡢࠉ➠
5
❮➠3
⟿࡚ᮇⓏ࡞㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࠉᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ⾔Ⅵெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ୌ⯙㢗ࢅ᳠ッࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ
2
ெ㐠⩇ࡡᴣᛍ(1)
㎙᭡ࡡᏽ⩇ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⌦よࢅᅏ㞬࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࡷ⌦࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⾪Ⓩㄵ⩽ࡷᩝ⊡᪺☔࡚
࠷ࡆ࡛࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࠊහአࡡᛦࡷ⌦࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㎙ࢅ
30
௧୕⧆࠷ࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ㡧┘ࢅങ࠻ࡒࡵࡡࡢࢂࡍ࠾
3
ࡗ࡚࠵ࡽ1ࠉࡐࡡ୯ࡡୌࡗ࡞ࡢࠉࠔெ㐠⩇ࡡ≁ᏽࡡഁ㟻࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࢂࡿࡒᮇࡢኣᩐ࠵ࡾ61
ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠⩇ࢅධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡖࡒᮇࡢᴗࡴ࡙⛝࡚࠵ࡾࠕ2࡛オ㏑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾
ࡼࡵࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ሔྙࠉୌ⯙Ⓩㄊ⩇࠾ࡼฦᯊࢅ㐅ࡴࡾ࠾࡞ㄵ✪ࡌ
ࡾᡥṹࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ெ㐠⩇࡛ࡢࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺⱝㄊ㎙࡞࠽ࡄࡾ
humanitarian
ࡡ㡧┘ࡡ㏛オ࡞ࠉࠔெ㐠Ⓩࡾࡵࡡ 㸝humanitarians㸞ࡡమ⣌࣬ཋ⌦࣬ᐁ㊰ࠕ3࡛࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉhumanitarian ࡡណࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠⩇ࡡណࢅ☔ᏽ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
Humanitarian
࡛ࡢࠉࠔெ㛣ᛮ㸝humanity㸞ࡷெ㛣ࡡយ࠵ࡾ⾔ິ㸝humane action㸞ࢅᨥᣚࡊ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡌࡾெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᗀࡂெ㢦ࡡ⚗♬࡞㌗ࢅᤕࡅࡾெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ༡យ⩇⩽㸝
a philanthropist
㸞ࠕ4࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ᛮ㸝humanity㸞ࡷெ㛣ࡡយ㸝humaneness㸞࡛ࡢࠉࣚࢷࣤㄊࡡெ㸝humanus㸞ࢅ㉫″࡛ࡌ
ࡾㄊ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࠔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⾔ິࡷẴ㈻ࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉெ㛣ࡷິ∸࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᛦ៎࡛ྜྷࢅᣚࡖ࡙ฌ㐕ࡊࠉ
ெ㛣ࡷິ∸ࢅⱖ࠾ࡼᨾῥࡌࡾẴ㈻ࠕ5ࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ༡យ㸝
philanthropy
㸞࡛ࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢨㄊࡡெ㸝anthropos㸞࡛យ㸝philia㸞ࢅㄊ″࡛ࡌࡾㄊ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔெ㢦࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࠉெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐁ㊰Ⓩ
ይណࠉெ㛣┞பࡡᖶ⚗ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾẴ㈻ࡷ✒ᴗⓏຑງࠕ6࡛ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௧୕ࡡெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊណࡷㄊ″
࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉࠔࠖெ㛣ᛮࠗ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࠖ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠗࠖយࠗࠕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛
࠷࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
⾪
12
ெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊ⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾさ⣪ᇱ♇ ࠖெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࠗ
э➠ࡡㄵⅤࠔெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ࠕ㸝➠3⟿㸞 ᑊ㇗ ࠖ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠗ
㛭౿ ࠖយࠗ э➠ࡡㄵⅤࠔெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿ࠕ㸝➠4⟿㸞
(2)
ெ㐠⩇࡛༡យ⩇ெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺⱝㄊ㎙࡞࠽ࡄࡾㄊ⩇࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡊ࡙༡យ⩇࡛ྜྷ⩇࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ༡យ
⩇࠾ࡼெ㐠⩇ࡡណࢅ᥀✪࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ
༡យ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉኣࡂࡡူᏕࡷ⌦Ꮥࡡ㎙࡞࠽࠷࡙㡧┘⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉࠖこὊᛦ
ኬ㸝Dictionary of the History of Ideas㸞ࠗ࡞࠵ࡾ࣏࣭ࣜ࣬࢜ࣜࢷ㸝Merle Curti㸞ࡡㄵ⩻ࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢨ
࣭࣏࣬ࣞ௧๑ࡡ᮶こᩝᅥ࠾ࡼ⌟࡞⮫ࡾࡱ࡚ࡡ༡យ࡞㛭ࡌࡾໜᣋⓏ࣓ࢿࢡࣚࣆ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠
62
⩇࡛⌦Ⓩ࣬ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡛ࡡ㛭㏻ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾ୕࡚᭯⏕࡚࠵ࡾ7ࠊ
࢜ࣜࢷࡢࠉ༡យࢅ≁ᏽࡡᏺᩅࡷᩝ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚ࡢࡂࠉᵕࠍᏺᩅࡷᩝࡡᩝ
⬞࡞࠽࠷࡙භ㏳࡞ぜࡼࡿࡒெ㛣ࡡᛦࡷ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔࡆࡡゕⴝࡢኣࡂࡡ⌦࣬ᏺᩅⓏమ
⣌ࠉᛦ㐘ິࠉ࠽ࡻࡦ♣ఌⓏᩝ⬞࡞㛭౿ࡘࡄࡼࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡゕⴝࡢិၻ㸤យ㸝
charity
㸞ࠉපභ⢥♼㸝civil spirit㸞ࠉெ㐠⩇㸝humanitarianism㸞ࠉ♣ఌ⤣โ࠽ࡻࡦ♣ఌ⚗♬ᴏ࡛⤎ࡦࡗࡂࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ20
ୠ⣎࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉපභࡡ┘Ⓩࡡࡒࡴ࡞ெⓏ࠽ࡻࡦ㞗ᅆⓏ࡞ࡈࡿࡾࠉ⚶Ⓩ࡚⮤ⓆⓏ㉏ࢅណࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡ々㞟Ṍྍࡢࠉࡐࡿࡡ㛣ⓏࠉᆀᇡⓏ㐅ᒈࢅ≁ᚡࡘࡄ࡙ࡀࡒࠉᖼࡗ࠾ࡡ 㛭㏻࠵ࡾㅎふᛍ࡞ࡵ࡛ࡘ࠷࡙᭩ࡵࡻࡂ⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠕ8ࠊ
࢜ࣜࢷࡢࠉ༡យ࡛㛭㏻ࡡ࠵ࡾㅎふᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ൰ᩅࡡொយ9ࠉᩅࡡិᝊ10ࠉࣗࢱࣕᩅ࣬࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ
౮ೋࡡិၻ࣬យ࡛࠷ࡖࡒཿ࣬୯ୠⓏ౮ೋ࠾ࡼࠉ⮤⏜⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾ༡យࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ௴ណᅆమࡡ⏍ࠉ ᖀᅗ⩇ࡡ᳔Ằᆀ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾῥࡡ⌦ᛍࠉዦ㞌よᨲࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡷ♣ఌᨭ㠁ࡱ࡚ࢅาᣪࡊ࡙
࠷ࡾ11ࠊ
ெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊ⩇࠾ࡼよ㔐ࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࢅິᶭ࡛ࡊࡒࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡚
࠵ࡾࠉṌྍⓏ࡞よ㔐ࡌࡿࡣ༡យ⩇࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉᵕࠍᏺᩅ࣬ᩝ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿ࡙
ࡀࡒ࡛᥆ᐳࡈࡿࠉ⌟࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉᏺᩅ⤄⧂࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷ⓏὩິࡵ㢟ⴥ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᮇ✇
࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅយࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᵕࠍᏺᩅⓏ࣬ୠಐⓏ౮ೋࢅぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ
♇ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅセᐖࡌࡾᛦ࡛࠷࠹❟ሔ࠾ࡼ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷12ࠊ
(3)
ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࣬ெᶊெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊ࡛Ίྜྷࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࠉㄊ⩇ࡢ࠾ࡽ┞㐢ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ⩽ࢅᓠ
ืࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊ࡛ᑊ↯ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠⩇ࡡណࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀ ࡒ࠷ࠊ
㸝ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑㸞13
ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑㸝
humanism
㸞ࡢࠉெᩝ⩇࡛ࡵࠔெ㐠⩇ࠕ࡛ࡵゼฝࡈࡿࡾࠉெ㛣ࡡฺᐐ࡞㛭㏻ࡌ63
ࡾᛦ⩻ࡷ⾔ິࡡమ⣌ࢅណࡊࠉ♼ࡡᛦ⩻ࡷ⾔ິ࡛ᑊ↯ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ࡡᮇ㈻ࡷᮇᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⌦ㄵࡷᐁ㊰࡞
㛭ࡌࡾమ⣌࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉெࡡᛦ⩻ࡷ⾔ິ࡛ࡵᑊ↯ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ධమࡡ≁ᛮࡷ≁ᚡ࡞㛭㏻ࡌ
ࡾమ⣌࡛ࡵゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊṌྍⓏ࡞ぜࡿࡣࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡢࠉࣜࢾࢦࣤࢪ௧ᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࢅ୯ ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾᛦࡷူᏕࡡ୯࡚⏍㉫ࡊࠉⓆᒈࡊࠉᢀึࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᛦࡡమ⣌࡚࠵ࡾ14ࠊ
ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡿࡣࠉ๑⩽ࠉெࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡛࠷࠹ࠔ㛭౿࡛ࡊ
࡙ࡡெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⌦ᛍࡷᛦ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᚃ⩽ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࡡெ㛣࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᮇᛮࡷ≁㈻ࡡⓆ
ᥱ࡛࠷࠹ࠔᐁమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⌦ᛍࡷᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊெ㛣ࡡ⩽࡞ᑊࡌ
ࡾばวࡡ⾔Ⅵெ㛣ᛮ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᛦࡡ୯࡚ゕཀྵ
࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⾔Ⅵ௧አࡡெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ
࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᮇ✇ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇㐲ᙔ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡢࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡵࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࢅ㐠ᚠⓏᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉṌྍⓏᩝ⬞࡞ᇱࡘ
࠷࡙⩻ᐳࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ୦⩽ࡡ┞㐢ࡈࡼ࡞᪺☔࡛ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊᚃ⩽ࡢࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㛣 ୯ᚨࡡཿཿᩝࡡᚗ⮾࡛࠷࠹ࣜࢾࢦࣤࢪ௧ᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡᛦ₳ࢅཬ᫆ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ୯ୠࣙ
࣭ࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡛࠷ࡖࡒࡵࡡࡢṌྍⓏ࡞ึ᩷ࡊ࡙ࢂࡊ࠷Ⓠ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊୌ᪁ࠉ ୯ୠ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ୯ୠࡡࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡞ዃዼ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢゕ࠷㞬࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ
ࡢࠉெ㛣㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ࡞ฌ㐕ࡈࡿࡒᬧ㯦࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡᩅఌࡷಞ 㐠㝌࡚ࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡࠔយࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⌟ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ྜྷᵕࡡ⾔Ⅵᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡵ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠽
ࡽࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㝌ࡵࡐࡡୌࡗࡡౚ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᬧ㯦࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ⌦ᛍࠉ⌟
ࡡெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡞࠻ࡒᙫ㡢ࡵྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡡṌྍⓏ㉫″ࡢཿཿࡡ࢟ࣛ
ࢨ࣭࣏࣬ࣞ࡞ịࡴࡼࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡṌྍⓏ㉫″ࡢࠉ㎾௧ᚃࡡࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾ࠵ࡼ
ࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ༡យ࡛ࠉࡆࡿ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ịࡴࡼࡿࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵
ࢀ࠹ࠊ
㸝ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊ㸞
ெᶊ࡛ࡢࠉ⮤↓ἪⓏよ㔐࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெ㛣⏍ᚋⓏ࡞ಕᣚࡌࡾᇱᮇⓏᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᐁᏽἪⓏよ㔐ࢅཱིࡿ
64
ࡣࠉᅗහ♣ఌ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓἪ࡚ெᶊࡡහᐖࢅ᪺オࡊࠉ❟ἪࠉྒྷἪࠉ⾔ᨳࡡᶊ⬗ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾ
ᅗẰࡡᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡚ࡢࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕ㸝Universal Declaration of Human Rights㸞ࡷᅗ㝷ெᶊぞ
⣑㸝International Covenants on Human Rights㸞ࡡᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡ୯࡚ࠉெᶊࡡහᐖぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ெ
ᶊ⌦ఌ㸝
United Nations Human Rights Council; UNHRC
㸞ࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩโᗐࡡ୯࡚ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ࡡᶊฺ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊṌྍⓏ࡞ぜࡿࡣࠉெᶊࡢࠉ୯ୠ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡ㌗ฦโᗐ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌗ฦ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸ
ࡡమ⣌࠾ࡼெࢅよᨲࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪᕰẰ㠁ࢅ⾪࡛ࡌࡾ㎾࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡᕰẰ㠁ࢅ
㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ࡛ᑊᓏࡌࡾெ࡞ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙⌟ฝࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍Ꮛᶊ15ࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩ࡞࠽࠷࡙㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ┑ࢅභ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⿍
ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾᥴࡢࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࢂࡖ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெᶊಕ㝸ࡢ
ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙භ㏳ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ
᭯ࡌࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࣀ࣭࣭ࣥࢺኬᏕࡡெᶊㄵᩅ࡚ࠉ⌟ᅹ࢜ࢻࢱୖ㝌㆗ဤࡡ࣏ࢢࣜ࣬
ࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆ㸝Michael Ignatieff㸞ࡢࠉࠖெᶊࡡᨳᏕ㸝Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry㸞ࠗࡡ୯ࡡㄵ
✇ࠔெᶊ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᨳ㸝
Human Rights as Politics
㸞ࠕ࡚ࠉெᶊࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᚪさᛮࢅᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ16ࠉࡆࡡሔྙࡡெᶊ࡛ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾெᶊࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࠖெᶊࡡᨳᏕࠗ
ࡡ⥽⩽࢙࣐࣭࣬࢝ࢴࢹ࣏ࣤ㸝Amy Guttman㸞ࡵࠉࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆࡡㄵ✇࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ྜྷᵕࡡၡࢅ࿆ࡊ࡙
࠷ࡾ17ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉெᶊࡢࠉ⾪⌟ࡡ⮤⏜ࡷ⫃ᴏ㐽ᢝࡡ⮤⏜࡛࠷ࡖࡒெࡡᶊฺࡵໜྱࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெᶊᐐࡈࡿࡒሔྙ࡚ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵
ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡷெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᚪさᛮ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡾࡡࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞⏍Ꮛᶊ⬛ጸ࡞ࡈࡿࡾ㝀ᏽⓏ≟
Ἓ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெᶊࢅெ㐠⩇࡛ྜྷ⩇࡛ぜࡌࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ἢ࡛ᶊฺ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ୦⩽ࡡ┞㐢ࡢ᪺☔࡛ࡾ࡚࠵
ࢀ࠹ࠊெᶊࡢࠉ⮤↓Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࡡᇱᮇⓏᶊฺ࡛ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉᐁᏽἪ࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗහἪ
ࡷᅗ㝷ெᶊἪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾරమⓏぞᏽࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉሔᡜࡷ≟Ἓ࡛࡞㛭ࢂࡽࡂᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊୌ
᪁ࠉெ㐠࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠ࡡᶊฺ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᶊฺࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡼࡣࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙
⿍ⅇ⩽࡛࠷࠹≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌ㞗ᅆ࡞ࡡࡲヾࡴࡼࡿࡾᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉሔᡜࡷ≟Ἓ࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊර మⓏ࡞ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᶊฺࡢࠉᡋࡡᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ᖲࡡᶊฺ࡚ࡢࡂࠉഭ⩽ࠉᤍࠉᩝẰࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾
65
ࡡ࢜ࢷࢥ࣭ࣛ࡞ᡜᒌࡌࡾெࠍࡡᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࡡᶊฺ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ18ࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠ࡡ ᶊฺࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡡᶊฺࢅណࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࠉᨥᥴ⩽⿍ⅇ⩽࡞㎾ࡊ࡙
りࡌࡾᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊࡷࢠࢬࢪᶊ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡᶊฺᘿࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖ࡙
ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࡢࠉἪ࡛ᶊฺ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡊ࡙ࡵୌ⮬ࡌࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⤎ㄵ
࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙⤄⧂࡛ᶭ⬗࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼࡵ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ୦⩽࡞࠾ࡽࡡ⛤ᗐࡡ┞㐢Ꮛᅹ ࡌࡾࠊ➠
1
❮࡞࠽࠷࡙ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄⧂࡛ࡐࡡᶭ⬗ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡢࠉ࣑ࢾࢪࢷ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜ㸝Amnesty International; AI㸞ࡷࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࣤ࣬ࣚࢵ࢚࣬ࢴࢲ㸝Human
Rights Watch㸞࡛࠷ࡖࡒெᶊ᧞㆜ࢅᘿࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࠉᅗ㏻ெᶊ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸝United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights; OHCHR
㸞ࡷᅗ㏻ெᶊ⌦ఌࡡெᶊಕ㝸ࢅ⟮ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ᶭ㛭࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢゕཀྵࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெᶊᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡡ┘Ⓩࡷᶭ⬗ࠉ➠
1
❮࡚ゕཀྵࡊࡒᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛ࡢ┞㐢ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ெᶊᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெᶊᐐࢅㄢᰕ࣬┐っࡊ࡙ࠉெᶊᐐࡡᐁឺ
ࢅᅗ㝷ୠㄵ࡞ප⾪ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᐐ⩽ࢅ࿈ⓆࡊࠉࡈࡼࡾெᶊᐐࡡᢒḾࢅ┘ᣞࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷
ெᶊᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⑄ࡷഭᐐࡡ⒢ࠉ㣏⣂࣬㑂㞬ᡜࡡᥞ౩ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈀࡛ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࢅᐁ㊰ࡊ࡙࠽
ࡼࡍࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙ࡢ࠷࠷ࠊ௧୕ࡡ⌦⏜࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࡢࠉ㢦జࡌࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾ
ࠉ୦⩽ࢅྜྷ⩇ㄊ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ
⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾῥ࡛࠷࠹⾔Ⅵࢅᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊ࡛࠷㛭㏻ࡡ࠵ࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵
ࡾୌ᪁ࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊࡡ⌦ᛍ࡞㑇ඔ࡚ࡀ࠷ᅖ᭯ࡡᛦ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ௧ୖࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ ௧୕ࡡࡗࡡᴣᛍࢅᓠืࡊ࡙⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ
3
ெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇๑⟿࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࠔெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࠕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࠉ
ெ㐠⩇ெ㛣ᛮ࡞ぞ⠂Ⓩ᰷ᣈࢅࡵࡗᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉெ㛣ᛮࢅྱࡴࡒኣᵕᏺ ᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ࡵᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅ♟ࡊࡒࠊ
ᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾさᏺᩅ࡛ᩝ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᬉ㐚Ⓩយࡡᛦ࡛ࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ㐘ິࢅิ
66
ࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㛣ᛮࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾᬉ㐚Ⓩយࡡᛦࢅ㏳ふࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉយࡡᇱ♇࡛ᑊ㇗࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊ
࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉយࡡᇱ♇࡛ᑊ㇗࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ㆗ㄵࡵᥴ⏕
ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉយࡡᇱ♇ࡡኣᵕᛮ࡛យࡡᑊ㇗ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ୦❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᳠ッ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
(1)
ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ㸝࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយ㸞19
ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉិၻ⾔Ⅵ࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ᑛࡂ࠷ࠉࡆࡡិၻ㸝
charity
㸞ࡢࠉࣚࢷࣤㄊࡡយࢅណࡌࡾ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ㸝caritas㸞ࢅㄊ″࡛ࡊࠉࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ࢜ࣛࢰࢪࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡚ᙁㄢࡈࡿࡒ࢟ࣛࢨㄊࡡយ
ࢅណࡌࡾ࣭࢝࣋㸝agape㸞ࡡࣚࢷࣤㄊゼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡢࠉ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࢅ⾔ິ
ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜࡢࠉᇱᮇⓏ౮ೋࡡ➠ୌ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㛣 ࡡᑕཚࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞よㄕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔெ㛣ࡡᑕཚࡢࠉᠻࠍࡡᇱᮇⓏ㐠⩇Ⓩ౮ೋ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᠻࠍࡢ㈃⩽ࡡර㇗ࢅᢼ⤧ࡊࠉ㈃⩽ࢅᠻࠍࡡྜྷࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㈃⩽ࢅᙴࡼ⮤㌗ࡡⓆᒈࡷን 㠁ࡡమ࡛ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ຑࡴࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ࢜ࣛࢰࢪࡢࠉ㏸∸࡞ᑊࡌࡾ♼ࡡយࢅୠ⏲࡚᪺ࡼ࠾࡞
ࡌࡾࠕ20ࠊ௧ୖࠉ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㉫″࣬ᑊ㇗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣑⪯᭡࡛᩺⣑⪯᭡ࢅ⧆ࡀࡼฦ ᯊࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ
࣭࡛࢝࣋ࡢࠉ⣑⪯᭡ࡷ᩺⣑⪯᭡࡞࠽ࡄࡾ♼ࡡយ࡛㝼ெយࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ21ࠊ♼ࡡយࡢࠉ♼
ࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞࠻ࡾយ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ࡢよㄕࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉ㝼ெយࡢࠉெ㛣ࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣
࡞࠻ࡾយ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔୠオ㸝Genesis㸞ࠕ࡞ㅳࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ♼ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ
㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡵࡌ࡙♼࠾ࡼ⏍ࡍࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㝼
ெយࡢࠉࡐࡡយࡈ࠻ࡵ♼࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㏸ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡞㑇ඔࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡄࡿࡣࠉெ㛣ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㝼ெយࡵ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㝼ெយࡢࠉ♼ࡡ យ࡞㑇ඔࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
᩺⣑⪯᭡࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ♼យࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㝼ெយ♼࠾ࡼ⏍ࡍࡾࡵࡡ᪺☔࡞ㄕ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣙ
ࣀࢾࡡᡥ⣤㸝John 1㸞࣬
4
࡚ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ㄕ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔយࡌࡾ⩽ࡒࡔࠉப࠷࡞យࡊྙ࠷ࡱࡊࡺ࠹ࠊ យࡢ♼࠾ࡼฝࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࠉយࡌࡾ⩽ࡢⓑࠉ♼࠾ࡼ⏍ࡱࡿࠉ♼ࢅ▩ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡌࠊយࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡡ࠷⩽67
ࡢ♼ࢅ▩ࡽࡱࡎࢆࠊ♼ࡢយࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡌࠕ22ࠊ♼ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉយࡡ″ἠ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾
ࡼࠉ㝼ெយࢅᐁ㊰࡚ࡀ࠷⩽ࡢ♼ࡡយࢅ▩ࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹ㄵ⌦࡛ࡗࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
᩺⣑⪯᭡◂✪⩽ࡡ࢛࣓ࣝࣤ࣬ࣛࢪ㸝Leon Morris㸞࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយ࡚࠵ࡾ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࡢࠉ
࢙࣭ࣞࢪࡡយ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚᪺☔ᙟࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡛㏑࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࡵࡖ࡙࠷
ࡒយ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷⩻࠻᪁ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾ᭩Ⰳ࡛ࡵゕ࠻ࡾ᪁Ἢࡢࠉࡐࡿࢅ࢙࣭ࣞࢪ࠵ࡼࢂࡌᛦ࡛Ẓ㍉
ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㸝୯␆㸞ࠊ࢙࣭ࣞࢪࡢࡗࡡࡒࡾ≁ᚡࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔ࢙࣭ࣞࢪࡢࠉ౮ೋ࠵
ࡾࡵࡡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᡜ᭯ࡊࡒ࠷࡛㢢࠹យ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࢝࣋ࡢࡗࡡⅤ࡚ᑊ↯Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࢝࣋
ࡢ౮ೋ࠵ࡾࡵࡡࡡយ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᡜ᭯ࡊࡒ࠷࡛㢢࠹យ࡚ࡵ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢຉ⦴࡛ࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂ↋㛭౿࡞࠻
ࡼࡿࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿࡢ࠻ࡻ࠹࡛ຑࡴࡾយࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ23ࠊ
࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࡢࠉᑊ㇗ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞࠻ࡼࡿࡾយ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࣭࡚࢝࣋࠵
ࡽࠉ♼ࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយᑊ㇗ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࡌ࡙ࡡெࢅ
ᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ᪺Ⓣ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♼ࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ⨝ࡡ㏸⩽
࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵណࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ⨝ࢅ≚ࡊࡒ↋౮ೋெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡵ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞ྱࡱࡿࡾࡢ ࡍࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
㝼ெយࡡᑊ㇗ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡெࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ᩺⣑⪯᭡ࢅཤ↯ࡌࡾࡆ
࡛࡚ୌᒒ᪺☔࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ࢝ࣚࢷࣕࡡಘᚈࡡᡥ⣤㸝
Galatians
㸞࣬3
࡞ࡢࠉࠔࣗࢱࣕெࡵ࢟ࣛࢨெࡵࡂࠉዦ㞌ࡵ⮤⏜㌗ฦࡡ⩽ࡵࡂࠉ⏠ࡵዥࡵ࠵ࡽࡱࡎࢆࠊ࠵ࡒࡒࡢⓑࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹ࢙࣬ࢪ࡞
࠽࠷࡙ୌࡗࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡌࠕ24࡛࠵ࡽࠉយࡡᑊ㇗Ằ᪐ࠉ㌗ฦࠉᛮื࡛࠷ࡖࡒሾ⏲ࢅ㉲࠻ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛
᪺♟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ࣏ࢰ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡㸝
Gospel according to St. Matthew
㸞࣬5
࡚ࡢࠉᙔࡡᚂ Ἢ⩇⩽㸝ࣗࢱࣕᩅ㸞ࡡᩅㄕࠔ㝼ெࢅយࡊࠉᩓࢅ៦ࡴࠕྫྷᏽࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ࠉࠔᩓࢅយࡊࠉ⮤ฦࢅ㏍ᐐࡌࡾ⩽ࡡࡒࡴ࡞♫ࡽࡈ࠷ࠕ25࡛ㄕࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࠉཪᩓ࡛࠷࠹༇ืࡵ㉲࠻ࡾࡻ࠹㝼ெࡡយㄕ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ
ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊយࡡᑊ㇗ᑛࡂ࡛ࡵெ㛣࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡெ㛣ࡌ࡙ᑊ㇗࡛ࡾយ࣭࡚࢝࣋࠵ࡾࠊ 㝼ெយࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢୌ᪁Ⓩ㉏࡚࠵ࡽࠉ┞பⓏஹᥦ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࣜ࢜࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡
㸝Luke㸞࣬10ࡡࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リࡢࠉࡻࡂ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࡆࢀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ࠵ࡾெ࢙ࣜࢦ࣑ࣝ
࠾ࡼ࢙ࣛࢤୖࡖ࡙࠷ࡂ㏭୯ࠉ㏛࠷ࡢࡁ࡞ぉࢂࡿࡒࠊ㏛࠷ࡢࡁࡢࡐࡡெࡡ᭱ࢅࡢࡁཱིࡽࠉṸࡽࡗࡄࠉ༖
68
ṽࡊ࡞ࡊࡒࡱࡱ❟ࡔཡࡖࡒࠊ࠵ࡾ⚅ྒྷࡒࡱࡒࡱࡐࡡ㐠ࢅୖࡖ࡙ᮮࡒࠉࡐࡡெࢅぜࡾ࡛ࠉ㐠ࡡྡྷࡆ࠹
ഁࢅ㏳ࡖ࡙⾔ࡖࡒࠊྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣝࣄெࡵࡐࡡሔᡜ࡞ࡷࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠉࡐࡡெࢅぜࡾ࡛ࠉ㐠ࡡྡྷࡆ࠹ഁࢅ
㏳ࡖ࡙⾔ࡖࡒࠊ᪉ࢅࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࠵ࡾࢦ࣏ࣛெࡢࠉࡐࡣ࡞ᮮࡾ࡛ࠉࡐࡡெࢅぜ࡙៧ࡿ࡞ᛦ࠷ࠉ㎾ᐞࡖ࡙ഭ
࡞ἔ࡛ࡩ࠹㒿ࢅἸࡁࠉໜᖈࢅࡊ࡙ࠉ⮤ฦࡡࢀࡣ࡞ࡎࠉᐙᒁ࡞㏻ࡿ࡙⾔ࡖ࡙ᢢࡊࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ⩛
࡞ࡾ࡛ࠉࢸࢻ࢛ࣛࣤ㖗㈄ᯓࢅཱིࡽฝࡊࠉᐙᒁࡡெ࡞ῳࡊ࡙ゕࡖࡒࠊࠖࡆࡡெࢅᢢࡊ࡙ࡂࡓࡈ࠷ࠊ
㈕⏕ࡵࡖ࡛࠾࠾ࡖࡒࡼࠉᖉࡽࡄ࡞ᡮ࠷ࡱࡌࠗࠕ26ࠊ࢙ࢪ࣬࢞ࣛࢪࢹࡢࠉࡆࡡࢦ࣏ࣛெࡡ⾔Ⅵࡆ ࡐ㝼ெយࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᚂἪᏕ⩽࡞ㄕ࠷࡙ࠉࡆࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᬧ࡞ࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࢦ࣏ࣛ
ெࡢࠉᨾຐࡊࡒெ࠾ࡼరࡼ࠾ࡡฺ─ࢅさị࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㉏ࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ
࠷ࠊ༟ࡾၻណ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࡆࡿࡱ࡚࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⣑⪯᭡ࡷ᩺⣑⪯᭡ࢅཤ↯ࡊࡼࠉࡐࡡᛮ㈻ࡷ≁ᚡࢅᣪࡅ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ
࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࡢࠉ♼ࢅ㉫″࡛ࡌࡾ♼࡛㝼ெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᑊ㇗ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉẰ᪐࣬ᏺᩅභ
ྜྷమࡡሾ⏲ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉᩓ࡛᪁ࢅ༇ืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂ࠻ࡼࡿࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉർࢅịࡴ࠷㉏ࢅ⾔Ⅵ࡛
ࡌࡾយࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅆమࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷
࡙ᐁ㊰ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
㸝ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡႌᤖ㸞
ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅ࡚ࡢࠉ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⮤ⓆⓏ㉏ࢅណࡌࡾᴣᛍࡢࠉࠔႌᤖ㸝ࢦࢱ࢜ࠉsadaqa㸞ࠕ࡛ࡊ
࡙ୌ⯙࡞⌦よࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡ⪯ࢠ࣭ࣜࣤ㸝ࢤ࣭ࣚࣤ㸞࡚ࡢࠉୌᏽࡡ㈀⏐࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⛊⛧
ࢅណࡌࡾࢧ࣭࢜ࢹ㸝
zakat
㸞࡛ࠉ⮤ⓆⓏႌᤖࢅណࡌࡾࢦࢱ࡛࢜࠷࠹ࡗࡡႌᤖࡡᴣᛍ᪺☔࡞༇ืࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠉ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡢࠉ୦⩽ࡢ᪺☔࡞༇ืࡈࡿࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ♣ఌ࡞ᏽ╌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢧ࢜
࣭ࢹࡢࠉ㎨⏐∸ࠉ㔘㖗ࠉၛဗࠉᐓ⏾ࡡᡜ᭯㈀⏐࡞ᑊࡌࡾୌᏽẒ⋙ࡡ㈹ㄚࢅណࡌࡾࠉࢦࢱ࢜ࡢࠉ
⮤ⓆⓏណᚷ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ᪃ࢅណࡌࡾ27ࠊ
ࢦࢱ࡛࢜ࡢࠉ⪯ࢠ࣭ࣜࣤ
9࣬60
࡞௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ᪃ࡊ㸝ࢦࢱ࢜㸞ࡢࠉ㈃⩽ࠉᅏ❋⩽ࠉࡆࡿ㸝᪃ࡊࡡຸ㸞ࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡾ⩽ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᚨ㸝┷⌦࡞㸞ല࠷࡙ࡀࡒ⩽ࡡࡒࡴࠉࡱࡒ㌗㔘ࡷㇿ ബࡡ㏁ῥࡡࡒࡴࠉࡱࡒࢴ࣭ࣚࡡ㐠ࡡࡒࡴ㸝࡞⋙ࡊ࡙ຑງࡌࡾ⩽㸞ࠉࡱࡒ᪉ெࡡࡒࡴࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
69
ࡆࡿࡢࢴ࣭ࣚࡡỬᏽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢴ࣭ࣚࡢධ▩࡞ࡊ࡙ⱝ᪺࡚࠵ࡼࡿࡾࠕ28ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢦࢱ࢜ࡡᐁ㊰ࡢࠉ
ࢴ࣭ࣚࡡᩅㄕ࡞ୌ⮬ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉපᚠࡊ࡙㉚⨝ࡊ㸝࢜ࣆࣚ㸞ࠉ⌟ୠ࡚ࡡᖶ⚗࡛ᐼึࡡࢅ㏳ࡋ ࡒᮮୠ࡚ࡡᖶ⚗ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㈃⩽ࡷᅏ❋⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᪃ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾ29ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢦࢱ࢜ࡡ ᑊ㇗⩽ࡢࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ㟸࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࡵྱࡱࡿࡾ࡛ୌ⯙࡞よ㔐ࡈࡿࡾ30ࠊࡱࡒࠉࠔࡆࡿࢅ⟮⌦ࡌ
ࡾ⩽ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉ᪃ࡊ∸ࢅຽ㞗ࡊฦ㒼ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᙔࡒࡾ⩽ࢅណࡊࠉࡐࡡ㈕⏕ࢅࢦࢱ࡚࢜ඖᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណ
ࡊ31ࠉ⌟ᅹࡡᨾᥴᅆమࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡵࡆࡿ࡞ྱࡱࡿࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢪ࣐ࣚࢴࢠ࣭࣬ࣛࣛࣆࡢࠉࣚ
࣏ࢱ࣭ࣤ㸝᩷㣏᭮㸞࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ᐣ⩽࠾ࡼࢦࢱ࢜ࢅຽࡖ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࢅ㈃⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㣏⣂ᥴຐ࡞ඖᙔࡊ࡙ࡌࡾࣚ
࣏ࢱ࣭࣭ࣤ࣬࢞ࣔࣤ࣋ࣤࢅᐁ᪃ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡢࠉᏓඡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᗛࡷᩅ⫩
ᨥᥴࢅࡊ࡙ࠉᏓඡ㝌ࢅ㐘ႜࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᙁโຘ഼ࡷᛮⓏᦚཱིࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㌗㈑ࡡ≓∽⩽ࡵᨾῥ ࡌࡾὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ32ࠊ
ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚୠ⏲ࡡୠಐⓏโᗐ࡛ࡊ࡙☔❟ࡈࡿࠉࠔỄ㐪ࡡࢦࢱ࢜ࠕ࡛ࡣࡿࡒ࣠ࢠࣆ㸝waqf㸞ࡡᐞ㐅โ ᗐ࡛ࠉࡐࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡵᣞᦤࡌࡾᚪさࡵ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡡ㈀⏐ࢅṒᚃᏄᏘ࡞┞⤾ࡌ
ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᡖࡡᤸ๎ࠉ᪉⾔⩽ྡྷࡄࡡ↋㈜పᑽࡡᘋスࠉ㐠㊪ࡷᶣࡡᩒങࠉභྜྷᆀࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ ୯㛏Ⓩ࡞⩽ࡡฺ─࡛ࡾ᪃スࡷࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡᥞ౩ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᐞ㐅ࢅṒᚃࡵ⤽⤾ࡌࡾโᗐࡡࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࣠ࢠࣆ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࡡ࣠ࢠ
ࣆࡡᐁ㊰࡞༝ງࡌࡾὩິࡵᐁ᪃ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ33ࠊ
(2)
ୠಐⓏ౮ೋᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄⧂Ꮛᅹࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ
ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ⤄⧂ࡵᑛࡂ࠷ࠊᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡢࠉᇱᮇᩝ᭡ࡷᇱᮇ᮪⣑࡞᥎ࡅࡼࡿࡒ┘Ⓩࢅᐁ㊰ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᅗ㝷 Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉୠಐⓏ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢࠉス❟࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱᮇᩝ᭡ࡷᐃゕ࡞
์ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ⾔ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⤄⧂࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾୠಐⓏ౮ೋ↋ᩐ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾྊ⬗
ᛮ࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉኣࡂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᙁງᙫ㡢ࢅཀྵࡊ࡙ࡀࡒᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິ࡞
࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᴣふࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ
70
㸝ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິࡡ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂㸞㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉୠಐⓏ⤄⧂࡛ࡊ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡒࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡិၻ࣬㝼ெយࡡ ᛦኣኬᙫ㡢ࢅཀྵࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᅗ㝷࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅥᅗᐓཤ ථࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ♇࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗㢟ᅹࡊࠉୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠㸝ெ
㛣ᛮ㸞࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡒ⾔ິぞ⠂ࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊ
㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡス⩽ࡡୌெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉᩏ⹝࢜ࣜࣥࣤὬࡡᐓᗖ࡚ᠺ㛏ࡊࠉ
࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ㟯ᖳఌ㸝
Young Men’s Christian Association; YMCA
㸞ࡡス❟࡛ᅗ㝷ⓏⓆᒈ࡞ᐞࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡិၻࡡ⢥♼࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᡋ࠷ࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡᨾῥ࡞ᚉࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢᐖ
᪾࡞ാ࡚ࡀࡾࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿ࡛ࠗ࠷࠹ㄵ⩻࡞࠽࠷࡙௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ⚶
ࡡぜࡒࡵࡡࡢࠉࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᡋ࠷࠾ࡼ⏍ࡋࡒᜅࢀࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
6
᭮24
ࡡኬᡋணࡐࡣ࡚⾔ࢂࡿࡒᑚࡈ⏣࢜ࢪࢷ࢛࣭ࣛࢾ࣬ࢸࢴࣚ࣬ࣅ࢙࣭࡚ࣥ࢘ぜࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᆀ࡚⚶ࡢྜྷ࡛ᜅᛟ
࡛៧ࡿࡲ࡛࡞ࡢࡅࡊࡂᚨࢅິ࠾ࡈࡿࠉୠࡡெࠍࢆ࡚ࡂࡿࡒ࡛࠽ࡽࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡࢦ࣏ࣛெࠗ
࡞ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ34ࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌス❟ࡡ├ࡡິᶭ࡛ࡖࡒ⤊㥺ࢅ
ࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リ࡛㔔ࡠ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿ࡚ࡡᨾ㆜Ὡ
ິ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ㝼ெយࡡᐁ㊰࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ
ࡱࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡス❟࡞࠽ࡄࡾ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ⢥♼ࡡᙫ㡢࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵࠉࢸࣖࢻ
ࣤࡡⴥ᭡ࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝࠗ࠾ࡼㄖࡲよࡂࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࡆࡡ୯࡚ഭඹࢅᨾຐ
ࡌࡾᨾ㆜ᅆమ㸝㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸞ࢅᖲ࠾ࡼ‵ങࡌࡾᚪさᛮࢅᘿࡊࡒオ㏑ࡡᚃ࡚ࠉࠔெ㐠࡛࢞ࣛࢪ ࢹᩅ࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡぜᆀ࠾ࡼࡲ࡙ࠉࡆࡿ㧏ᗐࡡୠ⏲Ⓩ㔔さᛮࢅࡵࡗၡ㢗ࢅ◂✪ࡊࠉࡐࡡよỬࢅịࡴࡾ
ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉẒ㍉Ⓩ࡞↋࡚ᖲ✔ࢅ᭯ຝ࡞⏕࠷࡙ࡢࡏ࠷ࡄ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠕ35࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡᩝ⬞࡞࠽࠷࡙㔔さࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡᖏス࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡐࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡᖏスࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ᰷ᣈ
࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠࡛࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡࡗࡡཋ⌦ᥴ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⌟ᅹࡡᅗ㝷㉝
༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິࡡᇱᮇཋ์ࡢࠉெ㐠ࡡ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࢅ⨠ࡂୌ᪁࡚ࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ౮ೋ࡞ࡢゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷
࠷ࠊ᪁ࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝ࡚ࠗࡢࠉெ㐠࡛࠷࠹ୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࡛࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡛࠷࠹
ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋࡡ୦᪁࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ౮ೋ⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ㄖࡴࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᙔิࠉ㉝༎
71
Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡢࠉࡐࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔ
inter arma caritas
㸝ᡋண࡞ិយࢅ㸞ࠕࢅ⏕ࡊࡒࠉិយ㸝࢜ࣛࢰࢪ㸞࡛ࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉス❟ᙔิࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋࡡᙫ㡢ࢅᏰධ࡞ᤴ㝎ࡊ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒ࡛⩻࠻࡙ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹36ࠊ
ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᨥᥴ⩽ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛࠷࠹⩽ࡡࡌ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋࢅභ᭯ࡌࡾ
࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂெ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᥴ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞
ࡢၡ㢗⏍ࡋ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂெࡡ㛣࡚ࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾῥࡷ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࡡ㟸㞬
ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ᶭ⬗ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ཤථࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ
࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂⓏ౮ೋ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾၡ㢗ᥞ㉫ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ
ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙㇗ᚡⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅥࡡᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᵾ❮࡞ᑊࡌࡾᣦᡋ
࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚࡢࠉࢪࢪࡡᅗ᪕ࡡ⣒Ⓣࢅ㏁ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡞㐛ࡁࡍࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋࢅᵾᴮࡌࡾࡵࡡ
࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᬉ㐚ᛮࡷᅗ㝷ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡᥞ㉫ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ࢛ࢪ࣏ࣤ࣬ࢹࣜࢤ ᖀᅗࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡಘ௭ࡡᑊ㇗࡚࠵ࡖࡒ༎Ꮚᯣࢅ⾪㇗ࡌࡾ㉝༎Ꮚࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᖀᅗ㌱㝪ࡡ オ❮࡚࠵ࡾ᩺᭮㸝᭮㸞ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࡒ㉝᩺᭮ࢅ⏕ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝᩺᭮ࡡḿ⤣ᛮ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡱ
ࡒࠉ࣋ࣜࢨࡡ࣭࢜ࢩ࣭ࣔࣜ᭽ࡢࠉ࢛ࢪ࣏ࣤ࣬ࢹࣜࢤᖀᅗ࡛ࣞࢨᖀᅗ࡛ᑊᓏࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࣋ࣜ
ࢨࡡ⊲Ꮔኯ㝟ࢅᵾ❮࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊࠉ࣋ࣜࢨ㉝⊲Ꮔኯ㝟♣ࢅス❟ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ37ࠊୌ᪁ࠉᮇࡢࠉ㉝
༎Ꮚࡡオ❮ࢅ⏕ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ㟸ᏺᩅᛮࢅᘿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚༟ୌࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩᵾ❮࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㉝༎Ꮚࢅ
ᵾᴮࡊࡒ38ࠊ1929ᖳࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㉝࡛᩺᭮㉝⊲Ꮔኯ㝟᩺ࡊ࠷ᵾ❮࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᘟ࡞⏕ࡈ
ࡿࡾୌ᪁ࠉࡗࡡᵾ❮ࡡ㟸ᏺᩅᛮ☔ヾࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ᵾ❮ࡡ⏕ࡢ⤎ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ39ࠊ ࡗࡱࡽࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅗᐓࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ㐘ິࡡཤථࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡオ❮ࢅࡴࡃࡾᑊ❟ࢅ⌟ฝࡈࡎࡒ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ⌦ᛍ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ㐠㸝ெ㛣ᛮ㸞࡛࠷࠹ୠಐⓏ౮
ೋࢅᇱ♇࡞࠽ࡂᇱᮇཋ⌦ࢅ㏸ࡌࡾṌྍⓏ⫴ᬊ࡛ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ
㸝㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡ⏍㸞
㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡚ࡢࠉス❟ᙔิ࠾ࡼ⾔ິཋ์࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ༎ฦ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾཋ์ࡢ Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉమ⣌Ⓩ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉඔ࣬㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌጟဤ㛏ࠉᅗ㝷ἪᏕ⩽ࢩࣔࣤ࣬